Eudermaptera

Male European earwig Forficula auricularia, photographed by Eugene Zelenko.

Belongs within: Neodermaptera.

The Eudermaptera are a clade of earwigs characterised by the reduction of the male genitalia to a single penal lobe and single virga, and having the expanded regions of the anal and intercalary veins distinctly separated (Grimaldi & Engel 2005). In members of the families Chelisochidae and Forficulidae, the second segment of the tarsi is ventrally produced below the third but members of the Labioidea retain a simple, subcylindrical second tarsal segment. Forficulidae have the second tarsal segment expanded laterally as well as produced (Rentz & Kevan 1991). The Labioidea are now regarded as including the genus Arixenia, specialised cave-dwellers found in bat-roosts in southeast Asia that feed on guano and (in the case of A. esau) perhaps facultatively on the bats themselves (Askew 1971).

<==Eudermaptera
    |  i. s.: Chelisoficula Nel, Waller et al. 2003 NW03
    |           `--*C. caussaneli Nel, Waller et al. 2003 NW03
    |--Labioidea S02
    |    |--Carcinophoridae [Carcinophorinae] RD77
    |    |--Arixenia RK91 [Arixeniidae GE05, Arixeniina]
    |    |    |--A. esau RK91
    |    |    `--A. jacobsoni A71
    |    |--Spongiphoridae GE05
    |    |    |  i. s.: Sinolabia longyouensis S02
    |    |    |         Auchenomus forcipatus TW05
    |    |    |--Spongiphorinae RK91
    |    |    |    |--Apovostox RK91
    |    |    |    `--Marava arachidis RK91
    |    |    `--Nesogaster [Nesogastrinae] RK91
    |    |         |--N. erichsoni G74
    |    |         |--N. halli RK91
    |    |         `--N. ruficeps RK91
    |    `--Labiidae S02
    |         |  i. s.: Cretolabia S02
    |         |         Caririlabia S02
    |         |         Spongovostox NW03
    |         |           |--S. cornutus Brindle 1973 NW03
    |         |           `--S. doddi ZS10
    |         |         Prolabia arachidis (Yersin 1860) [=Forficula arachidis, Labia arachidis] H40
    |         |--Nesolabia [Geracinae] NW03
    |         |    `--N. longicollis Hincks 1957 NW03
    |         `--Labiinae RK91
    |              |--Chaetospania brunneri RK91
    |              `--Labia GE05
    |                   |--L. canaca Burr 1903 B14
    |                   |--L. curvicaudata GE05
    |                   `--L. minor B01
    `--+--Chelisochidae [Chelisochinae] NW03
       |    |--Chelisochella superba (Dorhn 1865) NW03
       |    |--Schizoproreus delicatulus (Burr 1911) NW03
       |    |--Adiathetus glaucopterus (Bormans 1888) NW03
       |    |--Genitalata mahajani Kapoor 1974 NW03
       |    |--Proreus simulans (Stål 1860) NW03
       |    |--Lamprophorella RK91
       |    |--Chelisoches Scudder 1876 NW03
       |    |    `--C. morio TW05
       |    `--Hamaxas NW03
       |         |--H. bidentatus Ramamurthi 1965 NW03
       |         `--H. singhi Kapoor 1966 NW03
       `--Forficulidae NW03
            |  i. s.: Anechura bipunctata B01
            |         Elaunon bipartitus RK91
            |         Hadanechura Zhang et al. 1994 NW03
            |           `--*H. sisypha Zhang et al. 1994 NW03
            |         Apanechura Zhang 1989 NW03
            |           |--A. asceta Zhang 1989 NW03
            |           `--A. ooides Zhang 1989 NW03
            |--Opisthocosmiinae H40
            |    |--Eparchus H40
            |    |    |--E. biroi TW05
            |    |    `--E. insignis (Haan 1842) [=Forficula insignis] H40
            |    `--Timomenus H40
            |         |--T. pieli Hincks 1940 H40
            |         |--T. shelfordi (Burr 1904) [=Opisthocosmia shelfordi] H40
            |         `--T. unidentatus Borelli 1915 H40
            `--Forficula Linnaeus 1758 [Forficulinae] NW03
                 |--F. auricularia Linnaeus 1758 L58
                 |--F. baltica P92
                 |--F. decipiens W07
                 |--F. klebsi P92
                 |--F. minor Linnaeus 1758 L58
                 |--F. paleocaenica Willmann 1990 NW03
                 |--F. praecursor P92
                 |--F. pristina P92
                 `--F. tomis S02

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A71] Askew, R. R. 1971. Parasitic Insects. Heinemann Educational Books: London.

