Paracrinoidea

Reconstruction of Amygdalocystites florealis, from here.

Belongs within: Blastozoa.

The Paracrinoidea are a strictly Middle Ordovician group of stalked echinoderms with arms superficially like those of crinoids, but a central theca more similar to those of cystoids and other blastozoans.

Characters (from Kesling 1967): Calcareous plates encasing body constituting a theca, not differentiated into dorsal calyx and ventral tegmen; thecal plates variable in number, irregularly arranged, those of some species provided with pore structures in innner layer; theca invariably anchored by column of thin uniserial disc-shaped columnals. Ambulacral system made up of uniserial arms bearing uniserial pinnules. Arms may be free or attached on thecal surface, not more than four arms known in any species, although one or more arms may branch; ambulacral grooves covered by tiny plates, may not extend to ends of all pinnules. Hydropore present in some forms, not found in others; gonopore reported in some, not definitely established. Many forms with periproct opposite columnar facet and peristome offset to one side; periproct provided with anal pyramid.

<==Paracrinoidea [Deviata, Eustelea, Paracrinozoa]
    |  i. s.: Platycystites Miller 1889 [=Platycystis Bather 1900 non Léger 1892] K67
    |           |--*P. faberi Miller 1889 [=*Platycystis faberi] K67
    |           `--P. cristatus LS87
    |         Achradocystites von Volborth 1870 [=Achradocystis Haeckel 1896] K67
    |           `--*A. grewingkii von Volborth 1870 [=*Achradocystis grewingkii] K67
    |--Comarocystitidae [Brachiata, Comarocystidae] K67
    |    |--Billingsocystis Bassler 1950 K67
    |    |    `--*B. invaginata Bassler 1950 K67
    |    |--Schuchertocystis Bassler 1950 K67
    |    |    `--*S. radiata K67
    |    `--Comarocystites Billings 1854 [=Comarocystis Carpenter 1891] K67
    |         |--*C. punctatus Billings 1854 [=*Comarocystis punctata] K67
    |         |--C. obconicus K67
    |         `--C. shumardi K67
    `--Varicata K67
         |--Malocystitidae [Malocystidae] K67
         |    |--Malocystites Billings 1857 [=Malocystis Carpenter 1891] K67
         |    |    `--*M. murchisoni Billings 1857 [=*Malocystis murchisoni] K67
         |    `--Wellerocystis Foerste 1920 K67
         |         `--*W. kimmswickensis Foerste 1920 K67
         `--Amygdalocystitidae [Amygdalocystidae] K67
              |--Canadocystis Jaekel 1900 [incl. Sigmacystis Hudson 1911] K67
              |    |--*C. barrandei (Billings 1858) [=Malocystites barrandi] K67
              |    `--C. emmonsi (Hudson 1905) [=Malocystites emmonsi, *Sigmacystis emmonsi] K67
              |--Sinclairocystis Bassler 1950 K67
              |    |--*S. praedicta Bassler 1950 K67
              |    |--S. angulatus K67
              |    `--S. sulphurensis K67
              `--Amygdalocystites Billings 1854 [=Amygdalocystis Carpenter 1891; incl. Ottawacystites Wilson 1946] K67
                   |--*A. florealis Billings 1854 K67
                   |--A. laevis Billings 1883 [=A. florealis laevis, *Ottawacystites laevis] K67
                   |--A. radiatus K67
                   `--A. tenuistriatus K67

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[K67] Kesling, R. V. 1967. Paracrinoids. In Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt. S. Echinodermata 1. General characters. Homalozoa-Crinozoa (except Crinoidea) (R. C. Moore, ed.) vol. 1 pp. S268-S288. The Geological Society of America, Inc., and The University of Kansas: Lawrence (Kansas).

[LS87] Lewis, R. D., J. Sprinkle, J. B. Bailey, J. Moffit & R. L. Parsley. 1987. Mandalacystis, a new rhipidocystid eocrinoid from the Whiterockian stage (Ordovician) in Oklahoma and Nevada. Journal of Paleontology 61 (6): 1222-1235.

Pentremitida

Pentremites godoni, from here.

Belongs within: Blastoidea.

The Pentremitida are a lineage of spiraculate blastoids with typically four spiracles and an anispiracle.

Characters (from Waters & Horowitz 1993): Pyriform to godoniform theca; four spiracles (may be split by septum) and an anispiracle; deltoid faces in most genera; lancets partially to completely exposed.

<==Pentremitida
    |--Hyperoblastidae WM03
    |    |--Conoblastus Waters, Maples et al. 2003 WM03
    |    |    `--*C. invaginatus Waters, Maples et al. 2003 WM03
    |    |--Petaloblastus Fay 1961 LMW01
    |    |    |--*P. ovalis (Goldfuss 1829) BF67 (see below for synonymy)
    |    |    `--P. boletus (Schmidt 1930) [=Pentremites boletus] LMW01
    |    |--Breimeriblastus Waters, Maples et al. 2003 WM03
    |    |    |--*B. pyramidalis Waters, Maples et al. 2003 WM03
    |    |    `--B. gracilis Waters, Maples et al. 2003 WM03
    |    |--Sinopetaloblastus Lane, Waters & Maples 1997 WM03
    |    |    |--S. grabaui Waters, Maples et al. 2003 WM03
    |    |    `--S. jinxingae Lane, Waters & Maples 1997 WM03
    |    `--Hyperoblastus Fay 1961 WM03
    |         |--*H. preciosus (Reimann 1945) [=Pentremitidea preciosa] BF67
    |         |--H. emuhaensis Waters, Maples et al. 2003 WM03
    |         |--H. filosa WM03
    |         |--H. nuciformis BF67
    |         `--H. reimanni Kier 1952 M01
    `--Pentremitidae [Eleutheroblastidae, Eleutherocrinidae, Pentremidae, Pentremitidaea] WM03
         |--Eleutherocrinus Shumard & Yandell 1856 [=Eleutheroblastus Hambach 1903] BF67
         |    `--*E. cassedayi Shumard & Yandell 1856 [=*Eleutheroblastus cassedayi] BF67
         |--Cordyloblastus Fay 1961 BF67
         |    |--*C. acutangulus (Schultze 1886) [=Pentremites acutangulus] BF67
         |    `--C. eifelensis BF67
         `--+--Devonoblastus Reimann 1935 BF67
            |    |--*D. leda (Hall 1862) [=Pentremites leda] BF67
            |    `--D. whiteavesi BF67
            |--Orbitremitidae BF67
            |    |  i. s.: Houiblastus devonicus WM03
            |    |--Doryblastus Fay 1961 BF67
            |    |    `--*D. melonianus (Schmidt 1930) [=Mesoblastus melonianus] BF67
            |    `--+--Globoblastus Hambach 1903 BF67
            |       |    `--*G. norwoodi (Owen & Shumard 1850) [=Pentremites norwoodi] BF67
            |       `--+--Ellipticoblastus Fay 1960 BF67
            |          |    `--*E. orbicularis (Sowerby 1834) [=Pentatrematites orbicularis] BF67
            |          `--Orbitremites Austin & Austin 1842 BF67
            |               |--*O. derbiensis (Sowerby 1825) [=Pentremites derbiensis] BF67
            |               |--O. ellipticus BF67
            |               `--O. malaianus BF67
            `--+--Pentremoblastus Fay & Koenig 1963 BF67
               |    `--*P. conicus Fay & Koenig 1963 BF67
               `--+--Ambolostoma Peck 1930 BF67 [Ambolostomatidae]
                  |    `--*A. baileyi Peck 1930 BF67
                  `--Pentremites Say 1820 [=Pentremite] BF67
                       |  i. s.: P. gemmiformis BF67
                       |         P. maccalliei BF67
                       |         P. obesus BF67
                       |         P. okawensis BF67
                       |         P. pyramidatus BF67
                       |--P. elongatus BF67
                       `--+--P. conoideus BF67
                          |--+--P. princetonensis BF67
                          |  `--+--P. symmetricus BF67
                          |     `--+--P. girtyi BF67
                          |        `--P. pyriformis BF67
                          `--+--P. pulchellus BF67
                             `--+--*P. godoni (Defrance 1819) [=Encrina godonii] BF67
                                `--+--+--P. halli BF67
                                   |  `--P. tulipaformis BF67
                                   `--+--P. rusticus BF67
                                      `--P. sulcatus BF67

