Aequornithia

Common loon Gavia immer, copyright Gary Irwin.

Belongs within: Neognathae.
Contains: Procellariiformes, Spheniscidae, Ciconiidae, Sulida, Fregata, Threskiornithidae, Ardeidae, Pelecanidae.

The Aequornithia are a clade of birds united by molecular phylogenetic analysis, commonly referred to as the 'higher water-birds'. Most species are associated with aquatic habitats, from open ocean to terrestrial wetlands. Members of the clade include the Gaviiformes, divers or loons, a group of streamlined birds with the feet placed far back on the body, making them powerful swimmers but rather poor walkers.

<==Aequornithia [Natatores] JM14
    |--Gaviidae [Colymbidae, Colymboididae, Eudytidae, Gaviiformes, Gaviimorphae, Urinatoridae] KF-V15
    |    |--Gaviella pusilla (Shufeldt 1915) M09
    |    |--Neogaeornis wetzeli Lambrecht 1929 C02, M09
    |    |--Eupterornis Lemoine 1878 FP64, M02
    |    |    `--*E. remensis Lemoine 1878 M02
    |    |--Polarornis Chatterjee 2002 C02
    |    |    `--*P. gregorii Chatterjee 2002 C02
    |    |--Colymboides Milne-Edwards 1867 (see below for synonymy) M02
    |    |    |--*C. minutus Milne-Edwards 1867 [incl. *Hydrornis natator Milne-Edwards 1867, *Dyspetornis natator] M02
    |    |    |--C. anglicus Lydekker 1891 M05
    |    |    |--C. belgicus Mayr & Smith 2002 M09
    |    |    `--C. metzleri Mayr 2004 M05
    |    `--Gavia Forster 1788 M02 (see below for synonymy)
    |         |  i. s.: ‘Colymbus’ capensis K08
    |         |         G. concinna M02
    |         |         ‘Colymbus’ dominicus S18
    |         |           |--C. d. dominicus S18
    |         |           `--C. d. brachyrhynchus S18
    |         |         G. egeriana Švec 1982 M02
    |         |         G. moldavica Kessler 1984 M02
    |         |         G. paradoxa Umans’ka 1981 M02
    |         |         G. portisi (Regàlia 1902) [=Colymbus portisi] M02
    |         |         G. schultzi Mlíkovský 1998 M02
    |         |--G. stellata (Pontoppidan 1763) JT12, CS77 [=Colymbus stellatus CS77]
    |         `--+--G. arctica (Linnaeus 1758) JT12, CS77 [=Colymbus arcticus CS77]
    |            |    |--G. a. arctica CS77
    |            |    `--G. a. viridigularis Dwight 1918 CS77
    |            `--+--G. pacifica (Lawrence 1858) JT12, CS77 [=G. arctica pacifica CS77]
    |               `--+--*G. immer (Brünnich 1764) B94, JT12, B94 [=*Colymbus immer B94]
    |                  `--G. adamsii (Gray 1859) JT12, CS77 [=Colymbus adamsii CS77]
    `--+--Procellariimorphae JM14
       |    |--Procellariiformes JM14
       |    `--+--Spheniscidae JM14
       |       `--Plotopteridae M04
       |            |  i. s.: Hokkaidornis abashiriensis Sakurai et al. 2008 M09
       |            |--Phocavis maritimus Goedert 1988 M09
       |            `--+--Tonsala hildegardae Olson 1980 M09
       |               `--Copepteryx Olson & Hasegawa 1996 M09, D07
       |                    |--C. hexeris Olson & Hasegawa 1996 M09
       |                    `--C. titan Olson & Hasegawa 1996 M09
       `--Pelecanimorphae [Herodiones, Pelargi, Pelecanides, Steganograllatores, Steganopodes] PB15
            |  i. s.: Novacaesareala hungerfordi Parris & Hope 2002 M09
            |         Torotigidae FP64
            |           |--Gallornis straeleni Lambrecht 1931 FP64, OF80
            |           `--Torotix Brodkorb 1963 OF80
            |                `--*T. clemensi Brodkorb 1963 OF80
            |--Ciconiidae JT12
            `--+--Suliformes JT12
               |    |--Sulida JM14
               |    `--Fregatidae M09
               |         |--Fregata JT12
               |         `--Limnofregata M09
               |              |--L. azygosternon Olson 1977 M09
               |              `--L. hasegawai Olson & Matsuoka 2005 M09
               `--Pelecaniformes KF-V21
                    |--Threskiornithidae JM14
                    `--+--Ardeiformes U93
                       |   |--Ardeidae JM14
                       |   `--Xenerodiops [Xenerodiopidae] U93
                       |        `--X. mycter Rasmussen et al. 1987 M09
                       `--+--Pelecanidae KF-V21
                          `--+--Scopus Brisson 1760 KF-V21, B94 [Scopi, Scopidae, Scopoidea]
                             |    |--S. umbretta JT12
                             |    `--S. xenopus Olson 1984 B93
                             `--Balaenicipitidae [Balaenicipites, Balaenicipitiformes] KF-V21
                                  |--Goliathia andrewsi Lambrecht 1930 M09
                                  `--Balaeniceps Gould 1850 PB15, B94
                                       `--B. rex JT12

Colymboides Milne-Edwards 1867 [incl. Dyspetornis Oberholser 1905, Hydrornis Milne-Edwards 1867 non Blyth 1843] M02

Gavia Forster 1788 M02 [=Colymbus Linnaeus 1758 (nom. rej.) B94; incl. Eudytes Illiger 1811 B94, Mergus Brisson 1860 non Linnaeus 1758 B94, Urinator Lacépède 1799 B94]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B94] Bock, W. J. 1994. History and nomenclature of avian family-group names. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 222: 1–281.

[B93] Brooke, R. K. 1993. Annotated catalogue of the Aves type specimens in the South African Museum. Annals of the South African Museum 102 (10): 327–349.

[C02] Chatterjee, S. 2002. The morphology and systematics of Polarornis, a Cretaceous loon (Aves: Gaviidae) from Antarctica. In: Zhou, Z., & F. Zhang (eds) Proceedings of the 5^th Symposium of the Society of Avian Paleontology and Evolution. Beijing, 1–4 June 2000 pp. 125–155. Science Press: Beijing.

[CS77] Cramp, S., & K. E. L. Simmons (eds) 1977. Handbook of the Birds of Europe, the Middle East and North Africa: The Birds of the Western Palaearctic vol. 1. Ostrich to Ducks. Oxford University Press: Oxford.

[D07] Dixon, D. 2007. The Complete Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs & Prehistoric Creatures. Hermes House: London.

[FP64] Fisher, J., & R. T. Peterson. 1964. The World of Birds: A comprehensive guide to general ornithology. Macdonald: London.

[JM14] Jarvis, E. D., S. Mirarab, A. J. Aberer, B. Li, P. Houde, C. Li, S. Y. W. Ho, B. C. Faircloth, B. Nabholz, J. T. Howard, A. Suh, C. C. Weber, R. R. de Fonseca, J. Li, F. Zhang, H. Li, L. Zhou, N. Narula, L. Liu, G. Ganapathy, B. Boussau, M. S. Bayzid, V. Zavidovych, S. Subramanian, T. Gabaldón, S. Capella-Gutiérrez, J. Huerta-Cepas, B. Rekepalli, K. Munch, M. Schierup, B. Lindow, W. C. Warren, D. Ray, R. E. Green, M. W. Bruford, X. Zhan, A. Dixon, S. Li, N. Li, Y. Huang, E. P. Derryberry, M. F. Bertelsen, F. H. Sheldon, R. T. Brumfield, C. V. Mello, P. V. Lovell, M. Wirthlin, M. P. Cruz Schneider, F. Prosdocimi, J. A. Samaniego, A. M. Vargas Velazquez, A. Alfaro-Núñez, P. F. Campos, B. Petersen, T. Sitcheritz-Ponten, A. Pas, T. Bailey, P. Scofield, M. Bunce, D. M. Lambert, Q. Zhou, P. Perelman, A. C. Driskell, B. Shapiro, Z. Xiong, Y. Zeng, S. Liu, Z. Li, B. Liu, K. Wu, J. Xiao, X. Yinqi, Q. Zheng, Y. Zhang, H. Yang, J. Wang, L. Smeds, F. E. Rheindt, M. Braun, J. Fjeldså, L. Orlando, F. K. Barker, K. A. Jønsson, W. Johnson, K.-P. Koepfli, S. O'Brien, D. Haussler, O. A. Ryder, C. Rahbek, E. Willerslev, G. R. Graves, T. C. Glenn, J. McCormack, D. Burt, H. Ellegren, P. Alström, S. V. Edwards, A. Stamatakis, D. P. Mindell, J. Cracraft, E. L. Braun, T. Warnow, W. Jun, M. T. P. Gilbert & G. Zhang. 2014. Whole-genome analyses resolve early branches in the tree of life of modern birds. Science 346 (6215): 1320–1331.

[JT12] Jetz, W., G. H. Thomas, J. B. Joy, K. Hartmann & A. Ø. Mooers. 2012. The global diversity of birds in space and time. Nature 491: 444–448.

[L08] Kellogg, V. L. 1908. Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Schwedischen Zoologischen Expedition nach dem Kilimandjaro, dem Meru und den Umgebenden Massaisteppen Deutsch-Ostafrikas 1905–1906 vol. 15. Corrodentia pt 4. Mallophaga. Almqvist & Wiksells Boktryckeri-A. B.: Uppsala.

