Charadrius

Female Wilson's plover Charadrius wilsonia, photographed by Mikko Pyhälä.

Belongs within: Charadriidae.

The genus Charadrius contains the ringed and sand plovers. The members of this genus are small to medium-sized plovers characterised by a colour pattern with at least some degree of development of a band across the breast and/or a black forehead and black line connecting the bill and eye (Bock 1958). In some species such as the double-banded plover Charadrius bicinctus the breast band is doubled; in others such as the Kentish plover C. alexandrinus it is only partial, and does not cross the midline of the breast. Phylogenetic analysis by Jetz et al. (2002) does not support monophyly of Charadrius as currently recognised, placing some species closer to other genera such as Thinornis and Eudromias.

<==Charadrius Linnaeus 1758 M02 [incl. Peltohyas Sharpe 1896 B94; Peltohyatinae]
    |--+--+--C. montanus JT12
    |  |  `--+--C. alexandrinus Linnaeus 1758 JT12, WS48
    |  |     |    |--C. a. alexandrinus M03
    |  |     |    `--C. a. dealbatus M03
    |  |     `--C. marginatus JT12
    |  `--+--C. veredus Gould 1848 JT12, R85 [=C. asiaticus veredus R85, Eupoda asiatica vereda WS48]
    |     `--+--C. leschenaultii Lesson 1826 JT12, R85 [incl. Pagoa zanda Mathews 1916 WS48]
    |        `--C. mongolus Pallas 1776 JT12, R85
    |             |--C. m. mongolus M03
    |             |--C. m. atrifrons M03
    |             `--C. m. stegmanni HR96
    `--+--C. australis (Gould 1840) JT12, WS48 [=Eudromius australis WS48, Peltohyas australis M03]
       |    |--C. a. australis WS48
       |    `--C. a. whitlocki Mathews 1912 [=Peltohyas australis whitlocki] WS48
       `--+--+--C. ruficapillus Temminck 1822 JT12, R85 (see below for synonymy)
          |  `--+--C. bicinctus Jardine & Selby 1827 JT12, WH02 [incl. C. bicinctus incertus Mathews 1912 WS48]
          |     `--C. exilis Falla 1978 WH02 [=C. bicinctus exilis HWT01]
          `--+--C. wilsonia JT12
             `--+--C. collaris Vieillot 1818 JT12, ME04
                `--+--C. alticola JT12
                   `--C. falklandicus JT12

Charadrius incertae sedis:
  C. asiaticus (Pallas 1773) JT12, WS48 [=Eupoda asiatica WS48]
  C. cinctus SJ85
  C. cucullatus Vieillot 1818 (see below for synonymy) WS48
  C. forbesi JT12
  C. geoffroyi S66
  C. javanicus JT12
  C. morinellus Linnaeus 1758 M02
  C. nivifrons [incl. C. tenellus] S66
  C. obscurus Gmelin 1789 WH02
    |--C. o. obscurus HR96
    `--C. o. aquilonius HR96
  C. pallidus JT12
  C. pecuarius JT12
  C. peronii SU93
  C. placidus SU93
  C. sanctaehelenae JT12
  C. thoracicus JT12
  C. tricollaris JT12
  C. virginicus Licht. 1823 SS66

Charadrius cucullatus Vieillot 1818 [incl. C. cucullatus torbayi Mathews 1912, C. cucullatus tregellasi Mathews 1912] WS48

Charadrius ruficapillus Temminck 1822 JT12, R85 [=C. alexandrinus ruficapillus WS48; incl. C. ruficapillus tormenti Mathews 1912 WS48]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

Bock, W. J. 1958. A generic review of the plovers (Charadriinae, Aves). Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 118 (2): 27-97.

[B94] Bock, W. J. 1994. History and nomenclature of avian family-group names. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 222: 1-281.

[HR96] Heather, B. D., & H. A. Robertson. 1996. The Field Guide to the Birds of New Zealand. Viking: Auckland.

[HWT01] Holdaway, R. N., T. H. Worthy & A. J. D. Tennyson. 2001. A working list of breeding bird species of the New Zealand region at first human contact. New Zealand Journal of Zoology 28: 119-187.

[JT12] Jetz, W., G. H. Thomas, J. B. Joy, K. Hartmann & A. Ø. Mooers. 2012. The global diversity of birds in space and time. Nature 491: 444-448.

[ME04] Mayr, G., & P. G. P. Ericson. 2004. Evidence for a sister group relationship between the Madagascan mesites (Mesitornithidae) and the cuckoos (Cuculidae). Senckenbergiana Biologica 84 (1-2): 1-17.

[M02] Mlíkovský, J. 2002. Cenozoic Birds of the World. Part 1: Europe. Ninox Press: Praha.

[M03] Morcombe, M. 2003. Field Guide to Australian Birds, 2^nd ed. Steve Parish Publishing.

