Cardinalidae

Male painted bunting Passerina ciris ciris, copyright Don Faulkner.

Belongs within: Emberizoidea.
Contains: Habia, Piranga, Cardinalis, Cyanocompsa.

The Cardinalidae are a group of finch-like birds with more or less heavy, conical bills found in North and South America, the males of which are often brightly coloured (Orenstein & Brewer 2011).

Cardinalidae [Cardinalinae, Cardinalini, Richmondeninae]
    |  i. s.: Pitylus Cuvier 1829 [Pitylinae] B94
    |--+--Granatellus BKB15
    |  |    |--G. pelzelni JT12
    |  |    `--+--G. sallaei JT12
    |  |       `--G. venustus JT12
    |  `--Pheucticus Reichenbach 1850 BKB15, B94 [Pheucticinae]
    |       |  i. s.: P. chrysogaster (Lesson 1832) [=Pitylus chrysogaster] OB11
    |       |           |--P. c. chrysogaster OB11
    |       |           `--P. c. laubmanni Hellmayr & Seilern 1915 OB11
    |       |         P. chrysopeplus (Vigors 1832) [=Coccothraustes chrysopeplus] OB11
    |       |           |--P. c. chrysopeplus [incl. P. chrysopeplus rarissimus] OB11
    |       |           |--P. c. aurantiacus Salvin & Godman 1891 OB11
    |       |           `--P. c. dilutus van Rossem 1934 OB11
    |       |         P. tibialis Lawrence 1867 OB11
    |       |--P. ludovicianus (Linnaeus 1766) BKB15, H11 [=Loxia ludoviciana OB11, Hedymeles ludovicianus OB11]
    |       `--+--P. aureoventris (d’Orbigny & Lafresnaye 1837) BKB15, OB11 [=Pitylus aureoventris OB11]
    |          |    |--P. a. aureoventris OB11
    |          |    |--P. a. crissalis Sclater & Salvin 1877 OB11
    |          |    |--P. a. meridensis Riley 1905 OB11
    |          |    |--P. a. terminalis Chapman 1919 OB11
    |          |    `--P. a. uropygialis Sclater & Salvin 1871 OB11
    |          `--P. melanocephalus (Swainson 1827) BKB15, OB11 (see below for synonymy)
    |               |--P. m. melanocephalus [incl. P. melanocephalus rostratus] OB11
    |               `--P. m. maculatus (Audubon 1837) OB11
    `--+--+--Habia BKB15
       |  `--+--Piranga JT12
       |     `--+--Cardinalis BKB15
       |        `--+--+--Rhodothraupis Ridgway 1898 JT12, OB11
       |           |  |    `--R. celaeno (Deppe 1830) [=Tanagra celaeno] OB11
       |           |  `--Periporphyrus Reichenbach 1850 JT12, OB11
       |           |       `--P. erythromelas (Gmelin 1789) [=Loxia erythromelas] OB11
       |           `--Caryothraustes Reichenbach 1850 JT12, OB11
       |                |--C. canadensis (Linnaeus 1766) [=Loxia canadensis] OB11
       |                |    |--C. c. canadensis OB11
       |                |    |--C. c. brasiliensis Cabanis 1851 H11
       |                |    |--C. c. frontalis (Hellmayr 1905) OB11
       |                |    `--C. c. simulans Nelson 1912 [=C. poliogaster simulans] OB111
       |                `--C. poliogaster (du Bus de Gisignies 1847) [=Pitylus poliogaster] OB11
       |                     |--C. p. poliogaster OB11
       |                     `--C. p. scapularis (Ridgway 1888) OB11
       `--+--Spiza Bonaparte 1824 BKB15, B94 [Spizinae]
          |    `--S. americana (Gmelin 1789) [=Emberiza americana; incl. E. townsendi] OB11
          `--+--Cyanocompsa JT12
             `--Passerina Vieillot 1816 JT12, B94 (see below for synonymy)
                  |  i. s.: ‘Guiraca’ cyanoides SS66
                  |--P. cyanea (Linnaeus 1766) JT12, OB11 [=Tanagra cyanea OB11]
                  `--+--+--P. amoena (Say 1822) JT12, OB11 [=Emberiza amoena OB11]
                     |  `--P. caerulea (Linnaeus 1758) JT12, OB11 [=Loxia caerulea OB11, Guiraca caerulea JF06]
                     |       |--P. c. caerulea [incl. P. caerulea mesophila] OB11
                     |       |--P. c. chiapensis (Nelson 1898) OB11
                     |       |--P. c. deltarhyncha (van Rossem 1938) OB11
                     |       |--P. c. eurhyncha (Coues 1874) OB11
                     |       |--P. c. interfusa (Dwight & Griscom 1927) OB11
                     |       |--P. c. lazula (Lesson 1842) OB11 [=Guiraca caerulea lazula FS55]
                     |       `--P. s. salicaria (Grinnell 1911) OB11
                     `--+--P. rositae (Lawrence 1874) JT12, OB11 [=Cyanospiza rositae OB11]
                        `--+--P. leclancherii Lafresnaye 1840 JT12, OB11
                           |    |--P. l. leclancherii OB11
                           |    `--P. l. grandior Griscom 1934 OB11
                           `--+--P. ciris (Linnaeus 1758) JT12, OB11 [=Emberiza ciris OB11]
                              |    |--P. c. ciris OB11
                              |    `--P. c. pallidior Mearns 1911 OB11
                              `--P. versicolor (Bonaparte 1838) JT12, OB11 [=Spiza versicolor OB11
                                   |--P. v. versicolor OB11
                                   |--P. v. dickeyae van Rossem 1934 OB11
                                   |--P. v. pulchra Ridgway 1887 OB11
                                   `--P. v. purpurascens Griscom 1930 OB11