*Petaloblastus ovalis (Goldfuss 1829) BF67 [=Pentremites ovalis LMW01; incl. Pentremitidea phillipsii Whidborne 1898 LMW01]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BF67] Beaver, H. H., R. O. Fay, D. B. Macurda Jr, R. C. Moore & J. Wanner. 1967. Blastoids. In Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt. S. Echinodermata 1. General characters. Homalozoa-Crinozoa (except Crinoidea) (R. C. Moore, ed.) vol. 2 pp. S297-S455. The Geological Society of America, Inc., and The University of Kansas: Lawrence (Kansas).

[LMW01] Lane, N. G., C. G. Maples & J. A. Waters. 2001. Revision of Late Devonian (Famennian) and some Early Carboniferous (Tournaisian) crinoids and blastoids from the type Devonian area of north Devon. Palaeontology 44 (6): 1043-1080.

[M01] McIntosh, G. C. 2001. Devonian cladid crinoids: Families Glossocrinidae Goldring, 1923, and Rutkowskicrinidae new family. Journal of Paleontology 75 (4): 783-807.

Waters, J. A., & A. S. Horowitz. 1993. Ordinal-level evolution in the Blastoidea. Lethaia 26: 207-213.

[WM03] Waters, J. A., C. G. Maples, N. G. Lane, S. Marcus, Liao Z.-T., Liu L., Hou H.-F. & Wang J.-X. 2003. A quadrupling of Famennian pelmatozoan diversity: New Late Devonian blastoids and crinoids from northwest China. Journal of Paleontology 77 (5): 922-948.

Blastoidea

Orophocrinus stelliformis, from here.

Belongs within: Blastozoa.
Contains: Pentremitida, Troosticrinidae, Astrocrinidae, Codasteridae.

The Blastoidea are a Silurian to Permian group of stalked echinoderms with a compact theca crowned, in life, with numerous brachioles (though these are often not preserved attached in fossils).

See also: A beginner's guide to blastoids.

Characters (from Beaver et al. 1967): Hydrospire-bearing, stemmed echinoderms; theca composed of 18 to 21 major plates, which comprise three basals, surmounted by five radials, above which and alternating with them are five deltoids, in addition to five lancet plates in radial position located within radial sinuses; anal side may contain one, two, three, four, or six anal deltoids; hydrospires external or internal; pores and spiracles present mainly in forms with internal hydrospircs. Ambulacra bear numerous biserially constructed brachioles.

<==Blastoidea [Eublastoidea, Radiolata]
    |  i. s.: Codonaster conicus Whidborne 1898 [=Codaster conicus] LMW01
    |--Spiraculata [Eublastida] BF67
    |    |--Pentremitida BF67
    |    |--Troosticrinidae BF67
    |    `--Nucleocrinidae [Nucleoblastidae] BF67
    |         |--Elaeacrinus Roemer 1851 [=Eleacrinus Etheridge & Carpenter 1883, Olivanites Lyon 1857] BF67
    |         |    `--*E. verneuili Roemer 1851 [=*Eleacrinus verneuili, *Olivanites verneuili] BF67
    |         `--+--Nucleocrinus Conrad 1842 BF67
    |            |    `--*N. elegans Conrad 1842 BF67
    |            `--Placoblastus Fay 1961 BF67
    |                 |--*P. obovatus (Barris 1883) [=Elaeacrinus obovatus] BF67
    |                 |--P. angularis BF67
    |                 `--P. ehlersi BF67
    `--Fissiculata [Mesoblastida, Phaenoschismatidae] BF67
         |  i. s.: Junggaroblastus hoxtolgayensis WM03
         |--Polydeltoideus Reimann & Fay 1961 BF67
         |    `--*P. enodatus Reimann & Fay 1961 BF67
         |--Deltoschisma Fay 1961 BF67
         |    `--*D. archiaci (Etheridge & Carpenter 1882) [=Phaenoschisma archiaci] BF67
         |--+--Astrocrinidae BF67
         |  |--Codasteridae BF67
         |  |--Decaschisma Fay 1961 BF67
         |  |    |--*D. pentalobus (Hall 1879) [=Codaster pentalobus] BF67
         |  |    `--D. pulchellum BF67
         |  `--Brachyschisma Reimann 1945 [Brachyschismatidae] BF67
         |       |--*B. corrugatum (Reimann 1935) [=Codaster corrugatus] BF67
         |       `--B. subcrassum BF67
         |--+--Pleuroschisma Reimann 1945 BF67
         |  |    |--*P. lycorias (Hall 1862) [=Pentremites lycorias] BF67
         |  |    `--P. ontario BF67
         |  |--Nymphaeoblastus von Pretz 1907 [Nymphaeoblastidae] BF67
         |  |    |--*N. miljukovi von Pretz 1907 BF67
         |  |    |--N. anossofi BF67
         |  |    `--N. bancroftensis BF67
         |  `--Orophocrinidae [Anthoblastidae, Pentablastidae] BF67
         |       |--+--Pentablastus Sieverts-Doreck 1951 BF67
         |       |  |    `--*P. supracarbonicus Sieverts-Doreck 1951 BF67
         |       |  `--Anthoblastus Wanner 1924 BF67
         |       |       `--*A. brouweri Wanner 1924 BF67
         |       `--Orophocrinus von Seebach 1864 (see below for synonymy) BF67
         |            |--*O. stelliformis (Owen & Shumard 1850) (see below for synonymy) BF67
         |            |--O. catactus BF67
         |            |--O. conicus BF67
         |            |--O. devonicus WM03
         |            |--O. praelongus BF67
         |            `--‘*Mitra’ vera Cumberland 1826 BF67
         `--+--Phaenoblastus Fay 1961 BF67
            |    `--*P. caryophyllatus (deKonick & LeHon 1854) [=Pentremites caryophyllatus] BF67
            |--Hadroblastus Fay 1962 BF67
            |    |--*H. convexus Fay 1962 BF67
            |    `--H. conicus BF67
            `--+--Sundablastus Wanner 1924 BF67
               |    `--*S. weberi Wanner 1924 BF67
               |--Sphaeroschisma Wanner 1924 BF67
               |    `--*S. somoholense Wanner 1924 BF67
               |--Thaumatoblastus Wanner 1924 BF67
               |    `--*T. longiramus Wanner 1924 BF67
               |--Microblastus Eykeren 1942 BF67
               |    `--*M. pocilloformis Eykeren 1942 BF67
               |--Phaenoschisma Etheridge & Carpenter 1882 [incl. Conoschisma Fay 1961] BF67
               |    |--*P. acutum (Sowerby 1834) [=Pentatremites acuta] BF67
               |    `--P. laeviusculum (Rowley 1900) [=Codaster laeviusculus, *Conoschisma laeviusculum] BF67
               |--Timoroblastus Wanner 1924 BF67
               |    |--T. coronatus BF67
               |    |    |--T. c. coronatus BF67
               |    |    |--T. c. tesselatus BF67
               |    |    `--*T. c. typus Wanner 1924 BF67
               |    `--T. granulatus BF67
               `--+--Dipteroblastus Wanner 1940 [Dipteroblastidae] BF67
                  |    `--*D. permicus Wanner 1940 BF67
                  |--Notoblastus Brown 1941 BF67
                  |    `--*N. brevispinus Brown 1941 BF67
                  `--Neoschisma Wanner 1924 [Neoschismatidae, Neoschismidae] BF67
                       |--*N. verrucosum Wanner 1924 BF67
                       `--N. timorense BF67

