Sidalcea

Siskiyou checkerbloom Sidalcea malvaeflora ssp. patula, copyright Krzysztof Ziarnek, Kenraiz.

Belongs within: Malvaceae.

Sidalcea, the checker mallows, is a genus of herbs and subshrubs found in western North America.

See also: Checker mallows.

Characters (from Hickman 1993): Annual or perennial, sometimes from long, creeping rhizomes. Stem generally erect or base more or less decumbent. Leaves generally mostly from near stem base; lowest blades generally crenate to shallowly lobed, upper blades generally deeply lobed (gen more or less compound). Inflorescence generally spike- or panicle-like, generally more open in fruit; bracts at pedicel base 2, generally stipule-like; bractlets subtending calyx generally 0(-3). Flower with calyx lobes as long as or longer than tube; petals purple or rose-pink to white; stamen-tube with generally two series of more or less fused filaments near tip; stigmas linear, on inner side of style branches. Fruit segments generally 5-10, indehiscent, generally more or less beaked, walls thin. Single seed per fruit segment.

<==Sidalcea
    |--S. calycosa H93
    |--S. campestris Greene 1885 [incl. S. asplenifolia Greene 1897, S. sylvestris Nels. 1907] H57
    |--S. candida Gray 1849 H57
    |    |--S. c. var. candida [incl. S. c. var. tincta Cockerell 1900] H57
    |    `--S. c. var. glabrata Hitchcock 1957 H57
    |--S. covillei Greene 1914 [=S. malvaeflora var. covillei Roush 1931] H57
    |--S. cusickii Piper 1916 H57
    |    |--S. c. ssp. cusickii [=S. oregana var. cusickii Roush 1931] H57
    |    `--S. c. ssp. purpurea Hitchcock 1957 H57
    |--S. diploscypha H93
    |--S. glaucescens Greene 1885 [incl. S. montana Congdon 1900] H57
    |--S. hartwegii H93
    |--S. hendersonii Wats. 1888 H57
    |--S. hickmanii Greene 1887 H57
    |    |--S. h. ssp. hickmanii H57
    |    |--S. h. ssp. anomala Hitchcock 1957 H57
    |    |--S. h. ssp. parishii (Rob.) Hitchcock 1957 (see below for synonymy) H57
    |    `--S. h. ssp. viridis Hitchcock 1957 H57
    |--S. hirtipes Hitchcock 1957 H57
    |--S. keckii H93
    |--S. malachroides (H. & A.) Gray 1868 (see below for synonymy) H57
    |--S. malvaeflora (DC.) Gray ex Benth. 1848 (see below for synonymy) H57
    |    |--S. m. ssp. malvaeflora (see below for synonymy) H57
    |    |--S. m. ssp. asprella (Greene) Hitchcock 1957 (see below for synonymy) H57
    |    |--S. m. ssp. californica (Nutt.) Hitchcock 1957 (see below for synonymy) H57
    |    |--S. m. ssp. celata (Jepson) Hitchcock 1957 [=S. malvaeflora var. celata Jepson 1936] H57
    |    |--S. m. ssp. dolosa Hitchcock 1957 H57
    |    |--S. m. ssp. elegans (Greene) Hitchcock 1957 [=S. elegnas Greene 1914] H57
    |    |--S. m. ssp. laciniata Hitchcock 1957 H57
    |    |    |--S. m. ssp. l. var. laciniata H57
    |    |    `--S. m. ssp. l. var. sancta Hitchcock 1957 H57
    |    |--S. m. ssp. nana (Jepson) Hitchcock 1957 [=S. reptans var. nana Jepson 1936] H57
    |    |--S. m. ssp. patula Hitchcock 1957 H57
    |    |--S. m. ssp. purpurea Hitchcock 1957 non S. cusickii ssp. purpurea H57
    |    |--S. m. ssp. sparsifolia Hitchcock 1957 H57
    |    |    |--S. m. ssp. s. var. sparsifolia H57
    |    |    |--S. m. ssp. s. var. hirsuta Hitchcock 1957 H57
    |    |    |--S. m. ssp. s. var. stellata Hitchcock 1957 H57
    |    |    `--S. m. ssp. s. var. uliginosa Hitchcock 1957 H57
    |    `--S. m. ssp. virgata (Howell) Hitchcock 1957 [=S. virgata Howell 1897] H57
    |--S. multifida Greene 1914 H57
    |--S. nelsoniana Piper 1919 H57
    |--S. neomexicana Gray 1849 H57
    |    |--S. n. ssp. neomexicana H57
    |    |--S. n. ssp. crenulata (Nels.) Hitchcock 1957 [=S. crenulata Nels. 1904] H57
    |    |--S. n. ssp. diehlii (Jones) Hitchcock 1957 [=S. neomexicana var. diehlii Jones 1908] H57
    |    `--S. n. ssp. thurberi (Rob.) Hitchcock 1957 (see below for synonymy) H57
    |--S. oregana (Nutt.) Gray 1849 [=Sida oregana Nutt. in T. & G. 1838] H57
    |    |--S. o. ssp. oregana H57
    |    |    |--S. o. ssp. o. var. oregana [incl. S. nervata Nels. 1904] H57
    |    |    |--S. o. ssp. o. var. calva Hitchcock 1957 H57
    |    |    |--S. o. ssp. o. var. maxima (Peck) Hitchcock 1957 [=S. maxima Peck 1941] H57
    |    |    |--S. o. ssp. o. var. nevadensis Hitchcock 1957 H57
    |    |    `--S. o. ssp. o. var. procera Hitchcock 1957 H57
    |    |--S. o. ssp. eximia (Greene) Hitchcock 1957 [=S. eximia Greene 1914] H57
    |    |--S. o. ssp. hydrophila (Heller) Hitchcock 1957 [=S. hydrophila Heller 1904] H57
    |    |--S. o. ssp. spicata (Regel) Hitchcock 1957 (see below for synonymy) H57
    |    `--S. o. ssp. valida (Greene) Hitchcock 1957 (see below for synonymy) H57
    |--S. pedata Gray 1887 [=S. spicata var. pedata Jepson 1925] H57
    |--S. ranunculacea Greene 1904 (see below for synonymy) H57
    |--S. reptans Greene 1897 [=S. spicata var. reptans Jepson 1925; incl. S. favosa Congdon 1900] H57
    |--S. rhizomata H57 [=S. calycosa ssp. rhizomata H93]
    |--S. robusta Heller ex Roush 1931 [=S. asprella var. robusta Jepson 1936] H57
    |--S. setosa Hitchcock 1957 H57
    |    |--S. s. ssp. setosa H57
    |    `--S. s. ssp. querceta Hitchcock 1957 H57
    `--S. stipularis H93

Sidalcea hickmanii ssp. parishii (Rob.) Hitchcock 1957 [=S. hickmanii var. parishii Rob. 1897, S. parishii Rob. ex Davids & Moxley 1923] H57

Sidalcea malachroides (H. & A.) Gray 1868 [=Malva malachroides H. & A. 1840, Hesperalcea malachroides Greene 1892; incl. S. vitifolia Gray 1868] H57

Sidalcea malvaeflora (DC.) Gray ex Benth. 1848 [=Sida malvaeflora DC. 1824, Nuttallia malvaeflora F. & T. in F. & M. 1837] H57

Sidalcea malvaeflora ssp. asprella (Greene) Hitchcock 1957 [=S. asprella Greene 1885, S. malvaeflora var. asprella Jepson 1925] H57

Sidalcea malvaeflora ssp. californica (Nutt.) Hitchcock 1957 [=Sida californica Nutt. in T. & G. 1838, Sidalcea californica Gray 1849, Sidalcea malvaeflora var. californica Jepson 1925] H57