Passerina Vieillot 1816 JT12, B94 [incl. Coccoborus Swainson 1837 B94, Cyanospiza Baird 1858 B94, Guiraca Swainson 1827 B94; Coccoborinae, Cyanospizinae, Guiracinae]

Pheucticus melanocephalus (Swainson 1827) BKB15, OB11 [=Guiraca melanocephalus OB11, Hedymeles melanocephalus RS72]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B94] Bock, W. J. 1994. History and nomenclature of avian family-group names. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 222: 1–281.

[BKB15] Burleigh, J. G., R. T. Kimball & E. L. Braun. 2015. Building the avian tree of life using a large-scale, sparse supermatrix. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 84: 53–63.

[FS55] Felten, H., & J. Steinbacher. 1955. Zur Vogelfauna von El Salvador. Senckenbergiana Biologica 36 (1–2): 9–19.

[H11] Hilty, S. L. 2011. Family Thraupidae (tanagers). In: Hoyo, J. del, A. Elliott & D. A. Christie (eds) Handbook of the Birds of the World vol. 16. Tanagers to New World Blackbirds pp. 46–329. Lynx Edicions: Barcelona.

[JT12] Jetz, W., G. H. Thomas, J. B. Joy, K. Hartmann & A. Ø. Mooers. 2012. The global diversity of birds in space and time. Nature 491: 444–448.

[JF06] Jønsson, K. A., & J. Fjeldså. 2006. A phylogenetic supertree of oscine passerine birds. Zoologica Scripta 35: 149–186.

[OB11] Orenstein, R. I., & D. Brewer. 2011. Family Cardinalidae (cardinals). In: Hoyo, J. del, A. Elliott & D. A. Christie (eds) Handbook of the Birds of the World vol. 16. Tanagers to New World Blackbirds pp. 330–427. Lynx Edicions: Barcelona.

[RS72] Rising, J. D., & F. W. Schueler. 1972. How stable is binomial nomenclature? Systematic Zoology 21 (4): 438–439.

[SS66] Sclater, P. L., & O. Salvin. 1866. On some additions to the catalogue of birds collected by Mr. E. Bartlett on the River Ucayali. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 566–567.

Icteridae

Yellow-hooded blackbird Chrysomus icterocephalus bogotensis, copyright Nick Athanas.

Belongs within: Emberizoidea.
Contains: Sturnella, Cacicus, Icterus, Agelaius, Molothrus, Quiscalus, Agelasticus.

The Icteridae, sometimes referred to as New World Orioles or New World blackbirds, are a family of small to large passerine birds found in North and South America. Icterids have pointed bills and generally dark, often glossy plumage, often also with brightly-coloured patches (Internet Bird Collection). Recent phylogenetic studies have lead some authors to include the yellow-breasted chat Icteria virens, a warbler-like bird found over much of North America, as a basal member of this family.