[KF-V21] Kuhl, H., C. Frankl-Vilches, A. Bakker, G. Mayr, G. Nikolaus, S. T. Boerno, S. Klages, B. Timmermann & M. Gahr. 2021. An unbiased molecular approach using 3′-UTRs resolves the avian family-level tree of life. Molecular Biology and Evolution 38 (1): 108–127.

[M04] Mayr, G. 2004. Tertiary plotopterids (Aves, Plotopteridae) and a novel hypothesis on the phylogenetic relationships of penguins (Spheniscidae). Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research 43: 61–71.

[M05] Mayr, G. 2005. The Paleogene fossil record of birds in Europe. Biological Reviews 80: 515–542.

[M09] Mayr, G. 2009. Paleogene Fossil Birds. Springer.

[M02] Mlíkovský, J. 2002. Cenozoic Birds of the World. Part 1: Europe. Ninox Press: Praha.

[OF80] Olson, S. L., & A. Feduccia. 1980. Relationships and evolution of flamingos (Aves: Phoenicopteridae). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 316: 1–73.

[PB15] Prum, R. O., J. S. Berv, A. Dornburg, D. J. Field, J. P. Townsend, E. M. Lemmon & A. R. Lemmon. 2015. A comprehensive phylogeny of birds (Aves) using targeted next-generation DNA sequencing. Nature 526: 569–573.

[S18] Stone, W. 1918. Birds of the Panama Canal Zone, with special reference to a collection made by Mr. Lindsey L. Jewel. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 70: 239–280.

[U93] Unwin, D. M. 1993. Aves. In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 717–737. Chapman & Hall: London.

Butorides

Green heron Butorides virescens, copyright Basar.

Belongs within: Ardeidae.

Butorides is a cosmopolitan genus of small herons with a dark bill, black cap, blackish back and wings, and yellow legs.

<==Butorides
    |--B. flavicollis N87
    |--B. scapularis SS66
    |--B. stagnatilis S13 [=B. striatus stagnatilis M03]
    |--B. striatus (Linnaeus 1758) [=Ardea striata] CS77
    |    |--B. s. striatus CS77
    |    |--B. s. amurensis (Schrenck 1860) CS77
    |    |--B. s. atricapillus (Afzelius 1805) CS77
    |    |--B. s. brevipes (Ehrenberg 1833) CS77
    |    |--B. s. cinereus Mayr 1943 WS48
    |    |--B. s. macrorhynchus M03
    |    |--B. s. patens E52
    |    |--B. s. rogersi Mathews 1911 WS48
    |    `--B. s. sundevalli HSS13
    `--B. virescens (Linnaeus 1758) CS77
         |--B. v. virescens S18
         |--B. v. hypernotius S18
         `--B. v. maculatus E52

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[CS77] Cramp, S., & K. E. L. Simmons (eds) 1977. Handbook of the Birds of Europe, the Middle East and North Africa: The Birds of the Western Palaearctic vol. 1. Ostrich to Ducks. Oxford University Press: Oxford.

[E52] Eisenmann, E. 1952. Annotated list of birds of Barro Colorado Island, Panama Canal Zone. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections 117 (5): 1–62.

[HSS13] Hirschfeld, E., A. Swash & R. Still. 2013. The World's Rarest Birds. Princeton University Press: Princeton (New Jersey).

[M03] Morcombe, M. 2003. Field Guide to Australian Birds 2^nd ed. Steve Parish Publishing.

[N87] North, A. J. 1887. List of references to authentic descriptions of Australian birds' eggs. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, series 2, 1 (4): 1163–1174.

[S13] Sarasin, F. 1913. Die Vögel Neu-Caledoniens und der Loyalty-Inseln. In: Sarasin, F., & J. Roux (eds) Nova Caledonia: Forschungen in Neu-Caledonian und auf den Loyalty-Inseln. A. Zoologie vol. 1 pt 1 pp. 1–78, pl. 1–3. C. W. Kreidels Verlag: Wiesbaden.

[SS66] Sclater, P. L., & O. Salvin. 1866. Catalogue of birds collected by Mr. E. Bartlett on the River Uyacali, Eastern Peru, with notes and descriptions of new species. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 175–201.

[S18] Stone, W. 1918. Birds of the Panama Canal Zone, with special reference to a collection made by Mr. Lindsey L. Jewel. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 70: 239–280.

[WS48] Whittell, H. M., & D. L. Serventy. 1948. A systematic list of the birds of Western Australia. Public Library, Museum and Art Gallery of Western Australia, Special Publication 1: 1–126.

Procellariidae

Grey petrel Procellaria cinerea, copyright JJ Harrison.

Belongs within: Procellariiformes.
Contains: Pterodroma, Puffinus.

The Procellariidae, petrels and related forms, are a group of medium-sized to huge seabirds found primarily in cooler waters of the world, particularly in the Southern Hemisphere. They have historically been divided between two subfamilies, the Fulmarinae and Procellariinae, based on the fused or unfused condition respectively of the lachrymal bone in the skull, but recent phylogenetic analyses have suggested that the 'fulmarines' are paraphyletic with regard to the 'procellariines'. A position within the Procellariidae has also been indicated for the diving petrels of the genus Pelecanoides, small, stocky birds with short wings and widely placed, powerful legs that have often been placed in their own family.

Within the family, the more mobile, 'procellariine'-type bill is found in members of the genera Procellaria and Puffinus. The petrels of the genus Procellaria have more strongly hooked bills than the shearwaters of the genus Puffinus. Other members of the Procellariidae include the prions of the genus Pachyptila, small grey petrels that primarily feed on zooplankton. The blue petrel Halobaena caerulea is closely related to and resembles the prions but possesses a square, white-tipped tail in contrast to the prions' more rounded, black-tipped tail. The giant petrels of the genus Macronectes are the largest members of the family and are aggressive predators as well as scavengers on other vertebrates in the southern oceans. The fulmars of the genus Fulmarus are whitish-grey birds whose two species inhabit the northern (F. glacialis) and southern (F. glacialoides) polar regions.

Characters (from Cramp & Simmons 1977): Body more or less ovate. Wings long and narrow; eleven primaries: p10 longest, p11 minute; 20–29 secondaries, short, diastataxic. Tail short, usually twelve feathers (occasionally 14 or 16). Bill heavy, sometimes more slender or broad; hooked at tip; horny sheath divided into plates; nostrils in dorsal tubes. Legs set far back, bird crouching on tarsi when on land, gait shuffling except in Macronectes. Tarsus laterally flattened, round in Pterodroma; lower part of tibia bare; three anterior toes webbed, hind toe rudimentary, elevated; nails sharp and curved. Oil gland feathered. Aftershaft small. Peculiar musky odour. Sexes similar in plumage; mostly black or grey above and white below or all dark. One moult per year, primaries moulting descendantly. Young semi-altricial and nidicolous, development slow; two downs, both long and fluffy, juvenile feathers growing immediately under second down. Juvenile usually like adult.