Orophocrinus von Seebach 1864 [=Codonites Meek & Worthen 1869 non Audouin 1826; incl. Mitra Cumberland 1826 nec Martyn 1784 nec Bolten 1798 nec Lamarck 1798 nec Lesson 1837 nec Albers 1850] BF67

*Orophocrinus stelliformis (Owen & Shumard 1850) [=Pentremites stelliformis, *Codonites stelliformis] BF67

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BF67] Beaver, H. H., R. O. Fay, D. B. Macurda Jr, R. C. Moore & J. Wanner. 1967. Blastoids. In Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt. S. Echinodermata 1. General characters. Homalozoa-Crinozoa (except Crinoidea) (R. C. Moore, ed.) vol. 2 pp. S297-S455. The Geological Society of America, Inc., and The University of Kansas: Lawrence (Kansas).

[LMW01] Lane, N. G., C. G. Maples & J. A. Waters. 2001. Revision of Late Devonian (Famennian) and some Early Carboniferous (Tournaisian) crinoids and blastoids from the type Devonian area of north Devon. Palaeontology 44 (6): 1043-1080.

[WM03] Waters, J. A., C. G. Maples, N. G. Lane, S. Marcus, Liao Z.-T., Liu L., Hou H.-F. & Wang J.-X. 2003. A quadrupling of Famennian pelmatozoan diversity: New Late Devonian blastoids and crinoids from northwest China. Journal of Paleontology 77 (5): 922-948.

Astrocrinidae

(From top to bottom) oral view, aboral view, and D-ray view of Astrocrinus benniei, from Beaver et al. (1967).

Belongs within: Blastoidea.

The Astrocrinidae are a Devonian to Permian group of blastoids. The genera Astrocrinus and Tripoblastus are believed to have been free-living, sitting directly on the sea floor without an attaching stalk (Waters et al. 2003).

Characters (from Beaver et al. 1967): Theca with eight spiracular slits along margins of ambulacra; anal side lacking slits.

<==Astrocrinidae [Astracrinidae, Pentephyllidae, Zygocrinidae]
    |  i. s.: Tripoblastus Waters, Maples et al. 2003 WM03
    |           `--*T. plicatus Waters, Maples et al. 2003 WM03
    |         Pentephyllum Haughton 1859 BF67
    |           `--*P. adarense Haughton 1859 BF67
    |--Cryptoschisma Etheridge & Carpenter 1886 BF67
    |    `--*C. schultzii (de Verneuil & d’Archiac 1845) [=Pentremites schultzii] BF67
    `--+--Ceratoblastus Wanner 1940 BF67
       |    `--*C. nanus Wanner 1940 BF67
       |--Pentremitidea d’Orbigny 1850 [=Pentetrematites Steininger 1849, Pentremitidia Quenstedt 1876] BF67
       |    `--*P. pailletti (de Verneuil 1844) (see below for synonymy) BF67
       `--Astrocrinus Morris 1843 (see below for synonymy) BF67
            |--*A. tetragonus Morris 1843 (see below for synonymy) BF67
            `--A. benniei BF67

Astrocrinus Morris 1843 [=Astracrinites Austin & Austin 1843, Astrocrinites Austin & Austin 1843 non Conrad 1841, Zygocrinus Bronn 1848] BF67

*Astrocrinus tetragonus Morris 1843 [=Astrocrinites tetragonus Austin & Austin 1843 (n. n.), Astracrinites tetragonus, *Zygocrinus tetragonus] BF67

*Pentremitidea pailletti (de Verneuil 1844) [=Pentremites pailletti, *Pentetrematites pailletti, *Pentremitidia pailletti] BF67

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BF67] Beaver, H. H., R. O. Fay, D. B. Macurda Jr, R. C. Moore & J. Wanner. 1967. Blastoids. In Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt. S. Echinodermata 1. General characters. Homalozoa-Crinozoa (except Crinoidea) (R. C. Moore, ed.) vol. 2 pp. S297-S455. The Geological Society of America, Inc., and The University of Kansas: Lawrence (Kansas).

[WM03] Waters, J. A., C. G. Maples, N. G. Lane, S. Marcus, Liao Z.-T., Liu L., Hou H.-F. & Wang J.-X. 2003. A quadrupling of Famennian pelmatozoan diversity: New Late Devonian blastoids and crinoids from northwest China. Journal of Paleontology 77 (5): 922-948.