Icteridae [Icterinae, Icterini]
    |--Icteria Vieillot 1808 OF19, B94 [Icteriidae]
    |    `--I. virens OF19
    `--+--+--Sturnella JT12
       |  `--+--Xanthocephalus Bonaparte 1850 JT12, F11
       |     |    `--X. xanthocephalus (Bonaparte 1826) [=Icterus xanthocephalus] F11
       |     `--Dolichonyx Swainson 1827 JT12, B94 [Dolichonychinae]
       |          `--D. oryzivorus (Linnaeus 1758) [=Fringilla oryzivora] F11
       `--+--Cacicus JT12
          `--+--Icterus JT12
             `--+--Amblycercus Cabanis 1851 JT12, F11
                |    `--A. holosericeus (Deppe 1830) [=Sturnus holosericeus] F11
                |         |--A. h. holosericeus F11
                |         |--A. h. australis Chapman 1919 F11
                |         `--A. h. flavirostris Chapman 1915 F11
                `--+--Nesopsar Sclater 1859 BKB15, F11
                   |    `--N. nigerrimus (Osburn 1859) [=Icterus nigerrimus] F11
                   `--+--Dives Cassin 1867 BKB15, F11 [incl. Ptiloxena Chapman 1892 F11]
                      |    |--D. atroviolaceus (d’Orbigny 1839) JT12, F11 (see below for synonymy)
                      |    |--D. dives (Deppe 1830) [=Icterus dives] F11
                      |    `--D. warszewiczi (Cabanis 1861) [=Lampropsar warszewiczi] F11
                      |         |--D. w. warszewiczi F11
                      |         `--D. kalinowskii Berlepsch & Stolzmann 1892 F11
                      `--+--Agelaius BKB15
                         `--+--Molothrus BKB15
                            `--+--+--Quiscalus BKB15
                               |  `--Euphagus Cassin 1867 JT12, F11
                               |       |--E. carolinus (Statius Müller 1776) [=Turdus carolinus] F11
                               |       |    |--E. c. carolinus F11
                               |       |    `--E. c. nigrans Burleigh & Peters 1948 F11
                               |       |--E. cyanocephalus (Wagler 1829) [=Psarocolius cyanocephalus] F11
                               |       `--E. magnirostris FP64
                               `--+--Macroagelaius Cassin 1866 BKB15, F11
                                  |    `--M. subalaris (Boissonneau 1840) [=Quiscalus subalaris] F11
                                  `--+--+--‘Macroagelaius’ imthurni (Sclater 1881) BKB15, F11 [=Agelaeus imthurni F11]
                                     |  `--+--Gymnomystax Reichenbach 1850 BKB15, F11
                                     |     |    |--G. melanicterus SS66
                                     |     |    `--G. mexicanus (Linnaeus 1766) [=Oriolus mexicanus] F11
                                     |     `--+--Hypopyrrhus Bonaparte 1850 JT12, F11
                                     |        |    `--H. pyrohypogaster (de Tarragon 1847) (see below for synonymy) F11
                                     |        `--Lampropsar Cabanis 1847 BKB15, F11
                                     |             `--L. tanagrinus (Spix 1824) [=Icterus tanagrinus] F11
                                     |                  |--L. t. tanagrinus F11
                                     |                  |--L. t. boliviensis Gyldenstolpe 1941 F11
                                     |                  |--L. t. guianensis Cabanis 1848 F11
                                     |                  |--L. t. macropterus Gyldenstolpe 1945 F11
                                     |                  `--L. t. violaceus Hellmayr 1906 F11
                                     `--+--+--Amblyramphus Leach 1814 BKB15, F11
                                        |  |    `--A. holosericeus (Scopoli 1786) [=Xanthornus holosericeus] F11
                                        |  `--Curaeus Sclater 1862 JT12, F11
                                        |       |--C. curaeus (Molina 1782) (see below for synonymy) F11
                                        |       |    |--C. c. curaeus F11
                                        |       |    `--C. c. reynoldsi Sclater 1939 F11
                                        |       `--C. forbesi (Sclater 1886) (see below for synonymy) F11
                                        `--+--Agelasticus BKB15
                                           `--+--+--Gnorimopsar Richmond 1908 BKB15, F11
                                              |  |    `--G. chopi (Vieillot 1819) [=Agelaius chopi] F11
                                              |  |         |--G. c. chopi F11
                                              |  |         |--G. c megistus (Leverkühn 1889) F11
                                              |  |         `--G. c. sulcirostris (Spix 1824) F11
                                              |  `--Chrysomus Swainson 1837 BKB15, F11
                                              |       |--C. icterocephalus (Linnaeus 1766) (see below for synonymy) F11
                                              |       |    |--C. i. icterocephalus F11
                                              |       |    `--C. i. bogotensis (Chapman 1914) F11
                                              |       `--C. ruficapillus (Vieillot 1819) [=Agelaius ruficapillus] F11
                                              |            |--C. r. ruficapillus F11
                                              |            `--C. r. frontalis (Vieillot 1819) F11
                                              `--+--+--Xanthopsar Ridgway 1901 BKB15, F11
                                                 |  |    `--X. flavus (Gmelin 1788) (see below for synonymy) F11
                                                 |  `--Pseudoleistes Sclater 1862 JT12, F11
                                                 |       |--P. guirahuro (Vieillot 1819) [=Agelaius guirahuro] F11
                                                 |       `--P. virescens (Vieillot 1819) [=Agelaius virescens] F11
                                                 `--+--Oreopsar Sclater 1939 JT12, F11
                                                    |    `--O. bolivianus Sclater 1939 [incl. Agelaioides oreopsar] F11
                                                    `--Agelaioides Cassin 1866 BKB15, F11
                                                         |--A. badius (Vieillot 1819) (see below for synonymy) F11
                                                         |    |--A. b. badius F11
                                                         |    `--A. b. bolivianus (Hellmayr 1917) F11
                                                         `--A. fringillarius (Spix 1824) [=Icterus fringillarius] F11