<==Procellariidae [Fulmaridae, Fulmarinae, Procellariinae, Puffinidae, Wagellidae] BKB15
    |  i. s.: Argyrodyptes Ameghino 1905 S72
    |           `--*A. microtarsus Ameghino 1905 S72
    |         Prion Lacépède 1799 (n. d.) [=Priamphus Rafinesque 1815] CC10
    |         Eopuffinus kazachstanensis Nessov 1986 U93
    |--+--Halobaena Bonaparte 1856 BKB15, CC10 [=Zaprium Coues 1875 CC10]
    |  |    `--*H. caerulea (Gmelin 1789) (see below for synonymy) CC10
    |  `--Pachyptila Illiger 1811 BKB15, CC10 (see below for synonymy)
    |       |  i. s.: P. belcheri (Mathews 1912) (see below for synonymy) CC10
    |       |         P. crassirostris (Mathews 1912) (see below for synonymy) CC10
    |       |           |--P. c. crassirostris (see below for synonymy) CC10
    |       |           |--P. c. flemingi Tennyson & Bartle 2005 CC10
    |       |           `--P. c. pyramidalis Fleming 1939 [=P. (Pseudoprion) eatoni pyramidalis] CC10
    |       |         P. salax Olson 1985 B93
    |       |--P. turtur (Kuhl 1820) BKB15, CC10 (see below for synonymy)
    |       `--+--P. vittata (Forster 1777) BKB15, CC10 (see below for synonymy)
    |          `--+--P. desolata (Gmelin 1789) BKB15, CC10 (see below for synonymy)
    |             `--P. salvini (Mathews 1912) BKB15, CC10 (see below for synonymy)
    |                  |--P. s. salvini (see below for synonymy) CC10
    |                  `--P. s. macgillivrayi (Mathews 1912) CC10
    `--+--+--Lugensa Mathews 1942 [incl. Aphrodroma Olson 2000] CC10
       |  |    `--L. brevirostris (Lesson 1833) CC10 (see below for synonymy)
       |  `--+--+--Thalassoica Reichenbach 1853 BKB15, CC10 [=Aeipetes Forbes 1882 CC10, Thalassoeca Salvin 1896 CC10]
       |     |  |    `--*T. antarctica (Gmelin 1789) (see below for synonymy) CC10
       |     |  `--Pagodroma Bonaparte 1856 BKB15, CC10 [Pagodromidae]
       |     |       `--*P. nivea (Forster 1777) (see below for synonymy) CC10
       |     |            |--P. n. nivea (see below for synonymy) CC10
       |     |            `--P. n. major (Schlegel 1863) (see below for synonymy) CC10
       |     `--+--Daption Stephens in Shaw 1826 BKB15, CC10 (see below for synonymy)
       |        |    `--*D. capense (Linnaeus 1758) (see below for synonymy) CC10
       |        |         |--D. c. capense [incl. Procellaria naevia Bonaparte 1857, P. pardela Oken 1816] CC10
       |        |         `--D. c. australe Mathews 1913 [=D. capensis australis] CC10
       |        `--+--Macronectes Richmond 1905 BKB15, CC10 (see below for synonymy)
       |           |    |--*M. giganteus (Gmelin 1789) (see below for synonymy) CC10
       |           |    `--M. halli Mathews 1912 [=M. giganteus halli] CC10
       |           `--Fulmarus Stephens in Shaw 1826 BKB15, CC10 (see below for synonymy)
       |                |--*F. glacialis (Linnaeus 1761) CC10, CS77 (see below for synonymy)
       |                |    |--F. g. glacialis [incl. F. glacialis auduboni Bonaparte 1857] CS77
       |                |    `--F. g. rodgersii Cassin 1862 CS77
       |                `--F. glacialoides (Smith 1840) (see below for synonymy) CC10
       `--+--+--Pterodroma BKB15
          |  `--Pelecanoides Lacépède 1799 BKB15, CC10 (see below for synonymy)
          |       |  i. s.: P. cymatotrypetes Olson 1984 U93
          |       |         P. miokuaka Worthy, Tennyson et al. 2007 CC10
          |       |--P. garnotii BKB15 [=*Puffinuria garnotii CC10]
          |       `--+--*P. urinatrix (Gmelin 1789) CC10, BKB15, CC10 (see below for synonymy)
          |          |    |--P. u. urinatrix (see below for synonymy) CC10
          |          |    |--P. u. berard (Gaimard 1823) (see below for synonymy) CC10
          |          |    |--P. u. chathamensis Murphy & Harper 1916 [=P. urinator chathamensis] CC10
          |          |    |--P. u. coppingeri Mathews 1912 CC10
          |          |    |--P. u. dacunhae Nicoll 1906 CC10
          |          |    `--P. u. exsul Salvin 1896 [=P. urinator exsul] CC10
          |          `--+--P. georgicus Murphy & Harper 1916 BKB15, CC10 (see below for synonymy)
          |             `--P. magellani BKB15 [=Puffinuria garnotii magellani CC10, Pe. (*Porthmornis) magellani CC10]
          `--+--+--Puffinus BKB15
             |  `--Pseudobulweria Mathews 1936 CC10
             |       |--*P. macgillivrayi (Gray 1859) CC10, CS77 [=Thalassidroma (Bulweria) macgillivrayi CC10]
             |       |--P. aterrima JT12 [=Pterodroma aterrima BKB15]
             |       |--P. becki JT12 [=P. rostrata becki CC10]
             |       `--P. rostrata (Peale 1848) CC10 (see below for synonymy)
             |            |--P. r. rostrata CC10
             |            `--P. r. trouessarti CC10
             `--+--Bulweria Bonaparte 1843 BKB15, CC10 [Bulweriidae]
                |    |--*B. bulwerii (Jardine & Selby 1828) (see below for synonymy) CC10
                |    |--B. bifax HSS13
                |    `--B. fallax Jouanin 1955 CS77
                `--Procellaria Linnaeus 1758 BKB15, CC10 (see below for synonymy)
                     |  i. s.: P. atlantica Gould 1844 [=Fulmarus atlanticus] CC10
                     |         P. fregata Linnaeus 1766 (n. d.) [=Fregetta fregata] CC10
                     |         P. fuliginosa Gmelin 1789 (n. d.) [=Oestrelata fuliginosa] CC10
                     |         P. ‘grisea’ Kuhl 1820 (n. d.) non Gmelin 1789 (see below for synonymy) CC10
                     |         P. incerta Schlegel 1863 [=Oestrelata incerta] CC10
                     |         P. lugens Kuhl 1820 (n. d.) CC10
                     |         P. melanopus Gmelin 1789 (n. d.) CC10
                     |         P. munda Kuhl 1820 (nom. rej.) [=Nectris munda] CC10
                     |         P. nigra Pallas 1769 (n. d.) CC10
                     |         P. velox Kuhl 1820 (n. d.) CC10
                     |--P. westlandica Falla 1946 BKB15, CC10 [=P. parkinsoni westlandica CC10]
                     `--+--P. cinerea Gmelin 1789 BKB15, CC10 (see below for synonymy)
                        `--+--P. parkinsoni Gray 1862 BKB15, CC10 (see below for synonymy)
                           `--+--*P. aequinoctialis Linnaeus 1758 CC10, BKB15, CC10 (see below for synonymy)
                              `--P. conspicillata Gould 1844 JT12, CC10 [=P. aequinoctialis conspicillata CC10]

*Bulweria bulwerii (Jardine & Selby 1828) [=Procellaria bulwerii, Aestrelata bulweri, Thalassidroma bulweri; incl. Procellaria anjinho Heineken 1829, Bulweria bulweri pacifica Mathews & Iredale 1915] CC10

Daption Stephens in Shaw 1826 BKB15, CC10 [=Calopetes Sundevall 1873 CC10, Petrella Mathews 1914 CC10; Daptionidae]

*Daption capense (Linnaeus 1758) [=Procellaria capensis, *Calopetes capensis, Daption capenses (l. c.), Fulmarus (Daption) capensis, *Petrella capensis; incl. Procellaria puncata Ellman 1861] CC10

Fulmarus Stephens in Shaw 1826 BKB15, CC10 [=Halohippus Billberg 1828 CC10, Rhantistes Kaup 1829 CC10, Wagellus Gray 1840 CC10; incl. Priocella Hombron & Jacquinot 1844 CC10]

*Fulmarus glacialis (Linnaeus 1761) CC10, CS77 [=Procellaria glacialis CC10, *Halohippus glacialis CC10, *Rhantistes glacialis CC10, *Wagellus glacialis CC10]

Fulmarus glacialoides (Smith 1840) [=Procellaria glacialoides, F. (Priocella) glacialoides, Priocella antarctica glacialoides, Thalassoeca glacialoides, Thalassoica glacialoides, Procellaria smithi Schlegel 1863; incl. Priocella antarctica addenda Mathews 1915, Fulmarus antarcticus Stephens in Shaw 1826 non Pro. antarctica Gmelin 1789, Pri. antarctica, *Pri. garnotii Jacquinot & Pucheran in Dumont d’Urville 1844, Procellaria garnotii, Thalassoica glacialoides polaris Bonaparte 1857, Procellaria tenuirostris Audubon 1839 non Temminck 1835, Fulmarus tenuirostris, Priocella tenuirostris, Thalassoeca tenuirostris, Thalassoica glacialoides tenuirostris] CC10

*Halobaena caerulea (Gmelin 1789) [=Procellaria caerulea, Fulmarus (Halobaena) caeruleus, Halobaena coerulea (l. c.), Pachyptila caerulea, Prion caerulea, Procellaria coerulea (l. c.), *Zaprium caeruleum; incl. Procellaria forsteri Smith 1840 non Latham 1790, Halobaena murphyi Brooks 1917, H. caerulea murphyi, Procellaria similis Forster in Lichtenstein 1844, H. caerulea victoriae Mathews 1916] CC10

Lugensa brevirostris (Lesson 1833) CC10 [=Procellaria brevirostris CC10, Aphrodroma brevirostris BKB15, Bulweria brevirostris CC10, Oestrelata brevirostris CC10, Pterodroma brevirostris CC10; incl. O. kidderi Coues 1875 CC10, *Aphrodroma kidderi CC!0, Pterodroma kidderi CC10, Pt. lugens Mathews 1936 CC10, Bulweria lugens CC10, *Lugensa lugens CC10, Pt. kidderi okahia Mathews 1935 CC10, Lugensa lugens okahia CC10, Pt. lugens okahia CC10, Fulmarus (Cookilaria) unicolor Gray 1871 CC10, Procellaria unicolor CC10, Rhantistes unicolor Bonaparte 1856 CC10, Pterodrome (l. c.) whitlocki Mathews 1946 CC10]

Macronectes Richmond 1905 BKB15, CC10 [=Ossifraga Hombron & Jacquinot 1844 non Wood 1835 CC10; Macronectidae]

*Macronectes giganteus (Gmelin 1789) [=Procellaria gigantea, Fulmarus (*Ossifraga) giganteus, *Ossifraga gigantea, Procellaria gigas (l. c.); incl. O. alba Potts 1874, Macronectes giganteus albus, Procellaria brasilia Kuhl 1820, M. giganteus dovei Mathews 1916, M. giganteus forsteri Mathews 1912, Procellaria maxima fusca Mathews 1933, P. ossifraga Forster in Lichtenstein 1844, Macronectes giganteus solanderi Mathews 1912, M. giganteus wilsoni Mathews 1912] CC10

Pachyptila Illiger 1811 BKB15, CC10 [incl. Attaprion Mathews 1933 CC10, Fulmariprion Mathews 1912 CC10, Heteroprion Mathews 1912 CC10, Prion Lesson 1828 non Lacépède 1799 CC10, Pseudoprion Coues 1866 CC10, Salviprion Mathews in Mathews & Hallstrom 1943 CC10; Pachyptilidae, Pachyptilinae]