Sidalcea malvaeflora (DC.) Gray ex Benth. 1848 ssp. malvaeflora [incl. Sida delphinifolia Nutt. in T. & G. 1838, Sidalcea delphinifolia Greene 1891, Sidalcea humilis Gray 1849, Sidalcea delphinifolia var. humilis Greene 1891, Sidalcea scabra Greene 1897, Sidalcea rostrata Eastwood 1902] H57

Sidalcea neomexicana ssp. thurberi (Rob.) Hitchcock 1957 [=S. parviflora var. thurberi Rob. ex Gray 1897; incl. S. confinis Greene 1914, S. nitrophila Parish 1899, S. parviflora Greene 1893, S. neomexicana var. parviflora Roush 1931] H57

Sidalcea oregana ssp. spicata (Regel) Hitchcock 1957 [=Callirhoe spicata Regel 1852, S. oregana var. spicata Jepson 1936, S. spicata Greeene 1885; incl. S. spicata var. tonsa Peck 1941] H57

Sidalcea oregana ssp. valida (Greene) Hitchcock 1957 [=S. valida Greene 1897, S. spicata var. valida Wiggins in Abrams 1951] H57

Sidalcea ranunculacea Greene 1904 [=S. reptans var. ranunculacea Jepson 1936, S. spicata var. ranunculacea Roush 1931; incl. S. interrupta Greene 1904] H57

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[H93] Hickman, J. C. (ed.) 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press: Berkeley (California).

[H57] Hitchcock, C. L. 1957. A study of the perennial species of Sidalcea. Part I. Taxonomy. University of Washington Publications in Biology 18: 3–79.

Malveae

Abutilon hannii being pollinated by Austrothurgus rubricatus, copyright Arthur Chapman.

Belongs within: Eumalvoideae.

The Malveae are a group of malvaceous plants in which the staminal column bears anthers at the top, and the carpels are closely united in a ring around a central axis from which they fall away when ripe (Cheeseman 2006).

<==Malveae BS04
    |--+--Malope BS04
    |  `--Lavatera BS04
    |       |--L. arborea H90
    |       |--L. assurgentiflora [incl. L. assurgentiflora ssp. glabra] H93
    |       |--L. cretica H59
    |       |--L. plebeia H90
    |       `--L. trimestris H90
    `--Abutilon BS04
         |--A. asiaticum C55b
         |--A. auritum LK14
         |--A. avicennae [=Sida abutilon] C55b
         |--A. californicum BTA75
         |--A. cryptopetalum H90
         |--A. cunninghamii KM08
         |--A. exonemum EF04
         |--A. fraseri H90
         |--A. fruticosum PP07
         |--A. geranioides KM08
         |--A. grandifolium H90
         |--A. graveolens C55b
         |--A. halophilum H90
         |--A. hannii LK14
         |--A. incanum BT87
         |--A. indicum LK14
         |    |--A. i. var. indicum LK14
         |    `--A. i. var. australiense LK14
         |--A. leucopetalum [incl. A. calliphyllum] H90
         |--A. macrum H90
         |--A. malvifolium H90
         |--A. otocarpum M99
         |--A. oxycarpum [incl. A. oxycarpum var. subsagittatum] H90
         |--A. palmeri H93
         |--A. parvulum H93
         |--A. sandwicense GML13
         |--A. theophrasti Y98
         `--A. tubulosum H90

Malveae incertae sedis:
  Malva CD07
    |--M. aegyptia PT98
    |--M. caroliniana C55b
    |--M. cretica PT98
    |--M. crispa C06
    |--M. dendromorpha H06
    |--M. moschata C55a
    |--M. neglecta AGF98
    |--M. nicaeensis H93
    |--M. parviflora M99
    |--M. rotundifolia C55b
    |--M. sylvestris Linnaeus 1753 CD07 [incl. M. sylvestris var. mauritiana H93]
    `--M. verticillata C55b
  Plagianthus Forster & Forster 1776 C06, A61
    |--P. betulinus Cunningham 1840 [incl. Pl. urticinus Cunnigham 1840] A61
    |    |--P. b. var. betulinus A61
    |    `--P. b. chathamicus Cockayne 1912 [=P. chathamicus Cockayne 1902] A61
    |--P. × cymosus Kirk 1899 [P. betulinus × P. divaricatus] A61
    |--P. divaricatus Forster & Forster 1776 A61
    `--P. regius WH02 [=Philippodendron regium Poit. 1837 A61]
  Hoheria Cunn. 1839 C06, A61 (see below for synonymy)
    |--‘Gaya’ × allanii Cockayne 1926 [Hoheria angustifolia × H. lyallii] A61
    |--H. angustifolia Raoul 1844 (see below for synonymy) A61
    |--H. glabrata Sprague & Summerhayes 1926 A61
    |--H. lyallii Hooker 1852 A61 (see below for synonymy)
    |--H. populnea Cunn. 1839 (see below for synonymy) A61
    |    |--H. p. var. populnea C06
    |    `--H. p. var. vulgaris C06
    `--H. sexstylosa Colenso 1885 (see below for synonymy) A61
         |--H. s. var. sexstylosa A61
         `--H. s. var. ovata (Simpson & Thomson) Allan 1961 [=H. ovata Simpson & Thomson 1942] A61

Hoheria Cunn. 1839 C06, A61 [incl. H. subg. Apterocarpa Hooker 1852 A61, H. subg. Euhoheria Hooker 1852 A61]

Hoheria angustifolia Raoul 1844 [=H. populnea var. angustifolia (Raoul) Hooker 1852; incl. H. angustifolia var. acutifolia Kirk 1899] A61

Hoheria lyallii Hooker 1852 A61 [=Gaya lyallii Baker 1892 A61, Plagianthus lyallii Gray ex Hooker 1855 A61, Sida lyallii C06; incl. G. lyallii var. ribifolia Kirk 1899 A61, G. ribifolia Cockayne 1901 A61]

Hoheria populnea Cunn. 1839 [incl. H. sinclairii Hooker 1864, H. populnea ssp. vulgaris var. sinclairii (Hooker) Kirk 1899] A61

Hoheria sexstylosa Colenso 1885 [incl. H. populnea var. crataegifolia Hooker 1852, H. populnea var. dentata Kirk 1899, H. populnea var. lanceolata Hooker 1852, H. populnea ssp. lanceolata Kirk 1899, H. populnea ssp. obtusifolia Kirk 1899] A61

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[AGF98] Abd El-Ghani, M. M., & A. G. Fahmy. 1998. Composition of and changes in the spontaneous flora of Feiran Oasis, S Sinai, Egypt, in the last 60 years. Willdenowia 28: 123–134.

[A61] Allan, H. H. 1961. Flora of New Zealand vol. 1. Indigenous Tracheophyta: Psilopsida, Lycopsida, Filicopsida, Gymnospermae, Dicotyledones. R. E. Owen, Government Printer: Wellington (New Zealand).

[BT87] Baker, E. W., & D. M. Tuttle. 1987. The false spider mites of Mexico (Tenuipalpidae: Acari). United States Department of Agriculture, Technical Bulletin 1706: 1–237.

[BTA75] Baker, E. W., D. M. Tuttle & M. J. Abbatiello. 1975. The false spider mites of northwestern and north central Mexico (Acarina: Tenuipalpidae). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 194: 1–23.

[BS04] Baum, D. A., S. D. Smith, A. Yen, W. S. Alverson, R. Nyffeler, B. A. Whitlock & R. L. Oldham. 2004. Phylogenetic relationships of Malvatheca (Bombacoideae and Malvoideae; Malvaceae sensu lato) as inferred from plastid DNA sequences. American Journal of Botany 91: 1863–1871.