[B01] Bolivar, I. 1901. Orthopterák [Orthoptères]. In: Horváth, G. (ed.) Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazása [Dritte Asiatische Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] vol. 2. Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazásának Állattani Eredményei [Zoologische Ergebnisse der Dritten Asiatischen Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] pp. 223–243. Victor Hornyánszky: Budapest, and Karl W. Hierseman: Leipzig.

[B14] Burr, M. 1914. Les Dermaptères de la Nouvelle-Calédonie et des îles Loyalty. In: Sarasin, F., & J. Roux (eds) Nova Caledonia: Forschungen in Neu-Caledonian und auf den Loyalty-Inseln. A. Zoologie vol. 1 pt 4 pp. 315–324, pl. 9. C. W. Kreidels Verlag: Wiesbaden.

[G74] Giles, E. T. 1974. Dermaptera (earwigs). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers. Supplement 1974 pp. 42–43.Melbourne University Press.

[GE05] Grimaldi, D., & M. S. Engel. 2005. Evolution of the Insects. Cambridge University Press: New York.

[H40] Hincks, W. D. 1940. Dermaptera (earwigs) from Hainan Island. Notes d'Entomologie Chinoise 8 (2): 29–40.

[L58] Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Laurentii Salvii: Holmiae.

[NW03] Nel, A., A. Waller, V. Albouy, J.-J. Menier & G. de Ploëg. 2003. New fossil earwigs from the lowermost Eocene amber of Paris Basin (France) (Insecta, Dermaptera, family incertae sedis). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 119–129.

[P92] Poinar, G. O., Jr. 1992. Life in Amber. Stanford University Press: Stanford.

[RK91] Rentz, D. C. F., & D. K. McE. Kevan. 1991. Dermaptera (earwigs). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers 2^nd ed. vol. 1 pp. 360–368. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[RD77] Richards, O. W., & R. G. Davies. 1977. Imms' General Textbook of Entomology 10^th ed. vol. 2. Classification and Biology. Chapman and Hall: London.

[S02] Shcherbakov, D. E. 2002. Order Forficulida Latreille, 1810. The earwigs and protelytropterans (=Dermaptera DeGeer, 1773+Protelytroptera Tillyard, 1931). In: Rasnitsyn, A. P., & D. L. J. Quicke (eds) History of Insects pp. 288–291. Kluwer Academic Publishers: Dordrecht.

[TW05] Terry, M. D., & M. F. Whiting. 2005. Mantophasmatodea and phylogeny of the lower neopterous insects. Cladistics 21: 240–257.

[W07] Wirth, S. 2007. Phylogeny and character transformations of the Histiostomatidae. In: Morales-Malacara, J. B., V. M. Behan-Pelletier, E. Ueckermann, T. M. Pérez, E. G. Estrada-Venegas & M. Badii (eds) Acarology XI: Proceedings of the International Congress pp. 607–615. Instituto de Biología and Faculdad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Sociedad Latinoamericana de Acarología: México.

[ZS10] Zborowski, P., & R. Storey. 2010. A Field Guide to Insects in Australia 3^rd ed. Reed New Holland: Sydney.

Last updated: 18 May 2022.

Forficulida

Protelytron permianum, from ToLWeb.

Belongs within: Polyneoptera.
Contains: Archidermaptera, Neodermaptera.

The name Forficulida is used here as in Shcherbakov (2002) for the clade uniting the Dermaptera (earwigs) with the fossil, paraphyletic 'Protelytroptera'. First recorded from the Lower Permian, the forficulids are distinguished by having their forewings hardened, with the sutural margins overlapping in repose, and the hindwings transversely folded when closed. In the Dermaptera, the elytra are reduced so that they cover at most the base of the abdomen; they also have intercalary fan veins in the hind wing and elongate cerci. Dermaptera and the Middle to Late Permian Protelytroidea are united by having hind wings with the proximal remigium (squama) somewhat sclerotised and thickenings on the fan veins (Shcherbakov 2002).