Pachyptila belcheri (Mathews 1912) [=*Heteroprion belcheri; incl. H. belcheri falklandicus Mathews 1939, Pachyptila belcheri falklandica, H. belcheri lalfa Mathews 1939, Pa. (Heteroprion) belcheri orientalis Falla 1937, H. belcheri serventyi Mathews 1935, Pseudoprion turtur solanderi Mathews 1912, Procellaria turtur Mathews 1912 non Kuhl 1820] CC10

Pachyptila crassirostris (Mathews 1912) [=Pseudoprion turtur crassirostris, *Fulmariprion crassirostris] CC10

Pachyptila crassirostris crassirostris (Mathews 1912) [=P. (Pseudoprion) eatoni crassirostris; incl. Fulmariprion crassirostris antipodes Mathews & Hallstrom 1943] CC10

Pachyptila desolata (Gmelin 1789) BKB15, CC10 [=Procellaria desolata CC10, Aestrelata desolata CC10, *Attaprion desolatus CC10, Daption desolatum CC10, Heteroprion desolatus CC10, Prion (Pseudoprion) desolata CC10, Prion desolatus CC10; incl. Heteroprion desolatus alexanderi Mathews & Iredale 1921 CC10, H. desolatus alter Mathews 1912 CC10, Pachyptila (Heteroprion) desolata alter CC10, Pa. desolata altera CC10, Pa. banksi Smith 1840 CC10, Attaprion descolatus banksi CC10, Pa. (Heteroprion) desolata banksi CC10, Heteroprion desolatus banksi CC10, Prion (Pseudoprion) banksii CC10, Procellaria banksii CC10, Prion dispar Bianchi 1913 CC10, Heteroprion desolatus dispar Iredale 1938, Procellaria fasciata Bonnaterre 1791 CC10, H. desolatus georgia Mathews 1932 CC10, Attaprion desolatus georgia CC10, Pachyptila desolata georgia CC10, Pa. vittata georgicus Mathews 1933 CC10, Heteroprion desolatus heardi Mathews 1942 CC10, H. desolatus macquariensis Mathews 1912 CC10, Attaprion descolatus macquariensis CC10, H. desolatus mattingleyi Mathews 1912 CC10, A. desolatus mattingleyi CC10, H. desolatus peringueyi Mathews 1912 CC10, Prion rossi Bonaparte 1857 CC10]

Pachyptila salvini (Mathews 1912) BKB15, CC10 [=Prion vittatus salvini CC10, Pa. (*Salviprion) salvini CC10]

Pachyptila salvini salvini (Mathews 1912) [=P. vittata salvini; incl. Heteroprion desolatus crozeti Mathews 1932, P. salvini crozeti, P. vittata crozeti, P. gouldi maui Mathews 1937, P. salvini muriwai Mathews & Hallstrom 1943, P. salvini whittelli Mathews 1938] CC10

Pachyptila turtur (Kuhl 1820) BKB15, CC10 [=Procellaria turtur CC10, Prion (*Pseudoprion) turtur CC10; incl. Prion ariel Bonaparte 1857 CC10, Pachyptila ariel CC10, Procellaria ariel CC10, Pseudoprion ariel CC10, Ps. turtur armiger Mathews & Hallstrom 1943 CC10, Ps. turtur benchi Mathews & Hallstrom 1943 CC10, Prion brevirostris Gould 1855 CC10, Ps. turtur brevirostris CC10, Ps. turtur dertrum Mathews 1938 CC10, Ps. turtur eatoni Mathews 1912 CC10, Fulmariprion crassirostris eatoni CC10, Pachyptila (Pseudoprion) crassirostris eatoni CC10, Pa. turtur fallai Oliver 1930 CC10, Heteroprion belcheri fallai CC10, Pa. (Pseudoprion) turtur fallai CC10, Pseudoprion turtur huttoni Mathews 1912 CC10, Pa. (Pseudoprion) turtur huttoni CC10, Ps. turtur mangarei Mathews & Hallstrom 1943 CC10, Ps. turtur nova Mathews 1916 CC10, Ps. turtur oliveri Mathews 1932 CC10, Ps. turtur steadi Mathews 1932 CC10, Pachyptila turtur subantarctica Oliver 1955 CC10, Halobaena typica Bonaparte 1857 CC10]

Pachyptila vittata (Forster 1777) BKB15, CC10 [=Procellaria vittata CC10, Pachyptila vittatus (l. c.) CC10, *Prion vittata CC10, *Prion vittatus CC10; incl. Prion australis Potts 1873 CC10, Pachyptila vittata balaena Mathews 1938 CC10, Procellaria forsteri Latham 1790 CC10, *Pa. forsteri CC10, Prion vittatus gouldi Mathews 1912 CC10, Pa. vittata gouldi CC10, Prion vittatus keyteli Mathews 1912 CC10, Pa. vittata keyteli CC10, Prion lamellirostris Bonaparte 1856 CC10, Procellaria latirostris Bonnaterre 1791 CC10, Pro. longirostris (l. c.) CC10, Prion magnirostris Gould 1862 CC10, Prion vittatus missus Mathews 1912 CC10, Pachyptila vittata missa CC10, Pa. vittata missus (l. c.) CC10]

*Pagodroma nivea (Forster 1777) [=Procellaria nivea, Daption niveum, Fulmarus (Pagrodroma) niveus, Thalassoica nivea] CC10

Pagodroma nivea major (Schlegel 1863) [=Procellaria nivea major non Pr. major Faber 1822; incl. Pa. confusa Mathews 1912] CC10

Pagodroma nivea nivea (Forster 1777) [incl. Pa. nivea alba Mathews 1928, Procellaria candida Peale 1848, Pa. nivea candida, Pa. nivea falklandica Mathews 1926, Procellaria nivea minor Schlegel 1863, Pa. nivea minor, Pa. novegeorgica Pagenstecher 1885, Pa. nivea novaegeorgica, Pa. nivea novageorgica, Pa. nivea pealei Mathews 1928] CC10

Pelecanoides Lacépède 1799 BKB15, CC10 [=Haladroma Illiger 1811 CC10, Halodroma Cuvier 1817 CC10, Onocralus Rafinesque 1815 CC10; incl. Pelagodyptes Murphy & Harper 1921 CC10, Porthmornis Murphy & Harper 1921 CC10, Puffinuria Lesson 1828 CC10; Haladromidae, Pelecanoidi, Pelecanoididae]

Pelecanoides georgicus Murphy & Harper 1916 BKB15, CC10 [=Pele. georgica CC10, *Pelagodyptes georgicus CC10, Pele. urinatrix georgica CC10; incl. Pela. georgicus novus Mathews 1935 CC10]

*Pelecanoides urinatrix (Gmelin 1789) CC10, BKB15, CC10 [=Procellaria urinatrix CC10, *Haladroma urinatrix CC10, *Halodroma urinatrix CC10, *Onocralus urinatrix CC10, Pelecanoides urinator CC10, Puffinuria urinatrix CC10]

Pelecanoides urinatrix berard (Gaimard 1823) [=Procellaria berard, Halodroma berardi (l. c.), Pelecanoides berardi (l. c.)] CC10

Pelecanoides urinatrix urinatrix (Gmelin 1789) [incl. Pe. urinatrix belcheri Mathews 1912, Procellaria tridactyla Forster in Lichtenstein 1844 non Pr. tridactyla Kuhl 1820, Pr. tridactylae Kuhl 1820] CC10

Procellaria Linnaeus 1758 BKB15, CC10 [=Cymatobolus Heine & Reichenow 1890 CC10, Cymbatobolus Checklist Committee 1990 CC10, Cymotobolus Mathews 1936 CC10, Majaqueus Reichenbach 1853 CC10; incl. Adamastor Bonarparte 1856 CC10, Priofinus Hombron & Jacquinot 18454 CC10]

*Procellaria aequinoctialis Linnaeus 1758 CC10, BKB15, CC10 [=*Cymatobolus aequinoctialis CC10, Fulmarus (*Majaqueus) aequinoctialis CC10, Puffinus aequinoctialis CC10; incl. Procellaria aequinoctialis brabournei Mathews 1912 CC10, Majaqueus fuliginosa Bonaparte 1856 CC10, Pr. fuliginosa Shaw in White 1790 non Gmelin 1789 CC10, Pr. aequinoctialis mixta Mathews 1912 CC10, Pr. nigra Forster in Lichtenstein 1844 non Pallas 1769 CC10, Pr. aequinoctialis steadi Mathews 1912 CC10]

Procellaria cinerea Gmelin 1789 BKB15, CC10 [=Cookilaria cinerea CC10, Adamastor cinerea (l. c.) CC10, A. cinereus CC10, *Priofinus cinereus CC10, Puffinus cinereus CC10; incl. Procellaria adamastor Schlegel 1863 CC10, Priofinus cinereus dydimus Mathews 1916 CC10, Pro. gelida Gmelin 1789 CC10, Adamastor gelidus CC10, Daption gelidum CC10, Fulmarus gelidus CC10, Rhantistes gelida CC10, Procellaria haesitata Forster in Lichtenstein 1844 CC10, *Adamastor haesitatus CC10, Aestrelata haesitata CC10, Procellaria melanura Bonnaterre 1791 CC10, Priofinus melanurus CC10, Pro. pallipes Mathews 1912 CC10, Adamastor typus Bonaparte 1857 CC10]

Procellaria ‘grisea’ Kuhl 1820 (n. d.) non Gmelin 1789 [=Aestrelata grisea, Fulmarus (Cookilaria) griseus] CC10

Procellaria parkinsoni Gray 1862 BKB15, CC10 [=Fulmarus (Majaqueus) parkinsoni CC10; incl. P. fuliginosa Gray 1862 nec Gmelin 1789 nec Shaw in White 1790 nec Forster in Lichtenstein 1844 CC10]

Pseudobulweria rostrata (Peale 1848) CC10 [=Procellaria rostrata CC10, Aestrelata desolata rostrata CC10, Bulweria rostrata CC10, Oestrelata rostrata CC10, Pterodroma rostrata BKB15, Rhantistes rostrata CC10]

*Thalassoica antarctica (Gmelin 1789) [=Procellaria antarctica, *Aeipetes antarctica, Daption antarcticum, Fulmarus (Priocella) antarcticus, Priocella antarctica, *Thalassoeca antarctica; incl. Procellaria lugubris Tschudi 1856 non Bonaparte 1845] CC10

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B93] Brooke, R. K. 1993. Annotated catalogue of the Aves type specimens in the South African Museum. Annals of the South African Museum 102 (10): 327–349.

