Canthium

Canthium coromandelicum, copyright Vengolis.

Belongs within: Rubiaceae.

Canthium is a genus of deciduous, usually thorny shrubs and small trees found in the Old World tropics.

Characters (from Flora of China): Shrubs or small trees, sometimes dioecious, sometimes with short shoots, unarmed or sometimes with paired straight supra-axillary thorns. Raphides absent. Leaves opposite, with or without domatia; stipules persistent or caducous, interpetiolar, shortly united around stem, or fused to petiole bases, triangular, internally (i.e., adaxially) sometimes sericeous to pilose. Inflorescences axillary, cymose to fasciculate, few to several flowered, sessile to pedunculate, bracteate with bracts sometimes fused in calyculate pairs. Flowers subsessile to pedicellate, bisexual and monomorphic or sometimes unisexual. Calyx with ovary portion often subglobose to hemispherical; limb very short, truncate or 4- or 5-lobed. Corolla green to white or pale yellow, tubular, urceolate, or funnelform, with tube often constricted at top, inside variously pubescent but usually with ring of introrse hairs in tube; lobes 4 or 5, often long acuminate or aristate at apex, in bud valvate and often with apices held erect and pressed together forming apiculate projection, at anthesis notably reflexed. Stamens 4 or 5, inserted at corolla throat, partially to fully exserted; filaments short or reduced; anthers dorsifixed near base, elliptic to ovate, at anthesis reflexed. Ovary 2-5-celled, ovules 1 in each cell, pendulous from apical placenta; stigma included or exserted, capitate to cupular, entire to variously lobed, usually with style attachment recessed. Fruit brown, yellow, orange, or red, drupaceous, subglobose, ellipsoid, or often dicoccous when fully developed or reniform with only 1 seed, fleshy, with calyx limb caducous or infrequently persistent; pyrenes 2-5, 1-celled with 1 seed in each cell, ellipsoid to reniform, bony or crustaceous; seeds medium-sized to large, ellipsoid, cylindrical, or plano-convex; testa membranous; endosperm fleshy; radicle ascending.

<==Canthium
    |--C. attenuatum NC91
    |--C. coprosmoides NC91
    |--C. coromandelicum BJ99
    |--C. dicoccum P03
    |--C. neilgherrense RR02
    |    |--C. n. var. neilgherrense RR02
    |    `--C. n. var. chartaceum RR02
    |--C. odoratum B88
    |--C. oleifolium NC91
    `--C. parviflorum RS02

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B88] Bouček, Z. 1988. Australasian Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera): A biosystematic revision of genera of fourteen families, with a reclassification of species. CAB International: Wallingford (UK).

[BJ99] Bremer, B., R. K. Jansen, B. Oxelman, M. Backlund, H. Lantz & K.-J. Kim. 1999. More characters or more taxa for a robust phylogeny—case study from the coffee family (Rubiaceae). Systematic Biology 48 (3): 413–435.

[NC91] Nielsen, E. S., & I. F. B. Common. 1991. Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers 2^nd ed. vol. 2 pp. 817–915. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[P03] Paul, T. K. 2003. Botanical observations on the Purulia pumped storage hydropower project area, Bagmundi Hills, Purulia district, West Bengal. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 45: 121–142.

[RS02] Radhakrishna, S., & M. Singh. 2002. Activity schedule and habitat use of the slender loris Loris tardigradus lydekkerianus. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 99 (3): 400–407.

[RR02] Ramachandran, V. S., & S. P. Raj. 2002. A note on the additional host range for the genus Korthasella van Tiegh. family Loranthaceae, from Nilgiris, southern India. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 99 (3): 560.

Rubiaceae

Luculia gratissima, copyright A. J. T. Johnsingh.

Belongs within: Gentianales.
Contains: Canthium, Rubioideae, Ixoroideae, Cinchonoideae.

The Rubiaceae are a cosmopolitan group of flowering plants usually bearing radial flowers with four-lobed corollas, often associated in tight cymes or clusters. Molecular phylogenies indicate a basal position within the family for Luculia, a genus of trees and shrubs found in the Himalayan region and southern China, characterised by red to pink or white moderate-sized flowers (calyx and corolla lobes up to two centimetres) and capsular, woody fruits.

Characters (from Hickman 1993): Annual, perennial, shrub, vine, or tree. Leaves generally opposite, entire; stipules generally on stalk, sometimes leaf-like (then leaves apparently whorled and stipules considered leaves), adjacent pairs sometimes fused. Inflorescence a cyme, panicle, cluster, or flower solitary, generally terminal and more or less axillary. Flower generally bisexual; calyx generally more or less four-lobed, sometimes absent; corolla generally radial, four-lobed; stamens epipetalous, alternate with corolla lobes, generally included; ovary generally inferior, chambers generally 2 or 4, style 1, more or less fused if 2. Fruit two or four nutlets or a berry, drupe, or capsule.

<==Rubiaceae [Cinchoneae, Coffeoideae, Coptosapelteae]
    |--Luculia RB01
    |    |--L. grandifolia RB01
    |    |--L. gratissima SK02
    |    `--L. pinceana RB01
    `--+--Rubioideae RB01
       |--Coptosapelta RB01
       |    |--C. diffusa BM00
       |    `--C. flavescens RB01
       `--+--Ixoroideae RB01
          `--Cinchonoideae RB01