Troosticrinidae

The schizoblastid Deltoblastus timorensis, from here.

Belongs within: Blastoidea.

The Troosticrinidae is a Silurian to Lower Carboniferous group of blastoids characterised by having an elongate conical or obconical theca with five paired spiracles around the mouth (Beaver et al. 1967). Beaver et al. (1967) suggested that this family is paraphyletic with regard to Diploblastidae (with a globular theca and five paired spiracles or four paired spiracles and an anispiracle around the mouth), Granatocrinidae (with eight spiracles and an anispiracle or paired anispiracle around the mouth) and Schizoblastidae (with ten spiracles and a separate anal opening around the mouth). The former two groups are restricted to the lower Carboniferous, but the Schizoblastidae survived to the Permian.

<==Troosticrinidae [Troosticrinida, Troostoblastidae, Troostocrinidae]
    |  i. s.: Uyguroblastus conicus WM03
    |         Belocrinus Munier-Chalmas 1881 WM03, BF67 [incl. Belemnocrinus Munier-Chalmas 1876 non White 1862 ML78]
    |           `--*B. cottaldi (Munier-Chalmas 1876) [=Belemnocrinus cottaldi] BF67
    |--Troosticrinus Shumard 1866 [=Clavaeblastus Hambach 1903, Troostocrinus Meek & Worthen 1868] BF67
    |    `--*T. reinwardti (Troost 1835) (see below for synonymy) BF67
    |--Strongyloblastus Fay 1962 BF67
    |    `--*S. petalus Fay 1962 BF67
    `--+--Schizotremites Reimann 1945 [incl. Pentremitella Lehmann 1949] BF67
       |    |--*S. kopfi Reimann 19445 BF67
       |    `--‘*Pentremitella’ osoleae Lehmann 1949 BF67
       |--Schizoblastidae BF67
       |    |--Schizoblastus Etheridge & Carpenter 1882 BF67
       |    |    `--*S. sayi (Shumard 1855) [=Pentremites sayi] BF67
       |    |--Acentrotremites Etheridge & Carpenter 1883 BF67
       |    |    `--*A. ellipticus (Cumberland 1826) [=Mitra elliptica] BF67
       |    `--+--Auloblastus Beaver 1961 BF67
       |       |    `--*A. clinei Beaver 1961 BF67
       |       |--Lophoblastus Rowley 1901 BF67
       |       |    |--*L. inopinatus (Rowley & Hare 1891) [=Codonites inopinatus] BF67
       |       |    `--L. neglectus BF67
       |       `--+--Orbiblastus Macurda 1965 BF67
       |          |    `--*O. hoskynae Macurda 1965 BF67
       |          `--Deltoblastus Fay 1961 BF67
       |               |--*D. elongatus (Wanner 1924) [=Schizoblastus delta elongatus] BF67
       |               |--D. batheri BF67
       |               |--D. permicus BF67
       |               `--D. timorensis BF67
       |--+--Metablastus Etheridge & Carpenter 1886 BF67
       |  |    |--*M. lineatus (Shumard 1858) [=Pentremites lineatus] BF67
       |  |    |--M. wachsmuthi BF67
       |  |    `--M. wortheni BF67
       |  |--Tricoelocrinus Meek & Worthen 1868 [incl. Saccoblastus Hambach 1903] BF67
       |  |    |--*T. woodmani (Meek & Worthen 1868) [=Pentremites (Troostocrinus) woodmani] BF67
       |  |    |--‘Pentremites’ bipyramidalis Hall 1858 [=*Saccoblastus bipyramidalis] BF67
       |  |    `--T. obliquatus BF67
       |  |--Diploblastidae BF67
       |  |    |--Nodoblastus Fay 1963 BF67
       |  |    |    `--*N. librovitchi (Yakovlev 1941) [=Schizoblastus librovitchi] BF67
       |  |    `--Diploblastus Fay 1961 BF67
       |  |         |--*D. glaber (Meek & Worthen 1869) [=Granatocrinus glaber, Mesoblastus glaber] BF67
       |  |         `--D. kirkwoodensis BF67
       |  `--+--Calycoblastus Wanner 1924 BF67
       |     |    |--*C. tricavatus Wanner 1924 BF67
       |     |    `--C. casei Brown 1941 F71
       |     `--Rhopaloblastus Wanner 1924 BF67
       |          |--*R. timoricus Wanner 1924 BF67
       |          `--R. belfordi (Crockford & Brown 1940) [=Tricoelocrinus belfordi] F71
       `--Granatocrinidae [Granatoblastidae, Granatocrinida] BF67
            |  i. s.: Xinjiangoblastus ornatus WM03
            |--Mesoblastus Etheridge & Carpenter 1886 BF67
            |    `--*M. crenulatus (Roemer 1851) BF67 [=Pentatrematites crenulatus WM03, Pentremites crenulatus WM03]
            `--+--Pyramiblastus Macurda 1964 BF67
               |    `--*P. fusiformis (Wachsmuth & Springer 1888) [=Orophocrinus fusiformis] BF67
               |--Dentiblastus Macurda 1964 BF67
               |    `--*D. sirius (White 1865) [=Pentremites sirius] BF67
               |--Granatocrinus Hall 1862 [=Cidaroblastus Hambach 1903, Granatocrinites Troost 1849 (n. n.)] BF67
               |    |--*G. granulatus (Roemer 1851) [=Pentatrematites granulatus, *Cidaroblastus granulatus] BF67
               |    |--G. kentuckyensis BF67
               |    `--G. lotoblastus White 1874 W77
               |--+--Carpenteroblastus Rowley 1901 BF67
               |  |    `--*C. magnibasis (Rowley 1895) [=Granatocrinus (Schizoblastus) magnibasis] BF67
               |  `--Monoschizoblastus Cline 1936 BF67
               |       `--*M. rofei (Etheridge & Carpenter 1882) [=Granatocrinus rofei] BF67
               |--+--Cribroblastus Hambach 1903 BF67
               |  |    `--*C. cornutus (Meek & Worthen 1862) [=Pentremites cornutus] BF67
               |  `--Heteroblastus Etheridge & Carpenter 1886 BF67
               |       `--*H. cumberlandi Etheridge & Carpenter 1886 BF67
               |--+--Cryptoblastus Etheridge & Carpenter 1886 BF67
               |  |    `--*C. melo (Owen & Shumard 1850) BF67 [=Pentremites melo BF67, Granatocrinus melo W77]
               |  `--Tanaoblastus Fay 1961 BF67
               |       |--*T. roemeri (Shumard 1855) [=Pentremites roemeri] BF67
               |       `--T. concinnulus BF67
               `--+--Poroblastus Fay 1961 BF67
                  |    `--*P. granulosus (Meek & Worthen 1865) [=Pentremites (Granatocrinus) granulosus] BF67
                  |--Ptychoblastus Fay 1960 BF67
                  |    `--*P. pustulosus Fay 1960 BF67
                  `--Monadoblastus Fay 1961 BF67
                       `--*M. granulosus Fay 1961 BF67