[C55a] Candolle, A. de. 1855a. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 1. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[C55b] Candolle, A. de. 1855b. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 2. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[CD07] Cantino, P. D., J. A. Doyle, S. W. Graham, W. S. Judd, R. G. Olmstead, D. E. Soltis, P. S. Soltis & M. J. Donoghue. 2007. Towards a phylogenetic nomenclature of Tracheophyta. Taxon 56 (3): E1–E44.

[C06] Cheeseman, T. F. 1906. Manual of the New Zealand Flora. John Mackay, Government Printer: Wellington.

[EF04] Etten, E. J. B. van, & J. E. D. Fox. 2004. Vegetation classification and ordination of the central Hamersley Ranges, Western Australia. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 87 (2): 63–79.

[GML13] Gullan, P. J., M. L. Moir & M. C. Leng. 2013. A new species of mealybug (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) from critically endangered Banksia montana in Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum 28 (1): 13–20.

[H90] Harden, G. J. (ed.) 1990. Flora of New South Wales vol. 1. New South Wales University Press.

[H59] Healy, A. J. 1959. Contributions to a knowledge of the adventive flora of New Zealand, no. 7. Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand 86 (1): 113–118.

[H06] Henderson, L. 2006. Comparisons of invasive plants in southern Africa originating from southern temperate, northern temperate and tropical regions. Bothalia 36 (2): 201–222.

[H93] Hickman, J. C. (ed.) 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press: Berkeley (California).

[KM08] Keighery, G. J., & W. Muir. 2008. Vegetation and vascular flora of Faure Island, Shark Bay, Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 75: 11–19.

[LK14] Lyons, M. N., G. J. Keighery, L. A. Gibson & T. Handasyde. 2014. Flora and vegetation communities of selected islands off the Kimberley coast of Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 81: 205–244.

[M99] Matthews, M. 1999. Heliothine Moths of Australia: A guide to bollworms and related noctuid groups. CSIRO Publishing.

[PP07] Pandey, R. P., & P. M. Padhye. 2007. Studies on phytodiversity of Arid Machia Safari Park-Kailana in Jodhpur (Rajasthan). Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 49: 15–78.

[PT98] Panitsa, M., & D. Tzanoudakis. 1998. Contribution to the study of the Greek flora: flora and vegetation of the E Aegean islands Agathonisi and Pharmakonisi. Willdenowia 28: 95–116.

[WH02] Worthy, T. H., & R. N. Holdaway. 2002. The Lost World of the Moa: Prehistoric life of New Zealand. Indiana University Press: Bloomington (Indiana).

[Y98] Yannitsaros, A. 1998. Additions to the flora of Kithira (Greece) I. Willdenowia 28: 77–94.

Gossypium

Levant cotton Gossypium herbaceum, copyright Patricio Novoa Quezada.

Belongs within: Eumalvoideae.

Gossypium, cotton bushes, is a pantropical genus of shrubs that commonly bear hairy seeds. A number of species are widely cultivated as a source of fibre.

Characters (from Harden 1990): Perennial or facultative annual shrubs, often deciduous. Leaves entire or variously lobed, mostly 3-5-lobed, glabrous to pubescent. Flowers usually solitary, rarely clustered, axillary. Epicalyx segments 3, narrow to cordate, entire or deeply cut. Calyx short, truncate, 5-toothed or 5-lobed. Petals often large, usually with a darker area at the base. Ovary 3-5-locular; loculi with 2-several ovules; style and stigma usually long and slender. Fruit a capsule, 3-5-locular; seeds usually hairy.

<==Gossypium
    |--G. acuminatum C55
    |--G. amourianum P90
    |--G. arboreum P06
    |    |--G. a. var. arboreum P06
    |    `--G. a. var. wightianum (Tod.) Almeida 1996 (see below for synonymy) P06
    |--G. aridum P90
    |--G. australe LK14
    |--G. barbadense [incl. G. peruvianum] H90
    |--G. costulatum LK14
    |--G. enthyle LK14
    |--G. exiguum LK14
    |--G. herbaceum WS01
    |    |--G. h. var. herbaceum S00
    |    `--G. h. var. africanum S00
    |--G. hirsutum LK14
    |--G. klotzschianum P90
    |--G. lobatum WS01
    |--G. londonderriense LK14
    |--G. marchantii LK14
    |--G. nobile LK14
    |--G. obtusifolium C55
    |--G. pilosum LK14
    |--G. populifolium LK14
    |--G. pulchellum LK14
    |--G. punctatum C55
    |--G. raimondii P90
    |--G. religiosum C55
    |--G. robinsonii EF04
    |--G. rotundifolium LK14
    |--G. sturtianum [incl. G. gossypioides, G. sturtii] H90
    |    |--G. s. var. sturtianum H90
    |    `--G. s. var. nandewarense H90
    |--G. thurberi P90
    |--G. tomentosum P90
    `--G. tribolum P90

Gossypium arboreum var. wightianum (Tod.) Almeida 1996 [=G. wightianum Tod. 1863, G. herbaceum var. wightianum (Tod.) Cooke 1901, G. obtusifolium var. wightianum Watt. 1907] P06

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[C55] Candolle, A. de. 1855. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 2. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[EF04] Etten, E. J. B. van, & J. E. D. Fox. 2004. Vegetation classification and ordination of the central Hamersley Ranges, Western Australia. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 87 (2): 63–79.

[H90] Harden, G. J. (ed.) 1990. Flora of New South Wales vol. 1. New South Wales University Press.

[LK14] Lyons, M. N., G. J. Keighery, L. A. Gibson & T. Handasyde. 2014. Flora and vegetation communities of selected islands off the Kimberley coast of Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 81: 205–244.

[P90] Page, R. D. M. 1990. Tracks and trees in the Antipodes: a reply to Humphries and Seberg. Systematic Zoology 39 (3): 288–299.

[P06] Parmar, P. J. 2006. Additions to the flora of Gujarat from Mehsana and Kutch districts (N. Gujarat). Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 48: 191–196.

[S00] Siddiqi, M. R. 2000. Tylenchida: Parasites of plants and insects 2^nd ed. CABI Publishing: Wallingford (UK).

[WS01] Wilson, L. J., & V. O. Sadras. 2001. Host plant resistance in cotton to spider mites. In: Halliday, R. B., D. E. Walter, H. C. Proctor, R. A. Norton & M. J. Colloff (eds) Acarology: Proceedings of the 10^th International Congress pp. 314–327. CSIRO Publishing: Melbourne.

Dombeyoideae

Wild pear Dombeya rotundifolia, copyright JMK.

Belongs within: Malvaceae.

The Dombeyoideae are a group of flowering plants found in the Old World tropics with the highest diversity in Madagascar and the Mascarenes. They were defined by Baum et al. (1998) as the most exclusive clade including Dombeya palmata, Nesogordonia bernierii and Pterospermum suberifolium.

<==Dombeyoideae BAN98
    |--Nesogordonia bernierii BAN98
    `--+--Burretiodendron BAN98
       |--Eriolaena [Eriolaeneae] BAN98
       |--Pterospermum suberifolium BAN98
       |--Schoutenia BAN98
       `--Dombeya [Dombeyeae] BAN98
            |--D. palmata BAN98
            `--D. rotundifolia CV06
                 |--D. r. var. rotundifolia CV06
                 `--D. r. var. velutina CV06

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BAN98] Baum, D. A., W. S. Anderson & R. Nyffeler. 1998. A durian by any other name: taxonomy and nomenclature of the core Malvales. Harvard Papers in Botany 3 (2): 315–330.