Icteridae incertae sedis:
  Tangavius armenti FP64
  Cassiculus Swainson 1827 F11
    `--C. solitarius [incl. C. nigerrimus] SS66
  Ostinops SS66
    |--O. angustifrons SS66
    |--O. atrovirens SS66
    |--O. cristatus SS66
    `--O. yuracarium SS66
  Xanthosomus icterocephalus SS66
  Megaquiscalus major S18
    |--M. m. major S18
    `--M. m. macrourus S18
  Cremaster tytthus Brodkorb 1959 U93
  Pandanaris F11
    |--P. convexa F11
    `--P. floridana Brodkorb 1957 U93
  Pyelorhamphus molothroides F11
  ‘Colinus’ eatoni Shufeldt 1915 U93

Agelaioides badius (Vieillot 1819) [=Agelaius badius, Molothrus badius] F11

Chrysomus icterocephalus (Linnaeus 1766) [=Oriolus icterocephalus, Agelaius icterocephalus] F11

Curaeus curaeus (Molina 1782) [=Turdus curaeus; incl. C. curaeus recurvirostris] F11

Curaeus forbesi (Sclater 1886) [=Agelaius forbesi, Gnorimopsar forbesi] F11

Dives atroviolaceus (d’Orbigny 1839) JT12, F11 [=Quiscalus atroviolaceus F11, Ptiloxena atroviolacea F11]

Hypopyrrhus pyrohypogaster (de Tarragon 1847) [=Cassicus pyrohypogaster] F11

Xanthopsar flavus (Gmelin 1788) [=Oriolus flavus, Agelaius flavus; incl. Icterus xantholemus] F11

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B94] Bock, W. J. 1994. History and nomenclature of avian family-group names. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 222: 1–281.

[BKB15] Burleigh, J. G., R. T. Kimball & E. L. Braun. 2015. Building the avian tree of life using a large-scale, sparse supermatrix. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 84: 53–63.

[FP64] Fisher, J., & R. T. Peterson. 1964. The World of Birds: A comprehensive guide to general ornithology. Macdonald: London.

[F11] Fraga, R. M. 2011. Family Icteridae (New World blackbirds). In: Hoyo, J. del, A. Elliott & D. A. Christie (eds) Handbook of the Birds of the World vol. 16. Tanagers to New World Blackbirds pp. 684–807. Lynx Edicions: Barcelona.

[JT12] Jetz, W., G. H. Thomas, J. B. Joy, K. Hartmann & A. Ø. Mooers. 2012. The global diversity of birds in space and time. Nature 491: 444–448.

[OF19] Oliveros, C. H., D. J. Field, D. T. Ksepka, F. K. Barker, A. Aleixo, M. J. Andersen, P. Alström, B. W. Benz, E. L. Braun, M. J. Braun, G. A. Bravo, R. T. Brumfield, R. T. Chesser, S. Claramunt, J. Cracraft, A. M. Cuervo, E. P. Derryberry, T. C. Glenn, M. G. Harvey, P. A. Hosner, L. Joseph, R. T. Kimball, A. L. Mack, C. M. Miskelly, A. T. Peterson, M. B. Robbins, F. H. Sheldon, L. F. Silveira, B. T. Smith, N. D. White, R. G. Moyle & B. C. Faircloth. 2019. Earth history and the passerine superradiation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 116 (16): 7916–7925.