*Troosticrinus reinwardti (Troost 1835) [=Pentremites reinwardti, *Clavaeblastus reinwardti, *Troostocrinus reinwardti] BF67

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BF67] Beaver, H. H., R. O. Fay, D. B. Macurda Jr, R. C. Moore & J. Wanner. 1967. Blastoids. In Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt. S. Echinodermata 1. General characters. Homalozoa-Crinozoa (except Crinoidea) (R. C. Moore, ed.) vol. 2 pp. S297-S455. The Geological Society of America, Inc., and The University of Kansas: Lawrence (Kansas).

[F71] Fletcher, H. O. 1971. Catalogue of type specimens of fossils in the Australian Museum, Sydney. Australian Museum Memoir 13: 1-167.

[ML78] Moore, R. C., N. G. Lane, H. L. Strimple, J. Sprinkle & R. O. Fay. 1978. Inadunata. In Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt. T. Echinodermata 2. Crinoidea (R. C. Moore & C. Teichert, eds) vol. 2 pp. T520-T759. The Geological Society of America, Inc.: Boulder (Colorado), and The University of Kansas: Lawrence (Kansas).

[WM03] Waters, J. A., C. G. Maples, N. G. Lane, S. Marcus, Liao Z.-T., Liu L., Hou H.-F. & Wang J.-X. 2003. A quadrupling of Famennian pelmatozoan diversity: New Late Devonian blastoids and crinoids from northwest China. Journal of Paleontology 77 (5): 922-948.

[W77] White, C. A. 1877. Report upon the invertebrate fossils collected in portions of Nevada, Utah, Colorado, New Mexico, and Arizona, by parties of the expeditions of 1871, 1872, 1873, and 1874. U.S. Geographical Surveys West of the One Hundredth Meridian 4 (1): 1-219, pls 211-221.

Codasteridae

Heteroschisma canadense, photographed by Dave.

Belongs within: Blastoidea.

The Codasteridae are a Devonian to Permian group of blastoids with eight hydrospire fields.

Characters (from Beaver et al. 1967): Theca with eight exposed or constricted hydrospire fields; hydrospire slits lacking on anal side.

<==Codasteridae [Angioblastidae]
    |--Emuhablastus Waters, Maples et al. 2003 WM03
    |    `--*E. planus Waters, Maples et al. 2003 WM03
    |--Heteroschisma Wachsmuth 1883 BF67
    |    |--*H. gracile Wachsmuth 1883 [incl. Trionoblastus Fay 1961] BF67
    |    |--H. canadense BF67
    |    |--H. pyramidatus BF67
    |    `--H. subtruncatus (Hall 1858) [=Pentremites subtruncatus, *Trionoblastus subtruncatus] BF67
    `--+--Codaster M’Coy 1849 BF67
       |    `--*C. acutus M’Coy 1849 BF67
       `--+--Tympanoblastus WM03
          |--Angioblastus Wanner 1931 BF67
          |    `--*A. variabilis Wanner 1931 BF67
          |--Nannoblastus Wanner 1924 BF67
          |    `--*N. pyramidatus Wanner 1924 BF67
          |--Agmoblastus Fay 1961 BF67
          |    `--*A. dotti (Moore & Strimple 1942) [=Paracodaster dotti] BF67
          |--Indoblastus Wanner 1924 BF67
          |    `--*I. granulatus Wanner 1924 BF67
          |--Pterotoblastus Wanner 1924 BF67
          |    `--*P. gracilis Wanner 1924 BF67
          |--Sagittoblastus Yakovlev 1937 BF67
          |    `--*S. wanneri (Yakovlev 1926) [=Timoroblastus wanneri] BF67
          `--Paracodaster Yakovlev 1940 BF67
               `--*P. miloradovitschi Yakovlev 1940 BF67

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BF67] Beaver, H. H., R. O. Fay, D. B. Macurda Jr, R. C. Moore & J. Wanner. 1967. Blastoids. In Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt. S. Echinodermata 1. General characters. Homalozoa-Crinozoa (except Crinoidea) (R. C. Moore, ed.) vol. 2 pp. S297-S455. The Geological Society of America, Inc., and The University of Kansas: Lawrence (Kansas).

[WM03] Waters, J. A., C. G. Maples, N. G. Lane, S. Marcus, Liao Z.-T., Liu L., Hou H.-F. & Wang J.-X. 2003. A quadrupling of Famennian pelmatozoan diversity: New Late Devonian blastoids and crinoids from northwest China. Journal of Paleontology 77 (5): 922-948.

Blastozoa

Specimens of the Cambrian Gogia spiralis, from here.

Belongs within: Echinodermata.
Contains: Diploporita, Dichoporita, Paracrinoidea, Blastoidea.

The Blastozoa are a group of mostly stalked Palaeozoic echinoderms, distinguished by the possession of brachioles, axial appendages extending from branches in ambulacral rays (Mooi 2001). The relationships of blastozoans to other echinoderms remain contentious: some regard them as an extinct clade, while others regard the crinoids as a derived subgroup. Many of the taxa listed on this page have been included in the Lower Cambrian to Silurian 'Eocrinoidea', with sutural pores often present between the plates of the theca (Ubaghs 1967), but most authors agree that the 'eocrinoids' are probably paraphyletic with regard to other blastozoans.