[BKB15] Burleigh, J. G., R. T. Kimball & E. L. Braun. 2015. Building the avian tree of life using a large-scale, sparse supermatrix. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 84: 53–63.

[CC10] Checklist Committee (OSNZ). 2010. Checklist of the Birds of New Zealand, Norfolk and Macquarie Islands, and the Ross Dependency, Antarctica 4^th ed. Ornithological Society of New Zealand and Te Papa Press: Wellington.

[CS77] Cramp, S., & K. E. L. Simmons (eds) 1977. Handbook of the Birds of Europe, the Middle East and North Africa: The Birds of the Western Palaearctic vol. 1. Ostrich to Ducks. Oxford University Press: Oxford.

[HSS13] Hirschfeld, E., A. Swash & R. Still. 2013. The World's Rarest Birds. Princeton University Press: Princeton (New Jersey).

[JT12] Jetz, W., G. H. Thomas, J. B. Joy, K. Hartmann & A. Ø. Mooers. 2012. The global diversity of birds in space and time. Nature 491: 444–448.

[S72] Simpson, G. G. 1972. Conspectus of Patagonian fossil penguins. American Museum Novitates 2488: 1–37.

[U93] Unwin, D. M. 1993. Aves. In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 717–737. Chapman & Hall: London.

Last updated: 4 December 2021.

Oceanodroma

Band-rumped storm petrel Oceanodroma castro, copyright Dan Irizarry.

Belongs within: Procellariiformes.

Oceanodroma is a genus of storm petrels found primarily in the Northern Hemisphere, suggested by phylogenetic analysis (e.g. Burleigh et al. 2015) to be paraphyletic with regard to the storm petrel Hydrobates pelagicus. As a group, both genera are united by relatively short legs and long and pointed wings with about fourteen secondaries (Cramp & Simmons 1977). Hydrobates pelagicus is smaller than other storm petrels and possesses a broad white bar along the underside of the wing (Cramp & Simmons 1977).

<==Oceanodroma Reichenbach 1853 (see below for synonymy) CC10
    |  i. s.: O. hornbyi JT12 [=Thalassidroma hornbyi CC10, *Bannermania hornbyi CC10]
    |         O. hubbsi Miller 1951 U93
    |         O. kaedingi Anthony 1898 [=Cymochorea leucorhoa kaedingi] CC10
    |         O. macrodactyla JT12
    |         O. markhami JT12
    |         O. matsudairae Kuroda 1922 I92 [=Cymochorea (*Bianchoma) matsudairae CC10]
    |         O. monteiroi Bolton, Smith et al. 2008 BS08
    |--+--O. melania BKB15 [=Procellaria melania CC10, *Loomelania melania CC10]
    |  `--+--O. microsoma BKB15 [=Halocyptena microsoma JT12]
    |     `--O. tethys BKB15 [=Procellaria tethys CC10, *Tethysia tethys CC10]
    `--+--+--O. castro (Harcourt 1851) BKB15, CS77 (see below for synonymy)
       |  `--+--*O. furcata CC10, BKB15 [=Procellaria furcata CC10]
       |     `--Hydrobates Boie 1822 BKB15, CC10 (see below for synonymy)
       |          `--*H. pelagicus (Linnaeus 1758) B94, CS77 (see below for synonymy)
       `--+--O. monorhis (Swinhoe 1867) BKB15, CS77 (see below for synonymy)
          `--+--O. homochroa BKB15
             `--+--O. leucorhoa (Vieillot 1818) BKB15, CC10 (see below for synonymy)
                |    |--O. l. leucorhoa (see below for synonymy) CC10
                |    |--O. l. beali HR96
                |    |--O. l. chapmani Berlepsch 1906 CC10
                |    |--O. l. cheimomnestes Ainley 1980 CC10
                |    `--O. l. socorroensis Townsend 1890 CC10
                `--O. tristrami BKB15 [incl. Cymochorea (*Stonowa) owstoni CC10]

Hydrobates Boie 1822 BKB15, CC10 [=Procellaria Linné 1766 non Linnaeus 1758 B94; incl. Thalassidroma Vigors 1825 B94]

*Hydrobates pelagicus (Linnaeus 1758) B94, CS77 [=*Procellaria pelagica B94; incl. H. pelagicus melitensis (Schembri 1843) CS77]

Oceanodroma Reichenbach 1853 [incl. Bannermania Mathews & Iredale 1915, Bianchoma Mathews in Mathews & Hallstrom 1943, Cymochorea Coues 1864, Loomelania Mathews 1934, Pacificodroma Bianchi 1913, Stonowa Mathews in Mathews & Hallstrom 1943, Tethysia Mathews 1933, Thalobata Mathews in Mathews & Hallstrom 1943; Hydrobatidae, Hydrobatinae] CC10

Oceanodroma castro (Harcourt 1851) BKB15, CS77 [=Thalassidroma castro CC10, Cymochorea (*Thalobata) castro CC10; incl. Procellaria lugubris Bonaparte 1845 (n. d.) BS08]

Oceanodroma leucorhoa (Vieillot 1818) BKB15, CC10 [=Procellaria leucorhoa CC10, *Cymochorea leucorhoa CC10, Oceanodroma leucorrhoa CC10]

Oceanodroma leucorhoa leucorhoa (Vieillot 1818) [incl. Procellaria bullockii Fleming 1828, P. leachii Temminck 1820, Thalassidroma leachii, Cymochorea leucorhoa muriwai Mathews & Hallstrom 1943] CC10

Oceanodroma monorhis (Swinhoe 1867) BKB15, CS77 [=Thalassidroma monorhis CC10, O. leucorhoa monorhis CS77, *Pacificodroma monorhis CC10]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B94] Bock, W. J. 1994. History and nomenclature of avian family-group names. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 222: 1–281.

[BS08] Bolton, M., A. L. Smith, E. Gómez-Díaz, V. L. Friesen, R. Medeiros, J. Bried, J. L. Roscales & R. W. Furness. 2008. Monteiro's storm-petrel Oceanodroma monteiroi: a new species from the Azores. Ibis 150: 717–727.

[BKB15] Burleigh, J. G., R. T. Kimball & E. L. Braun. 2015. Building the avian tree of life using a large-scale, sparse supermatrix. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 84: 53–63.

[CC10] Checklist Committee (OSNZ). 2010. Checklist of the Birds of New Zealand, Norfolk and Macquarie Islands, and the Ross Dependency, Antarctica 4^th ed. Ornithological Society of New Zealand and Te Papa Press: Wellington.

[CS77] Cramp, S., & K. E. L. Simmons (eds) 1977. Handbook of the Birds of Europe, the Middle East and North Africa: The Birds of the Western Palaearctic vol. 1. Ostrich to Ducks. Oxford University Press: Oxford.

[HR96] Heather, B. D., & H. A. Robertson. 1996. The Field Guide to the Birds of New Zealand. Viking: Auckland.

[I92] Iwahashi, J. (ed.) 1992. Reddo Deeta Animaruzu: a pictorial of Japanese fauna facing extinction. JICC: Tokyo.

[JT12] Jetz, W., G. H. Thomas, J. B. Joy, K. Hartmann & A. Ø. Mooers. 2012. The global diversity of birds in space and time. Nature 491: 444–448.

[U93] Unwin, D. M. 1993. Aves. In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 717–737. Chapman & Hall: London.

Last updated: 4 December 2021.

Puffinus

Fluttering shearwaters Puffinus gavia, copyright Francesco Veronesi.

Belongs within: Procellariidae.

Puffinus, the shearwaters, is a genus of petrels that are generally dark brown or black above and paler below, with relatively long, narrow wings and longer bills. The chicks of some species, such as the sooty shearwater P. griseus and short-tailed shearwater P. tenuirostris, are harvested for their meat and/or oil under the name of 'muttonbirds'.