[R85] Robertson, C. J. R. (ed.) 1985. Reader’s Digest Complete Book of New Zealand Birds. Reader’s Digest: Sydney.

[S66] Schlegel, H. 1866. Communication from, on mammals and birds collected in Madagascar. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 419-426.

[SS66] Sclater, P. L., & O. Salvin. 1866. On some additions to the catalogue of birds collected by Mr. E. Bartlett on the River Ucayali. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 566-567.

[SU93] Sonobe, K., & S. Usui (eds.) 1993. A Field Guide to the Waterbirds of Asia. Wild Bird Society of Japan: Tokyo.

[SJ85] Storr, G. M., & R. E. Johnstone. 1985. Field Guide to the Birds of Western Australia 2^nd ed. Western Australian Museum: Perth (Australia).

[WS48] Whittell, H. M. & D. L. Serventy. 1948. A systematic list of the birds of Western Australia. Public Library, Museum and Art Gallery of Western Australia, Special Publication 1: 1-126.

[WH02] Worthy, T. H., & R. N. Holdaway. 2002. The Lost World of the Moa: Prehistoric life of New Zealand. Indiana University Press: Bloomington (Indiana).

Jacanidae

Northern jaçana Jacana spinosa, photographed by D. W. Baker.

Belongs within: Charadriiformes.

The Jacanidae are the jaçanas, extremely long-toed birds found around vegetation-filled water bodies in tropical and subtropical parts. Their long toes allow them to walk on the surface of floating vegetation such as waterlilies and lotuses. Jaçanas also possess a frontal shield above the beak, and sharp horny spurs on the bend of their wings (Austin 1961). They are often strikingly coloured. Species of the type genus Jacana, found in the Americas, are black with chestnut-brown wings and back; the wattled jaçana Jacana jacana has red wattles behind the bill in addition to the red frontal shield.

<==Jacanidae [Parridae]
    |  i. s.: Nupharanassa Rasmussen, Olson & Simons 1987 M02
    |           |--*N. bulotorum Rasmussen et al. 1987 M02
    |           `--N. tolutaria Rasmussen et al. 1987 M02
    |--+--Hydrophasianus chirurgus JT12
    |  `--Jacana Brisson 1760 JT12, B94 [incl. Parra Linné 1766 B94]
    |       |--‘Parra’ africana S66
    |       |--‘Parra’ albinucha S66
    |       |--J. gallinacea SJ85
    |       |--J. jacana (Linné 1766) ME04 [=Parra jacana SS66]
    |       `--J. spinosa ZJM03
    `--+--+--Metopidius indicus JT12
       |  `--Actophilornis JT12
       |       |--A. africanus JT12
       |       `--A. albinucha ZJM03
       `--+--Microparra capensis JT12
          `--Irediparra gallinacea (Temminck 1828) JT12, WS48 [=Parra gallinacea WS48, Metopidius gallinaceus M03]
               |--I. g. gallinacea WS48
               `--I. g. novaehollandiae (Salvadori 1882) (see below for synonymy) WS48

Irediparra gallinacea novaehollandiae (Salvadori 1882) [=Hydralector novaehollandiae; incl. I. gallinacea rothschildi Mathews 1912] WS48

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

Austin, O. L., Jr. 1961. Birds of the World: A survey of the twenty-seven orders and one hundred and fifty-five families. Paul Hamlyn: London.

[B94] Bock, W. J. 1994. History and nomenclature of avian family-group names. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 222: 1-281.

[JT12] Jetz, W., G. H. Thomas, J. B. Joy, K. Hartmann & A. Ø. Mooers. 2012. The global diversity of birds in space and time. Nature 491: 444-448.

[ME04] Mayr, G., & P. G. P. Ericson. 2004. Evidence for a sister group relationship between the Madagascan mesites (Mesitornithidae) and the cuckoos (Cuculidae). Senckenbergiana Biologica 84 (1-2): 1-17.

[M02] Mlíkovský, J. 2002. Cenozoic Birds of the World. Part 1: Europe. Ninox Press: Praha.

[M03] Morcombe, M. 2003. Field Guide to Australian Birds, 2^nd ed. Steve Parish Publishing.

[S66] Schlegel, H. 1866. Communication from, on mammals and birds collected in Madagascar. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 419-426.

[SS66] Sclater, P. L., & O. Salvin. 1866. Catalogue of birds collected by Mr. E. Bartlett on the River Uyacali, Eastern Peru, with notes and descriptions of new species. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 175-201.

[SJ85] Storr, G. M., & R. E. Johnstone. 1985. Field Guide to the Birds of Western Australia 2^nd ed. Western Australian Museum: Perth (Australia).