<==Blastozoa [Eocrinoidea]
    |--Lepidocystis Foerste 1938 M01, K67 [Imbricata, Lepidocystoidea]
    |    `--*L. wanneri Foerste 1938 D67
    `--+--+--Balantiocystis A99
       |  `--+--Cystoidea [Anthodiata, Cystidea, Cystideae, Cystideen, Cystoidia, Hydrophoridea] K67
       |     |    |  i. s.: Larites (n. d.) K67
       |     |    |--Diploporita A99
       |     |    `--+--+--Cambrocrinus regularis A99
       |     |       |  `--Ridersia watsonae A99
       |     |       `--Rhombifera M01
       |     |            |  i. s.: Cuniculocystis EL11
       |     |            |--Dichoporita U78
       |     |            `--Fistuliporita U78
       |     `--+--+--Paracrinoidea M01
       |        |  `--Blastoidea M01
       |        `--Blastocystidae F67 [Parablastida, Parablastoidea M01]
       |             |--Blastocystis Jaekel 1918 F67
       |             |    `--*B. rossica Jaekel 1918 F67
       |             `--Blastoidocrinus Billings 1859 F67
       |                  `--*B. carchariaedens Billings 1859 F67 [=Blastocystis carchariaedeus J18]
       `--Atava J18
            |--Ascocystites Barrande 1887 J18, U67 (see below for synonymy)
            |    |--*A. drabowensis Barrande 1887 [=*Ascocystis drabowensis] U67
            |    `--A. barrandei Jaekel 1918 J18
            `--Eocrinidae [Acanthocystida] J18
                 |--Eocystites Billings 1868 U67 [=Eocystis Bather 1900 J18, U67]
                 |    `--*E. primaevus Billings 1868 [=*Eocystis primaevus] U67
                 |--Protocystites Hicks 1872 J18, U67 [=Protocystis Bather 1900 non Wallich 1862 U67]
                 |--Acanthocystites Barrande 1887 [=Acanthocystis Bather 1889 non Carter 1863] U67
                 |    `--*A. briareus Barrande 1887 [=*Acanthocystis briareus] U67
                 |--Cigara Barrande 1887 J18, U67
                 |    `--*C. dusli Barrande 1887 U67
                 |--Gogia Walcott 1917 A99, U67 [incl. Eocrinus Jaekel 1918 U67]
                 |    |--*G. prolifica Walcott 1917 U67
                 |    |--G. granulosa SR78
                 |    |--‘Eocystites’ longidactylus Walcott 1886 [=*Eocrinus longidactylus] U67
                 |    |--G. palmeri SR78
                 |    `--G. spiralis U67
                 `--Akadocrinus Prokop 1962 [incl. Compsocrinus Perner in Želízko 1911 (n. n.) non Miller 1883] U67
                      |--*A. jani Prokop 1962 U67
                      `--A. nuntius U67

Blastozoa incertae sedis:
  Lichenoides Barrande 1846 [=Lichenocystis Haeckel 1896; Lichenoidae, Lichenoididae] U67
    `--*L. priscus Barrande 1846 [=*Lichenocystis priscus] U67
  Rhipidocystidae [Batherocystidae] LS87
    |--Batherocystis Bassler 1950 LS87
    |    `--*B. appressa Bassler 1950 U67
    |--Rhipidocystis Jaekel 1901 LS87
    |    |--*R. gigas Jaekel 1900 U67
    |    |--R. baltica U67
    |    `--R. oepiki U67
    `--+--Mandalacystis Lewis, Sprinkle et al. 1987 LS87
       |    `--*M. dockeryi Lewis, Sprinkle et al. 1987 LS87
       `--Petalocystites Sprinkle 1973 LS87
            `--P. ikecanensis LS87
  Archaeocystites Barrande 1887 [=Archaeocystis Haeckel 1896] U67
  Cardiocystites Barrande 1887 [=Cardiocystis Bather 1900] U67
    `--*C. bohemicus Barrande 1887 [=*Cardiocystis bohemicus] U67
  Lapillocystites Barrande 1887 [=Lapillocystis Bather 1889] U67
    `--*L. fragilis Barrande 1887 [=*Lapillocystis fragilis] U67
  Lingulocystis Thoral 1935 [Lingulocystidae] U67
    `--*L. elongata Thoral 1935 U67
  Palaeocystites Billings 1858 [=Palaeocystis Haeckel 1896; Palaeocystida, Palaeocystitidae] U67
    |--*P. tenuiradiatus (Hall 1847) [=Actinocrinus tenuiradiatus] U67
    `--P. dawsoni U67
  Pilocystites Barrande 1887 U67
    `--*P. primitivus Barrande 1887 U67
  Springerocystidae U67
    |--Springerocystis Bassler 1950 U67
    |    `--*S. longicollis Bassler 1950 U67
    |--Bockia Gekker 1938 U67
    |    `--*B. neglecta Gekker 1938 U67
    |--Columbocystis Bassler 1950 U67
    |    `--*C. typica Bassler 1950 U67
    `--Foerstecystis Bassler 1950 U67
         `--*F. obliqua Bassler 1950 U67
  Trachelocrinus Ulbich 1929 K67
  Rhopalocystis Ubaghs 1963 [Rhopalocystidae] U67
    `--*R. destombesi Ubaghs 1963 U67
  Pareocrinus Yakovlev 1956 U67
    `--*P. ljubzovi Yakovlev 1956 U67
  Alanisicystis EL11
  Cupulocorona [Coronoidea] EL11

Ascocystites Barrande 1887 J18, U67 [=Ascocrinus Barrande 1887 (n. n.) non Tromelin & Lebesconte 1876 U67, Ascocystis Bather 1889 U67; Ascocystida, Ascocystidae, Ascocystitidae]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A99] Ausich, W. I. 1999. Origin of crinoids. In Echinoderm Research 1998 (M. D. Candia Carnevali & F. Bonasoro, eds) pp. 237-242. A. A. Balkema: Rotterdam.

[D67] Durham, J. W. 1967. Lepidocystoids. In Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt. S. Echinodermata 1. General characters. Homalozoa-Crinozoa (except Crinoidea) (R. C. Moore, ed.) vol. 2 pp. S631-S634. The Geological Society of America, Inc., and The University of Kansas: Lawrence (Kansas).

[EL11] Erwin, D. H., M. Laflamme, S. M. Tweedt, E. A. Sperling, D. Pisani & K. J. Peterson. 2011. The Cambrian conundrum: early divergence and later ecological success in the early history of animals. Science 334: 1091-1097.

[F67] Fay, R. O. 1967. Parablastoids. In Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt. S. Echinodermata 1. General characters. Homalozoa-Crinozoa (except Crinoidea) (R. C. Moore, ed.) vol. 1 pp. S293-S296. The Geological Society of America, Inc., and The University of Kansas: Lawrence (Kansas).

[J18] Jaekel, O. 1918. Phylogenie und System der Pelmatozoen. Paläontologische Zeitschrift 3: 1-128.

[K67] Kesling, R. V. 1967. Cystoids. In Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt. S. Echinodermata 1. General characters. Homalozoa-Crinozoa (except Crinoidea) (R. C. Moore, ed.) vol. 1 pp. S85-S267. The Geological Society of America, Inc., and The University of Kansas: Lawrence (Kansas).

[LS87] Lewis, R. D., J. Sprinkle, J. B. Bailey, J. Moffit & R. L. Parsley. 1987. Mandalacystis, a new rhipidocystid eocrinoid from the Whiterockian stage (Ordovician) in Oklahoma and Nevada. Journal of Paleontology 61 (6): 1222-1235.