<==Puffinus Brisson 1760 (see below for synonymy) CC10
    |  i. s.: P. antiquus (Milne-Edwards 1874) [=Procellaria antiqua] M02
    |         P. aquitanicus (Milne-Edwards 1874) [=Procellaria aquitanica] M02
    |         P. heinrothi JT12
    |         P. holeae Walker, Wragg & Harrison 1900 [=P. holei] M02
    |         P. nestori Alcover 1989 M02
    |         P. obscurus (Gmelin 1788) [=Procellaria obscura] CC10
    |         P. raemdonckii (van Beneden 1871) [=Larus raemdonckii] M02
    |         P. spelaeus Holdaway & Worthy 1994 CC10
    |--+--+--P. bulleri Salvin 1888 BKB15, CC10 (see below for synonymy)
    |  |  `--P. pacificus (Gmelin 1789) BKB15, CC10 (see below for synonymy)
    |  |       |--P. p. pacificus (see below for synonymy) CC10
    |  |       `--P. p. chlororhynchus Lesson 1831 CC10 (see below for synonymy)
    |  `--+--P. tenuirostris (Temminck 1836) BKB15, CC10 (see below for synonymy)
    |     `--+--P. griseus (Gmelin 1789) BKB15, CC10 (see below for synonymy)
    |        `--+--P. gravis (O’Reilly 1818) BKB15, CC10 (see below for synonymy)
    |           `--+--P. carneipes Gould 1844 BKB15, CC10 (see below for synonymy)
    |              `--P. creatopus Coues 1864 BKB15, CC10 (see below for synonymy)
    `--+--Calonectris Mathews & Iredale 1915 BKB15, CC10
       |    |--*C. leucomelas (Temminck 1836) [=Procellaria leucomelas, Puffinus leucomelas] CC10
       |    |--C. borealis (Cory 1881) (see below for synonymy) CC10
       |    |--C. diomedea (Scopoli 1769) CC10 (see below for synonymy)
       |    `--C. edwardsii (Oustalet 1883) JT12, CS77 [=C. diomedea edwardsii CS77]
       `--+--+--P. nativitatis Streets 1877 BKB15, CC10 [=P. (Nectris) nativitatis CC10, *Microzalias nativitatis CC10]
          |  `--P. subalaris BKB15
          `--+--+--P. gavia (Forster in Lichtenstein 1844) BKB15, CC10 (see below for synonymy)
             |  `--P. huttoni Mathews 1912 BKB15, CC10 (see below for synonymy)
             `--+--+--P. mauretanicus Lowe 1921 BKB15, CS77 [=P. puffinus mauretanicus CS77]
                |  `--P. yelkouan (Acerbi 1827) BKB15, CS77 [=P. puffinus yelkouan CS77]
                `--+--+--P. elegans Giglioli & Salvadori 1869 BKB15, CC10 (see below for synonymy)
                   |  `--+--P. haurakiensis Fleming & Serventy 1943 BKB15, CC10 [=P. assimilis haurakiensis CC10]
                   |     `--+--P. kermadecensis Murphy 1927 BKB15, CC10 (see below for synonymy)
                   |        `--P. tunneyi Mathews 1912 BKB15, CC10 [=P. assimilis tunneyi CC10]
                   `--+--+--+--P. lherminieri Lesson 1839 BKB15, CS77
                      |  |  |    |--P. l. lherminieri I92
                      |  |  |    `--P. l. bannermani Mathews & Iredale 1915 I92
                      |  |  `--P. loyemilleri BKB15
                      |  `--+--P. boydi Mathews 1912 BKB15, CS77 [=P. assimilis boydi CS77]
                      |     `--+--P. assimilis Gould 1838 BKB15, CC10 (see below for synonymy)
                      |        `--P. baroli (Bonaparte 1857) BKB15, CS77 [=P. assimilis baroli CS77]
                      `--+--*P. puffinus (Brünnich 1764) CC10, BKB15, CC10 (see below for synonymy)
                         `--+--P. opisthomelas Coues 1864 BKB15, CC10
                            `--+--+--P. myrtae BKB15
                               |  `--+--P. auricularis BKB15
                               |     `--P. newelli Henshaw 1900 BKB15, CC10 (see below for synonymy)
                               `--+--+--P. persicus BKB15 [=P. lherminieri persicus CS77]
                                  |  `--P. temptator BKB15
                                  `--+--+--P. atrodorsalis BKB15
                                     |  `--P. bailloni BKB15
                                     `--+--P. dichrous BKB15
                                        `--+--P. polynesiae BKB15
                                           `--+--P. colstoni BKB15
                                              `--P. nicolae BKB15

Calonectris borealis (Cory 1881) [=Puffinus borealis, Ardenna diomedea borealis, Calonectris diomedea borealis, Puffinus diomedea borealis, P. kuhli borealis; incl. P. kuhli fortunatus Bannerman 1915] CC10

Calonectris diomedea (Scopoli 1769) CC10 [=Puffinus diomedea M02, Procellaria diomedea CS77; incl. Pu. eyermani Shufeldt 1896 M02]

Puffinus Brisson 1760 [=Cymotomus Macgillivray 1842, Nectris Kuhl 1820, Rhipornis Billberg 1828, Thiellus Bonaparte 1857, Thyellas Gloger 1827; incl. Alphapuffinus Mathews 1914, Ardenna Reichenbach 1853, Cinathisma Hull 1916, Hemipuffinus Iredale 1913, Microzalias Mathews & Iredale 1915, Neonectris Mathews 1913, Paranectris Iredale 1930, Reinholdia Mathews 1912, Thyellodroma Stejneger 1888, Zalias Heine & Reichenow 1890] CC10

Puffinus assimilis Gould 1838 BKB15, CC10 [=*Alphapuffinus assimilis CC10, Pu. affinis (l. c.) CC10; incl. Pu. australis Eyton in Gould 1848 CC10, Alphapuffinus assimilis glauerti Mathews 1937 WS48, Pu. assimilis howensis Mathews 1915 CC10, Nectris nugax Gray 1844 CC10, Pu. nugax Bonaparte 1857 CC10, Procellaria nugax CC10]

Puffinus bulleri Salvin 1888 BKB15, CC10 [=Thyellodroma bulleri CC10, Thyellobroma (l. c.) pacifica bulleri CC10; incl. P. zealandicus Sandager 1890 CC10]

Puffinus carneipes Gould 1844 BKB15, CC10 [=*Hemipuffinus carneipes CC10, Majaqueus carneipes CC10, Nectris carneipes CC10, Priofinus carneipes CC10, Puffinus (Ardenna) carneipes CC10, Pu. carnipes CC10; incl. Nectris carbonaria Mathews 1912 CC10, Pu. carbonaria Gray 1844 CC10, Pu. carneipes carbonarius Mathews 1912 non P. carbonaria Gray 1844 CC10, Hemipuffinus carneipes carbonarius CC10, Pu. carneipes hakodate Mathews 1912 CC10, H. carneipes hakodate CC10, Pu. carneipes hullianus Mathews 1912 CC10, H. carneipes hullianus CC10, Pu. carneipes neozelandicus Mathews 1926 CC10, H. carneipes neozealandicus CC10, Pu. carneipes zealandicus Mathews 1926 non P. zealandicus Sandager 1890 CC10]

Puffinus creatopus Coues 1864 BKB15, CC10 [=Ardenna creatopa (l. c.) CC10, P. (Ardenna) creatopus CC10, P. carneipes creatopus CC10; incl. P. melanoleucus Philippi 1902 CC10]

Puffinus elegans Giglioli & Salvadori 1869 BKB15, CC10 [=Alphapuffinus assimilis elegans CC10, P. assimilis elegans CC10; incl. P. assimilis kempi Mathews 1912 CC10, Alphapuffinus assimilis kempi CC10, P. kuhliana Mathews 1933 CC10, P. assimilis kuhliana CC10, Nectris munda Salvin 1876 non Procellaria munda Kuhl 1820 CC10, P. munda Gray 1844 non Procellaria munda Kuhl 1820 CC10, P. assimilis munda CC10]

Puffinus gavia (Forster in Lichtenstein 1844) BKB15, CC10 [=Procellaria gavia CC10, Aestrelata gavia CC10, Fulmarus (Cookilaria) gavia CC10, Procellaria assimilis gavia CC10, Puffinus assimilis gavia CC10, Pu. gavius CC10, Reinholdia gavia CC10; incl. R. reinholdi byroni Mathews 1913 CC10, Pu. gavia byroni CC10, R. gavia byroni CC10, *Cinathisma cyaneoleuca Hull 1916 CC10, R. reinholdi melanotis Mathews 1916 CC10, R. reinholdi montaguei Mathews 1922 CC10, R. gavia montaguei CC10, Puffinus reinholdi Mathews 1912 CC10, *Reinholdia reinholdi CC10]

Puffinus gravis (O’Reilly 1818) BKB15, CC10 [=Procellaria gravis CC10, Ardenna gravis CC10; incl. Pr. major Faber 1822 CC10, *Ardenna major CC10, Puffinus major CC10]