Rubiaceae incertae sedis:
  Atractogyne YY22
  Siphonandrium YY22
  Alibertia edulis BJ99
  Amajoua YY22
  Anthispermum YY22
  Basanacantha YY22
  Byrsophyllum YY22
  Crocyllis YY22
  Duroia YY22
  Garapatica YY22
  Kotchubaea YY22
  Melanopsidium YY22
  Morindopsis YY22
  Stachyarrhena YY22
  Thieleodoxa YY22
  Bataprine YY22
  Bobea YY22
  Cuviera YY22
  Hodgkinsonia YY22
  Myonima YY22
  Timonius timon LK14
  Bathysa YY22
  Pouchetia Richard ex de Candolle 1830 FT93
    `--P. gilletii BJ99
  Psydrax LK14
    |--P. odorata LK14
    |    |--P. o. ssp. odorata LK14
    |    `--P. o. ssp. arnhemica LK14
    |--P. pendulina LK14
    `--P. suaveolens G04
  Rutidea orientalis BM00
  Schenckia blumenaviensis BM00
  Aidia BJ99
    |--A. micrantha BJ99
    `--A. racemosa LK14
  Aoranthe penduliflora BJ99
  Bertiera breviflora BJ99
  Burchellia bubalina BJ99
  Calochone redingii BJ99
  Canthium BJ99
  Casasia clusiifolia BJ99
  Chomelia BJ99
  Cremaspora triflora BJ99
  Cubanola domingensis BJ99
  Didymosalpinx norae BJ99
  Euclinia longiflora BJ99
  Feretia aeruginescens BJ99
  Genipa americana BJ99
  Glossostipula concinna BJ99
  Gonzalagunia affinis BJ99
  Heinsia crinita BJ99
  Hippotis BJ99
  Kailarsenia ochreata BJ99
  Keetia zanzibarica BJ99
  Kraussia floribunda BJ99
  Ladenbergia pavonii BJ99
  Leptactina platyphylla BJ99
  Massularia acuminata BJ99
  Meyna BJ99
    |--M. laxiflora P03
    `--M. tetraphylla BJ99
  Oxyanthus BJ99
    |--O. pyriformis BJ99
    `--O. zanguebaricus BJ99
  Paracoffea melanocarpa BJ99
  Porterandia crosbyi BJ99
  Posoqueria latifolia BJ99
  Pseudosabicea arborea BJ99
  Psilanthus mannii BJ99
  Rachicallis americana BJ99
  Ramosmania rodriguesii BJ99
  Randia BJ99
    |--R. aculeata BJ99
    |--R. benthamina WB-P93
    |--R. fitzalani [=Atractocarpus fitzalani] BJ99
    |--R. karstenii MM96
    `--R. moorei BJ99
  Rosenbergiodendron longiflorum BJ99
  Rothmannia longiflora BJ99
  Sabicea BJ99
    |--S. speiosa M09
    `--S. villosa BJ99
  Sukunia longipes BJ99
  Tamridaea capsulifera BJ99
  Tarenna BJ99
    |--T. cymosa BJ99
    |--T. dallachiana LK14
    |    |--T. d. ssp. dallachiana LK14
    |    `--T. d. ssp. expandens LK14
    |--T. neurophylla BJ99
    `--T. pentamera LK14
  Tricalysia BJ99
    |--T. cryptocalyx BJ99
    |--T. malaccensis J06
    `--T. ovalifolia BJ99
  Plectronia Linnaeus 1767 BR65
    `--P. latifolia [=Canthium latifolium] BR65
  Mastixiodendron pachyclados (Sch.) Melch. 1925 [=Fagraea pachyclados Sch. in Sch. & Laut. 1905] C95
  Chione venosa J87
  Stevensia hotteana J87
  Xeromphis spinosa KJ05
  Thecagonum ovalifolium P03
  Wendlandia P03
    |--W. exserta P03
    `--W. tinctoria P03
  Caelospermum reticulatum B00
  Kelloggia galioides H93
  Ixorophyllum anceps CBH93
  Paleorubiaceophyllum eocenicum (Berry) Roth & Dilcher 1979 CBH93
  Rubiaceocarpum markgrafii Kräusel 1939 [=R. markgrafi] CBH93
  ‘Triporotetradites’ nachterstedtensis CBH93
  Retiniphyllum AS02
  Ravnia triflora [incl. Lagenanthus parviflorus Ewan 1952] SK02
  Didymochlamys Hook. 1872 KC01
  Disperma Gmel. 1792 KC01
  Higginsia Pers. 1805 KC01
  Jackia Wall. 1823 KC01
  Piringa Juss. 1820 KC01
  Psathyra Spreng. 1818 KC01
  Schachtia Karst. 1859 KC01
  ‘Ludwigia’ erigata Linné 1767 [incl. L. triflora Desr. in Lamk 1792 (nom. illeg.)] R77

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[AS02] Albert, V. A., & L. Struwe. 2002. Gentianaceae in context. In: Struwe, L., & V. A. Albert (eds) Gentianaceae: Systematics and Natural History pp. 1–20. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge.

[BR65] Black, J. M., & E. L. Robertson. 1965. Flora of South Australia. Part IV. Oleaceae–Compositae. W. L. Hawes, Government Printer: Adelaide.

[B00] Braby, M. F. 2000. Butterflies of Australia: their identification, biology and distribution vol. 1. CSIRO Publishing: Collingwood (Victoria).

[BJ99] Bremer, B., R. K. Jansen, B. Oxelman, M. Backlund, H. Lantz & K.-J. Kim. 1999. More characters or more taxa for a robust phylogeny—case study from the coffee family (Rubiaceae). Systematic Biology 48 (3): 413–435.

[BM00] Bremer, B., & J.-F. Manen. 2000. Phylogeny and classification of the subfamily Rubioideae (Rubiaceae). Plant Systematics and Evolution 225: 43–72.

[CBH93] Collinson, M. E., M. C. Boulter & P. L. Holmes. 1993. Magnoliophyta (‘Angiospermae’). In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 809–841. Chapman & Hall: London.

[C95] Conn, B. J. 1995. Loganiaceae. In: Conn, B. J. (ed.) Handbooks of the Flora of Papua New Guinea vol. 3 pp. 132–188. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Australia).

[FT93] Fensome, R. A., F. J. R. Taylor, G. Norris, W. A. S. Sarjeant, D. I. Wharton & G. L. Williams. 1993. A classification of living and fossil dinoflagellates. Micropaleontology Special Publication 7: i–viii, 1–351.

[G04] Gibson, N. 2004. Flora and vegetation of the Eastern Goldfields Ranges: part 6. Mt Manning Range. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 87 (2): 35–47.

[H93] Hickman, J. C. (ed.) 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press: Berkeley (California).

[J06] Johnstone, R. E. 2006. The birds of Gag Island, Western Papuan islands, Indonesia. Records of the Western Australian Museum 23 (2): 115–132.

[J87] Judd, W. S. 1987. Floristic study of Morne La Visite and Pic Macaya National Parks, Haiti. Bulletin of the Florida State Museum—Biological Sciences 32 (1): 1–136.

[KJ05] Katewa, S. S., A. Jain, B. L. Chaudhary & P. Galav. 2005. Some unreported medicinal uses of plants from the tribal area of Southern Rajasthan. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 47: 121–130.

[KC01] Kirk, P. M., P. F. Cannon, J. C. David & J. A. Stalpers. 2001. Ainsworth & Bisby's Dictionary of the Fungi 9^th ed. CAB International: Wallingford (UK).

[LK14] Lyons, M. N., G. J. Keighery, L. A. Gibson & T. Handasyde. 2014. Flora and vegetation communities of selected islands off the Kimberley coast of Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 81: 205–244.

[M09] Mayr, G. 2009. Paleogene Fossil Birds. Springer.

[MM96] Mound, L. A., & R. Marullo. 1996. The thrips of Central and South America: an introduction (Insecta: Thysanoptera). Memoirs on Entomology, International 6: 1–487.

[P03] Paul, T. K. 2003. Botanical observations on the Purulia pumped storage hydropower project area, Bagmundi Hills, Purulia district, West Bengal. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 45: 121–142.

[R77] Raven, P. H. 1977. Onagraceae. Flora Malesiana, Series I—Spermatophyta, Flowering Plants 8 (2): 98–113.

[RB01] Razafimandimbison, S. G., & B. Bremer. 2001. Tribal delimitation of Naucleeae (Cinchonoideae, Rubiaceae): inference from molecular and morphological data. Systematics and Geography of Plants 71: 515–538.

[SK02] Struwe, L., J. W. Kadereit, J. Klackenberg, S. Nilsson, M. Thiv, K. B. von Hagen & V. A. Albert. 2002. Systematics, character evolution, and biogeography of Gentianaceae, including a new tribal and subtribal classification. In: Struwe, L., & V. A. Albert (eds) Gentianaceae: Systematics and Natural History pp. 21–309. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge.

[WB-P93] Walter, D. E., & V. M. Behan-Pelletier. 1993. Systematics and ecology of Adhaesozetes polyphyllos sp.nov. (Acari: Oribatida: Licneremaeoidea), a leaf-inhabiting mite from Australian rainforests. Canadian Journal of Zoology 71: 1024–1040.

[YY22] Yampolsky, C., & H. Yampolsky. 1922. Distribution of sex forms in the phanerogamic flora. Bibliotheca Genetica 3: 1–62.

Last updated: 24 March 2021.

Morindeae

Noni Morinda citrifolia, copyright Wilfredor.

Belongs within: Rubioideae.

The Morindeae are a group of rubiaceous plants bearing flowers in head inflorescences, and fleshy drupes with one or two ovules per carpel.