[CV06] Craven, P., & P. Vorster. 2006. Patterns of plant diversity and endemism in Namibia. Bothalia 36 (2): 175–189.

Hermannia

Fat dollsrose Hermannia hyssopifolia, copyright evr7966.

Belongs within: Malvaceae.

Hermannia is a genus of subshrubs primarily found in Africa with a small number of species native to North America.

Characters (from Flora of North America): Subshrubs, rarely shrubs, prostrate to erect; taprooted. Stems hairy, hairs usually stellate, sometimes intermixed with capitate-glandular and subsessile glandular hairs. Leaves petiolate; stipules deciduous, foliaceous, narrowly dimidiate-lanceolate or narrowly dimidiate-ovate, triangular, margins simple-bristled; blade usually unlobed, rarely lobed, margins dentate or staminodes absent; filaments ligulate, very compressed, adnate to petal base and gynophore or ovary base, distally free, incurved, not abruptly dilated, expanded region narrowly oblong from base to above anther base, apex acuminate or acute, glabrous; anthers 2-thecate, lanceolate, [1–]2–3.5[–10] mm, inflexed, connivent to style, longitudinally dehiscent; thecae with rim ciliate from simple hairs, apex acuminate, slightly twisted, gland at apex only or also at theca base; gynoecium syncarpous, 5-carpellate, stipitate, 5-angled, locules opposite sepals; ovary 5-locular; ovules 4–14 per locule, ascending or horizontal, anatropous or amphitropous; styles persistent, 5, shortly exserted, presumably connate at anthesis (connate, distinct, or partially distinct dried), filiform; stigmas inconspicuous, terete and 1-dentate (acute) or filiform and often few-minutely papillate at apex, rarely truncate, inconspicuous. Fruits capsules, 5-locular, in apical view 5-angled, 5-lobed, parted between angles, in lateral view emarginate at apex, margins curved, stipitate, valve margins dark-rimmed, dentate, teeth terminated by hairy tubercles not elsewhere on fruit or hairy processes, denser on valves, stellate-pubescent. Seeds 0–8 per locule, brown, crescentiform-reniform, chalazal end wider, other end acute, large-pitted; elaiosome conspicuous, white; endosperm present; embryo curved, chlorophyllous; cotyledons flat, narrowly elliptic or oblong-elliptic. x=6.

<==Hermannia [Hermannieae] BAN98
    |--H. amabilis CV06
    |--H. complicata CV06
    |--H. elliottiana CV06
    |--H. engleri CV06
    |--H. gariepina CV06
    |--H. glandulosissima CV06
    |--H. hyssopifolia BAN98
    |--H. juttae CV06
    |--H. merxmuelleri CV06
    |--H. minimifolia CV06
    `--H. solaniflora CV06

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BAN98] Baum, D. A., W. S. Anderson & R. Nyffeler. 1998. A durian by any other name: taxonomy and nomenclature of the core Malvales. Harvard Papers in Botany 3 (2): 315–330.

[CV06] Craven, P., & P. Vorster. 2006. Patterns of plant diversity and endemism in Namibia. Bothalia 36 (2): 175–189.

Triumfetta

Chinese bur Triumfetta rhomboidea, copyright Vinayaraj.

Belongs within: Malvaceae.

Triumfetta is a tropical genus of trees and shrubs bearing globose fruits covered with hooked bristles.

Characters (from Harden 1990): Herbs or shrubs, densely stellate-hairy. Leaves alternate, often 2-ranked, entire, toothed or lobed, leaves subtending inflorescences often smaller. Flowers clustered in shortly-pedunculate cymes, often forming interrupted panicles, leaves reducing in size up inflorescence; shortly pedicellate. Sepals hooded. Petals glabrous. Sepals and petals inserted below the hairy, disc-like receptacle that bears the numerous stamens. Ovary 2-locular, style as long as the stamens. Fruit more or less globose, covered with hooked bristles.

<==Triumfetta
    |--T. albida LK14
    |--T. aquila LK14
    |--T. bradshawii LK14
    |--T. breviaculeata LK14
    |--T. carteri LK14
    |--T. cladara LK14
    |--T. clivorum LK14
    |--T. coronata LK14
    |--T. kenneallyi LK14
    |--T. lappula C55
    |--T. longipedunculata LK14
    |--T. micracantha LK14
    |--T. mitchellii LK14
    |--T. monstrosa LK14
    |--T. nutans LK14
    |--T. pentandra LK14
    |--T. plumigera LK14
    |--T. pustulata LK14
    |--T. reflexa LK14
    |--T. repens BMM99
    |--T. rhomboidea P03
    |--T. rubiginosa LK14
    |--T. ryeae LK14
    |    |--T. r. ssp. ryeae LK14
    |    |--T. r. ssp. brevipetala LK14
    |    `--T. r. ssp. hirsuta LK14
    |--T. semitriloba J87
    |--T. simulans LK14
    |--T. triandra LK14
    `--T. trisecta LK14

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BMM99] Braun, U., J. Mouchacca & E. H. C. McKenzie. 1999. Cercosporoid hyphomycetes from New Caledonia and some other South Pacific islands. New Zealand Journal of Botany 37: 297–327.

[C55] Candolle, A. de. 1855. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 2. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

Harden, G. J. (ed.) 1990. Flora of New South Wales vol. 1. New South Wales University Press.

[J87] Judd, W. S. 1987. Floristic study of Morne La Visite and Pic Macaya National Parks, Haiti. Bulletin of the Florida State Museum—Biological Sciences 32 (1): 1–136.

[LK14] Lyons, M. N., G. J. Keighery, L. A. Gibson & T. Handasyde. 2014. Flora and vegetation communities of selected islands off the Kimberley coast of Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 81: 205–244.

[P03] Paul, T. K. 2003. Botanical observations on the Purulia pumped storage hydropower project area, Bagmundi Hills, Purulia district, West Bengal. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 45: 121–142.

Corchorus

Jute mallow Corchorus olitorius, copyright International Institute of Tropical Agriculture.

Belongs within: Malvaceae.

Corchorus is a genus of herbs and shrubs widespread in tropical and subtropical regions of the world (Harden 1990).

Characters (from Harden 1990): Herbs or shrubs, glabrous or sparsely covered with simple or stellate hairs. Leaves 3-veined from near base, toothed. Cymes axillary or leaf-opposed, or flowers solitary or 2 or 3 clustered together. Sepals and petals mostly 5, more or less equal in length. Stamens numerous, sometimes inserted on a slightly expanded disc, hypogynous or slightly perigynous. Ovary 2–5-locular, style simple, ovules several per loculus. Capsule long, without bristles [or short or globose and more or less warted or bristly], seeds several in each loculus.

<==Corchorus [incl. Oceanopapaver] T00
    |--*C. olitorius M06
    |--C. acutangulus [incl. C. alatus] C55
    |--C. aestuans LK14
    |--C. asplenifolius M06
    |--C. argillicola Moeaha & Winter in Moeaha 2006 M06
    |--C. capsularis M06
    |--C. confusus M06
    |--C. crozophorifolius KM08
    |--C. cunninghamii H90
    |--C. depressus PP07
    |--C. fascicularis PP07
    |--C. hirsutus M06
    |--C. leptocarpus LK14
    |--C. merxmuelleri CV06
    |--C. mitchellensis LK14
    |--C. puberulus LK14
    |--C. pumilio LK14
    |--C. sidoides LK14
    |--C. siliquosus M06
    |--C. tridens PP07
    |--C. trilocularis M06
    `--C. walcottii LK14

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[C55] Candolle, A. de. 1855. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 2. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[CV06] Craven, P., & P. Vorster. 2006. Patterns of plant diversity and endemism in Namibia. Bothalia 36 (2): 175–189.