Puffinus griseus (Gmelin 1789) BKB15, CC10 [=Procellaria grisea CC10, Ardenna grisea CC10, Daption griseum CC10, Neonectris griseus CC10, *Paranectris grisea CC10; incl. Nectris amaurosoma Coues 1864 CC10, Puffinus amaurosoma CC10, Nectris fuliginosus chilensis Bonaparte 1857 CC10, Paranectris griseus chilensis CC10, Puffinus fuliginosus var. chilensis CC10, Pu. griseus chilensis CC10, Nectris fuliginosa Kuhl 1820 CC10, Procellaria fuliginosa Forster in Lichtenstein 1844 nec Gmelin 1789 nec Shaw in White 1790 CC10, Puffinus fuliginosus Strickland 1832 CC10, Nectris fuliginosus CC10, Nectris gama Bonaparte 1857 CC10, Neonectris griseus missus Mathews & Iredale 1915 CC10, Neo. griseus nutcheri Mathews 1916 CC10, Neo. griseus pescadoresi Mathews & Iredale 1915 CC10, Puffinus stricklandi Ridgway in Baird, Brewer & Ridgway 1884 CC10, Paranectris griseus stricklandi CC10, Procellaria tristis Forster in Lichtenstein 1844 CC10, Puffinus tristis CC10]

Puffinus huttoni Mathews 1912 BKB15, CC10 [=P. reinholdi huttoni CC10, P. gavia huttoni CC10, Reinholdia gavia huttoni CC10, R. reinholdi huttoni CC10; incl. P. leptorhynchus Mathews 1937 CC10]

Puffinus kermadecensis Murphy 1927 BKB15, CC10 [=P. assimilis kermadecensis CC10, Alphapuffinus assimilis kermadecensis CC10]

Puffinus newelli Henshaw 1900 BKB15, CC10 [=P. auricularis newelli CC10, P. puffinus newelli CC10]

Puffinus pacificus (Gmelin 1789) BKB15, CC10 [=Procellaria pacifica CC10, Ardenna pacifica CC10, Thyellodroma pacifica CC10]

Puffinus pacificus chlororhynchus Lesson 1831 [=Procellaria chlororhyncha, Thiellus chlororhynchus, Thyellodroma pacifica chlororhyncha, *Zalias chlororhynchus; incl. Puffinus pacificus alleni Mathews 1912, Pu. cuneatus Salvin 1888, Pu. pacificus cuneatus, Thyellodroma cuneata, Pu. pacificus hamiltoni Mathews 1912, Thy. pacifica hamiltoni, Pu. knudseni Stejneger 1888, Thy. cuneata knudseni, Pu. pacificus laysani Mathews 1912, Thy. cuneata laysani, Pu. pacificus royanus Mathews 1912, Thy. pacifica royana, Pu. sphenurus Gould 1844, Procellaria sphenura, Thiellus sphenurus, *Thyellodroma sphenura] CC10

Puffinus pacificus pacificus (Gmelin 1789) [incl. Nectris fuliginosa Gray 1844 non Kuhl 1820, Puffinus chlororhynchus iredali Mathews 1910, Pu. pacificus whitneyi Lowe 1925, Thyellodroma pacifica whitneyi] CC10

*Puffinus puffinus (Brünnich 1764) CC10, BKB15, CC10 [=Procellaria puffinus CC10, *Cymotomus puffinus CC10, *Nectris puffinus CC10, *Rhipornis puffinus CC10, *Thyellas puffinus CC10; incl. Procellaria anglorum Temminck 1820 CC10, Puffinus anglorum CC10, Pu. arcticus Faber 1822 CC10, Pu. puffinus bermudae Nichols & Mowbray 1916 CC10, Pu. manksii Coues 1864 CC10, Pu. mcgalli Shufeldt 1916 CC10, Pu. scotorum Partington 1837 CC10]

Puffinus tenuirostris (Temminck 1836) BKB15, CC10 [=Procellaria tenuirostris CC10, Ardenna tenuirostris CC10, Nectris tenuirostris CC10, Neonectris tenuirostris CC10; incl. Pu. brevicaudus Gould 1847 CC10, Nectris brevicauda CC10, Nectris brevicaudus CC10, *Neonectris tenuirostris brevicaudus CC10, Priofinus brevicaudus CC10, Pu. tenuirostris brevicauda (l. c.) CC10, Puffinus brevicaudatus CC10, Nectris curilica Bonaparte 1857 CC10, Neonectris tenuirostris grantianus Hull 1916 CC10, Neo. tenuirostris hulli Mathews 1916 CC10, Puffinus intermedius Hull 1911 CC10]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BKB15] Burleigh, J. G., R. T. Kimball & E. L. Braun. 2015. Building the avian tree of life using a large-scale, sparse supermatrix. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 84: 53–63.

[CC10] Checklist Committee (OSNZ). 2010. Checklist of the Birds of New Zealand, Norfolk and Macquarie Islands, and the Ross Dependency, Antarctica 4^th ed. Ornithological Society of New Zealand and Te Papa Press: Wellington.

[CS77] Cramp, S., & K. E. L. Simmons (eds) 1977. Handbook of the Birds of Europe, the Middle East and North Africa: The Birds of the Western Palaearctic vol. 1. Ostrich to Ducks. Oxford University Press: Oxford.

[I92] Iwahashi, J. (ed.) 1992. Reddo Deeta Animaruzu: a pictorial of Japanese fauna facing extinction. JICC: Tokyo.

[JT12] Jetz, W., G. H. Thomas, J. B. Joy, K. Hartmann & A. Ø. Mooers. 2012. The global diversity of birds in space and time. Nature 491: 444–448.

[M02] Mlíkovský, J. 2002. Cenozoic Birds of the World. Part 1: Europe. Ninox Press: Praha.

[WS48] Whittell, H. M., & D. L. Serventy. 1948. A systematic list of the birds of Western Australia. Public Library, Museum and Art Gallery of Western Australia, Special Publication 1: 1–126.

Last updated: 4 December 2021.

Pterodroma

Black-capped petrel Pterodroma hasitata, copyright Don Faulkner.

Belongs within: Procellariidae.

Pterodroma, the gadfly petrels, is a cosmopolitan genus of fast-flying petrels, mostly dark above and light below in coloration, with short, sturdy bills. Some relatively large species, such as the great-winged petrel P. macroptera, are uniformly dark in coloration.

<==Pterodroma Bonaparte 1856 (see below for synonymy) CC10
    |--+--P. mollis (Gould 1844) BKB15, CC10 (see below for synonymy)
    |  `--+--+--P. magentae (Giglioli & Salvadori 1869) BKB15, CC10 (see below for synonymy)
    |     |  `--+--P. incerta BKB15
    |     |     `--+--*P. macroptera (Smith 1840) CC10, BKB15, CC10 (see below for synonymy)
    |     |        |    |--P. m. macroptera CC10
    |     |        |    `--P. m. gouldi (Hutton 1869) (see below for synonymy) CC10
    |     |        `--P. lessonii (Garnot 1826) BKB15, CC10 (see below for synonymy)
    |     `--+--P. hasitata (Kuhl 1820) BKB15, CS77 [incl. Fulmarus meridionalis CC10, *Aestrelata meridionalis CC10]
    |        `--+--P. cahow BKB15
    |           `--+--P. madeira Mathews 1934 BKB15, CS77 [=P. mollis madeira CS77]
    |              `--+--P. deserta BKB15
    |                 `--P. feae (Salvadori 1899) BKB15, CS77 [=P. mollis feae CS77]
    `--+--+--P. hypoleuca BKB15 [=Oestrelata hypoleuca CC10, *Oestrelatella hypoleuca CC10]
       |  `--+--P. cookii (Gray in Dieffenbach 1843) BKB15, CC10 (see below for synonymy)
       |     `--P. longirostris (Stejneger 1893) BKB15, CC10 (see below for synonymy)
       `--+--+--P. axillaris (Salvin 1893) BKB15, CC10 (see below for synonymy)
          |  `--P. nigripennis (Rothschild 1893) BKB15, CC10 (see below for synonymy)
          `--+--P. solandri (Gould 1844) BKB15, CC10 (see below for synonymy)
             `--+--P. inexpectata (Forster in Lichtenstein 1844) BKB15, CC10 (see below for synonymy)
                `--+--+--+--P. alba (Gmelin 1789) JT12, CC10 (see below for synonymy)
                   |  |  `--P. heraldica BKB15 [=P. arminjoniana heraldica M03]
                   |  `--+--P. arminjoniana BKB15
                   |     `--P. neglecta (Schlegel 1863) BKB15, CC10 (see below for synonymy)
                   |          |--P. n. neglecta CC10
                   |          `--P. n. juana Mathews 1935 CC10
                   `--+--+--P. cervicalis (Salvin 1891) JT12, CC10 (see below for synonymy)
                      |  `--P. externa (Salvin 1875) BKB15, CC10 (see below for synonymy)
                      `--+--P. baraui BKB15
                         `--+--P. phaeopygia BKB15
                            `--P. sandwichensis BKB15 [=P. phaeopygia sandwichensis USDI77]

Pterodroma incertae sedis:
  P. atlantica C66
  P. atrata JT12
  P. brevipes JT12
  P. caribbaea Carte 1866 C66 (see below for synonymy)
  P. defilippiana JT12
  P. fuliginosa C66
  P. jugularis CG99
  P. leucoptera (Gould 1844) [=Procellaria leucoptera, Cookilaria leucoptera] CC10
    |--P. l. leucoptera CC10
    `--P. l. caledonica Imber & Jenkins 1981 [=P. (Cookilaria) leucoptera caledonica] CC10
  P. macgillivrayi FP64
  P. occulata M03
  P. pycrofti Falla 1933 [=Cookilaria cookii pycrofti, P. (Cookilaria) longirostris pycrofti] CC10
  P. rupinarum HSS13
  P. ultima JT12