<==Morindeae
    |--Morindinae BM00
    |    |  i. s.: Gynochthodes coriacea BM00
    |    |         Pogonolobus BM00
    |    |--Appunia guatemalensis BM00
    |    `--+--Coelospermum balansanum BM00
    |       `--Morinda BM00
    |            |--M. canthoides LK14
    |            |--M. citrifolia RB01
    |            |--M. elliptica P88
    |            `--M. jasminoides LK14
    `--+--+--Mitchella repens BM00
       |  `--Damnacanthus indicus BM00
       `--Prismatomerinae BM00
            |--Renellia [incl. Didymoecium] BM00
            |--Motleyia BM00
            `--Prismatomeris BM00
                 |--P. beccarianum BM00
                 `--P. labordei BM00

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BM00] Bremer, B., & J.-F. Manen. 2000. Phylogeny and classification of the subfamily Rubioideae (Rubiaceae). Plant Systematics and Evolution 225: 43–72.

[LK14] Lyons, M. N., G. J. Keighery, L. A. Gibson & T. Handasyde. 2014. Flora and vegetation communities of selected islands off the Kimberley coast of Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 81: 205–244.

[P88] Polunin, I. 1988. Plants and Flowers of Malaysia. Times Editions: Singapore.

[RB01] Razafimandimbison, S. G., & B. Bremer. 2001. Tribal delimitation of Naucleeae (Cinchonoideae, Rubiaceae): inference from molecular and morphological data. Systematics and Geography of Plants 71: 515–538.

Coussareeae

Faramea cf. multiflora, copyright Scott Zona.

Belongs within: Rubioideae.

The Coussareeae are a small but morphologically diverse group of flowering plants found in the Americas, many of which have tetramerous flowers, flattened berry-like or thin-walled capsular fruits, and flattened seeds (Bremer & Manen 2000).

Characters (from Bremer & Manen 2000): Herbs (creeping in Coccocypselum), subshrubs, shrubs, or small trees. Stipules entire, cleft, as a ridge with appendages, or deeply bilobed. Flowers homo- or heterostylous, often tetramerous, white, blue, or bright yellow (Cruckshanksia, Oreopolus). Ovary 1–2-1ocular, with 1–2 or many (Coccocypselum) ovules per locule. Fruits often flattened (not Coccocypselum), fleshy, white (Coussarea) or often blue (Faramea, Coccocypselum) berries, schizocarps (Declieuxia), or thin-walled capsules (Cruckshanksia, Oreopolus), with 1–2 or many seeds, often flattened. Pollen 3-colporate or 2–4-porate. Chromosome basic number x = 10, 11? with 2- or 4-ploidy level.

<==Coussareeae [Coccocypseleae, Cruckshanksieae]
    |  i. s.: Cruckshanksia hymenodon BM00
    |         Oreopolus glacialis BM00
    |         Declieuxia fruticosa BM00
    |         Heterophyllaea BM00
    |         Schizocolea BM00
    |--Coccocypselum hirsutum BM00
    `--+--Coussarea BM00
       |    |--C. contracta BM00
       |    `--C. macrophylla BM00
       `--Faramea BM00
            |--F. multiflora BM00
            `--F. porophylla BM00

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BM00] Bremer, B., & J.-F. Manen. 2000. Phylogeny and classification of the subfamily Rubioideae (Rubiaceae). Plant Systematics and Evolution 225: 43–72.

Crusea

Mountain saucer-flower Crusea diversifolia, copyright Sue Carnahan.

Belongs within: Spermacoceae.

Crusea, saucer flowers, is a genus of small annual plants found in southern North America.

<==Crusea
    |--C. coronata F79
    `--+--+--C. coccinea F79
       |  |    |--C. c. var. breviloba F79
       |  |    `--+--C. c. var. coccinea F79
       |  |       `--C. c. var. chiriquensis F79
       |  `--C. megalocarpa F79
       `--+--C. diversifolia F79
          `--+--C. lucida F79
             `--+--C. parvifolia F79
                |--C. psyllioides F79
                `--+--C. calcicola F79
                   |--C. setosa F79
                   `--+--C. wrightii var. wrightii F79
                      `--+--C. longiflora F79
                         `--+--C. wrightii var. angustifolia F79
                            `--+--C. calocephala F79
                               `--C. hispida F79
                                    |--C. h. var. hispida F79
                                    `--C. h. var. grandiflora F79

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[F79] Farris, J. S. 1979. Review: Cladistics and Plant Systematics. Systematic Zoology 28 (3): 400–411.

Coprosma

Twiggy coprosma Coprosma rhamnoides, copyright Rudolph89.

Belongs within: Rubioideae.

Coprosma is a genus of shrubs and trees with often glandular leaves found around the southwest Pacific, with the highest diversity in New Zealand.

Characters (from Allen 1961): Shrubs or trees with simple opposite leaves and interpetiolar stipules usually gland-tipped when young. Plants prevailingly dioecious, but with several types of sexual expressions. Flowers solitary or in fascicles or cymes, seated in a cup formed by partial fusion of two stipulate bracts (forming a calyculus). Calyx-teeth 4–5, usually minute, often absent in male. Corolla-tube usually narrow-funnelform, sometimes campanulate, lobes valvate. Stamens usually inserted near base of corolla-tube; filaments filiform; anthers usually far-exserted, more or less sagittate, apiculate, pendulous. Ovary usually 2-loculed; styles usually 2, very slender, sometimes narrowly clavate in stigmatic region, usually far-exserted. Fruit a succulent, more or less globose drupe with 2–(4) plano-convex pyrenes, usually crowned by withered persistent calyx.