[H90] Harden, G. J. (ed.) 1990. Flora of New South Wales vol. 1. New South Wales University Press.

[KM08] Keighery, G. J., & W. Muir. 2008. Vegetation and vascular flora of Faure Island, Shark Bay, Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 75: 11–19.

[LK14] Lyons, M. N., G. J. Keighery, L. A. Gibson & T. Handasyde. 2014. Flora and vegetation communities of selected islands off the Kimberley coast of Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 81: 205–244.

[M06] Moeaha, M. J. 2006. Malvaceae. A new species of Corchorus in southern Africa. Bothalia 36 (2): 168–171.

[PP07] Pandey, R. P., & P. M. Padhye. 2007. Studies on phytodiversity of Arid Machia Safari Park-Kailana in Jodhpur (Rajasthan). Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 49: 15–78.

[T00] Thorne, R. F. 2000. The classification and geography of the flowering plants: dicotyledons of the class Angiospermae (subclasses Magnoliidae, Ranunculidae, Caryophyllidae, Dilleniidae, Rosidae, Asteridae, and Lamiidae). The Botanical Review 66: 441–647.

Grewia

Crossberry Grewia occidentalis, copyright Forest & Kim Starr.

Belongs within: Malvaceae.

Grewia is a genus of trees and shrubs found in the Old World tropics.

Characters (from Harden 1990): Trees or shrubs, stellate-tomentose. Leaves alternate, entire or toothed; stipules shed early. Flowers in axillary cymes, often 2 or 3 in an axil; flowers unisexual or bisexual. Sepals free. Petals pouched. Stamens numerous, borne on elongated receptacle. Ovary 2-locular; 2 ovules in each loculus; style simple. Fruit drupaceous, becoming hard on drying, 2-lobed, each lobe divided and containing a seed; fruit often remaining on branches after leaves have fallen.

<==Grewia [Grewieae] BAN98
    |--G. asiatica Pau03
    |--G. breviflora LK14
    |--G. damine PP07
    |--G. flavescens Par03
    |--G. glabra LK14
    |--G. latifolia H90
    |--G. occidentalis BAN98
    |--G. orientalis KJ05
    |--G. oxyphylla LK14
    |--G. papuana B00
    |--G. polygama C16
    |--G. retusifolia LK14
    |--G. tenax PP07
    |--G. tilaefolia S02
    `--G. villosa PP07

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BAN98] Baum, D. A., W. S. Anderson & R. Nyffeler. 1998. A durian by any other name: taxonomy and nomenclature of the core Malvales. Harvard Papers in Botany 3 (2): 315–330.

[B00] Braby, M. F. 2000. Butterflies of Australia: their identification, biology and distribution vol. 2. CSIRO Publishing: Collingwood (Victoria).

[C16] Cambage, R. H. 1916. Notes on the native flora of tropical Queensland. Journal and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New South Wales 49 (3): 389–447, pls 57–61.

[H90] Harden, G. J. (ed.) 1990. Flora of New South Wales vol. 1. New South Wales University Press.

[KJ05] Katewa, S. S., A. Jain, B. L. Chaudhary & P. Galav. 2005. Some unreported medicinal uses of plants from the tribal area of Southern Rajasthan. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 47: 121–130.

[LK14] Lyons, M. N., G. J. Keighery, L. A. Gibson & T. Handasyde. 2014. Flora and vegetation communities of selected islands off the Kimberley coast of Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 81: 205–244.

[PP07] Pandey, R. P., & P. M. Padhye. 2007. Studies on phytodiversity of Arid Machia Safari Park-Kailana in Jodhpur (Rajasthan). Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 49: 15–78.

[Par03] Parmar, P. J. 2003. Loss of Commiphora wightii (Arn.) Bhandari in Indian desert. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 45: 77–90.

[Pau03] Paul, T. K. 2003. Botanical observations on the Purulia pumped storage hydropower project area, Bagmundi Hills, Purulia district, West Bengal. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 45: 121–142.

[S02] Santharam, V. 2002. Fruit and nectar resources in a moist deciduous forest and their use by birds—a preliminary report. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 99 (3): 537–543.

Sida

Arrowleaf sida Sida rhombifolia, copyright Tony Rodd.

Belongs within: Malvoideae.

Sida is a widespread genus of herbs and shrubs found in warmer regions of the world. They produce yellow or orange, bisexual flowers that develop into schizocarp fruits with hard, often indehiscent mericarps (Harden 1990).

Characters (from Harden 1990): Herbs or shrubs with stellate hairs. Leaves shallowly lobed or more often unlobed, margins entire to toothed; petioles usually short. Flowers axillary, solitary or in terminal heads or spikes; peduncles often jointed. Epicalyx absent. Calyx 5-lobed, often 10-ribbed at base in fruit. Petals yellow to orange. Staminal tube slender. Ovary 5–10-locular, each loculus 1-ovulate; styles as many as loculi; stigmas terminal, capitate. Fruit a schizocarp; mericarps indehiscent or 2-valved.

<==Sida
    |--S. acuta LK14
    |--S. ammophila M99
    |--S. argillacea Z94
    |--S. atrovirens G04
    |--S. brachypoda LK14
    |--S. calyxhymenia KM08
    |--S. carpinifolia C55
    |--S. chrysocalyx G04
    |--S. cordata PP07
    |--S. cordifolia M99 [incl. S. africana C55, S. altheifolia C55]
    |--S. corrugata KM08
    |--S. cunninghamii [incl. S. pedunculata] H90
    |--S. diffusa BTA75
    |--S. echinocarpa EF04
    |--S. everistiana Z94
    |--S. fibulifera KM08
    |--S. filiformis EF04
    |--S. goniocarpa Z94
    |--S. hackettiana LK14
    |--S. hookeriana GK00
    |--S. humilis C55
    |--S. intricata Z94
    |--S. juncea C55
    |--S. kingii EF04
    |--S. linifolia [incl. S. linearifolia] C55
    |--S. macropoda LK14
    |--S. maculata S66
    |--S. periplocifolia [=Abutilon periplocifolium] C55
    |--S. petrophila H90
    |--S. phaeotricha [=S. virgata var. phaeotricha; incl. S. cryphiopetala] H90
    |--S. platycalyx M99
    |--S. pleiantha H90
    |--S. procumbens BT72
    |--S. pusilla LK14
    |--S. rhombica B28
    |--S. rhombifolia DP72
    |--S. rohlenae LK14
    |    |--S. r. ssp. rohlenae LK14
    |    `--S. r. ssp. occidentalis LK14
    |--S. spicata Z94
    |--S. spinosa M99
    |--S. stipulata [incl. S. prostrata] C55
    |--S. subcordata LK14
    |--S. subspicata Z94
    |--S. tiagii PP07
    `--S. trichopoda M99

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BT72] Baker, E. W., & D. M. Tuttle. 1972. New species and further notes on the Tetranychoidea mostly from the southwestern United States (Acarina: Tetranychidae and Tenuipalpidae). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 116: 1–37.

[BTA75] Baker, E. W., D. M. Tuttle & M. J. Abbatiello. 1975. The false spider mites of northwestern and north central Mexico (Acarina: Tenuipalpidae). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 194: 1–23.

[B28] Betrem, J. G. 1928. Monographie der Indo-Australischen Scoliiden mit zoogeographischen Betrachtungen. H. Veenman & Zonen: Wageningen.

[C55] Candolle, A. de. 1855. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 2. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[DP72] Deighton, F. C., & K. A. Pirozynski. 1972. Microfungi. V. More hyperparasitic hyphomycetes. Mycological Papers 128: 1–110.