[M01] Mooi, R. 2001. Not all written in stone: Interdisciplinary syntheses in echinoderm paleontology. Canadian Journal of Zoology 79: 1209-1231.

[SR78] Sprinkle, J., & R. A. Robison. 1978. Addendum to subphylum Homalozoa: Ctenocystoids. In Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt. T. Echinodermata 2. Crinoidea (R. C. Moore & C. Teichert, eds) vol. 3 pp. T998-T1002. The Geological Society of America, Inc.: Boulder (Colorado), and The University of Kansas: Lawrence (Kansas).

[U67] Ubaghs, G. 1967. Eocrinoids. In Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt. S. Echinodermata 1. General characters. Homalozoa-Crinozoa (except Crinoidea) (R. C. Moore, ed.) vol. 2 pp. S455-S495. The Geological Society of America, Inc., and The University of Kansas: Lawrence (Kansas).

[U78] Ubaghs, G. 1978. Classification of the echinoderms. In Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt. T. Echinodermata 2. Crinoidea (R. C. Moore & C. Teichert, eds) vol. 1 p. T359-T367. The Geological Society of America, Inc.: Boulder (Colorado), and The University of Kansas: Lawrence (Kansas).

Aristocystitidae

Holocystites scutellatus, from here.

Belongs within: Diploporita.

The Aristocystitidae are a group of Lower Ordovician to Middle Silurian cystoids characterised by having the brachioles arising from facets directly adjacent to the mouth, with ambulacra exceedingly short.

Characters (from Kesling 1967): Theca ovate to elongate, typically tapered or constricted at aboral end, containing numerous, irregularly arranged plates. Column small and degenerate where present, absent in most forms. Most pores confined to one plate, canals simple, irregularly branched, or regularly divided to form typical diplopores. Brachioles arising from facets adjacent to mouth; ambulacra very short and unbranched, scarcely developed in some.

<==Aristocystitidae [Aristocystiden]
    |--Campylostoma Dreyfuss 1939 K67
    |    `--*C. grandis Dreyfuss 1939 K67
    |--Pseudaristocystis Sun 1936 [=Dagoncystis Chauvel 1941] K67
    |    `--*P. dagon (Bather 1906) [=Aristocystis dagon, *Dagoncystis dagon] K67
    |--Lepidocalix Termier & Termier 1950 K67
    |    `--*L. pulchrus Termier & Termier 1950 [=L. pulchrum] K67
    |--Amphoracystis Haeckel 1896 K67
    |     `--*A. irregularis (Barrande 1887) [=Deutocystites irregularis] K67
    |--Hippocystis Bather 1919 K67
    |    `--*H. subcylindrica (Barrande 1887) [=Aristocystites bohemicus subcylindricus] K67
    |--Baculocystites Barrande 1887 K67
    |    `--*B. simplex Barrande 1887 K67
    |--Trematocystis Jaekel 1899 K67
    |    |--*T. subglobosa (Miller 1889) [=Holocystites subglobosus] K67
    |    `--T. hammelli K67
    |--Pachycalix Chauvel 1936 K67
    |    |--*P. halli (Rouault 1851) [=Calix halli] K67
    |    `--P. pachythecus K67
    |--Calix Rouault 1851 [incl. Dorycystites Kloucek 1917] K67
    |    |--*C. sedgwicki Rouault 1851 K67
    |    |--C. lebesconti K67
    |    |--‘*Dorycystites’ purkynei Kloucek 1917 K67
    |    `--C. rouaulti K67
    |--Sinocystis Reed 1917 [incl. Ovocystis Reed 1917] K67
    |    |--*S. loczyi Reed 1917 K67
    |    |--S. mansuyi (Reed 1917) [=*Ovocystis mansuyi] K67
    |    |--S. segaudi K67
    |    `--S. yunnanensis K67
    |--Aristocystites Barrande 1887 [=Aristocystis Bather 1889] K67
    |    |--*A. bohemicus Barrande 1887 [=*Aristocystis bohemicus; incl. Aristocystites grandiscutum Barrande 1887] K67
    |    |--A. desideratus K67
    |    |--A. gigas K67
    |    |--A. regularis K67
    |    |--A. rudis K67
    |    `--A. sinicus K67
    `--Holocystites Hall 1864 [=Holocystis Carpenter 1891, Megacystis Angelin 1878, Megacystites Hall 1865] K67
         |--*H. cylindricus (Hall 1861) (see below for synonymy) K67
         |--H. abnormis K67
         |--H. adipatus K67
         |--H. affinis K67
         |--H. alternatus K67
         |--H. amplus K67
         |--H. baculus K67
         |--H. benedicti K67
         |--H. brauni K67
         |--H. canneus K67
         |--H. colletti K67
         |--H. commodus K67
         |--H. dyeri K67
         |--H. elegans K67
         |--H. faberi K67
         |--H. globosus K67
         |--H. gorbyi K67
         |--H. greenvillensis K67
         |--H. gyrinus K67
         |--H. indianensis K67
         |--H. madisonensis K67
         |--H. ornatissimus K67
         |--H. ornatus K67
         |--H. ovalis K67
         |--H. papulosus K67
         |--H. parvulus K67
         |--H. parvus K67
         |--H. perlongus K67
         |--H. plenus K67
         |--H. pustulosus K67
         |--H. rotundus K67
         |--H. scitulus K67
         |--H. scutellatus K67
         |--H. spangleri K67
         |--H. sphaericus K67
         |--H. sphaeroidalis K67
         |--H. splendens K67
         |--H. subovatus K67
         |--H. subrotundus K67
         |--H. tumidus K67
         |--H. turbinatus K67
         |--H. ventricosus K67
         |--H. wetherbyi K67
         |--H. winchelli K67
         `--H. wykoffi K67

*Holocystites cylindricus (Hall 1861) [=Caryocystites cylindricum, *Holocystis cylindrica, *Megacystis cylindrica, *Megacystites cylindricus] K67

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[K67] Kesling, R. V. 1967. Cystoids. In Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt. S. Echinodermata 1. General characters. Homalozoa-Crinozoa (except Crinoidea) (R. C. Moore, ed.) vol. 1 pp. S85-S267. The Geological Society of America, Inc., and The University of Kansas: Lawrence (Kansas).

Diploporita

Reconstruction of Asteroblastus volborthi by Ernst Haeckel, Kunstformen der Natur, 1899-1904.

Belongs within: Blastozoa.
Contains: Aristocystitidae, Sphaeronitidae, Glyptosphaeritida.

The Diploporita are a Lower Ordovician to Lower Devonian group of echinoderms in which the thecal plates bear pore groups each located on a single plate.

Characters (from Kesling 1967): Thecal pores developed as units mostly confined to single plates, typically in form of diplopores but in some present as haplopores.