<==Coprosma Forster & Forster 1776 W96
    |--C. subg. Coprosma [incl. C. subg. Microcoprosma Allan 1961] W96
    |    |--C. sect. Coprosma [=C. sect. Foetidae Allan 1961] W96
    |    |    `--C. (subg. *C.) foetidissima Forster & Forster 1776 W96 (see below for synonymy)
    |    |--C. sect. Acerosae Allan 1961 A61
    |    |    |--C. (sect. *A.) acerosa Cunn. 1839 [incl. C. acerosa f. arenaria Kirk 1899] A61
    |    |    |--C. brunnea (Kirk) Cockayne ex Cheesem. 1925 [=C. acerosa f. brunnea Kirk 1899] A61
    |    |    |--C. intertexta Simpson 1945 A61
    |    |    `--C. rugosa Cheeseman 1906 A61
    |    |--C. sect. Antipodae Allan 1961 A61
    |    |    |--C. (sect. *A.) antipoda Oliver 1935 [incl. Plagianthus linariifolia Buchanan 1884] A61
    |    |    `--C. cheesemanii Oliver 1935 [incl. C. depressa Cheesem. 1887 non Col. ex Hooker 1853] A61
    |    |--C. sect. Cuneatae Allan 1961 A61
    |    |    |--C. (sect. *C.) cuneata Hooker 1844 A61
    |    |    |--C. astonii Petrie 1912 A61
    |    |    |--C. banksii Petrie 1898 [incl. C. myrtillifolia var. linearis Hooker 1853] A61
    |    |    |--C. colensoi Hooker 1864 [incl. C. pseudo-colensoi Cockayne & Allan 1934] A61
    |    |    `--C. crenulata Oliver 1917 [incl. C. retusa Petrie 1894 non Hooker 1844] A61
    |    |--C. sect. Linariifoliae Allan 1961 A61
    |    |    `--C. (sect. *L.) linariifolia Hooker 1864 [=C. propinqua var. linariifolia Hooker 1853] A61
    |    |--C. sect. Microcoprosma Allan 1961 [=C. sect. Rotundifoliae (nom. inv.)] A61
    |    |    |--C. (sect. *M.) rotundifolia Cunn. 1839 [incl. C. rufescens Colenso 1886] A61
    |    |    |--C. areolata Cheeseman 1886 [incl. C. multiflora Colenso 1889] A61
    |    |    |--C. × gracilicaulis [C. rotundifolia × C. tenuicaulis] A61
    |    |    |--C. polymorpha Oliver 1935 A61
    |    |    |--C. rhamnoides Cunn. 1839 A61 (see below for synonymy)
    |    |    |--C. tenuicaulis Hooker 1853 [incl. C. tenuicaulis var. major Cheeseman 1906] A61
    |    |    `--C. virescens Petrie 1879 [incl. C. divaricata var. pallida Hooker 1853] A61
    |    |--C. sect. Parviflorae Allan 1961 non Loasa ser. Parviflorae Urban & Gilg 1894 A61
    |    |    |--C. (sect. *P.) parviflora Hooker 1853 A61
    |    |    |    |--C. p. var. parviflora A61
    |    |    |    `--C. p. var. dumosa Cheeseman 1906 A61
    |    |    |--C. ciliata Hooker 1844 (see below for synonymy) A61
    |    |    |--C. microcarpa Hooker 1853 [incl. C. margarita Colenso 1896] A61
    |    |    `--C. propinqua Cunn. 1839 [incl. C. alba Colenso 1892] A61
    |    |         |--C. p. var. propinqua [incl. C. propinqua var. typica Oliver 1935] A61
    |    |         |--C. p. vr. latiuscula Allan 1961 A61
    |    |         `--C. p. var. martinii Oliver 1935 A61
    |    |--C. sect. Pseudocuneatae Allan 1961 A61
    |    |    |--C. (sect. *P.) pseudocuneata Oliver 1928 [incl. C. egmontiana Cockayne 1928] A61
    |    |    `--C. depressa Col. ex Hooker 1853 (see below for synonymy) A61
    |    |--C. sect. Pumilae Allan 1961 A61
    |    |    |--C. (sect. *P.) pumila Hooker 1847 (see below for synonymy) A61
    |    |    |    |--C. p. ssp. pumila D95
    |    |    |    `--C. ‘perpusilla’ ssp. subantarctica D95
    |    |    `--C. petriei Cheesem. 1886 A61
    |    |         |--C. p. var. petriei [incl. C. petriei var. vera Cockayne & Allan 1926] A61
    |    |         `--C. p. var. atropurpurea Cockayne & Allan 1926 A61
    |    |--C. sect. Rigidae Allan 1961 non Artemisia sect. Rigidae Rydberg 1916 A61
    |    |    |--C. (sect. *R.) rigida Cheeseman 1887 (see below for synonymy) A61
    |    |    |--C. crassifolia Colenso 1846 (see below for synonymy) A61
    |    |    |--C. obconica Kirk 1899 A61
    |    |    |--C. rubra Petrie 1885 A61 (see below for synonymy)
    |    |    `--C. wallii Petrie in Cheeseman 1925 A61
    |    `--C. sect. Spathulatae Allan 1961 A61
    |         |--C. (sect. *S.) spathulata Cunn. 1839 A61
    |         |    |--C. s. ssp. spathulata HL01
    |         |    `--C. s. ssp. hikuruana HL01
    |         `--C. arborea Kirk 1878 A61
    |--C. subg. Lucidae Webb 1996 W96
    |    |--C. sect. Lucidae Webb 1996 W96
    |    |    |--C. (subg. *L.) lucida Forster & Forster 1776 W96 (see below for synonymy)
    |    |    |    |--C. l. var. lucida A61
    |    |    |    `--C. l. var. angustifolia Cheeseman 1925 A61
    |    |    `--C. dodonaeifolia Oliver 1935 A61
    |    |--C. sect. Australes Allan 1961 A61
    |    |    |--C. (sect. *A.) australis (Rich.) Robinson 1910 (see below for synonymy) A61
    |    |    |--C. acutifolia Hooker 1856 A61
    |    |    |--C. macrocarpa Cheeseman 1888 A61
    |    |    |--C. robusta Raoul 1844 (see below for synonymy) A61
    |    |    `--C. tenuifolia Cheeseman 1886 A61
    |    `--C. sect. Petiolatae Allan 1961 A61
    |         |--C. (sect. *P.) petiolata Hooker 1856 A61
    |         |--C. chathamica Cockayne 1902 A61
    |         `--C. repens Richard 1832 A61 (see below for synonymy)
    `--C. subg. Serrula Allan 1961 A61
         `--C. (subg. *S.) serrulata Hooker ex Buchan. 1871 A61

Coprosma incertae sedis:
  C. arcuata Colenso 1846 (n. d.) A61
  C. × buchananii Kirk 1892 A61, C06 [C. crassifolia × C. robusta A61]
  C. × cunninghamii A61 [C. propinqua × C. robusta A61; incl. C. conferta C06]
  C. ernodeoides BM00
  C. × gracilis A61 (see below for synonymy)
  C. hirtella BR65
  C. × kirkii Cheesem. 1897 C06 [C. acerosa × C. repens A61]
  C. montana D95
  C. × neglecta [C. repens × C. rhamnoides] A61
  C. novoguineensis D95
  C. quadrifida (Labillardière) Robinson 1910 (see below for synonymy) BR65
  C. solandri Kirk 1897 (n. d.) A61

Coprosma australis (Rich.) Robinson 1910 [=Ronabea australis Rich. 1832; incl. C. autumnalis Colenso 1887, C. grandifolia Hooker 1853] A61

Coprosma ciliata Hooker 1844 [incl. C. myrtillifolia Hooker 1844, C. parviflora var. pilosa Cheeseman 1887, C. ciliata var. virgata Hooker 1844] A61

Coprosma crassifolia Colenso 1846 [incl. C. divaricata var. coriacea Hooker 1853, C. pendula Colenso 1889] A61

Coprosma depressa Col. ex Hooker 1853 [incl. C. pubens Petrie 1894 non Gray 1860, C. ramulosa Petrie 1895] A61

Coprosma foetidissima Forster & Forster 1776 W96 [=C. (sect. *Foetidae) foetidissima A61; incl. C. affinis Hooker 1844 A61, C. pusilla C06, C. sagittata Colenso 1899 A61]

Coprosma × gracilis A61 [C. lucida × C. rhamnoides A61; =C. divaricata var. gracilis Hooker 1853 A61; incl. C. viridis Carse 1927 A61, C27]

Coprosma lucida Forster & Forster 1776 W96 [incl. C. lanceolata Colenso 1899, C. lucida var. obovata Kirk 1899 A61]

Coprosma pumila Hooker 1847 [incl. C. perpusilla Colenso 1890, C. repens Hooker 1844 non Rich. 1832] A61

Coprosma quadrifida (Labillardière) Robinson 1910 [=Canthium quadrifidum Labillardière 1804; incl. Marquisia billardieri Richard 1819, Coprosma billardieri Hooker 1847] BR65

Coprosma repens Richard 1832 A61 [incl. C. baueri A61, C. baueriana Hooker 1853 A61, C. baueri var. oblongifolia Kirk 1899 A61, C. retusa Hooker 1844 A61, C. stockii Williams 1876 A61, C. variegata D95]

Coprosma rhamnoides Cunn. 1839 A61 [=C. rhamnoides var. vera Cheeseman 1906 C06; incl. C. concinna Colenso 1884 A61, C. divaricata Cunn. 1839 A61, C. rhamnoides var. divaricata Cheeseman 1887 A61, C. heterophylla Colenso 1886 A61, C. orbiculata Colenso 1890 A61]

Coprosma rigida Cheeseman 1887 [incl. C. aurantiaca Colenso 1890, C. lentissima Colenso 1890, C. turbinata Colenso 1892] A61

Coprosma robusta Raoul 1844 [incl. C. robusta var. angustata Kirk 1899, C. coffaeoides Colenso 1889, C. robusta var. parva Kirk 1899] A61

Coprosma rubra Petrie 1885 A61 [incl. C. filiformis ms A61, C. divaricata var. latifolia Hooker 1853 A61, C. latifolia Col. ex Cheesem. 1887 C06]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A61] Allan, H. H. 1961. Flora of New Zealand vol. 1. Indigenous Tracheophyta: Psilopsida, Lycopsida, Filicopsida, Gymnospermae, Dicotyledones. R. E. Owen, Government Printer: Wellington (New Zealand).