[SS66] Sclater, P. L., & O. Salvin. 1866. Catalogue of birds collected by Mr. E. Bartlett on the River Uyacali, Eastern Peru, with notes and descriptions of new species. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 175–201.

[S18] Stone, W. 1918. Birds of the Panama Canal Zone, with special reference to a collection made by Mr. Lindsey L. Jewel. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 70: 239–280.

[U93] Unwin, D. M. 1993. Aves. In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 717–737. Chapman & Hall: London.

Last updated: 5 July 2019.

Emberizidae

Cirl bunting Emberiza cirlus, copyright Paco Gómez.

Belongs within: Emberizoidea.
Contains: Emberiza capensis, Emberiza schoeniclus.

The Emberizidae includes the buntings of Eurasia and Africa, small, conical-billed passerines that have mostly been classified in the genus Emberiza. Most species are patterned in dull colours, though there are exceptions. The buntings of the genus Emberiza are mostly coloured in brown with streaks of black, white and grey, sometimes marked with yellow, and usually with the outer tail feathers partly or wholly white (Austin 1961). The crested bunting Melophus lathami, found between northern India and southern China, is mostly brown in the female but shiny black with rufous wings and tail in the male. The male of the slaty bunting Latoucheornis siemsseni of southern China is mostly slate-grey in coloration with a white belly and vent (Rising et al. 2011).