Forficulida [Protelytrida, Protelytrina, Protelytroptera]
    |  i. s.: Cordulagomphus santanensis Carle & Wighton 1990 NW03
    |         Allodahlia shanwangensis Zhou 1986 NW03
    |         Permelytropsis Tillyard 1924 Z02
    |         Cylindrogaster Stål 1855 PJ03
    |         Semenovioloides capitatus Vishniakova 1980 K03
    |         Permelytridae RJ93
    |--Archelytroidea S02
    |    |--Blattelytridae S02
    |    |--Elytroneura Carpenter 1933 Z02 [Elytroneuridae S02]
    |    |--Planelytron Kukalová 1965 KN13 [Planelytridae S02]
    |    `--Archelytridae S02
    |         |--Megelytridae S02
    |         `--Apachelytron [Apachelytridae, Archelytrinae] S02
    |              `--A. transversum S02
    `--+--Dermaptera [Brachydermaptera, Forficulariae, Forficulina] GE05
       |    |  i. s.: Labidurodes robustus B14
       |    |         Chelidurella acanthopygia RK91
       |    |         ‘Hodotermes’ japonicus Hagen 1868 F97
       |    |--Archidermaptera GE05
       |    `--Pandermaptera GE05
       |         |--Neodermaptera GE05
       |         `--Eodermaptera GE05
       |              |--Turanodermatidae GE05
       |              `--Semenoviola Z02 [Semenoviolidae GE05, Semenoviolinae]
       |                   `--S. obliquotruncata Martynov 1925 Z02
       `--Protelytroidea S02
            |--Dermelytridae S02
            |--Protelytron [Protelytridae] S02
            |    |--P. angustum Carpenter 1933 KN13
            |    `--P. permianum Tillyard 1931 Z02
            |--Uralelytron Rohdendorf 1939 [incl. Bardacoleus Zalessky 1947; Bardacoleidae] S02
            |    |--U. insignis S02
            |    `--U. martynovi S02
            `--Permofulgoridae [Labidelytridae, Permophilidae, Protocoleidae, Stenelytridae] S02
                 |--Arctocoleus ivensis S02
                 |--Protocoleus mitchelli Tillyard 1924 F71
                 |--Phyllelytron petalon K-P91
                 |--Labidelytron Kukalová-Peck 1988 Z02
                 |    `--L. enervatum RJ93
                 |--Permophilus pincombei Tillyard 1924 F71
                 `--Permofulgor [Permofulgorinae] F71
                      |--P. belmontensis Tillyard 1917 F71
                      `--P. indistinctus Tillyard 1922 F71

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B14] Burr, M. 1914. Les Dermaptères de la Nouvelle-Calédonie et des îles Loyalty. In: Sarasin, F., & J. Roux (eds) Nova Caledonia: Forschungen in Neu-Caledonian und auf den Loyalty-Inseln. A. Zoologie vol. 1 pt 4 pp. 315–324, pl. 9. C. W. Kreidels Verlag: Wiesbaden.

[F71] Fletcher, H. O. 1971. Catalogue of type specimens of fossils in the Australian Museum, Sydney. Australian Museum Memoir 13: 1–167.

[F97] Froggatt, W. W. 1897. Australian Termitidae. Part II. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 21 (4): 510–552, pls 35–36.

[GE05] Grimaldi, D., & M. S. Engel. 2005. Evolution of the Insects. Cambridge University Press: New York.

[KN13] Kirejtshuk, A. G., & A. Nel. 2013. Skleroptera, a new order of holometabolous insects (Insecta) from the Carboniferous. Zoosystematica Rossica 22 (2): 247–257.

[K03] Kluge, N. J. 2003. About evolution and homology of genital appendages of insects. Trudy Russkogo Entomologicheskogo Obshestva [Proceedings of the Russian Entomological Society] 74: 3–16.

[K-P91] Kukalová-Peck, J. 1991. Fossil history and the evolution of hexapod structures. In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers vol. 1 pp. 141–179. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[NW03] Nel, A., A. Waller, V. Albouy, J.-J. Menier & G. de Ploëg. 2003. New fossil earwigs from the lowermost Eocene amber of Paris Basin (France) (Insecta, Dermaptera, family incertae sedis). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 119–129.

[PJ03] Poinar, G. O., T. A. Jackson, N. L. Bell & M. B. Wahid. 2003. Cylindrocorpus inevectus sp. n. associated with the oil palm weevil, Elaeidobius kamerunicus (Faust) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), with a synopsis of the family Cylindrocorporidae and establishment of Longibuccidae n. fam. (Diplogastroidea: Nematoda). Nematology 5 (2): 183–190.