[BR65] Black, J. M., & E. L. Robertson. 1965. Flora of South Australia. Part IV. Oleaceae–Compositae. W. L. Hawes, Government Printer: Adelaide.

[BM00] Bremer, B., & J.-F. Manen. 2000. Phylogeny and classification of the subfamily Rubioideae (Rubiaceae). Plant Systematics and Evolution 225: 43–72.

[C27] Carse, H. 1927. Botanical notes, with descriptions of new species. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 89–93.

[C06] Cheeseman, T. F. 1906. Manual of the New Zealand Flora. John Mackay, Government Printer: Wellington.

[D95] Dawson, M. I. 1995. Contributions to a chromosome atlas of the New Zealand flora. 33. Miscellaneous species. New Zealand Journal of Botany 33: 477–487.

[HL01] Heenan, P. B., & P. J. de Lange. 2001. A new, dodecaploid species of Uncinia (Cyperaceae) from ultramafic rocks, Surville Cliffs, Northland, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Botany 39: 373–380.

[W96] Webb, C. J. 1996. A rose by any other name: Two problems of scent in the naming and typification of New Zealand plants. New Zealand Journal of Botany 34: 281–283.

Apocynaceae

Natal plum Carissa grandiflora, copyright Consultaplantas.

Belongs within: Gentianales.
Contains: Vinceae, Tabernaemontaneae, Aspidospermeae, Plumerieae, Apocynoidina.

The Apocynaceae are a primarily pantropical and -subtropical group of flowering plants that are typically laticiferous and produce various alkaloids and cardenolides (Sennblad & Bremer 2002).

<==Apocynaceae [Apocynales, Rauvolfioideae]
    |--Willughbeieae SB02
    |    |  i. s.: Willughbeia SB02
    |    |         Landolphia SB02
    |    |         Couma SB02
    |    |         Lacmellea SB02
    |    |         Pacouria SB02
    |    |         Saba SB02
    |    |--Ancylobotrys petersiana SB02
    |    `--+--Dictyophleba lucida SB02
    |       `--Vahadenia caillei SB02
    `--+--Vinceae SB02
       |--Tabernaemontaneae SB02
       `--+--Aspidospermeae SB02
          `--+--+--Melodineae SB02
             |  |    |--Craspidospermum verticillatum SB02
             |  |    `--Melodinus monogynus SB02
             |  `--Hunterieae SB02
             |       |  i. s.: Hunteria SB02
             |       |--Diplorhynchus condylocarpon SB02
             |       `--+--Picralima nitida SB02
             |          `--Pleiocarpa mutica SB02
             `--+--Plumerieae SB02
                `--+--Apocynoidina SB02
                   `--+--Carisseae SB02
                      |    |--Acokanthera oblongifolia SB02
                      |    `--Carissa SB02
                      |         |--C. bispinosa SB02
                      |         |--C. grandiflora B00
                      |         |--C. lanceolata LK14
                      |         |--C. ovata VT13
                      |         |--C. paucinervis P03
                      |         `--C. spinarum P03
                      `--Alyxieae SB02
                           |  i. s.: Condylocarpon SB02
                           |         Lepiniopsis SB02
                           |--Chilocarpus suaveolens SB02
                           `--+--Lepinia taitensis SB02
                              `--Alyxia SB02 [incl. Gynopogon Forster & Forster 1776 (nom. rej.) BR65]
                                   |--A. buxifolia BR65
                                   |--A. ruscifolia SB02
                                   |--A. spicata LK14
                                   `--A. thyrsiflora C16

Apocynaceae incertae sedis:
  Notonerium gossei BR65
  Baynesia lophophora CV06
  Australluma peschii [=Caralluma peschii] CV06
  Ectadium CV06
    |--E. latifolium CV06
    `--E. rotundifolium CV06
  Hoodia CV06
    |--H. juttae CV06
    |--H. officinalis CV06
    |    |--H. o. ssp. officinalis CV06
    |    `--H. o. ssp. delaetiana CV06
    |--H. ruschii CV06
    `--H. triebneri CV06
  Huernia CV06
    |--H. hallii CV06
    `--H. plowesii CV06
  Larryleachia tirasmontana [incl. Lavrania picta ssp. parvipunctata] CV06
  Lavrania haagnerae CV06
  Orbea CV06
    |--O. albocastanea CV06
    `--O. maculata CV06
         |--O. m. ssp. maculata CV06
         |--O. m. ssp. kaokoensis CV06
         `--O. m. ssp. rangeana CV06
  Stapeliopsis urniflora CV06
  Stigmatorhynchus hereroensis CV06
  Tridentea CV06
    |--T. marientalensis CV06
    |    |--T. m. ssp. marientalensis CV06
    |    `--T. m. ssp. albipilosa CV06
    `--T. pachyrrhiza CV06
  Tromotriche ruschiana CV06
  Asketanthera picardae J87
  Forsteronia J87
    |--F. brasiliensis C55
    `--F. corymbosa J87
  Ichnocarpus frutescens KJ05
  Apocynophyllum Unger 1850 HL08
    |--A. etheridgei Ettingshausen 1886 F71
    |--A. mackinlayi Ettingshausen 1886 F71
    |--A. neriifolium [incl. Folium puberulum Hofmann 1931 (n. n.)] HL08
    `--A. warburtoni Ettingshausen 1886 F71
  Cascabela thevetia LK14
  Amsonia tomentosa [incl. A. brevifolia] H93
  Rhazya P93
  Tanghinia venenifera C06
  Stemmadenia donnell-smithii OB11
  Cycladenia humilis H93
    |--C. h. var. humilis [incl. C. humilis var. tomentosa] H93
    `--C. h. var. venusta H93
  Aspidospermoxylon uniseriatum Kruse 1954 CBH93
  Diporites iskaszentgyorgii CBH93
  Ditassa lanceolata SK02, C55
  Fernaldia Lynge 1937 KC01
  ‘Lactaria’ Rafin. 1838 non Pers. 1797 KC01

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BR65] Black, J. M., & E. L. Robertson. 1965. Flora of South Australia. Part IV. Oleaceae–Compositae. W. L. Hawes, Government Printer: Adelaide.

[B00] Braby, M. F. 2000. Butterflies of Australia: their identification, biology and distribution vol. 2. CSIRO Publishing: Collingwood (Victoria).

[C16] Cambage, R. H. 1916. Notes on the native flora of tropical Queensland. Journal and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New South Wales 49 (3): 389–447, pls 57–61.

[C55] Candolle, A. de. 1855. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 1. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[C06] Cheeseman, T. F. 1906. Manual of the New Zealand Flora. John Mackay, Government Printer: Wellington.

[CBH93] Collinson, M. E., M. C. Boulter & P. L. Holmes. 1993. Magnoliophyta (‘Angiospermae’). In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 809–841. Chapman & Hall: London.

[CV06] Craven, P., & P. Vorster. 2006. Patterns of plant diversity and endemism in Namibia. Bothalia 36 (2): 175–189.