[EF04] Etten, E. J. B. van, & J. E. D. Fox. 2004. Vegetation classification and ordination of the central Hamersley Ranges, Western Australia. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 87 (2): 63–79.

[G04] Gibson, N. 2004. Flora and vegetation of the Eastern Goldfields Ranges: part 6. Mt Manning Range. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 87 (2): 35–47.

[GK00] Gibson, N., & G. J. Keighery. 2000. Flora and vegetation of the Byenup-Muir reserve system, south-west Western Australia. CALMScience 3 (3): 323–402.

[H90] Harden, G. J. (ed.) 1990. Flora of New South Wales vol. 1. New South Wales University Press.

[KM08] Keighery, G. J., & W. Muir. 2008. Vegetation and vascular flora of Faure Island, Shark Bay, Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 75: 11–19.

[LK14] Lyons, M. N., G. J. Keighery, L. A. Gibson & T. Handasyde. 2014. Flora and vegetation communities of selected islands off the Kimberley coast of Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 81: 205–244.

[M99] Matthews, M. 1999. Heliothine Moths of Australia: A guide to bollworms and related noctuid groups. CSIRO Publishing.

[PP07] Pandey, R. P., & P. M. Padhye. 2007. Studies on phytodiversity of Arid Machia Safari Park-Kailana in Jodhpur (Rajasthan). Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 49: 15–78.

[S66] Sclater, P. L. 1866. On the birds in the vicinity of Lima, Peru. With notes on their habits, by Prof. W. Nation, of Lima, C. M. Z. S. (Part I.) Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 96–100.

[Z94] Zimmerman, E. C. 1994. Australian Weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea) vol. 2. Brentidae, Eurhynchidae, Apionidae and a chapter on immature stages by Brenda May. CSIRO Australia.

Last updated: 25 July 2021.

Eumalvoideae

Monarch rosemallow Hibiscus radiatus, copyright Prenn.

Belongs within: Malvoideae.
Contains: Malveae, Gossypium.

The Eumalvoideae are a clade of flowering plants corresponding to the 'Malvaceae' in the strict sense, excluding taxa previously classified in the Bombacaceae, Sterculiaceae or Tiliaceae. The name was used by Baum et al. (2004) to refer to the smallest clade including the type species of the tribes Malveae, Gossypieae and Hibisceae. Members include Hibiscus, a widespread genus of plants bearing solitary, often showy flowers giving rise to capsular fruits, of which several species are widely cultivated as ornamentals. The Gossypieae are distinguished by the presence of glands producing gossypol, a compound toxic to herbivores. The portia tree Thespesia populnea is common in coastal regions of the Old World tropics and is used as a source of decorative wood.

<==Eumalvoideae BS04
    |--+--Malveae BS04
    |  `--+--Alyogyne BS04
    |     |    |--A. cuneiformis KM08
    |     |    |--A. hakeifolia N91
    |     |    `--A. pinoniana KM08
    |     `--Gossypieae BS04
    |          |--Gossypium BS04
    |          `--+--Hampea BS04
    |             `--Thespesia BS04
    |                  |--T. grandiflora S-CK06
    |                  |--T. lampas P03
    |                  |--T. populnea P88
    |                  |--T. populneoides LK14
    |                  `--T. thespesioides LK14
    `--Hibisceae BS04
         |--+--+--‘Hibiscus’ costatus BS04
         |  |  `--Decaschistia BS04
         |  |       |--D. byrnesii LK14
         |  |       |    |--D. b. ssp. byrnesii LK14
         |  |       |    `--D. b. ssp. lavandulacea LK14
         |  |       `--D. occidentalis LK14
         |  `--+--Malvaviscus arboreus BS04, RA07
         |     `--Pavonia BS04
         |          |--P. calycina LK14
         |          |--P. hastata H90
         |          |--P. multiflora NDA05
         |          |--P. procumbens PP07
         |          |--P. rehmannii CV06
         |          |--P. spinifex NDA05
         |          `--P. zeylanica PP07
         `--Hibiscus Linnaeus 1753 BS04, A61
              |  i. s.: H. austrinus LK14
              |         H. brachysiphonius H90
              |         H. cannabinus M99
              |         H. coatesii LK14
              |         H. denudatus H93
              |         H. dinteri CV06
              |         H. discophorus CV06
              |         H. diversifolius Jacquin 1781-1793 [incl. H. taylorii Buchanan 1870 (n. n.)] A61
              |         H. elatus RM07
              |         H. esculentus PT01
              |         H. fleckii CV06
              |         H. floccosus P88
              |         H. fluvialis LK14
              |         H. fryxellii LK14
              |           |--H. f. var. fryxellii LK14
              |           `--H. f. var. mollis LK14
              |         H. geranioides LK14
              |         H. heterophyllus H90
              |         H. hooglandianus Kosterm. 1960 [=Papuodendron hooglandianum (Kosterm.) Borss. 1966] C81
              |         H. insularis H90
              |         H. kenneallyi LK14
              |         H. krichauffianus H90
              |         H. lampas K72
              |         H. lasiocarpus [incl. H. californicus] H93
              |         H. leptocladus LK14
              |         H. manihot C55
              |         H. marenitensis LK14
              |         H. meraukensis LK14
              |         H. merxmuelleri CV06
              |         H. micranthus PP07
              |         H. minutibracteolus LK14
              |         H. mutabilis BB07
              |         H. papuodendron Kosterm. 1960 [incl. Papuodendron lepidotum White 1946] C81
              |         H. pentaphyllus LK14
              |         H. peralbus LK14
              |         H. pinonianus M99
              |         H. pungens DD73
              |         H. rayii R44
              |         H. reflexus LK14
              |         H. rosa-sinensis BS04
              |         H. sabdariffa M99
              |         H. schizopetalus RA07
              |         H. setulosus LK14
              |         H. splendens [=Abelmoschus splendens] H90
              |         H. stewartii LK14
              |         H. sturtii KM08
              |           |--H. s. var. sturtii H90
              |           `--H. s. var. grandiflorus H90
              |         H. sulfuranthus CV06
              |         H. superbus LK14
              |         H. syriacus BAN98
              |         H. tiliaceus LK14 [=Paritium tiliaceum C55]
              |         H. trionum Linnaeus 1753 A61 [incl. H. vesicarius Cav. 1787 A61, H. trionum var. vesicarius H90]
              `--H. sect. Furcaria S02
                   |--H. aculeatus [incl. H. furcatus] S02
                   `--H. radiatus Cavanilles 1787 S02

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A61] Allan, H. H. 1961. Flora of New Zealand vol. 1. Indigenous Tracheophyta: Psilopsida, Lycopsida, Filicopsida, Gymnospermae, Dicotyledones. R. E. Owen, Government Printer: Wellington (New Zealand).

[BB07] Baishya, A. K., & P. J. Bora. 2007. Cross community ethno-medico botany of Dibru-Saikhowa Biosphere Reserve, Assam. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 49: 121–154.

[BAN98] Baum, D. A., W. S. Anderson & R. Nyffeler. 1998. A durian by any other name: taxonomy and nomenclature of the core Malvales. Harvard Papers in Botany 3 (2): 315–330.

[BS04] Baum, D. A., S. D. Smith, A. Yen, W. S. Alverson, R. Nyffeler, B. A. Whitlock & R. L. Oldham. 2004. Phylogenetic relationships of Malvatheca (Bombacoideae and Malvoideae; Malvaceae sensu lato) as inferred from plastid DNA sequences. American Journal of Botany 91: 1863–1871.