[RK91] Rentz, D. C. F., & D. K. McE. Kevan. 1991. Dermaptera (earwigs). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers vol. 1 pp. 360–368. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[RJ93] Ross, A. J., & E. A. Jarzembowski. 1993. Arthropoda (Hexapoda; Insecta). In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 363–426. Chapman & Hall: London.

[S02] Shcherbakov, D. E. 2002. Order Forficulida Latreille, 1810. The earwigs and protelytropterans (=Dermaptera DeGeer, 1773 +Protelytroptera Tillyard, 1931). In: Rasnitsyn, A. P., & D. L. J. Quicke (eds) History of Insects pp. 288–291. Kluwer Academic Publishers: Dordrecht.

[Z02] Zhang, J.-F. 2002. The most primitive earwigs (Archidermaptera, Dermaptera, Insecta) from the Upper Jurassic of Nei Monggol Autonomous Region, northeastern China. Acta Micropalaeontologica Sinica 19 (4): 348–362.

Last updated: 18 May 2022.

Neodermaptera

Diplatys sp., from here.

Belongs within: Forficulida.
Contains: Anisolabididae, Eudermaptera.

The Neodermaptera are the crown group of the earwigs, dating back to the late Jurassic or early Cretaceous. They are readily distinguished from other living insects by the cerci being modified into a large pair of forceps at the end of the abdomen; they also have the front wings modified into a small pair of hardened veinless tegmina under which the hind wings are folded when not in use. Other characteristic features include the absence of ocelli, three-segmented tarsi, and a reduced ovipositor in females (Grimaldi & Engel 2005).

See also: Wigs and wings and other things.

<==Neodermaptera [Dermaptoria, Forficulomorpha, Holodermaptera, Labiduroidea]
    |  i. s.: Labiduromma S02
    |--Protodermaptera GE05
    |    |--Karschiella RD77 [Karschiellinae, Karschielloidea GE05]
    |    `--Pygidicranidae [Catadermaptera, Pygidicranida, Pygidicranoidea, Pygidiocranidae] GE05
    |         |  i. s.: Araripelabia S02
    |         |         Tagalina TW05
    |         |         Bormansia Verhoeff 1902 NW03
    |         |         Haplodiplatys Hincks 1955 NW03
    |         |         Lobodiplatys Kirby 1891 NW03
    |         |         Burmapygia resinata GE05
    |         |--Austroblandex [Blandicinae] RK91
    |         |    `--A. bituberculatus RK91
    |         |--Echinosomatinae NW03
    |         |    |--Echinosoma Audinet-Serville 1839 NW03
    |         |    |    `--E. sumatranum (Haan 1842) (see below for synonymy) H40
    |         |    `--Archaeosoma Zhang 1994 NW03
    |         |         `--*A. serratum Zhang 1994 NW03
    |         |--Pygidicraninae RK91
    |         |    |--Cranopygia daemeli RK91
    |         |    |--Dacnodes shortridgei RK91
    |         |    |--Kalocrania H40
    |         |    |--Acrania H40
    |         |    `--Pygidicrana P92
    |         `--Diplatys Audinet-Serville 1831 NW03 [Diplatyidae, Diplatyinae S02]
    |              |--D. bormansi Burr 1910 H40
    |              |--D. gerstaeckeri RD77
    |              |--D. hainanensis Hincks 1940 H40
    |              |--D. liberatus Burr 1910 H40
    |              |--D. longisetosa A99
    |              `--D. (Syndiplatys) protoflavicollis Sakai & Fujiyama 1989 RJ93
    `--Epidermaptera [Anisolabidoidea, Forficuloidea] GE05
         |--+--Apachyidae [Apachyinae, Apachyoidea] GE05
         |  |    |--Dendroiketetes novaeguineae TW05
         |  |    `--Apachyus GE05
         |  |         |--A. depressus GE05
         |  |         |--A. peterseni C91
         |  |         `--A. queenslandica ZS10
         |  `--Hemimeridae [Dermodermaptera, Diploglossata, Hemimerina, Hemimeroidea, Hemimeromorpha] GE05
         |       |--Areomerus GE05
         |       `--Hemimerus Walker 1871 A71
         |            |--*H. talpoides Walker 1871 A71
         |            |--H. bouvieri RK91
         |            |--H. morrisi A71
         |            `--H. vosseleri RK91
         `--+--Anisolabididae GE05
            `--+--Eudermaptera GE05
               `--Labiduridae [Labidurinae] GE05
                    |  i. s.: Forcipula decolyi Bormans 1900 NW03
                    |         Allosthetus Verhoeff 1903 NW03
                    |           `--A. lombokianum Verhoeff 1904 NW03
                    |         Doru TW05
                    |           |--D. davisi GE05
                    |           |--D. lineare (Eschscholtz 1822) [=Forficula linearis] R18
                    |           `--D. spiculiferum TW05
                    |--Spondox Burr 1914 B14 [Psalinae H40]
                    |    `--*S. sarasini Burr 1914 B14
                    |--Platylabia [Platylabiinae] H40
                    |    `--P. major Dohrn 1867 [incl. P. sparattoides Bormans 1900] H40
                    `--Labidurinae G70
                         |--Nala lividipes G70
                         `--Labidura S02
                              |--L. electrina P92
                              |--L. herculeana [incl. L. loveridgei] S02
                              |--L. riparia (Pallas 1773) [=Forficula riparia] H40
                              |--L. truncata RK91 [=L. riparia truncata M83]
                              `--L. xanthopus [incl. Demogorgon batesi] R15