[F71] Fletcher, H. O. 1971. Catalogue of type specimens of fossils in the Australian Museum, Sydney. Australian Museum Memoir 13: 1–167.

[HL08] Henniger, M. & R. Leder. 2008. Eozäne Makroflora der Querfurter Mulde. Mauritiana 20 (2): 229–251.

[H93] Hickman, J. C. (ed.) 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press: Berkeley (California).

[J87] Judd, W. S. 1987. Floristic study of Morne La Visite and Pic Macaya National Parks, Haiti. Bulletin of the Florida State Museum—Biological Sciences 32 (1): 1–136.

[KJ05] Katewa, S. S., A. Jain, B. L. Chaudhary & P. Galav. 2005. Some unreported medicinal uses of plants from the tribal area of Southern Rajasthan. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 47: 121–130.

[KC01] Kirk, P. M., P. F. Cannon, J. C. David & J. A. Stalpers. 2001. Ainsworth & Bisby's Dictionary of the Fungi 9^th ed. CAB International: Wallingford (UK).

[LK14] Lyons, M. N., G. J. Keighery, L. A. Gibson & T. Handasyde. 2014. Flora and vegetation communities of selected islands off the Kimberley coast of Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 81: 205–244.

[OB11] Orenstein, R. I., & D. Brewer. 2011. Family Cardinalidae (cardinals). In: Hoyo, J. del, A. Elliott & D. A. Christie (eds) Handbook of the Birds of the World vol. 16. Tanagers to New World Blackbirds pp. 330–427. Lynx Edicions: Barcelona.

[P03] Paul, T. K. 2003. Botanical observations on the Purulia pumped storage hydropower project area, Bagmundi Hills, Purulia district, West Bengal. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 45: 121–142.

[P93] Pittaway, A. R. 1993. The Hawkmoths of the Western Palaearctic. Harley Books: Colchester.

[SB02] Sennblad, B., & B. Bremer. 2002. Classification of Apocynaceae s.l. according to a new approach combining Linnaean and phylogenetic taxonomy. Systematic Biology 51 (3): 389–409.

[SK02] Struwe, L., J. W. Kadereit, J. Klackenberg, S. Nilsson, M. Thiv, K. B. von Hagen & V. A. Albert. 2002. Systematics, character evolution, and biogeography of Gentianaceae, including a new tribal and subtribal classification. In: Struwe, L., & V. A. Albert (eds) Gentianaceae: Systematics and Natural History pp. 21–309. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge.

Plumerieae

Golden trumpet Allamanda cathartica, copyright Ngocnk2.

Belongs within: Apocynaceae.

The Plumerieae are a group of flowering plants united by molecular phylogenetic analysis. Most members of the clade possess infrastaminal as well as suprastaminal appendages (not present in Anechites and Plumeria) and winged seeds (not present in Anechites) (Sennblad & Bremer 2002).

<==Plumerieae [Plumerioideae]
    |  i. s.: Cerberiopsis candelabra SB02, StKa02
    |         Skytanthus SB02
    |--+--Cameraria latifolia SB02
    |  `--+--+--Anechites nerium SB02
    |     |  `--Thevetia peruviana SB02
    |     `--Cerbera SB02
    |          |--C. manghas H03
    |          `--C. venenifera SB02
    `--+--Plumeria SB02
       |    |--P. acutifolia KAA-W00
       |    |--P. alba SuKu02
       |    |--P. inodora SB02
       |    |--P. obtusa LK14
       |    `--P. rubra K03
       `--Allamanda SB02
            |--A. blanchetii S-SR09
            |--A. calcicola Souza-Silva & Rapini 2009 S-SR09
            |--A. cathartica SB02
            |--A. laevis S-SR09
            |--A. martii S-SR09
            |--A. polyantha S-SR09
            |--A. puberula S-SR09
            `--A. schottii S-SR09

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[H03] Heads, M. 2003. Ericaceae in Malesia: vicariance biogeography, terrane tectonics and ecology. Telopea 10 (1): 311–449.

[KAA-W00] Kheirallah, A.-M., A.-N. H. Aly & N. Y. Abdel-Wahed. 2000. Anamorphosis and life-history of the millipede Nopoiulus kochii (Gervais, 1847), new for Egypt. Zoology in the Middle East 21: 159–168.

[K03] Kulip, J. 2003. An ethnobotanical survey of medicinal and other useful plants of Muruts in Sabah, Malaysia. Telopea 10 (1): 81–98.

[LK14] Lyons, M. N., G. J. Keighery, L. A. Gibson & T. Handasyde. 2014. Flora and vegetation communities of selected islands off the Kimberley coast of Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 81: 205–244.

[SB02] Sennblad, B., & B. Bremer. 2002. Classification of Apocynaceae s.l. according to a new approach combining Linnaean and phylogenetic taxonomy. Systematic Biology 51 (3): 389–409.

[S-SR09] Souza-Silva, R. F. de & A. Rapini. 2009. Allamanda calcicola (Apocynaceae), an overlooked new species from limestone outcrops in the states of Minas Gerais and Bahia, Brazil. Kew Bulletin 64 (1): 171–174.

[StKa02] Struwe, L., J. W. Kadereit, J. Klackenberg, S. Nilsson, M. Thiv, K. B. von Hagen & V. A. Albert. 2002. Systematics, character evolution, and biogeography of Gentianaceae, including a new tribal and subtribal classification. In: Struwe, L., & V. A. Albert (eds) Gentianaceae: Systematics and Natural History pp. 21–309. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge.

[SuKu02] Sumithramma, N., A. R. V. Kumar, K. Chandrashekara & D. Rajagopal. 2002. Plant selection for nesting by Oecophylla smaragdina, Hymenoptera: Formicidae: do physical features affect the choice of the plant? Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 99 (3): 408–412.

Apocynoidina

Wrightia pubescens, copyright Johannes Lundberg.

Belongs within: Apocynaceae.
Contains: Euapocynoidina.

The Apocynoidina are a clade of flowering plants combining taxa historically separated as the subfamily Apocynoideae and the family Asclepiadaceae. Members of this clade are united by molecular phylogenetic analysis, as well as by the basal part of the anther connective (the retinacle) being adnate to the style head (Sennblad & Bremer 2002).

<==Apocynoidina [Apocynoideae]
    |--Wrightieae SB02
    |    |--Stephanostema stenocarpum SB02
    |    |--Pleioceras SB02
    |    `--Wrightia SB02
    |         |--W. arborea SB02
    |         |--W. pubescens LK14
    |         `--W. saligna LK14
    `--+--Nerieae SB02
       |    |--Adenium SB02
       |    |    |--A. multiflorum B00
       |    |    `--A. obesum SB02
       |    `--Nerium SB02
       |         |--N. indicum MH98
       |         `--N. oleander SB02
       `--+--Euapocynoidina SB02
          `--Malouetieae SB02
               |  i. s.: Alafia SB02
               |         Malouetia SB02
               |--Strophanthus eminii SB02
               `--+--Mascarenhasia arborescens SB02
                  `--+--Pachypodium lamerei SB02
                     `--+--Kibatalia gitingense SB02
                        `--+--Funtumia elastica SB02
                           `--Holarrhena SB02
                                |--H. antidysenterica KJ05
                                `--H. pubescens SB02

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B00] Braby, M. F. 2000. Butterflies of Australia: their identification, biology and distribution vol. 2. CSIRO Publishing: Collingwood (Victoria).

[KJ05] Katewa, S. S., A. Jain, B. L. Chaudhary & P. Galav. 2005. Some unreported medicinal uses of plants from the tribal area of Southern Rajasthan. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 47: 121–130.