Emberizidae [Emberizinae, Emberizini]
    |--Ammospiza maritima FP64, USDI77
    |    |--A. m. maritima USDI77
    |    |--A. m. mirabilis USDI77
    |    `--A. m. nigrescens USDI77
    |--Oreothraupis Sclater 1856 RJ11
    |    `--O. arremonops (Sclater 1855) [=Saltator arremonops] RJ11
    |--Piezorina Lafresnaye 1843 [=Piezorhina] RJ11
    |    `--P. cinerea (Lafresnaye 1843) [=Guiraca cinerea] RJ11
    |--Xenospingus Cabanis 1867 RJ11
    |    `--X. concolor (d’Orbigny & Lafresnaye 1837) [=Sylvia concolor] RJ11
    |--Torreornis Barbour & Peters 1927 RJ11
    |    `--T. inexpectata Barbour & Peters 1927 RJ11
    |         |--T. i. inexpectata RJ11
    |         |--T. i. sigmani Spence & Smith 1961 RJ11
    |         `--T. i. varonai Regalado Ruiz 1981 RJ11
    |--Urothraupis Taczanowski & Berlepsch 1885 JT12, H11
    |    `--U. stolzmanni Taczanowski & Berlepsch 1885 H11
    |--Charitospiza Oberholser 1905 RJ11
    |    `--C. eucosma Oberholser 1905 [incl. Fringilla ornata (preoc.)] RJ11
    |--Coryphaspiza Gray 1840 RJ11
    |    `--C. melanotis (Temminck 1822) [=Emberizoides melanotis] RJ11
    |         |--C. m. melanotis RJ11
    |         `--C. m. marajoara Sick 1967 RJ11
    |--Incaspiza Ridgway 1898 RJ11
    |    |--I. laeta (Salvin 1895) [=Haemophila laeta] RJ11
    |    |--I. ortizi Zimmer 1952 RJ11
    |    |--I. personata (Salvin 1895) [=Haemophila personata] RJ11
    |    |--I. pulchra (Sclater 1886) [=Haemophila pulchra] RJ11
    |    `--I. watkinsi Chapman 1925 RJ11
    |--Buarremon mesoxanthus Salvin 1866 S66
    `--Emberiza Linnaeus 1758 CC10
         |  i. s.: E. alario Linnaeus 1758 L58
         |         E. atrata Linnaeus 1758 L58
         |         E. cineracea Brehm 1855 RJ11
         |           |--E. c. cineracea RJ11
         |           `--E. c. semenowi Zarudny 1904 RJ11
         |         E. familiaris Linnaeus 1758 L58
         |         E. flaveola Linnaeus 1758 L58
         |         E. koslowi Bianchi 1904 RJ11
         |         E. orix Linnaeus 1758 L58
         |         E. psittacea Linnaeus 1758 L58
         |         E. poliopleura (Salvadori 1888) [=Fringillaria poliopleura] RJ11
         |         E. psittacea Linnaeus 1758 L58
         |         E. quelea Linnaeus 1758 L58
         |         E. sahari Levaillant 1850 [incl. E. s. sanghae, E. s. theresae] RJ11
         |         E. socotrana (Ogilvie & Grant 1899) [=Fringillaria socotrana] RJ11
         |         E. vincenti (Lowe 1932) JT12, RJ11 [=E. capensis vincenti RJ11]
         |--+--+--E. cabanisi (Reichenow 1875) JT12, RJ11 [=Polymitra (Fringillaria) cabanisi RJ11]
         |  |  |    |--E. c. cabanisi RJ11
         |  |  |    |--E. c. cognominata (Grote 1931) RJ11
         |  |  |    `--E. c. orientalis (Shelley 1882) RJ11
         |  |  `--E. flaviventris Stephens 1815 JT12, RJ11
         |  |       |--E. f. flaviventris [incl. E. f. carychroa, E. f. kalaharica] RJ11
         |  |       |--E. f. flavigaster Cretzschmar 1828 [=E. xanthogaster (l. c.)] S05
         |  |       `--E. f. princeps Clancey & Winterbottom 1960 RJ11
         |  `--+--E. capensis JT12
         |     `--+--E. impetuani Smith 1836 JT12, RJ11
         |        |    |--E. i. impetuani [incl. E. i. eremica] RJ11
         |        |    `--E. i. sloggetti (Macdonald 1957) RJ11
         |        `--+--E. striolata (Lichtenstein 1823) JT12, RJ11 [=Fringilla striolata RJ11]
         |           |    |--E. s. striolata RJ11
         |           |    |--E. s. jebelmarrae (Lynes 1920) RJ11
         |           |    `--E. s. saturatior (Sharpe 1901) RJ11
         |           `--E. tahapisi Smith 1836 JT12, RJ11 [=Fringillaria tahapisi B93]
         |                |--E. t. tahapisi S05
         |                |--E. t. arabica (Lorenz von Liburnau & Hellmayr 1902) RJ11
         |                |--E. t. goslingi (Alexander 1906) RJ11
         |                |--E. t. insularis (Ogilvie-Grant & Forbes 1899) RJ11
         |                |--E. t. nivenorum (Winterbottom 1965) RJ11 [=Fringillaria tahapisi nivenorum B93]
         |                `--E. t. septemstriata Rüppell 1837 S05
         `--+--+--+--Latoucheornis Bangs 1931 JT12, RJ11
            |  |  |    `--L. siemsseni (Martens 1906) [=Junco siemsseni] RJ11
            |  |  `--E. elegans Temminck 1836 JT12, RJ11 [=Cristemberiza elegans RJ11]
            |  |       |--E. e. elegans [incl. E. e. ticehursti VP89]
            |  |       `--E. e. elegantula Swinhoe 1870 RJ11
            |  `--+--+--E. yessoensis (Swinhoe 1874) JT12, I92 (see below for synonymy)
            |     |  |    |--E. y. yessoensis RJ11
            |     |  |    `--E. y. continentalis Witherby 1913 RJ11
            |     |  `--+--E. pallasi (Cabanis 1851) JT12, RJ11 [=Cynchramus pallasi RJ11, Schoeniclus pallasi RJ11]
            |     |     |    |--E. p. pallasi [incl. E. p. montana, E. p. suschkiniana] RJ11
            |     |     |    |--E. p. lydiae Portenko 1929 RJ11
            |     |     |    `--E. p. polaris Middendorff 1853 [incl. E. p. latolineata] RJ11