Echinosoma sumatranum (Haan 1842) [=Forficula (Echinosoma) sumatranum; incl. E. westermanni Dohrn 1863] H40

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A71] Askew, R. R. 1971. Parasitic Insects. Heinemann Educational Books: London.

[A99] Ax, P. 1999. Das System der Metazoa II. Ein Lehrbuch der phylogenetischen Systematik. Gustav Fisher Verlag: Stuttgart (translated: 2000. Multicellular Animals: The phylogenetic system of the Metazoa vol. 2. Springer).

[B14] Burr, M. 1914. Les Dermaptères de la Nouvelle-Calédonie et des îles Loyalty. In: Sarasin, F., & J. Roux (eds) Nova Caledonia: Forschungen in Neu-Caledonian und auf den Loyalty-Inseln. A. Zoologie vol. 1 pt 4 pp. 315–324, pl. 9. C. W. Kreidels Verlag: Wiesbaden.

[C91] CSIRO. 1991. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers vol. 1. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[G70] Giles, E. T. 1970. Dermaptera (earwigs). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers pp. 306–313. Melbourne University Press.

[GE05] Grimaldi, D., & M. S. Engel. 2005. Evolution of the Insects. Cambridge University Press: New York.

[H40] Hincks, W. D. 1940. Dermaptera (earwigs) from Hainan Island. Notes d'Entomologie Chinoise 8 (2): 29–40.

[M83] Martin, N. A. 1983. Miscellaneous observations on a pasture fauna: an annotated species list. DSIR Entomology Division Report 3: 1–98.

[NW03] Nel, A., A. Waller, V. Albouy, J.-J. Menier & G. de Ploëg. 2003. New fossil earwigs from the lowermost Eocene amber of Paris Basin (France) (Insecta, Dermaptera, family incertae sedis). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 119–129.

[P92] Poinar, G. O., Jr. 1992. Life in Amber. Stanford University Press: Stanford.

[R15] Rehn, J. A. G. 1915. A further contribution to the knowledge of the Orthoptera of Argentina. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 67 (2): 270–292.

[R18] Rehn, J. A. G. 1918. On a collection of Orthoptera from the State of Pará, Brazil. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 70: 144–236, pls 1–2.

[RK91] Rentz, D. C. F., & D. K. McE. Kevan. 1991. Dermaptera (earwigs). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers vol. 1 pp. 360–368. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[RD77] Richards, O. W., & R. G. Davies. 1977. Imms' General Textbook of Entomology 10^th ed. vol. 2. Classification and Biology. Chapman and Hall: London.

[RJ93] Ross, A. J., & E. A. Jarzembowski. 1993. Arthropoda (Hexapoda; Insecta). In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 363–426. Chapman & Hall: London.

[S02] Shcherbakov, D. E. 2002. Order Forficulida Latreille, 1810. The earwigs and protelytropterans (=Dermaptera DeGeer, 1773 +Protelytroptera Tillyard, 1931). In: Rasnitsyn, A. P., & D. L. J. Quicke (eds) History of Insects pp. 288–291. Kluwer Academic Publishers: Dordrecht.

[TW05] Terry, M. D., & M. F. Whiting. 2005. Mantophasmatodea and phylogeny of the lower neopterous insects. Cladistics 21: 240–257.

[ZS10] Zborowski, P., & R. Storey. 2010. A Field Guide to Insects in Australia 3^rd ed. Reed New Holland: Sydney.

Last updated: 18 May 2022.