Pterodroma Bonaparte 1856 [incl. Aestrelata Bonaparte 1856, Cookilaria Bonaparte 1856, Hallstroma Mathews in Mathews & Hallstrom 1943, Oestrelata Newton 1870, Oestrelatella Bianchi 1913, Proaestrelata Imber 1985, Rhantistes Reichenbach 1853 non Kaup 1829; Aestrelatidae, Pterodromidae, Rhantistidae] CC10

Pterodroma alba (Gmelin 1789) JT12, CC10 [=Procellaria alba CC10, Bulweria alba CC10, Daptium album CC10, Fulmarus albus CC10, Procellaria (Aestrelata) alba CC10, Pterodroma (Hallstroma) alba CC10; incl. Pt. alba cantonia Mathews 1942 CC10, Aestrelata oliveri Mathews & Iredale 1914 CC10, Pt. oliveri CC10, Procellaria parvirostris Peale 1848 CC10, Aestrelata parvirostris CC10, Oestrelata parvirostris CC10, Pterodroma rostrata parvirostris CC10, Rhantistes parvirostris CC10, O. wortheni Rothschild 1902 CC10]

Pterodroma axillaris (Salvin 1893) BKB15, CC10 [=Oestrelata axillaris CC10, P. cookii axillaris CC10, P. hypoleuca axillaris CC10, P. (Oestrelatella) axillaris CC10, P. (*Proaestrelata) axillaris CC10]

Pterodroma caribbaea Carte 1866 C66 [=Prion caribbaeum Mitchell in Carte 1866 (n. n.) C66, Pt. hasitata caribbaea CG99]

Pterodroma cervicalis (Salvin 1891) JT12, CC10 [=Oestrelata cervicalis CC10, P. externa cervicalis CC10, P. (Oestrelatella) cervicalis CC10, P. (Proaestrelata) cervicalis CC10]

Pterodroma cookii (Gray in Dieffenbach 1843) BKB15, CC10 [=Procellaria cookii CC10, Aestrelata cookii CC10, Bulweria cooki CC10, Fulmarus (*Cookilaria) cookii CC10, Oestrelata cookii CC10, *Rhantistes cookii CC10; incl. Pterodroma cookii orientalis Murphy 1929 CC10, Cookilaria cookii orientalis CC10, Procellaria velox Gray 1844 non Kuhl 1820 CC10, C. velox CC10, Rhantistes velox CC10]

Pterodroma externa (Salvin 1875) BKB15, CC10 [=Oestrelata externa CC10, Bulweria externa CC10, Pterodroma (Hallstroma) externa CC10; incl. Pt. externa tristani Mathews 1931 CC10]

Pterodroma inexpectata (Forster in Lichtenstein 1844) BKB15, CC10 [=Procellaria inexpectata CC10, Aestrelata inexpectata CC10, Bulweria inexpectata CC10, Pterodroma (Oestrelatella) inexpectata CC10, Pt. (Proaestrelata) inexpectata CC10; incl. Pr. affinis Buller 1875 CC10, Oestrelata affinis CC10, Aestrelata fisheri Ridgway 1883 CC10, Oestrelata fisheri CC10, Procellaria gularis Peale 1848 CC10, Aestrelata gularis CC10, Oestrelata gularis CC10, Pterodroma gularis CC10, Procellaria lugens Gray 1844 nec Kuhl 1820 nec Pterodroma lugens Mathews 1936 CC10, Pt. neglus Mathews 1928 CC10, Aestrelata scalaris Brewster 1886 CC10, Oestrelata scalaris CC10, Pterodroma inexpectata thompsoni Mathews 1915 CC10]

Pterodroma lessonii (Garnot 1826) BKB15, CC10 [=Procellaria lessonii CC10, Aestrelata lessoni CC10, Bulweria lessoni CC10, Fulmarus (Astrelata) lessoni CC10, Oestrelata lessoni CC10, Rhantistes lessoni CC10; incl. Aestrelata lessonii australis Mathews 1916 CC10, Pterodroma lessonii australis CC10, Procellaria leucocephala Forster in Lichtenstein 1844 CC10, Aestrelata lessonii leucocephala CC10, Pterodroma lessonii leucocephala CC10, Puffinus sericeus Lesson 1828 CC10, Adamastor sericeus CC10, Procellaria vagabunda Gray 1844 CC10]

Pterodroma longirostris (Stejneger 1893) BKB15, CC10 [=Aestrelata longirostris CC10, Cookilaria leucoptera longirostris CC10, Oestrelata longirostris CC10, Pterodroma cookii longirostris CC10; incl. P. (Aestrelata) cooki masafuerae Lönnberg in Skottsberg 1921 CC10, Cookilaria leucoptera masafuerae CC10, P. leucoptera masafuerae CC10]

*Pterodroma macroptera (Smith 1840) CC10, BKB15, CC10 [=Procellaria macroptera CC10, Oestrelata macroptera CC10; incl. Pt. macroptera albani Mathews 1912 WS48]

Pterodroma macroptera gouldi (Hutton 1869) [=Aestrelata gouldi, Majaqueus gouldi, Oestrelata gouldi, Procellaria gouldii] CC10

Pterodroma magentae (Giglioli & Salvadori 1869) BKB15, CC10 [=Aestrelata magentae CC10, Fulmarus (Astrelata) magentae CC10, Oestrelata magentae CC10]

Pterodroma mollis (Gould 1844) BKB15, CC10 [=Procellaria mollis CC10, Aestrelata mollis CC10, Bulweria mollis CC10, Cookilaria mollis CC10, Oestrelata mollis CC10, Rhantistes mollis CC10; incl. Pterodroma deceptornis Mathews 1932 CC10, Pt. dubius Mathews 1924 CC10, Pt. mollis dubia CC10, Pt. mollis fusca Imber 1985 CC10]

Pterodroma neglecta (Schlegel 1863) BKB15, CC10 [=Procellaria neglecta CC10, Aestrelata neglecta CC10, Bulweria neglecta CC10, Fulmarus (Astrelata) neglectus CC10, Oestrelata neglecta CC10, Pterodroma (*Hallstroma) neglecta CC10; incl. O. leucophrys Hutton 1893 CC10, Pt. neglecta quintali Mathews 1916 CC10, Rhantistes raolensis Bonaparte 1856 (n. n.) CC10, Procellaria raoulensis Salvin 1896 non Rhantistes raoulensis Salvin 1896 CC10, R. raoulensis Salvin 1896 CC10]

Pterodroma nigripennis (Rothschild 1893) BKB15, CC10 [=Oestrelata nigripennis CC10, Cookilaria cookii nigripennis CC10, Oestrelatella nigricollis (l. c.) CC10, Pterodroma (Cookilaria) axillaris nigripennis CC10, P. cookii nigripennis CC10, P. hypoleuca nigripennis CC10, P. (Oestrelatella) nigripennis CC10, P. (Proaestrelata) nigripennis CC10; incl. Cookilaria hindwoodi Whitley 1938 CC10]

Pterodroma solandri (Gould 1844) BKB15, CC10 [=Procellaria solandri CC10, Aestrelata solandri CC10, Cookilaria solandri CC10, Fulmarus solandri CC10, Oestrelata solandri CC10; incl. Cookilaria melanopus Bonaparte 1856 CC10, Pterodroma melanopus CC10, Oestrelata montana Hull 1911 CC10, Procellaria phillipii Gray 1862 CC10, Fulmarus (Astrelata) philippii CC10, Oestrelata philippi CC10]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BKB15] Burleigh, J. G., R. T. Kimball & E. L. Braun. 2015. Building the avian tree of life using a large-scale, sparse supermatrix. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 84: 53–63.

[CG99] Carlton, J. T., J. B. Geller, M. L. Reaka-Kudla & E. A. Norse. 1999. Historical extinctions in the sea. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 30: 315–338.

[C66] Carte, A. 1866. On an undescribed species of petrel from the Blue Mountains of Jamaica. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 93–95.

[CC10] Checklist Committee (OSNZ). 2010. Checklist of the Birds of New Zealand, Norfolk and Macquarie Islands, and the Ross Dependency, Antarctica 4^th ed. Ornithological Society of New Zealand and Te Papa Press: Wellington.

[CS77] Cramp, S., & K. E. L. Simmons (eds) 1977. Handbook of the Birds of Europe, the Middle East and North Africa: The Birds of the Western Palaearctic vol. 1. Ostrich to Ducks. Oxford University Press: Oxford.

[FP64] Fisher, J., & R. T. Peterson. 1964. The World of Birds: A comprehensive guide to general ornithology. Macdonald: London.

[HSS13] Hirschfeld, E., A. Swash & R. Still. 2013. The World's Rarest Birds. Princeton University Press: Princeton (New Jersey).

[JT12] Jetz, W., G. H. Thomas, J. B. Joy, K. Hartmann & A. Ø. Mooers. 2012. The global diversity of birds in space and time. Nature 491: 444–448.

[M03] Morcombe, M. 2003. Field Guide to Australian Birds 2^nd ed. Steve Parish Publishing.

[USDI77] USDI (United States Department of the Interior). 1977. Endangered and threatened wildlife and plants—republication of list of species. Federal Register 42: 36420–36431.

[WS48] Whittell, H. M., & D. L. Serventy. 1948. A systematic list of the birds of Western Australia. Public Library, Museum and Art Gallery of Western Australia, Special Publication 1: 1–126.

Last updated: 4 December 2021.