[C55] Candolle, A. de. 1855. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 2. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[CV06] Craven, P., & P. Vorster. 2006. Patterns of plant diversity and endemism in Namibia. Bothalia 36 (2): 175–189.

[C81] Croft, J. R. 1981. Bombacaceae. In: Henty, E. E. (ed.) Handbooks of the Flora of Papua New Guinea vol. 2 pp. 4–18. Melbourne University Press.

[DD73] Deb, D. B., & R. M. Dutta. 1973. Contribution to the flora of Tirap Frontier Division. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 69 (3): 547–573.

[H90] Harden, G. J. (ed.) 1990. Flora of New South Wales vol. 1. New South Wales University Press.

[H93] Hickman, J. C. (ed.) 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press: Berkeley (California).

[KM08] Keighery, G. J., & W. Muir. 2008. Vegetation and vascular flora of Faure Island, Shark Bay, Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 75: 11–19.

[K72] Krishnan, M. 1972. An ecological survey of the larger mammals of peninsular India (continued). Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 69 (2): 297–351.

[LK14] Lyons, M. N., G. J. Keighery, L. A. Gibson & T. Handasyde. 2014. Flora and vegetation communities of selected islands off the Kimberley coast of Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 81: 205–244.

[M99] Matthews, M. 1999. Heliothine Moths of Australia: A guide to bollworms and related noctuid groups. CSIRO Publishing.

[NDA05] Nickrent, D. L., J. P. Der & F. E. Anderson. 2005. Discovery of the photosynthetic relatives of the "Maltese mushroom" Cynomorium. BMC Evolutionary Biology 5: 38.

[N91] Norris, K. R. 1991. General biology. In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers 2^nd ed. vol. 1 pp. 68–108. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[PP07] Pandey, R. P., & P. M. Padhye. 2007. Studies on phytodiversity of Arid Machia Safari Park-Kailana in Jodhpur (Rajasthan). Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 49: 15–78.

[P03] Paul, T. K. 2003. Botanical observations on the Purulia pumped storage hydropower project area, Bagmundi Hills, Purulia district, West Bengal. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 45: 121–142.

[PT01] Pemberton, L. M. S., S.-L. Tsai, P. H. Lovell & P. J. Harris. 2001. Epidermal patterning in seedling roots of eudicotyledons. Annals of Botany 87: 649–654.

[P88] Polunin, I. 1988. Plants and Flowers of Malaysia. Times Editions: Singapore.

[RM07] Ramos, M., & G. J. de Moraes. 2007. Predatory mites associated with Steneotarsonemus spinki (Acari: Tarsonemidae) on rice in Cuba. In: Morales-Malacara, J. B., V. M. Behan-Pelletier, E. Ueckermann, T. M. Pérez, E. G. Estrada-Venegas & M. Badii (eds) Acarology XI: Proceedings of the International Congress pp. 459–462. Instituto de Biología and Faculdad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Sociedad Latinoamericana de Acarología: México.

[R44] Rayment, T. 1944. A critical revision of species in the zonata group of Anthophora by new characters (part I). Dobutu Gaku—Iho 1 (1): 1–33.

[RA07] Rodrigues, J. C. V., D. Achor, E. W. Kitajima, N. L. Nogueira & C. C. Childers. 2007. Plant diseases and injuries associated with Brevipalpus mites. In: Morales-Malacara, J. B., V. M. Behan-Pelletier, E. Ueckermann, T. M. Pérez, E. G. Estrada-Venegas & M. Badii (eds) Acarology XI: Proceedings of the International Congress pp. 381–390. Instituto de Biología and Faculdad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Sociedad Latinoamericana de Acarología: México.

[S02] Sharma, M. 2002. Occurrence of Hibiscus radiatus Cav. (Malvaceae) in Punjab. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 99 (3): 544–545.

[S-CK06] Soto-Centeno, J. A., & A. Kurta. 2006. Diet of two nectarivorous bats, Erophylla sezekorni and Monophyllus redmani (Phyllostomidae), on Puerto Rico. Journal of Mammalogy 87 (1): 19–26.

Last updated: 6 June 2022.

Tilioideae

Small-leaved limes Tilia cordata, copyright Waugsberg.

Belongs within: Malvaceae.

The Tilioideae are a group of trees and shrubs from northern temperate regions and Central America. Species of the genus Tilia, the limes or linden trees, are large, deciduous trees with heart-shaped leaves. A number of species are grown as ornamentals or shade trees, and for their light and easily worked wood. Entelea arborescens, whau, is a small tree with dry, spinose fruit capsules endemic to New Zealand that has historically been included in this group.

Synapomorphies (from the Angiosperm Phylogeny Website): Stachyose, raffinose present; some species with siliceous leaves; petiole bundle annular, with medullary phloem strands and inverted bundles; leaves distichous, horizontally conduplicate; calyx free; androecium free, staminodia and stamens antepetalous, antesepalous sector empty; gynoecium opposite sepals; outer integument 3-4 cells across, inner integument 4-5 cells across, postament present; cotyledons folded; n = 41.

<==Tilioideae [Tiliaceae, Tiliales] BAN98
    |--Althoffia YY22
    |--Asterophorum YY22
    |--Carpodiptera YY22
    |--Vasivaea YY22
    |--Clappertonia ficifolia [=Honckenya ficifolia] P88
    |--Craigia yunnanensis BAN98
    |--Mollia Martius 1824 D24
    |--Etheridgea subglobosa von Ettingshausen 1893 CBH93
    |--Tiliaephyllum dubium Newberry 1895 CBH93
    |--Willisia CBH93
    |--Discoidites borneensis Muller 1970 CBH93
    |--Intratriporopollenites instructus Mai 1961 CBH93
    |--Trichocarpus Schreb. 1789 KC01
    |--Trichospermum Blume 1825 KC01
    |    `--T. pleiostigma B00
    |--Entelea Br. 1814 A61
    |    `--E. arborescens Br. 1824 [incl. Apeiba australis Rich. 1832] A61
    |--Luehea C96
    |    |--L. divaricata C96
    |    |--L. seemannii C96
    |    `--L. speciosa C96
    `--Tilia H03
         |--T. americana H03
         |--T. argentea F63
         |--T. cordata RB05
         |--T. europaea BAN98
         |--T. glabra Ventenat 1800 V00
         |--T. grandifolia C55
         |--T. heterophylla Ventenat 1800 V00
         |--T. miqueliana LO98
         |--T. mycrophylla Ventenat 1800 V00
         |--T. platyphyllos Ventenat 1800 V00
         |    |--T. p. var. platyphyllos V00
         |    `--T. p. var. corralina V00
         |--T. pubescens [incl. T. caroliniana] V00
         |    |--T. p. var. pubescens V00
         |    `--T. p. var. leptophylla Ventenat 1800 V00
         `--T. rotundifolia Ventenat 1800 [incl. T. alba, T. argentea] V00

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A61] Allan, H. H. 1961. Flora of New Zealand vol. 1. Indigenous Tracheophyta: Psilopsida, Lycopsida, Filicopsida, Gymnospermae, Dicotyledones. R. E. Owen, Government Printer: Wellington (New Zealand).

[BAN98] Baum, D. A., W. S. Anderson & R. Nyffeler. 1998. A durian by any other name: taxonomy and nomenclature of the core Malvales. Harvard Papers in Botany 3 (2): 315–330.

[B00] Braby, M. F. 2000. Butterflies of Australia: their identification, biology and distribution vol. 2. CSIRO Publishing: Collingwood (Victoria).

[C55] Candolle, A. de. 1855. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 2. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[C96] Clark, W. E. 1996. New species in the Anthonomus salvini group (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Anthonomini). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 98 (2): 267–273.