[LK14] Lyons, M. N., G. J. Keighery, L. A. Gibson & T. Handasyde. 2014. Flora and vegetation communities of selected islands off the Kimberley coast of Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 81: 205–244.

[MH98] Morikawa, H., A. Higaki, M. Nohno, M. Takahashi, M. Kamada, M. Nakata, G. Toyohara, Y. Okamura, K. Matsui, S. Kitani, K. Fujita, K. Irifune & N. Goshima. 1998. More than a 600-fold variation in nitrogen dioxide assimilation among 217 plant taxa. Plant, Cell and Environment 21: 180–190.

[SB02] Sennblad, B., & B. Bremer. 2002. Classification of Apocynaceae s.l. according to a new approach combining Linnaean and phylogenetic taxonomy. Systematic Biology 51 (3): 389–409.

Asclepiadeae

Scarlet milkweed Asclepias curassavica, copyright Renjusplace.

Belongs within: Asclepiadoideae.

The Asclepiadeae are a clade of flowering plants supported by molecular phylogenetic analysis, defined by Sennblad & Bremer (2002) as the most expansive clade including Asclepias and Matelea but not members of the Fockeeae, Marsdenieae or Ceropegieae.

<==Asclepiadeae TGL-S08
    |--Schizostephanus alatus SB02
    |--+--Calotropis SB02
    |  |    |--C. gigantea BB07
    |  |    `--C. procera SB02
    |  |         |--C. p. ssp. procera PP07
    |  |         `--C. p. ssp. hamiltonii PP07
    |  `--Asclepias SB02
    |       |--A. albicans H93
    |       |--A. asperula [incl. A. capricornu ssp. occidentalis] H93
    |       |--A. californica H93
    |       |--A. cordifolia H93
    |       |--A. cornuti C55b
    |       |--A. cryptoceras [incl. A. cryptoceras ssp. davisii] H93
    |       |--A. curassavica SB02
    |       |--A. eriocarpa H93
    |       |--A. erosa H93
    |       |--A. fascicularis H93
    |       |--A. linaria H93
    |       |--A. nivea J87
    |       |--A. nyctaginifolia H93
    |       |--A. pubescens BR65
    |       |--A. rotundifolia Miller 1768 [incl. A. arborescens Linnaeus 1771, Gomphocarpus arborescens] BR65
    |       |--A. solanoana H93
    |       |--A. speciosa [incl. A. giffordii] H93
    |       |--A. subulata [incl. A. subulata var. parishii] H93
    |       |--A. syriaca W69
    |       |--A. tuberosa D51
    |       `--A. verticillata C01
    `--+--+--+--Schubertia grandiflora TGL-S08
       |  |  `--Araujia TGL-S08
       |  |       |--A. hortorum SB02
       |  |       `--A. sericofera TGL-S08
       |  `--Metastelmatinae G09
       |       |--Metastelma schaffneri TGL-S08
       |       `--Blepharodon G09
       |            |--B. ampliflorum G09
       |            |--B. crabronum Goyder 2009 G09
       |            |--B. lineare G09
       |            |--B. pictum G09
       |            `--B. salicinum G09
       `--+--Cynanchum TGL-S08
          |    |--C. acutum AGF98
          |    |--C. carnosum LK14
          |    |--C. christineae LK14
          |    |--C. ellipticum TGL-S08
          |    |--C. floribundum BR65
          |    |--C. leptocladum J87
          |    |--C. leptolepis B00
          |    |--C. meyeri CV06
          |    |--C. ovalifolium B00
          |    |--C. pedunculatum VT13
          |    |--C. puberulum LK14
          |    |--C. utahense H93
          |    `--C. vincetoxicum BR65
          `--+--Oxystelma bornouense TGL-S08
             |--+--Pergularia daemia TGL-S08
             |  `--Gomphocarpus TGL-S08
             |       |--G. cancellatus B00
             |       |--G. fruticosus Br. 1809 C06 [=Asclepias fruticosa] BR65
             |       |--G. physocarpus TGL-S08 [=Asclepias physocarpa BR65]
             |       `--G. semiplectens CV06
             `--Tylophora TGL-S08
                  |--T. benthamii LK14
                  |--T. cinerascens LK14
                  |--T. fleckii CV06
                  |--T. flexuosa LK14
                  |--T. heterophylla TGL-S08
                  |--T. flexuosa B12
                  `--T. sylvatica SB02

Asclepiadeae incertae sedis:
  Microloma TGL-S08
    |--M. hereroense CV06
    |--M. penicillatum CV06
    `--M. tenuifolium TGL-S08
  Orthosia serpyllifolia SB02
  Gonolobeae SB02
    |--Fischeria stellata SB02
    `--Matelea SB02
         |--M. hirsuta SB02
         `--M. parvifolia H93
  Tweedia coerulea SB02
  Vincetoxicum SB02
    |--V. canescens C55a
    `--V. hirundinaria SB02

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[AGF98] Abd El-Ghani, M. M., & A. G. Fahmy. 1998. Composition of and changes in the spontaneous flora of Feiran Oasis, S Sinai, Egypt, in the last 60 years. Willdenowia 28: 123–134.

[BB07] Baishya, A. K., & P. J. Bora. 2007. Cross community ethno-medico botany of Dibru-Saikhowa Biosphere Reserve, Assam. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 49: 121–154.

[BR65] Black, J. M., & E. L. Robertson. 1965. Flora of South Australia. Part IV. Oleaceae–Compositae. W. L. Hawes, Government Printer: Adelaide.

[B00] Braby, M. F. 2000. Butterflies of Australia: their identification, biology and distribution vol. 2. CSIRO Publishing: Collingwood (Victoria).

[B12] Braby, M. F. 2012. The butterflies of El Questro Wilderness Park, with remarks on the taxonomy of the Kimberley fauna, Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum 27 (2): 161–175.

[C55a] Candolle, A. de. 1855a. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 1. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[C55b] Candolle, A. de. 1855b. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 2. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[C06] Cheeseman, T. F. 1906. Manual of the New Zealand Flora. John Mackay, Government Printer: Wellington.

[C01] Cockerell, T. D. A. 1901. Contributions from the New Mexico Biological Station.—X. Observations on bees collected at Las Vegas, New Mexico, and in the adjacent mountains. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, series 7, 7: 125–131.

[CV06] Craven, P., & P. Vorster. 2006. Patterns of plant diversity and endemism in Namibia. Bothalia 36 (2): 175-189.

[D51] Dobzhansky, T. 1951. Genetics and the Origin of Species 3^rd ed. Columbia University Press: New York.

[G09] Goyder, D. J. 2009. Blepharodon crabronum (Apocynaceae: Asclepiadoideae), a new species from the pre-Cambrian serranias of eastern Bolivia. Kew Bulletin 64 (1): 179–181.

[H93] Hickman, J. C. (ed.) 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press: Berkeley (California).

[J87] Judd, W. S. 1987. Floristic study of Morne La Visite and Pic Macaya National Parks, Haiti. Bulletin of the Florida State Museum—Biological Sciences 32 (1): 1–136.

[LK14] Lyons, M. N., G. J. Keighery, L. A. Gibson & T. Handasyde. 2014. Flora and vegetation communities of selected islands off the Kimberley coast of Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 81: 205–244.

[PP07] Pandey, R. P., & P. M. Padhye. 2007. Studies on phytodiversity of Arid Machia Safari Park-Kailana in Jodhpur (Rajasthan). Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 49: 15–78.

[SB02] Sennblad, B., & B. Bremer. 2002. Classification of Apocynaceae s.l. according to a new approach combining Linnaean and phylogenetic taxonomy. Systematic Biology 51 (3): 389–409.