<==Diploporita [Diploporitidae, Gemellipora]
    |--Sphaeronitida [Sphaeronita] K67
    |    |--Aristocystitidae K67
    |    `--Sphaeronitidae K67
    `--+--Glyptosphaeritida K67
       `--Asteroblastida [Asterocystida] K67
            |--Mesocystis Bather 1898 (see below for synonymy) K67
            |    |--*M. pusirefskii (Hoffman 1866) (see below for synonymy) K67
            |    `--M. jaekeli K67
            `--Asteroblastidae [Asterocystidae] K67
                 |--Metasterocystis Jaekel 1918 K67
                 |    `--*M. micropelta Jaekel 1918 K67
                 |--Asterocystis Heackel 1896 K67
                 |    |--*A. tuberculatus (Schmidt 1874) [=Asteroblastus tuberculatus] K67
                 |    `--A. globula Jaekel 1918 K67 , J18 [=A. globulus K67]
                 `--Asteroblastus Eichwald 1862 K67
                      |--A. foveolatus (Eichwald 1860) (see below for synonymy) K67
                      |--A. regularis Jaekel 1918 J18
                      |--A. stellatus K67
                      |--A. sublaevis K67
                      `--A. volborthi K67

Asteroblastus foveolatus (Eichwald 1860) [=Protocrinites foveolatus; incl. *A. stellatus Eichwald 1862] K67

Mesocystis Bather 1898 [=Mesites Hoffman 1866 nec Schönherr 1838 nec Geoffroy-St. Hilaire 1838 nec Jenyns 1842; Mesocystidae] K67

*Mesocystis pusirefskii (Hoffman 1866) [=*Mesites pusirefskii, Agelacrinus pusyrewskii, Mesocystis pusireffskyi, Mesocystis pusirefski, Mesocystis pusirewskii] K67

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[J18] Jaekel, O. 1918. Phylogenie und System der Pelmatozoen. Paläontologische Zeitschrift 3: 1-128.

[K67] Kesling, R. V. 1967. Cystoids. In Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt. S. Echinodermata 1. General characters. Homalozoa-Crinozoa (except Crinoidea) (R. C. Moore, ed.) vol. 1 pp. S85-S267. The Geological Society of America, Inc., and The University of Kansas: Lawrence (Kansas).

Glyptosphaeritida

Specimen of Gomphocystites bownockeri, from the Field Museum; scale bar equals 1 cm.

Belongs within: Diploporita.

The Glyptosphaeritida are a group of Lower Ordovician to Middle Silurian cystoids bearing radial ambulacra with alternating lateral branches.

Characters (from Kesling 1967): Diplopore-bearing cystoids with globular, ovate, pear-shaped, or saclike thecae. Ambulacra radial, extending over theca, with alternating lateral branches ( single or in groups) leading to brachiole facets; in many genera, ambulacra bordered by alternating "adambulacrals" on which facets are located. Diplopores invariably present on ambulacra-bearing plates, in some forms also in the interambulacral areas. Most with column, a few molting column as adults.

<==Glyptosphaeritida K67 [Seriolata]
    |--Dactylocystidae [Estonocystidae] K67
    |    |--Revalocystis Jaekel 1918 K67
    |    |    `--*R. mickwitzi (Jaekel 1899) [=Dactylocystis mickwitzi] K67
    |    |--Estonocystis Jaekel 1918 [=Esthonocystis Chauvel 1941] K67
    |    |    `--*E. antropoffi Jaekel 1918 [=*Esthonocystis antropoffi] K67
    |    `--Dactylocystis Jaekel 1899 [=Proteroblastus Jaekel 1895 (n. n.)] K67
    |         `--*D. schmidti Jaekel 1899 K67 [=*Proteroblastus schmidti J18]
    `--+--Glyptosphaerites Müller 1854 (see below for synonymy) K67
       |    |--*G. leuchtenbergi (Volborth 1846) [=Sphaeronites leuchtenbergi, *Glyptosphaera leuchtenbergi] K67
       |    |    |--G. l. leuchtenbergi K67
       |    |    `--G. l. hispanicus K67
       |    |--G. ferrigenus K67
       |    |--G. mariae K67
       |    `--G. suecicus K67
       `--+--Protocrinitidae [Protocrinidae] K67
          |    |--Eumorphocystis Branson & Peck 1940 [Eumorphocystidae] K67
          |    |    `--E. multiporata Branson & Peck 1940 K67
          |    |--Regnellicystis Bassler 1950 [Regnellicystidae] K67
          |    |    `--*R. typicalis Bassler 1950 K67
          |    |--Fungocystites Barrande 1887 [=Fungocystis Haeckel 1896] K67
          |    |    |--*F. rarissimus Barrande 1887 [=*Fungocystis rarissima] K67
          |    |    `--F. solitarius K67
          |    `--Protocrinites Eichwald 1840 [=Protocrinus Bronn 1848] K67
          |         |--*P. oviformis Eichwald 1840 [=*Protocrinus oviformis] K67
          |         |--P. fragum K67
          |         |--P. rugatus A99
          |         `--P. sparsiporus K67
          `--Gomphocystitidae [Gomphocystidae] K67
               |--Pyrocystites Barrande 1887 [=Pirocystis Bather 1889, Pyrocistis Carpenter 1891] K67
               |    |--*P. pirum Barrande 1887 [=*Pirocystis pirum, *Pyrocistis pirum] K67
               |    |--P. incertus K67
               |    |--P. orientalis K67
               |    `--P. patulus K67
               `--Gomphocystites Hall 1865 [=Gomphocystis Angelin 1878] K67
                    |--*G. glans Hall 1864 [=*Gomphocystis glans] K67
                    |--G. bownockeri K67
                    |--G. californicus Stauffer 1930 K67
                    |--G. clavus K67
                    |--G. gotlandicus K67
                    |--G. indianensis K67
                    `--G. tenax K67

Glyptosphaerites Müller 1854 [=Glyptosphaera Angelin 1878, Glyptosphora (l. c.); Glyptosphaeridae, Glyptosphaeritidae] K67

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A99] Ausich, W. I. 1999. Origin of crinoids. In Echinoderm Research 1998 (M. D. Candia Carnevali & F. Bonasoro, eds) pp. 237-242. A. A. Balkema: Rotterdam.

[J18] Jaekel, O. 1918. Phylogenie und System der Pelmatozoen. Paläontologische Zeitschrift 3: 1-128.

[K67] Kesling, R. V. 1967. Cystoids. In Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt. S. Echinodermata 1. General characters. Homalozoa-Crinozoa (except Crinoidea) (R. C. Moore, ed.) vol. 1 pp. S85-S267. The Geological Society of America, Inc., and The University of Kansas: Lawrence (Kansas).