            |     |     `--E. schoeniclus JT12
            |     `--+--+--E. chrysophrys Pallas 1776 BKB15, RJ11 [=Ocyris chrysophrys RJ11]
            |        |  `--+--E. tristrami Swinhoe 1870 JT12, RJ11 [=Ocyris tristrami RJ11]
            |        |     `--E. variabilis Temminck 1836 JT12, RJ11 [=Ocyris variabilis RJ11]
            |        `--+--E. sulphurata Temminck & Schlegel 1848 BKB15, RJ11 [=Ocyris sulphurata RJ11]
            |           `--+--+--E. aureola Pallas 1773 BKB15, M01 [=Euspiza aureola S89, Ocyris aureola RJ11]
            |              |  |    |--E. a. aureola RJ11
            |              |  |    `--E. a. ornata Shulpin 1928 RJ11
            |              |  `--E. spodocephala Pallas 1776 JT12, RJ11 [=Ocyris spodocephala RJ11]
            |              |       |--E. s. spodocephala [incl. E. s. extremiorientis, E. s. oligoxantha] RJ11
            |              |       |--E. s. personata Temminck 1836 RJ11
            |              |       `--E. s. sordida Blyth 1845 RJ11
            |              `--+--E. rutila Pallas 1776 BKB15, RJ11 (see below for synonymy)
            |                 `--+--E. pusilla Pallas 1776 BKB15, M01 [=Ocyris pusilla RJ11]
            |                    `--+--E. fucata Pallas 1776 BKB15, RJ11 [=E. fuscata S89]
            |                       |    |--E. f. fucata RJ11
            |                       |    |--E. f. arcuata Sharpe 1888 RJ11
            |                       |    `--E. f. kuatunensis La Touche 1925 [incl. E. fucata fluviatilis] RJ11
            |                       `--E. rustica Pallas 1776 BKB15, M01 [=Ocyris rustica RJ11]
            |                            |--E. r. rustica RJ11
            |                            `--E. r. latifascia Portenko 1930 RJ11
            `--+--+--Melophus Swainson 1837 JT12, RJ11
               |  |    |--M. lathami (Gray 1831) [=Emberiza lathami; incl. M. lathami subcristata] RJ11
               |  |    `--M. melanicterus S89
               |  `--+--E. bruniceps Brandt 1841 JT12, RJ11 [incl. E. icteria RJ11]
               |     `--E. melanocephala Scopoli 1769 JT12, RJ11
               `--+--E. calandra Linnaeus 1758 BKB15, L58 [=Miliaria calandra JT12]
                  |    |--E. c. calandra (see below for synonymy) RJ11
                  |    |--E. c. buturlini Johansen 1907 RJ11
                  |    `--E. c. clanceyi Meinertzhagen 1947 RJ11
                  `--+--+--E. jankowskii Taczanowski 1888 JT12, RJ11
                     |  `--+--E. cioides Brandt 1843 BKB15, M01
                     |     |    |--E. c. cioides [incl. E. c. tangutorum] RJ11
                     |     |    |--E. c. castaneiceps Moore 1856 RJ11
                     |     |    |--E. c. ciopsis Bonaparte 1850 [incl. E. c. shiretokoensis] RJ11
                     |     |    |--E. c. tarbagataica Sushkin 1925 RJ11
                     |     |    `--E. c. weigoldi Jacobi 1923 [incl. E. c. ussuriensis, E. c. vagans] RJ11
                     |     `--+--E. cia Linnaeus 1766 BKB15, RJ11
                     |        |    |--E. c. cia [incl. E. c. africana, E. c. callensis, E. c. mokrzechyi] RJ11
                     |        |    |--E. c. flemingorum Martens 1972 RJ11
                     |        |    |--E. c. par Hartert 1904 (see below for synonymy) RJ11
                     |        |    `--E. c. stracheyi Moore 1856 RJ11
                     |        `--E. godlewskii Taczanowski 1874 BKB15, RJ11
                     |             |--E. g. godlewskii [incl. E. g. gobica, E. g. nanshanica] RJ11
                     |             |--E. g. decolorata Sushkin 1925 RJ11
                     |             |--E. g. khamensis Sushkin 1925 RJ11 [=E. cia khamensis A02]
                     |             |--E. g. omissa Rothschild 1921 [incl. E. g. bangsi, E. g. styani] RJ11
                     |             `--E. g. yunnanensis Sharpe 1902 RJ11
                     `--+--+--E. buchanani Blyth 1845 JT12, RJ11
                        |  |    |--E. b. buchanani RJ11
                        |  |    |--E. b. cerrutii De Filippi 1863 RJ11
                        |  |    `--E. b. neobscura Paynter 1970 RJ11
                        |  `--+--E. caesia Cretzschmar 1827 JT12, RJ11
                        |     `--E. hortulana Linnaeus 1758 JT12, CC10
                        `--+--E. cirlus Linnaeus 1766 JT12, CC10 [incl. E. c. nigrostriata RJ11, E. c. portucaliae RJ11]
                           `--+--E. stewarti (Blyth 1854) JT12, RJ11 [=Euspiza stewarti RJ11]
                              `--+--*E. citrinella Linnaeus 1758 CC10, JT12, CC10
                                 |    |--E. c. citrinella CC10
                                 |    |--E. c. caliginosa Clancey 1940 CC10
                                 |    `--E. c. erythrogenys Brehm 1855 RJ11
                                 `--E. leucocephalos Gmelin 1771 JT12, RJ11
                                      |--E. l. leucocephalos [incl. E. l. karpovi, E. l. stachanowi] RJ11
                                      `--E. l. fronto Stresemann 1930 RJ11