[CBH93] Collinson, M. E., M. C. Boulter & P. L. Holmes. 1993. Magnoliophyta (‘Angiospermae’). In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 809–841. Chapman & Hall: London.

[D24] Dixon, H. N. 1924. The Student's Handbook of British Mosses 3^rd ed. V. V. Sumfield: Eastbourne.

[F63] Farkas, H. K. 1963. On the eriophyids from Hungary. IV. The description of new species (Acari, Eriophyidae). Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 9 (3–4): 237–270.

[H03] Healy, R. A. 2003. Mattirolomyces tiffanyae, a new truffle from Iowa, with ultrastructural evidence for its classification in the Pezizaceae. Mycologia 95 (4): 765–772.

[KC01] Kirk, P. M., P. F. Cannon, J. C. David & J. A. Stalpers. 2001. Ainsworth & Bisby's Dictionary of the Fungi 9^th ed. CAB International: Wallingford (UK).

[LO98] Lack, H. W., & H. Ohba. 1998. Die Xylothek des Chikusai Kato. Willdenowia 28: 263–276.

[P88] Polunin, I. 1988. Plants and Flowers of Malaysia. Times Editions: Singapore.

[RB05] Ruczyński, I., & W. Bogdanowicz. 2005. Roost cavity selection by Nyctalus noctula and N. leisleri (Vespertilionidae, Chiroptera) in Białowieża Primeval Forest, eastern Poland. Journal of Mammalogy 86 (5): 921–930.

[V00] Ventenat, C. 1800. Extrait d'une monographie du genre tilleul. Bulletin des Sciences, par la Societé Philomathique de Paris 2 (35): 83–84.

[YY22] Yampolsky, C., & H. Yampolsky. 1922. Distribution of sex forms in the phanerogamic flora. Bibliotheca Genetica 3: 1–62.

Last updated: 25 July 2021.

Cistaceae

Sage-leaved rock rose Cistus salvifolius, copyright Sten Porse.

Belongs within: Malvales.

The Cistaceae, rock roses, are a group of aromatic shrubs that are most diverse in the Mediterranean region with species also present in North and South America. In the last region they are represented by a single genus, Pakaraimaea, that was until recently classified with the Dipterocarpaceae. A number of species of the genera Helianthemum and Cistus are widely cultivated as ornamentals.

Characters (from the Angiosperm Phylogeny Website): Herbs to shrubs; root hairs absent; phloem not stratified; nodes 1:1; petiole bundles arcuate; cuticle waxes absent; hairs glandular, or simple, clustered, or stellate, each cell with a basal internal compartment; leaves usually opposite (occasionally spiral), lamina venation more or less conduplicate-curved, margin toothed, secondary veins pinnate or palmate, stipules present or absent; calyx and corolla more or less opposite, sepals 5, 2 outer smaller than others, petals crumpled in bud; anthers (3-)many and centrifugal; pollen often starchy; gynoecium opposite petals or median member abaxial, placentation usually parietal (occasionally axile), style hollow, stigmas small to capitate and/or lobed, dry, with multicellular multiseriate papillae; ovules (1-)2-many/carpel, straight, outer integument ca 2 cells across, inner integument 2-4 cells across, parietal tissue ca 2 cells across, nucellar cap ca 2 cells across, hypostase present; testa often mucilaginous; embryo more or less strongly curved, long, cotyledons thin, curved or folded, radicle short, stout.

<==Cistaceae
    |--Tuberaria guttata [=Helianthemum guttatum] H93
    |--Pakaraimaea [Pakaramaeoideae] APG16
    |--Cistinocarpum roemeri Conwentz 1886 CBH93
    |--Cistacearumpollenites Konzalova 1976 CBH93
    |--Fumana PL04
    |    |--F. arabica (Linnaeus) Spach 1836 PL04
    |    |--F. procumbens H91
    |    `--F. thymifolia PT98
    |--Helianthemum WM09
    |    |--H. canum H91
    |    |--H. grandiflorum WM09
    |    |--H. greenei H93
    |    |--H. nummularium S96
    |    |--H. ovatum S96
    |    |--H. salicifolium PT98
    |    |--H. scoparium [incl. H. suffrutescens] H93
    |    `--H. stipulatum HG84
    `--Cistus SA04
         |--C. albidus C74
         |--C. creticus H93 [=C. incanus ssp. creticus (Linnaeus) Heywood 1968 PL04; incl. C. villosus H93]
         |--C. incanus Linnaeus 1753 PL04
         |--C. ladanifer [=C. ladaniferus (l. c.)] H93
         |--C. laurifolius JK80
         |--C. monspeliensis C74
         |--C. parviflorus PT98
         |--C. revolii NDA05
         `--C. salvifolius Linnaeus 1753 PL04

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[APG16] Angiosperm Phylogeny Group. 2016. An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 181: 1–20.

[C74] Coineau, Y. 1974. Éléments pour une monographie morphologique, écologique et biologique des Caeculidae (Acariens). Mémoires du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, nouvelle série, Série A, Zoologie 81: 1–299, 24 pls.

[CBH93] Collinson, M. E., M. C. Boulter & P. L. Holmes. 1993. Magnoliophyta (‘Angiospermae’). In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 809–841. Chapman & Hall: London.

[HG84] Heller, J., & M. Gadot. 1984. Shell polymorphism of Theba pisana—the effects of rodent distribution. Malacologia 25 (2): 349–354.

[H93] Hickman, J. C. (ed.) 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press: Berkeley (California).

[H91] Hubálek, Z. 1991. Biogeographic indication of natural foci of tick-borne infections. In: Dusbábek, F., & V. Bukva (eds) Modern Acarology: Proceedings of the VIII International Congress of Acarology, held in České Budĕjovice, Czechoslovakia, 6–11 August 1990 vol. 1 pp. 255–260. SPB Academic Publishing: The Hague.

[JK80] John, J., & K.-P. Kolbe. 1980. The systematic position of the “Theales” from the viewpoint of serology. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 8: 241–248.

[NDA05] Nickrent, D. L., J. P. Der & F. E. Anderson. 2005. Discovery of the photosynthetic relatives of the "Maltese mushroom" Cynomorium. BMC Evolutionary Biology 5: 38.

[PT98] Panitsa, M., & D. Tzanoudakis. 1998. Contribution to the study of the Greek flora: flora and vegetation of the E Aegean islands Agathonisi and Pharmakonisi. Willdenowia 28: 95–116.

[PL04] Pohl, G., & I. Lenski. 2004. Zur Verbreitung und Vergesellschaftung von Pennisetum orientale Rich. in Nordeuböa (Griechenland) (Poaceae, Paniceae). Senckenbergiana Biologica 83 (2): 209–223.

[S96] Schatz, H. 1996. Oribatid mites (Oribatida) in alpine dry meadows (Austria, central Alps). In: Mitchell, R., D. J. Horn, G. R. Needham & W. C. Welbourn (eds) Acarology IX vol. 1. Proceedings pp. 633–635. Ohio Biological Survey: Columbus (Ohio).

[SA04] Serrano, A. R. M., & C. A. S. Aguiar. 2004. Three new species of the genus Geocharis Ehlers, 1883 from Portugal (Coleoptera, Carabidae). Graellsia 60 (1): 71–80.

[WM09] Wang, H., M. J. Moore, P. S. Soltis, C. D. Bell, S. F. Brockington, R. Alexandre, C. C. Davis, M. Latvis, S. R. Manchester & D. E. Soltis. 2009. Rosid radiation and the rapid rise of angiosperm-dominated forests. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 106 (10): 3853–3858.

Last updated: 20 July 2021.