[WS48] Whittell, H. M. & D. L. Serventy. 1948. A systematic list of the birds of Western Australia. Public Library, Museum and Art Gallery of Western Australia, Special Publication 1: 1-126.

[ZJM03] Zeffer, A., L. C. Johansson & Å. Marmebro. 2003. Functional correlation between habitat use and leg morphology in birds (Aves). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 79: 461-484.

Alcidae

Thick-billed murre Uria lomvia, photographed by Allan & Elaine Wilson.

Belongs within: Charadriiformes.

The Alcidae include the auks, murres (or guillemots) and puffins. Alcids are heavy-bodied marine birds with legs placed far back on the body that use their wings to propel themselves when diving. Members of the family are found in the Arctic and north temperate regions.

<==Alcidae [Alcides, Petralcidae, Phalerididae, Plautidae, Triolidae]
    |--Lunda cirrhata (Pallas 1769) I92
    |--Nautilornis FP64
    |--Australca grandis FP64
    |--Cyclorrhynchus ME04
    |--Ptychorhamphus ME04
    |--Hydrotherikornis oregonus Miller 1931 R76
    |--Cerorhinca Bonaparte 1828 [Cerorhincidae] B94
    |    `--C. monocerata ZJM03
    |--Alca Linnaeus 1758 [incl. Pinguinus Bonnaterre 1791, Plautus Brünnich 1772 (nom. rej.) non Gunnerus 1761] M02
    |    |--A. impennis (Linnaeus 1758) (see below for synonymy) M02
    |    `--A. torda Linnaeus 1758 M02
    |--Alle Link 1806 [incl. Plautus Gunnerus 1761 (nom. inv.); Allidae] B94
    |    `--A. alle ZJM03 [=Plautus alle FP64]
    |--Petralca Mlíkovský 1987 M02
    |    `--*P. austriaca Mlíkovský 1987 M02
    |--Synthliboramphus Brandt 1837 [Synthliboramphidae] B94
    |    |--S. antiquus (Gmelin 1789) I92
    |    `--S. wumizusume (Temminck 1835) I92
    |--Fratercula Brisson 1760 [incl. Mormon Illiger 1811; Fraterculidae, Mormonidae] B94
    |    |--F. arctica ZJM03
    |    |--F. cirrhata FP64
    |    `--F. corniculata WBSJ82
    |--Brachyramphus Brandt 1837 [Brachyramphidae] B94
    |    `--B. marmoratus I92
    |         |--B. m. marmoratus I92
    |         `--B. m. perdix (Pallas 1811) I92
    |--Cepphus Pallas 1769 [Cepphidae] M02
    |    |--C. carbo WBSJ82
    |    |--C. columba WBSJ82
    |    |--C. grylle ZJM03
    |    `--C. storeri Harrison 1977 M02
    |--Aethia Merrem 1788 [incl. Phaleris Temminck 1820, Simorhynchus Merrem 1819; Aethiidae, Simorhynchidae] B94
    |    |--A. cristatella WBSJ82
    |    |--A. psittacula WBSJ82
    |    |--A. pusilla WBSJ82
    |    `--A. pygmaea WBSJ82
    `--Uria Brisson 1760 [Uriidae] M02
         |--U. aalge (Pontoppidan 1763) [=Colymbus aalge] M02
         |    |--U. a. aalge I92
         |    `--U. a. inornata Salomonsen 1932 I92
         |--U. ausonia Portis 1889 M02
         `--U. lomvia ZJM03

Alca impennis (Linnaeus 1758) [=Pinguinus impennis, Plautus impennis; incl. A. major Brisson 1760 (nom. inv.)] M02

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B94] Bock, W. J. 1994. History and nomenclature of avian family-group names. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 222: 1-281.

[FP64] Fisher, J., & R. T. Peterson. 1964. The World of Birds: A comprehensive guide to general ornithology. Macdonald: London.

[I92] Iwahashi, J. (ed.) 1992. Reddo Deeta Animaruzu: a pictorial of Japanese fauna facing extinction. JICC: Tokyo.

[ME04] Mayr, G., & P. G. P. Ericson. 2004. Evidence for a sister group relationship between the Madagascan mesites (Mesitornithidae) and the cuckoos (Cuculidae). Senckenbergiana Biologica 84 (1-2): 1-17.

[M02] Mlíkovský, J. 2002. Cenozoic Birds of the World. Part 1: Europe. Ninox Press: Praha.

[R76] Ray, C. E. 1976. Fossil marine mammals of Oregon. Systematic Zoology 25 (4): 420-436.

[WBSJ82] Wild Bird Society of Japan. 1982. A Field Guide to the Birds of Japan. Kodansha International Ltd.: Tokyo.

[ZJM03] Zeffer, A., L. C. Johansson & Å. Marmebro. 2003. Functional correlation between habitat use and leg morphology in birds (Aves). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 79: 461-484.