Inorganic: Emberiza variabilis minilorientalis Okamura 1987 O87

Emberiza calandra calandra Linnaeus 1758 [incl. E. calandra algeriensis, E. calandra graeca, E. calandra ignobilis, E. calandra kleinschmidti, E. calandra sarmatia, E. calandra thanneri, E. calandra volhynica] RJ11

Emberiza cia par Hartert 1904 [incl. E. c. lasdini, E. c. prageri, E. c. serebrowskii] RJ11

Emberiza rutila Pallas 1776 BKB15, RJ11 [=Euspiza rutila S89, Ocyris rutila RJ11; incl. Emberiza rutila pamirensis RJ11]

Emberiza yessoensis (Swinhoe 1874) JT12, I92 [=Schoenicola yessoensis RJ11, Schoeniclus yessoensis RJ11]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A02] Andheria, A. P. 2002. Sighting of the rock bunting Emberiza cia Linn. in Ranthambore National Park, Rajasthan. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 93 (3): 536–537.

[B93] Brooke, R. K. 1993. Annotated catalogue of the Aves type specimens in the South African Museum. Annals of the South African Museum 102 (10): 327–349.

[BKB15] Burleigh, J. G., R. T. Kimball & E. L. Braun. 2015. Building the avian tree of life using a large-scale, sparse supermatrix. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 84: 53–63.

[CC10] Checklist Committee (OSNZ). 2010. Checklist of the Birds of New Zealand, Norfolk and Macquarie Islands, and the Ross Dependency, Antarctica 4^th ed. Ornithological Society of New Zealand and Te Papa Press: Wellington.

[FP64] Fisher, J., & R. T. Peterson. 1964. The World of Birds: A comprehensive guide to general ornithology. Macdonald: London.

[H11] Hilty, S. L. 2011. Family Thraupidae (tanagers). In: Hoyo, J. del, A. Elliott & D. A. Christie (eds) Handbook of the Birds of the World vol. 16. Tanagers to New World Blackbirds pp. 46–329. Lynx Edicions: Barcelona.

[I92] Iwahashi, J. (ed.) 1992. Reddo Deeta Animaruzu: a pictorial of Japanese fauna facing extinction. JICC: Tokyo.

[JT12] Jetz, W., G. H. Thomas, J. B. Joy, K. Hartmann & A. Ø. Mooers. 2012. The global diversity of birds in space and time. Nature 491: 444–448.

[L58] Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Laurentii Salvii: Holmiae.

[M01] Madarász, J. 1901. Madarak [Vögel]. In: Horváth, G. (ed.) Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazása [Dritte Asiatische Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] vol. 2. Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazásának Állattani Eredményei [Zoologische Ergebnisse der Dritten Asiatischen Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] pp. 21–39. Victor Hornyánszky: Budapest, and Karl W. Hierseman: Leipzig.

[O87] Okamura, C. 1987. New facts: Homo and all Vertebrata were born simultaneously in the former Paleozoic in Japan. Original Report of the Okamura Fossil Laboratory 15: 347–573.

[RJ11] Rising, J. D., A. Jaramillo, J. L. Copete, P. G. Ryan & S. C. Madge. 2011. Family Emberizidae (buntings and New World sparrows). In: Hoyo, J. del, A. Elliott & D. A. Christie (eds) Handbook of the Birds of the World vol. 16. Tanagers to New World Blackbirds pp. 428–683. Lynx Edicions: Barcelona.

[S89] Salvadori, T. 1889. Viaggio di Leonardo Fea nella Birmania e nelle regioni vicine. XIX.—Uccelli raccolti nei Monti Carin a nord-est di Tounghoo, nel Pegù presso Rangoon e Tounghoo e nel Tenasserim presso Malewoon. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, Serie 2^a, 7: 369–438.

[S66] Salvin, O. 1866. Descriptions of eight new species of birds from Veragua. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 67–76.

[S05] Steinheimer, F. D. 2005. Eduard Rüppel’s avian types at the Natural History Museum, Tring (Aves). Senckenbergiana Biologica 85 (2): 233–264.

[USDI77] USDI (United States Department of the Interior). 1977. Endangered and threatened wildlife and plants—republication of list of species. Federal Register 42: 36420–36431.

[VP89] Viney, C., & K. Phillipps. 1989. Birds of Hong Kong 5^th ed. Government Printer: Hong Kong.

Last updated: 5 July 2019.