[TGL-S08] Thulin, M., D. Goyder & S. Liede-Schumann. 2008. Cibirhiza spiculata (Apocynaceae), a remarkable new species from eastern Ethiopia. Kew Bulletin 63 (4): 617–624.

[VT13] Vigilante, T., J. Toohey, A. Gorring, V. Blundell, T. Saunders, S. Mangolamara, K. George, J. Oobagooma, M. Waina, K. Morgan & K. Doohan. 2013. Island country: aboriginal connections, values and knowledge of the Western Australian Kimberley islands in the context of an island biological survey. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 81: 145–182.

[W69] Wiens, J. A. 1969. An approach to the study of ecological relationships among grassland birds. Ornithological Monographs 8: 1–93.

Gentiana

Spring gentian Gentiana verna, copyright Böhringer Friedrich.

Belongs within: Gentianeae.
Contains: Gentiana section Frigidae, Gentiana section Chondrophyllae, Gentiana section Cruciata, Gentiana section Pneumonanthe.

Gentiana is a cosmopolitan genus of mostly erect herbs, with the highest diversity of species in Asia (Struwe et al. 2002).

Characters (from Struwe et al. 2002): Annual, biennial, or perennial herbs. Stem usually erect, sometimes ascending, simple or branched, mostly quadrangular. Leaves opposite, very rarely whorled. Uppermost leaf pair sometimes forming an involucre around the flowers. Flowers 5-merous (rarely 4- to 8-merous), arranged in simple dichasia, terminal clusters, axillary whorls, or borne singly. Calyx divided shallowly up to the middle, sometimes split to the base on one side. Calyx usually provided with intracalycine membrane, rarely without. Corolla of various shapes, can be tubular, infundibuliform, obconical, hypocrateriform, campanulate, urniform, or rarely rotate. Corolla tube usually longer than corolla lobes, throat rarely provided with fimbriae. Symmetrical or asymmetrical plicae usually present, sometimes fimbriate. Stamens inserted in corolla tube. Filaments usually straight, symmetrical, winged at base, filiform above. Anthers sometimes connate. Ovary sessile or on gynophore, nectary glands present at base. Style usually short or absent, sometimes elongated. Stigmatic lobes often free, sometimes connate. Seeds winged or unwinged.

Gentiana Linnaeus 1753 A61
    |--+--G. sect. Frigidae SK02
    |  `--+--G. sect. Chondrophyllae SK02
    |     |--G. sect. Cruciata SK02
    |     `--G. sect. Pneumonanthe SK02
    `--+--+--+--G. asclepiadea SK02
       |  |  `--G. froelichii SK02
       |  `--G. sect. Gentiana SK02
       |       |--*G. lutea Linnaeus 1753 SK02
       |       |--G. punctata SK02
       |       `--G. purpurea BC02
       `--+--G. sect. Ciminalis SK02
          |    |--G. alpina SK02
          |    `--G. clusii SK02
          `--G. sect. Calathianae SK02
               |--G. bavarica SK02
               |--G. nivalis BC02
               |--G. schleicheri BC02
               |--G. terglouensis SK02
               `--G. verna SK02

Gentiana incertae sedis:
  G. acaulis SK02
  G. argentea O88
  G. atuntsiensis JS02
  G. barbata JS02
  G. bella BC02
  G. brachyphylla BC02
  G. bryoides O88
  G. bulgarica JS02
  G. burkillii O88
  G. burseri JS02
  G. capitata O88
  G. cerastioides JS02
  G. ciliata JS02
  G. corymbosa JS02
  G. crassuloides O88
  G. dasyantha JS02
  G. depressa JS02
  G. detonsa C55
  G. elwesii O88
  G. farreri JS02
  G. favrati JS02
  G. formosana JS02
  G. gelida JS02
  G. glacialis C55
  G. huxleyi O88
  G. infelix O88
  G. karelinii O88
  G. kaufmanniana JS02
  G. kochiana BC02
  G. kurroo JS02
  G. lacerulata O88
  G. lactea JS02
  G. leucomalaena O88
  G. linoides BC02
  G. ludlowii O88
  G. manshurica JS02
  G. marchailhouana JS02
  G. marginata O88
    |--G. m. var. marginata O88
    `--G. m. var. recurvata non G. saxosa var. recurvata Kirk 1885 O88
  G. meiantha O88
  G. micans O88
  G. olgae JS02
  G. orbicularis JS02
  G. ornata O88
  G. pannonica JS02
  G. pedicellata KO88
  G. pentasticta O88
  G. phyllocalyx O88
  G. procera Holm 1901 CD07
  G. producta SK02
  G. prolata O88
  G. (subg. Dolichocarpa) pudica BC02
  G. pumila C55
  G. radicans O88
  G. rigescens JS02
  G. rostani JS02
  G. scabra JS02
  G. schistocalyx JS02
  G. sedifolia SK02
  G. septemfida BC02
  G. serra BC02
  G. sikkimensis JS02
  G. sino-ornata JS02
  G. stipitata O88
  G. strictiflora JS02
  G. stylophora BC02
  G. stylosa O88
  G. suffrutescens JS02
  G. tianscanica JS02
  G. tibetica O88
  G. triflora JS02
  G. tubiflora O88
  G. uchiyamana JS02
  G. utriculosa SK02
  G. venusta O88
  G. vernayi O88
  G. villarsii JS02
  G. vvedenskyi JS02
  G. yunnanensis BC02

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A61] Allan, H. H. 1961. Flora of New Zealand vol. 1. Indigenous Tracheophyta: Psilopsida, Lycopsida, Filicopsida, Gymnospermae, Dicotyledones. R. E. Owen, Government Printer: Wellington (New Zealand).

[BC02] Bouman, F., L. Cobb, N. Devente, V. Goethals, P. J. M. Maas & E. Smets. 2002. The seeds of Gentianaceae. In: Struwe, L., & V. A. Albert (eds) Gentianaceae: Systematics and Natural History pp. 498–572. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge.

[C55] Candolle, A. de. 1855. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 1. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[CD07] Cantino, P. D., J. A. Doyle, S. W. Graham, W. S. Judd, R. G. Olmstead, D. E. Soltis, P. S. Soltis & M. J. Donoghue. 2007. Towards a phylogenetic nomenclature of Tracheophyta. Taxon 56 (3): E1–E44.

[JS02] Jensen, S. R., & J. Schripsema. 2002. Chemotaxonomy and pharmacology of Gentianaceae. In: Struwe, L., & V. A. Albert (eds) Gentianaceae: Systematics and Natural History pp. 573–631. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge.

[KO88] Kikuchi, T., & H. Ohba. 1988. Preliminary study of alpine vegetation of the Himalayas, with special reference to the small-scale distribution patterns of plant communities. In: Ohba, H., & S. B. Malla (eds) The Himalayan Plants vol. 1. The University Museum, University of Tokyo, Bulletin 31: 47–70.

[O88] Ohba, H. 1988. The alpine flora of the Nepal Himalayas: an introductory note. In: Ohba, H., & S. B. Malla (eds) The Himalayan Plants vol. 1. The University Museum, University of Tokyo, Bulletin 31: 19–46.

[SK02] Struwe, L., J. W. Kadereit, J. Klackenberg, S. Nilsson, M. Thiv, K. B. von Hagen & V. A. Albert. 2002. Systematics, character evolution, and biogeography of Gentianaceae, including a new tribal and subtribal classification. In: Struwe, L., & V. A. Albert (eds) Gentianaceae: Systematics and Natural History pp. 21–309. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge.