Neomiodontidae

Neomiodon sp., from Vullo et al. (2014). Scale bar = 5 mm.

Belongs within: Heterodonta.

The Neomiodontidae are a Late Jurassic to Cretaceous group of clams that inhabited fresh and brackish waters.

<==Neomiodontidae KC02
    |--Myrene tetoriensis KC02
    |--Musculiopsis G88
    |--Eomiodon SB93
    |    |--E. lunulatus (Yokoyama 1904) SB93
    |    `--E. matsubasensis Tamura 1977 SB93
    `--Neomiodon Fischon 1887 ZZ88
         |--N. brongniati ZZ88
         |--N. guyangensis ZZ88
         |--N. latoovatus ZZ88
         |    |--N. l. latoovatus ZZ88
         |    `--N. l. caudatus ZZ88
         |--N. liaoningensis [=Corbicula (Mesocorbicula) liaoningensis, Neomiodonoides liaoningensis] ZZ88
         |--N. pararotundus Zhu 1976 ZZ88
         |--N. rotundus (Martinson 1961) [=Limnocyrena rotunda] ZZ88
         |--N. sinensis ZZ88
         |--N. sublaevis ZZ88
         |--N. volselliformis Zhu 1980 ZZ88
         `--N. yumenensis ZZ88

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[G88] Gray, J. 1988. Evolution of the freshwater ecosystem: the fossil record. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 62: 1–214.

[KC02] Komatsu, T., K. Chinzei, M. S. Zakhera & H. Matsuoka. 2002. Jurassic soft-bottom oyster Crassostrea from Japan. Palaeontology 45 (6): 1037–1048.

[SB93] Skelton, P. W., & M. J. Benton. 1993. Mollusca: Rostroconchia, Scaphopoda and Bivalvia. In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 237–263. Chapman & Hall: London.

[ZZ88] Zhu G.-X. & Zhou Y.-Z. 1988. Fresh-water molluscan fauna across Jurassic-Cretaceous boundary in southeast Jilin. Acta Palaeontologica Sinica 27 (6): 713–721.

Pandoroidea

Lateral view of each valve of Pandora inaequivalvis, from Doğan et al. (2007).

Belongs within: Pholadomyoida.

The Pandoroidea are a group of sedentary or burrowing bivalves with a thin, inequivalve, somewhat elongate or gaping shell.

Pandoroidea [Pandoracea] GW02
    |--Laternulidae H96
    |    |--Cercomya [Cercomyidae] SB93
    |    |    `--C. (Cercomya) praecursor SB93
    |    `--Laternula KC11 [Laternulidae H96]
    |         |--L. anatina (Linnaeus 1758) XZ10
    |         |--L. boschasina (Reeve 1863) XZ10
    |         |--L. elliptica KC11
    |         |--L. limicola GW02
    |         |--L. marilina (Valenciennes in Reeve 1864) TW07
    |         |--L. subrostrata (Lamarck 1818) BD86
    |         `--L. truncata GW02
    |--Lyonsiidae GW02
    |    |--Ostomya [incl. Guianadesma Morrison 1943] G88
    |    |--Mytilimeria nuttalli JB12, C64
    |    |--Entodesma PP78
    |    |    |--E. cuneata M96
    |    |    |--E. inflata [incl. E. diaphana Cpr. 1855] C64
    |    |    |--E. (Phlycticoncha) lucasanum (Bartsch & Rehder 1939) PP78
    |    |    `--E. saxicola [=Lyonsia saxicola; incl. E. cylindracea] C64
    |    `--Lyonsia GW02
    |         |--L. arenosa N79
    |         |--L. californica [incl. L. bracteata, Osteodesma (Lyonsia) bracteatum, L. nitida, O. nitidum] C64
    |         |--L. (Pandorina) flabellata Gould 1861 C64
    |         |--L. floridana Conrad 1848 [incl. Osteodesma hyalina (preoc.)] C64
    |         |--L. fretalis Dall 1915 GO78
    |         |--L. hyalina Conrad 1848 M06
    |         |--L. inflata [incl. L. diaphana] C64
    |         |--L. navicula C64
    |         |--L. norvegica N79
    |         |--L. picta C64
    |         |--L. subplicata (d’Orbigny 1850) SB93
    |         `--L. ventricosa Gould 1861 GW02, C64
    `--Pandoridae GW02
         |--Frenamya elongatus (Carpenter 1846) TW07
         |--Kennerlia Carpenter 1864 C64
         |    |--K. bicarinata Carpenter 1864 C64
         |    `--K. filosa Carpenter 1864 C64
         |--Clidiophora Carpenter 1864 C64
         |    |--*C. claviculata [=Pandora claviculata; incl. P. cornuta] C64
         |    |--C. punctata [=Pandora punctata] C64
         |    `--C. trilineata C64
         `--Pandora GW02
              |  i. s.: P. arenosa GW02
              |         P. bilirata C64
              |         P. dilatata Deshayes 1858 SB93
              |         P. obtusa N79
              |         P. pinna PC11
              |         P. rostrata PP64
              |--P. (Pandora) PP78
              |    |--P. (P.) inaequivalvis G20, M96 [=Mya (P.) inequivalvis G20]
              |    `--P. (P.) uncifera Pilsbry & Lowe 1932 PP78
              `--P. (Pandorella) PP78
                   |--P. (P.) cornuta Adams 1852 PP78
                   `--P. (P.) granulata Dall 1915 PP78

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BD86] Barash, A., & Z. Danin. 1986. Further additions to the knowledge of Indo-Pacific Mollusca in the Mediterranean Sea (Lessepsian migrants). Spixiana 9 (2): 117–141.

[C64] Carpenter, P. P. 1864. Supplementary report on the present state of our knowledge with regard to the Mollusca of the west coast of North America. Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science 33: 517–686.

[GO78] Gallardo S., C., & C. Osorio R. 1978. Hiatella solida (Sowerby, 1834) (Mollusca: Hiatellidae) on Concholepas concholepas (Bruguière, 1789) and other substrates. Veliger 20 (3): 274–278.

[GW02] Giribet, G., & W. Wheeler. 2002. On bivalve phylogeny: a high-level analysis of the Bivalvia (Mollusca) based on combined morphology and DNA sequence data. Invertebrate Biology 121 (4): 271–324.

[G20] Goldfuss, G. A. 1820. Handbuch der Naturgeschichte vol. 3. Handbuch der Zoologie pt 1. Johann Leonhard Schrag: Nürnberg.

[G88] Gray, J. 1988. Evolution of the freshwater ecosystem: the fossil record. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 62: 1–214.

[H96] Healy, J. M. 1996. Molluscan sperm ultrastructure: correlation with taxonomic units within the Gastropoda, Cephalopoda and Bivalvia. In: Taylor, J. D. (ed.) Origin and Evolutionary Radiation of the Mollusca pp. 99–113. Oxford University Press: Oxford.

[JB12] Johnson, M. E., & B. G. Baarli. 2012. Development of intertidal biotas through Phanerozoic time. In: Talent, J. A. (ed.) Earth and Life: Global biodiversity, extinction intervals and biogeographic perturbations through time pp. 63–128. Springer.

[KC11] Kocot, K. M., J. T. Cannon, C. Todt, M. R. Citarella, A. B. Kohn, A. Meyer, S. R. Santos, C. Schander, L. L. Moroz, B. Lieb & K. M. Halanych. 2011. Phylogenomics reveals deep molluscan relationships. Nature 477: 452–456.

[M96] Morton, B. 1996. The evolutionary history of the Bivalvia. In: Taylor, J. D. (ed.) Origin and Evolutionary Radiation of the Mollusca pp. 337–359. Oxford University Press: Oxford.

[M06] Morton, B. 2006. The functional morphology of Penicillus philippinensis (Anomalodesmata: Clavagelloidea: Penicillidae) and the evolution of an unique muscular system in the Bivalvia. Records of the Western Australian Museum 23 (2): 175–192.

[N79] Norman, A. M. 1879. The Mollusca of the fiords near Bergen, Norway. Journal of Conchology 2: 8–77.

[PP64] Peres, J. M., & J. Picard. 1964. Nouveau manuel de bionomie benthique de la mer Mediterranee. Recueil des Travaux de la Station Marine d'Endoume, Bulletin 31 (27): 5–137.

[PC11] Plazzi, F., A. Ceregato, M. Taviani & M. Passamonti. 2011. A molecular phylogeny of bivalve mollusks: ancient radiations and divergences as revealed by mitochondrial genes. PLoS One 6 (11): e27147.

[PP78] Poorman, F. L., & L. H. Poorman. 1978. Additional molluscan records from Bahía de Los Angeles, Baja California Norte. Veliger 20 (4): 369–374.

[SB93] Skelton, P. W., & M. J. Benton. 1993. Mollusca: Rostroconchia, Scaphopoda and Bivalvia. In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 237–263. Chapman & Hall: London.

[TW07] Taylor, J. D., S. T. Williams, E. A. Glover & P. Dyal. 2007. A molecular phylogeny of heterodont bivalves (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Heterodonta): new analyses of 18S and 28S rRNA genes. Zoologica Scripta 36 (6): 587–606.

[XZ10] Xu, F., & J. Zhang. 2010. Study on the bivalve faunal composition of the Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea. In: China-Russia Bilateral Symposium: Proceedings of the China-Russia Bilateral Symposium of "Comparison on Marine Biodiversity in the Northwest Pacific Ocean", 10–11 October 2010, Qingdao (China) pp. 7–12. Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; A. V. Zhirmunsky Institute of Marine Biology, Far East Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

Dreissenidae

Congeria subglobosa, copyright Naturhistorisches Museum Wien.

Belongs within: Neoheterodontei.

The Dreissenidae are a group of mussel-like bivalves found living in estuarine habitats.

Characters (from Pilsbry & Bequaert 1927): Shell mytiliform with anterior, nearly or quite terminal beaks, without a nacreous layer within. Small septum (myophore of anterior adductor) across beak cavity. Ligament immersed. Posterior adductor scar very long. Mantle margins concrescent, leaving only siphonal and small pedal openings. Byssiferous.

Dreissenidae [Dreissenacea, Dreissenoidea]
    |--Dreissenomya schroeckingeri TW07
    |--Sinucongeria TW07
    |--Mytilopsis Conrad 1857 [=Mytiloides (l. c.) non Brongniart 1822] PB27
    |    |--*M. leucophaeatus Conrad 1857 [=Dreissena leucophaeata, Mytiloides leucophaetus] PB27
    |    |--M. cira Pilsbry & Olsson 1935 G88
    |    |--M. sallei HJ08
    |    `--‘Dreissena’ scripta [=Mytiloides scriptus] PB27
    |--Dreissena Van Beneden 1835 PB27 (see below for synonymy)
    |    |--*D. polymorpha (Pallas 1771) PB27, M12 (see below for synonymy)
    |    |--D. bugensis Andrusov 1897 SS97
    |    |--‘Dreissensia’ caspia Eichw. 1855 S01
    |    |--D. rostriformis KC11
    |    |--D. sallei [=Mytilus sallei] C64
    |    `--D. stankovici PC11
    `--Congeria Partsch 1836 BV86 [incl. Enocephalus v. Münster 1831 (n. n.) PB27, Praxis Adams & Adams 1857 PB27]
         |--*C. subglobosa Partsch 1836 PB27
         |--C. africana (Van Beneden 1835) [=Dreissena africana, *Praxis africana] PB27
         |--‘Mytilus’ cochleatus Kickx in Nyst 1835 PB27
         |--C. cyanea (Van Beneden 1837) [=Dreissena cyanea] PB27
         |--C. gibberosa (Preston 1909) [=Dreissensia gibberosa] PB27
         |--C. holmi (d’Ailly 1896) [=Dreissensia holmi] PB27
         |--C. kusceri Bole 1962 BV86
         |--C. lacustris (Morelet 1860) [=Dreissena lacustris, Dreissensia lacustris] PB27
         |--C. lunata Hedley 1902 H09
         `--C. ornata (Morelet 1885) [=Dreissensia ornata; incl. D. bananaensis Preston 1909] PB27

Nomina nuda: Enocephalus carditaeformis von Münster 1831 PB27
             Enocephalus mytiloides von Münster 1831 PB27

Dreissena Van Beneden 1835 PB27 [=Dreissensia PB27, Mytilina Cantraine 1837 non Bory de St Vincent 1826 PB27, Mytilomya Cantraine in Bronn 1838 PB27; incl. Tichogonia Rossmäsler 1835 G40]

*Dreissena polymorpha (Pallas 1771) PB27, M12 [=Mytilus polymorphus PB27, *Mytilina polymorpha PB27, *Mytilomya polymorpha PB27; incl. Mytilus arca G40, Mytilus chemnitzii G40, Tichogonia chemnitzii G40, Mytilus hagenii G40, Mytilus lineatus G40, Mytilus toreyi G40, Mytilus volgae G40, Mytilus volgensis G40]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BV86] Bole, J., & F. Velkovrh. 1986. Mollusca from continental subterranean aquatic habitats. In: Botosaneanu, L. (ed.) Stygofauna Mundi: A Faunistic, Distributional, and Ecological Synthesis of the World Fauna inhabiting Subterranean Waters (including the Marine Interstitial) pp. 177–208. E. J. Brill/Dr W. Backhuys: Leiden.

[C64] Carpenter, P. P. 1864. Supplementary report on the present state of our knowledge with regard to the Mollusca of the west coast of North America. Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science 33: 517–686.

[G40] Gray, J. E. 1840. A Manual of the Land and Fresh-water Shells of the British Islands, with figures of each of the kinds. By William Turton, M.D. A new edition, thoroughly revised and much enlarged. Longman, Orme, Brown, Green, and Longmans: London.

[G88] Gray, J. 1988. Evolution of the freshwater ecosystem: the fossil record. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 62: 1–214.

[H09] Hedley, C. 1909. The Marine Fauna of Queensland: Address by the President of Section D. Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science: Brisbane.

[HJ08] Huisman, J. M., D. S. Jones, F. E. Wells & T. Burton. 2008. Introduced marine biota in Western Australian waters. Records of the Western Australian Museum 25 (1): 1–44.

[KC11] Kocot, K. M., J. T. Cannon, C. Todt, M. R. Citarella, A. B. Kohn, A. Meyer, S. R. Santos, C. Schander, L. L. Moroz, B. Lieb & K. M. Halanych. 2011. Phylogenomics reveals deep molluscan relationships. Nature 477: 452–456.

[M12] Morton, B. 2012. The biology and functional morphology of Nucula pusilla (Bivalvia: Protobranchia: Nuculidae) from Western Australia, Australia: primitive or miniature simplicity? Records of the Western Australian Museum 27 (2): 85–100.

[PC11] Plazzi, F., A. Ceregato, M. Taviani & M. Passamonti. 2011. A molecular phylogeny of bivalve mollusks: ancient radiations and divergences as revealed by mitochondrial genes. PLoS One 6 (11): e27147.

[SS97] Schloesser, D. W., R. D. Smithee, G. D. Longton & W. P. Kovalak. 1997. Zebra mussel induced mortality of unionids in firm substrata of western Lake Erie and a habitat for survival. American Malacological Bulletin 14 (1): 67–74.

[S01] Sturany, R. 1901. Csigák és kagylók [Mollusken]. In: Horváth, G. (ed.) Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazása [Dritte Asiatische Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] vol. 2. Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazásának Állattani Eredményei [Zoologische Ergebnisse der Dritten Asiatischen Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] pp. 69–74. Victor Hornyánszky: Budapest, and Karl W. Hierseman: Leipzig.

[TW07] Taylor, J. D., S. T. Williams, E. A. Glover & P. Dyal. 2007. A molecular phylogeny of heterodont bivalves (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Heterodonta): new analyses of 18S and 28S rRNA genes. Zoologica Scripta 36 (6): 587–606.

Neritidae

Neritoplica trochispira, from Bandel & Kiel (2003).

Belongs within: Neritoidea.
Contains: Nerita.

The Neritidae are marine gastropods characterised by a shell with dissolved inner whorls and radula with large, smooth, mineralised lateral teeth with a cutting and scraping edge (Bandel 2001).

Neritidae [Neritae, Neritinia]
    |--Velates Montfort 1810 [Velatinae] BR05
    |    |--V. schmiedelianus Chemnitz 1886 B01 (see below for synonymy)
    |    |--V. balkanicus Bontscheff 1897 B01
    |    |--V. californicus Vokes 1935 B01
    |    |--V. noetlingi Cossmann & Pisarro 1909 B01
    |    |--V. perversus (Gmelin 1791) KC60 [=Nerita perversa B01]
    |    `--V. vizcainoensis Cushing-Woods & Saul 1986 B01
    |--Smaragdiinae [Smaragdiidae, Smaragdinae] BR05
    |    |--Tanzaniella Lupu 1979 B01
    |    |    `--*T. souverbiana (Montrozier 1883) B01 (see below for synonymy)
    |    |--Neodesmieria Magne & Vergneau-Saubade 1974 B01
    |    |    `--*N. sanctistephani (Cossmann & Peyrot 1917) [=Nerita sanctistephani] B01
    |    |--Magadis Melvill & Standen 1899 KC60
    |    |    `--*M. eumerintha Melvill & Standen 1899 KC60
    |    `--Smaragdia Issel 1869 BR05 [=Gaillardotia Bourguignat 1877 KC60]
    |         |  i. s.: ‘Neritina’ expansa Reuss 1856 B01
    |         |--*S. (Smaragdia) viridis (Linnaeus 1758) B01 [=Nerita viridis KC60, *Gaillardotia viridis KC60]
    |         |    |--S. v. viridis WE63
    |         |    `--S. v. viridemaris WE63
    |         |--S. (Smaragdella Baker 1923) KC60
    |         |    `--S. (*S.) hellvillensis (Crosse 1881) [=Neritina hellvillensis] KC60
    |         `--S. (Smaragdista Iredale 1936) KC60
    |              `--S. (*S.) tragena (Iredale 1936) [=*Smaragdista tragena] KC60
    `--Neritinae [Protoneritidae] BR05
         |--Nerita BR05
         |--Protonerita Kittl 1894 BR05
         |    `--*P. calcitica Kittl 1894 BR17 [=Neritaria calcitica TE01]
         |--Semineritina Cossmann 1925 [=Seminerita Wenz 1938] B01
         |    `--*S. mammaria (Lamarck 1804) B01 [=Nerita mammaria KC60]
         |--Bathynerita Clarke 1989 B01
         |    `--*B. naticoidea Clarke 1989 B01
         |--Cryptonerita Kittl 1894 [=Cryptonatica (l. c.) non Dall 1892] KC60
         |    `--*C. elliptica Kittle 1894 KC60
         |--Trochonerita Cossmann 1907 KC60
         |    `--*T. mammaeformis (d’Orbigny 1850) [=Nerita mammaeformis] KC60
         |--Tournouerella Munier-Chalmas 1887 [=Tournoueria Munier-Chalmas 1884 non Brusina 1870] KC60
         |    `--*T. matheroni (Munier-Chalmas 1884) [=*Tournoueria matheroni] KC60
         |--Trachynerita Kittl 1894 B01
         |    |--*T. fornoensis Kittl 1894 TE01
         |    |--T. depressa KC60
         |    `--T. quadrata (Stoppani 1858) [=Turbo quadrata] KC60
         |--Mesoneritina Yen 1946 B01
         |    |--*M. nebrascensis (Meek & Hayden 1862) B01 [=Neritella nebrascensis BK03]
         |    |--M. ajkaensis Bandel & Kiel 2003 BK03
         |    |--M. liasina G88
         |    |--M. morrisonensis G88
         |    `--M. subhercynica (Mertin 1939) BK03
         |--Neritoma Morris 1849 KC60
         |    |  i. s.: N. nuda B01
         |    |         N. woodfordi Allison 1955 B01
         |    |--*N. (Neritoma) sinuosa (Sowerby 1818) B01 [=Nerita sinuosa KC60]
         |    `--N. (Staffinia Anderson & Cox 1948) KC60
         |         `--N. (*S.) staffinensis (Forbes 1851) [=Neritina staffinensis] KC60
         |--Lyosoma White 1880 KC60, B01
         |    |--*L. powelli White 1876 B01
         |    |--‘Nerita’ costifera B01
         |    |--‘Nerita’ costulata Deshayes 1838 B01
         |    |--‘Nerita’ pseudocostata Orbigny 1849 B01
         |    `--‘Nerita’ subrugosa Hudleston 1894 B01
         |--Puperita Gray 1857 B01
         |    |--*P. pupa (Linné 1767) B01 [=Nerita pupa KC60, Neritina pupa B01]
         |    |--P. bensoni (Récluz 1850) B01
         |    |--P. japonica B01
         |    |--P. tristis (Orbigny 1842) B01
         |    `--P. vincta Usticke 1969 BC01
         `--Neritoplica Oppenheim 1892 KC60 [incl. Bajanerita Squires 1993 BK03]
              |--*N. uniplicata (Sowerby 1823) BK03 (see below for synonymy)
              |--N. dockeryi Bandel & Kiel 2003 BK03
              |--N. loganensis (Erickson 1974) [=Neritina loganensis] BK03
              |--N. matheroni Oppenheim 1895 BK03
              |--N. oppenheimi Bandel & Kiel 2003 BK03
              |--N. pisum (Meek 1873) BK03
              |--N. subornata (Orbigny 1850) B01
              `--N. trochispira Bandel & Kiel 2003 BK03

Neritidae incertae sedis:
  Agapilia Harzhauser & Kowalke 2001 GK02, B01
    `--*A. picta (Férussac 1825) [=Nerita picta, Neritina picta] B01
  Tomostoma Deshayes 1823 B01 [incl. Calana Gray 1847 KC60]
    |--*T. neritoides (Deshayes 1823) B01 [=Pileolus neritoides KC60]
    `--T. dudariensis (Strausz 1966) [=Pileolus (Tomostoma) dudariensis] B01
  Neritoptyx Oppenheim 1892 BK03
    |--*N. goldfussi (Keferstein 1829) [=Nerita goldfussi, Neritopsis goldfussi] BK03
    |--N. renauxiana (d’Orbigny 1842) BK03
    `--N. reticulirata (Dockery 1993) [=Nerita reticulirata] BK03
  Schwardtina Bandel & Riedel 1994 BK03
    `--*S. cretacea (Tausch 1886) [=Helix cretacea] B01

*Neritoplica uniplicata (Sowerby 1823) BK03 [=Neritina uniplicata BK03; incl. Nerita globosa Ferussac 1823 KC60, Neritina globulus Deshayes 1824 BK03, Neritoplica globulus B01]

*Tanzaniella souverbiana (Montrozier 1883) B01 [=Neritina souverbiana B01; incl. N. (Vitta) pulcherrima Angas 1871 PB27]

Velates schmiedelianus Chemnitz 1886 B01 [=Neritina schmiedeliana B01; incl. *V. conoideus Montfort 1810 BR17, N. conoidea B01]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B01] Bandel, K. 2001. The history of Theodoxus and Neritina connected with description and systematic evaluation of related Neritimorpha (Gastropoda). Mitteilungen des Geologisch-Paläontologischen Institutes der Universität Hamburg 85: 65–164.

[BK03] Bandel, K., & S. Kiel. 2003. Relationships of Cretaceous Neritimorpha (Gastropoda, Mollusca), with the description of seven new species. Bulletin of the Czech Geological Survey 78 (1): 53–65.

[BR05] Bouchet, P., & J.-P. Rocroi. 2005. Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families. Malacologia 47 (1–2): 1–397.

[BR17] Bouchet, P., J.-P. Rocroi, B. Hausdorf, A. Kaim, Y. Kano, A. Nützel, P. Parkhaev, M. Schrödl & E. E. Strong. 2017. Revised classification, nomenclator and typification of gastropod and monoplacophoran families. Malacologia 61 (1–2): 1–526.

[BC01] Boyko, C. B., & J. R. Cordeiro. 2001. Catalog of Recent type specimens in the Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History. V. Mollusca, part 2 (class Gastropoda [exclusive of Opisthobranchia and Pulmonata], with supplements to Gastropoda [Opisthobranchia], and Bivalvia). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 262: 1–170.

[G88] Gray, J. 1988. Evolution of the freshwater ecosystem: the fossil record. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 62: 1–214.

[GK02] Gründel, J., & T. Kowalke. 2002. Palaeorissoinidae, a new family of marine and brackish water Rissooidea (Gastropoda, Littorinimorpha). Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie Abhandlungen 226 (1): 43–57.

[KC60] Knight, J. B., L. R. Cox, A. M. Keen, R. L. Batten, E. L. Yochelson & R. Robertson. 1960. Gastropoda: systematic descriptions. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt I. Mollusca 1: Mollusca—General Features, Scaphopoda, Amphineura, Monoplacophora, Gastropoda—General Features, Archaeogastropoda and some (mainly Paleozoic) Caenogastropoda and Opisthobranchia pp. I169–I331. Geological Society of America, and University of Kansas Press.

[PB27] Pilsbry, H. A., & J. Bequaert. 1927. The aquatic mollusks of the Belgian Congo, with a geographical and ecological account of Congo malacology. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 53 (2): 69–602, pls 10–77.

[TE01] Tong, J., & D. H. Erwin. 2001. Triassic gastropods of the southern Qinling Mountains, China. Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology 92: 1–47.

[WE63] Warmke, G. L., & D. S. Erdman. 1963. Records of marine mollusks eaten by bonefish in Puerto Rican waters. Nautilus 76 (4): 115–120.

Hydrobiinae

Laver spire shells Hydrobia ulvae, copyright G.-U. Tolkiehn.

Belongs within: Truncatelloidea.

The Hydrobiinae are a group of minute snails that are mostly found in brackish or marginal marine environments around the North Atlantic.

See also: The Hydrobiinae: North Atlantic mud-snails.

<==Hydrobiinae
    |--Pyrgorientalia Radoman 1973 [Pyrgorientaliinae] BR05
    |    `--*P. zilchi (Schütt 1964) [=Chilopyrgula zilchi] BR17
    |--Pseudocaspia Starobogatov 1972 [Pseudocaspiidae] BR05
    |    |--*P. issykkulensis (Clessin 1894) [=Caspia issykkulensis] BR17
    |    |--P. kainarensis Starobogatov 1972 BV86
    |    |--P. ljovuschkini Starobogatov 1972 BV86
    |    `--P. starostini Starobogatov 1972 BV86
    `--Hydrobia Hartmann 1821 BR05
         |--*H. acuta (Draparnaud 1805) KC60 (see below for synonymy)
         |--H. accrensis Connolly 1929 V07
         |--H. ameghini O05
         |--H. balatonica B91
         |--H. chopardiana (de Loriol 1865) [=Bithinia chopardiana] B91
         |--H. compacta C64
         |--H. gondwanica Cox 1953 TTE93
         |--H. parchappi O05
         |--H. stagnalis B91
         |--H. truncata DPS84
         |--H. ulvae (Pennant 1777) BM88 [incl. H. ulvae var. barleei N79]
         |--H. ventrosa [incl. Paludestrina stagnalis] B68
         `--H. zhichengensis NG13

*Hydrobia acuta (Draparnaud 1805) KC60 [=Cyclostoma acutum KC60, Bulimus (Elisma) acutus G40, Helix acuta PB27, Paludestrina acuta PB27; incl. Bulimus articulatus G40, Helix bifasciata G40, Elisma fasciata G40, Bulimus fasciatus G40, Lymnaea fasciata G40, Turbo fasciatus G40, Bulimus variabilis G40]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B91] Bandel, K. 1991. Gastropods from brackish and fresh water of the Jurassic–Cretaceous transition (a systematic reevaluation). Berliner Geowissenschaftliche Abhandlungen, Reihe A 134: 9–55.

[B68] Bernard, F. R. 1968. Sexual dimorphism in Polinices lewisi (Naticidae). Nautilus 82 (1): 1–3.

[BM88] Bieler, R., & P. M. Mikkelsen. 1988. Anatomy and reproductive biology of two western Atlantic species of Vitrinellidae, with a case of protandrous hermaphroditism in the Rissoacea. Nautilus 102 (1): 1–29.

[BV86] Bole, J., & F. Velkovrh. 1986. Mollusca from continental subterranean aquatic habitats. In: Botosaneanu, L. (ed.) Stygofauna Mundi: A Faunistic, Distributional, and Ecological Synthesis of the World Fauna inhabiting Subterranean Waters (including the Marine Interstitial) pp. 177–208. E. J. Brill/Dr W. Backhuys: Leiden.

[BR05] Bouchet, P., & J.-P. Rocroi. 2005. Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families. Malacologia 47 (1–2): 1–397.

[BR17] Bouchet, P., J.-P. Rocroi, B. Hausdorf, A. Kaim, Y. Kano, A. Nützel, P. Parkhaev, M. Schrödl & E. E. Strong. 2017. Revised classification, nomenclator and typification of gastropod and monoplacophoran families. Malacologia 61 (1–2): 1–526.

[C64] Carpenter, P. P. 1864. Supplementary report on the present state of our knowledge with regard to the Mollusca of the west coast of North America. Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science 33: 517–686.

[DPS84] Davis, G. M., & M. C. Pons da Silva. 1984. Potamolithus: morphology, convergence, and relationships among hydrobioid snails. Malacologia 25 (1): 73–108.

[G40] Gray, J. E. 1840. A Manual of the Land and Fresh-water Shells of the British Islands, with figures of each of the kinds. By William Turton, M.D. A new edition, thoroughly revised and much enlarged. Longman, Orme, Brown, Green, and Longmans: London.

[KC60] Knight, J. B., L. R. Cox, A. M. Keen, R. L. Batten, E. L. Yochelson & R. Robertson. 1960. Gastropoda: systematic descriptions. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt I. Mollusca 1: Mollusca—General Features, Scaphopoda, Amphineura, Monoplacophora, Gastropoda—General Features, Archaeogastropoda and some (mainly Paleozoic) Caenogastropoda and Opisthobranchia pp. I169–I331. Geological Society of America, and University of Kansas Press.

[NG13] Ni, X., D. L. Gebo, M. Dagosto, J. Meng, P. Tafforeau, J. J. Flynn & K. C. Beard. 2013. The oldest known primate skeleton and early haplorhine evolution. Nature 498: 60-64.

[N79] Norman, A. M. 1879. The Mollusca of the fiords near Bergen, Norway. Journal of Conchology 2: 8–77.

[O05] Outes, F. F. 1905. Sobre un instrumento paleolítico de Luján (Provincia de Buenos Aires). Anales del Museo Nacional de Buenos Aires, serie 3, 6: 169–173.

[PB27] Pilsbry, H. A., & J. Bequaert. 1927. The aquatic mollusks of the Belgian Congo, with a geographical and ecological account of Congo malacology. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 53 (2): 69–602, pls 10–77.

[TTE93] Tracey, S., J. A. Todd & D. H. Erwin. 1993. Mollusca: Gastropoda. In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 131–167. Chapman & Hall: London.

[V07] Verdcourt, B. 2007. Miscellaneous notes on tropical African non-marine Mollusca. Annales Historico-Naturales Musei Nationalis Hungarici 99: 189–197.

Acochlidimorpha

Unela remanei, from Arnaud et al. (1986). Length = 3 mm.

Belongs within: Heterobranchia.

The Acochlidimorpha are a group of small, mostly aquatic slugs that usually bear a large visceral hump projecting freely from the headfoot.

<==Acochlidimorpha (see below for synonymy)
    |--Acochlidioidea [Strubellioidea, Strubellioidei] BR17
    |    |--Pseudunela Salvini-Plawen 1973 [Pseudunelidae, Pseudunelloidea] BR05
    |    |    `--*P. cornuta (Challis 1970) [=Microhedyle cornuta] BR17
    |    |--Aiteng Swennen & Buatip 2009 [Aitengidae] BR17
    |    |    `--*A. ater Swennen & Buatip 2009 BR17
    |    |--Bathyhedyle Neusser, Jörger et al. 2016 [Bathyhedylidae] BR17
    |    |    `--*B. boucheti Neusser, Jörger et al. 2016 BR17
    |    |--Hedylopsis Thiele 1931 BR05 [Hedylopsidae BR17, Hedylopsinae]
    |    |    `--*H. spiculifera (Kowalewsky 1901) BR17 (see below for synonymy)
    |    |--Tantulum Rankin 1979 BR05 [Pharyngoneura, Tantulidae BR17, Tantuloidea]
    |    |    `--*T. elegans Rankin 1979 BR17
    |    `--Acochlidiidae BR17
    |         |--Acochlidium Strubell 1892 [Acochlidiinae] BR05
    |         |    `--*A. amboinense Strubell 1892 BR17
    |         |--Palliohedyle Rankin 1979 BR17, BR05 (see below for synonymy)
    |         |    `--*P. weberi (Bergh 1895) [=*Hedyle weberi] BR17
    |         `--Strubellia Odhner 1937 BR17, BR05 [Strubelliidae]
    |              `--*S. paradoxa (Strubell 1892) [=Acochlidium paradoxum] BR17
    `--Parhedyloidea BR17
         |--Asperspinidae BR17
         |    |--Minicheviella Starobogatov 1983 BR17, BR05 [Minicheviellidae, Minichevielloidea]
         |    |    `--*M. murmanica (Kudinskaja & Minichev 1978) [=Hedylopsis murmanica] BR17
         |    `--Asperspina Rankin 1979 BR05
         |         |--*A. brambelli (Swedmark 1968) [=Hedylopsis brambelli] BR17
         |         |--A. loricata (Swedmark 1968) APS-P86
         |         |--A. murmanica (Kudinskaja & Minichev 1978) APS-P86
         |         |--A. rhopalotecta (Salvini-Plawen 1973) APS-P86
         |         `--A. riseri (Morse 1976) APS-P86
         `--Parhedylidae [Avelariacea, Ganitidae, Ganitoidea, Microhedylidae, Microhedylinae, Velariacea] BR05
              |--Parhedyle Thiele 1931 [Parhedylinae] BR05
              |    `--*P. tyrtowii (Kowalewsky 1901) BR17 [=Hedyle tyrtowii BR17, Microhedyle tyrtowii APS-P86]
              |--Sabulincola Rankin 1979 [Sabulincolidae] BR05
              |    `--*S. odhneri (Marcus & Marcus 1955) [=Unela odhneri] BR17
              |--Ganitus Marcus 1953 BR17, BR05
              |    `--*G. evelinae Marcus 1953 BR17
              |--Paraganitus Challis 1968 APS-P86
              |    `--P. ellynnae Challis 1968 APS-P86
              |--Livorniella Rankin 1979 BR17, BR05 [Livorniellidae, Livornielloidea, Visceroneura]
              |    `--*L. glomerans (Salvini-Plawen 1973) [=Microhedyle glomerans] BR17
              |--Pontohedyle Golikov & Starobogatov 1972 BR05 (see below for synonymy)
              |    |--*P. milaschewitchii (Kowalewsky 1901) [=Hedyle milaschewitchii, *Mancohedyle milaschewitchii] BR17
              |    |--P. brasilensis (Rankin 1979) APS-P86
              |    `--P. verrucosa (Challis 1970) APS-P86
              |--Microhedyle Hertling 1930 BR05
              |    |--*M. lactea Hertling 1930 BR17
              |    |--M. cryptophthalma Westheide & Wawra 1974 APS-P86
              |    |--M. gerlachi Marcus & Marcus 1959 APS-P86
              |    `--M. milaschewitchii M62
              `--Unela Marcus 1953 [Unelidae] BR05
                   |--*U. remanei Marcus 1953 BR17
                   |--U. glandulifera (Kowalevsky 1901) APS-P86
                   |--U. glomerans (Salvini-Plawen 1973) APS-P86
                   |--U. nahatensis Doe 1974 APS-P86
                   `--U. neapolitana (Rankin 1979) [=Stellaspina neapolitana] APS-P86

Nomina nuda: Microhedyle fundensis Rankin in Arnaud, Poizat & Salvini-Plawen 1986 APS-P86
             Pseudunela eirenei Wawra in Arnaud, Poizat & Salvini-Plawen 1986 APS-P86

Acochlidimorpha [Acochlidiacea, Acochlidiida, Acochlidiomorpha, Cerebroneura, Euacochlidiacea, Euacochlidioidea, Hedylopsoidea, Hedylopsoidei, Microhedylacea, Pedoneura]

*Hedylopsis spiculifera (Kowalewsky 1901) BR17 [=Hedyle spiculifera BR17; incl. Hedylopsis suecica Odhner 1937 APS-P86]

Palliohedyle Rankin 1979 BR17, BR05 [=Hedyle Bergh 1895 nec Guenée 1857 nec Malmgren 1865 BR05; Hedylinae, Palliohedylidae, Palliohedyloidea, Palliohedyloidei]

Pontohedyle Golikov & Starobogatov 1972 [incl. Mancohedyle Rankin 1979 APS-P86, BR05; Mancohedylidae, Pontohedylidae]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[APS-P86] Arnaud, P. M., Cl. Poizat & L. v. Salvini-Plawen. 1986. Marine-interstitial Gastropoda (including one freshwater interstitial species).  In: Botosaneanu, L. (ed.) Stygofauna Mundi: A Faunistic, Distributional, and Ecological Synthesis of the World Fauna inhabiting Subterranean Waters (including the Marine Interstitial) pp. 153–176. E. J. Brill/Dr W. Backhuys: Leiden.

[BR05] Bouchet, P., & J.-P. Rocroi. 2005. Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families. Malacologia 47 (1–2): 1–397.

[BR17] Bouchet, P., J.-P. Rocroi, B. Hausdorf, A. Kaim, Y. Kano, A. Nützel, P. Parkhaev, M. Schrödl & E. E. Strong. 2017. Revised classification, nomenclator and typification of gastropod and monoplacophoran families. Malacologia 61 (1–2): 1–526.

[M62] Monniot, F. 1962. Recherches sur les graviers a Amphioxus de la région de Banyuls-sur-Mer. Vie et Milieu 13: 231–322.

Macoma

White-sand macoma Macoma secta, photographed by Jan Delsing.

Belongs within: Tellinoidea.

Macoma is a cosmopolitan genus of bivalves with an inaequilateral, mostly thin shell with a deciduous periostracum and a slightly twisted posterior end.

<==Macoma Leach 1819 [Macominae] F26
    |--M. balthica T95
    |    |--M. b. balthica TW07
    |    `--M. b. rubra (da Costa 1778) TW07
    |--M. calcarea CS77
    |--M. candida (Lamarck 1818) [=Psammotoea candida] H09
    |--M. edentula [=Tellina edentula] C64
    |--M. edgari [=Tellina edgari] F26
    |--M. eugonia [=Tellina eugonia] F26
    |--M. expansa C64
    |--M. fusca C64
    |--M. gaimardi [=Tellina gaimardi] F26
    |--M. huttoni [=Tellina huttoni; incl. T. huttoni var. sterrha] F26
    |--M. incongrua XZ10
    |--M. indentata Carpenter 1864 C64
    |--M. inequivalvis (Sowerby 1867) [=Tellina inequivalvis] H09
    |--M. inquinata (Deshayes 1854) R78
    |--M. lata [incl. M. sordida, M. suensoni] C64
    |--M. lipara Dall 1916 R78
    |--M. mazatlanica C64
    |--M. moretonensis (Deshayes 1855) [=Tellina moretonensis] H09
    |--M. nasuta (Conrad 1837) TW07 [incl. Tellina tersa C64]
    |--M. perfrigida PP64
    |--M. proxima C64
    |--M. robini (Finlay 1924) [=Tellina robini] F26
    |--M. scarlatia [incl. M. orientalis] GAS03
    |--M. secta (Conrad 1837) R78 [incl. M. edulis C64, Tellina japonica C64, T. ligamentina Desh. 1843 C64]
    |--M. solidula C64
    |--M. spenceri [=Tellina spenceri] F26
    |--M. tenuis M62
    |--M. truncata F66
    `--M. yoldiformis Carpenter 1864 C64

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[C64] Carpenter, P. P. 1864. Supplementary report on the present state of our knowledge with regard to the Mollusca of the west coast of North America. Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science 33: 517–686.

[CS77] Cramp, S., & K. E. L. Simmons (eds) 1977. Handbook of the Birds of Europe, the Middle East and North Africa: The Birds of the Western Palaearctic vol. 1. Ostrich to Ducks. Oxford University Press: Oxford.

[F26] Finlay, H. J. 1926. A further commentary on New Zealand molluscan systematics. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 320–485.

[F66] Fraser, L. 1866. Communication of a list of mollusks collected by R. Swinhoe, Esq., in Formosa. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 146.

[GAS03] Gulbin, V. V., I. S. Arzamastsev & V. M. Shulkin. 2003. Ecological monitoring of the water area of Port Vostochnyi (Wrangel Bay) in the Sea of Japan (1995–2002). Russian Journal of Marine Biology 29 (5): 284–295.

[H09] Hedley, C. 1909. The Marine Fauna of Queensland: Address by the President of Section D. Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science: Brisbane.

[M62] Monniot, F. 1962. Recherches sur les graviers a Amphioxus de la région de Banyuls-sur-Mer. Vie et Milieu 13: 231–322.

[PP64] Peres, J. M., & J. Picard. 1964. Nouveau manuel de bionomie benthique de la mer Mediterranee. Recueil des Travaux de la Station Marine d'Endoume, Bulletin 31 (27): 5–137.

[R78] Reid, R. G. B. 1978. The systematic, adaptive and physiological significance of proteolytic enzyme distribution in bivalves. Veliger 20 (3): 260–265.

[TW07] Taylor, J. D., S. T. Williams, E. A. Glover & P. Dyal. 2007. A molecular phylogeny of heterodont bivalves (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Heterodonta): new analyses of 18S and 28S rRNA genes. Zoologica Scripta 36 (6): 587–606.

[T95] Tilot, V. 1995. An ecologically important type of biological activity in a deep-sea ferro-manganese nodule environment of the tropical north east Pacific. Mésogée 54: 101–120.

[XZ10] Xu, F., & J. Zhang. 2010. Study on the bivalve faunal composition of the Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea. In: China-Russia Bilateral Symposium: Proceedings of the China-Russia Bilateral Symposium of "Comparison on Marine Biodiversity in the Northwest Pacific Ocean", 10–11 October 2010, Qingdao (China) pp. 7–12. Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; A. V. Zhirmunsky Institute of Marine Biology, Far East Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

Cingula

Cingula katherinae, copyright Yolanda Villacampa.

Belongs within: Rissooidea.

Cingula is a genus of minute marine gastropods with a conical shell found in the North Pacific and North Atlantic (Oldroyd 1927).

Characters (from Oldroyd 1927): Shell minute, white or horny; conical, pointed, many-whorled; smooth or cancellated; aperture rounded; peristome entire, continuous; outer lip slightly expanded and thickened; operculum sub-spiral.

<==Cingula Fleming 1818 [Cingulinae] BR05
    |--*C. (Cingula) cingillus (Montagu 1803) BR17 (see below for synonymy)
    `--C. (Nodulus Monterosato 1878) O27
         |--C. (N.) asser Bartsch 1919 O27
         |--C. (N.) cerinella (Dall 1886) [=Onoba cerinella] O27
         |--C. (N.) kelseyi (Bartsch 1919) [=Nodulus kelseyi] O27
         |--C. (N.) kyskensis Bartsch 1911 O27
         `--C. (N.) palmeri Dall 1919 O27

Cingula incertae sedis:
  C. alaskana Bartsch 1912 O27
  C. aleutica Dall 1886 O27
  C. arenaria Mighels & Adams 1842 J49
  C. californica Tryon 1865 O27
  C. carinata Mighels & Adams 1842 J49
  C. interrupta CS77
  C. katherinae Bartsch 1912 O27
  C. latior Mighels & Adams 1842 J49
  C. martyni Dall 1886 [=C. robusta martyni] O27
    |--C. m. martyni O27
    `--C. m. scipio Dall 1886 [=C. robusta scipio] O27
  C. minuta C64
  C. montereyensis Bartsch 1912 O27
  C. orvieta Dall 1919 O27

Nomen nudum: Cingula candida Mighels 1841 J49

*Cingula (Cingula) cingillus (Montagu 1803) BR17 [=Turbo cingillus BR17, Rissoa cingillus O27; incl. R. cingillus var. ruprestris J79]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BR05] Bouchet, P., & J.-P. Rocroi. 2005. Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families. Malacologia 47 (1–2): 1–397.

[C64] Carpenter, P. P. 1864. Supplementary report on the present state of our knowledge with regard to the Mollusca of the west coast of North America. Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science 33: 517–686.

[CS77] Cramp, S., & K. E. L. Simmons (eds) 1977. Handbook of the Birds of Europe, the Middle East and North Africa: The Birds of the Western Palaearctic vol. 1. Ostrich to Ducks. Oxford University Press: Oxford.

[J79] Jeffreys, J. G. 1879. Notes on Colonel Montagu's collection of British shells. Journal of Conchology 2: 1–4.

[J49] Johnson, R. I. 1949. Jesse Wedgwood Mighels with a bibliography and a catalogue of his species. Occasional Papers on Mollusks 1 (14): 213–231.

[O27] Oldroyd, I. S. 1927. The Marine Shells of the West Coast of North America vol. 2 pt 3. Stanford University Press: Stanford University (California).

Pyrene

Yellow dove shell Pyrene flava, copyright H. Zell.

Belongs within: Columbellidae.

Pyrene is a genus of dove snails bearing a biconical shell with a strong spiral subsutural cord on early whorls and a crenulated interior on the outer lip.

<==Pyrene Röding 1798 BR05
    |--*P. rhombiferum Röding 1798 BR17
    |--P. abyssicola (Brazier 1877) [=Columbella abyssicola] H09
    |--P. atkinsoni (Ten.-Woods 1876) [=Mangelia atkinsoni] H09
    |--P. clathrata (Brazier 1877) [=Columbella clathrata] H09
    |--P. conspersa (Gaskoin 1852) [=Columbella conspersa] H09
    |--P. contaminata (Gaskoin 1852) [=Columbella contaminata] H09
    |--P. cumingii (Reeve 1859) [=Columbella cumingii] H09
    |--P. darwini (Angas 1877) [=Columbella darwini] H09
    |--P. digglesi (Brazier 1875) H09 [=Columbella (Anachis) digglesi H09, B79]
    |--P. duclosiana (Sowerby 1844) [=Columbella duclosiana] H09
    |--P. essingtonensis (Reeve 1859) [=Columbella essingtonensis] H09
    |--P. flava (Bruguière 1789) [=Buccinum flavum] H09
    |--P. fulgurans (Lamarck 1822) [=Columbella fulgurans] H09
    |--P. galaxias (Reeve 1859) [=Columbella galaxias] H09
    |--P. gowllandi (Brazier 1875) [=Columbella gowllandi] H09
    |--P. intexta (Gaskoin 1852) [=Columbella intexta] H09
    |--P. laeta (Brazier 1877) [=Columbella laeta] H09
    |--P. lurida Hedley 1907 H09
    |--P. ‘melvilli’ (Hedley 1899) [=Columbella melvilli non C. melvillei Strebel 1905] H09
    |--P. merita (Brazier 1877) [=Columbella merita] H09
    |--P. moleculina (Duclos 1840) [=Columbella moleculina] H09
    |--P. nivosa (Reeve 1859) [=Columbella nivosa] H09
    |--P. pardalina (Lamarck 1822) [=Buccinum pardalinum] H09
    |--P. parvula Viader 1951 L96
    |--P. peasei (v. Mart. & Langk. 1871) [=Columbella peasei] H09
    |--P. perparvula Viader 1951 L96
    |--P. plicaria (Montrouzier 1862) [=Columbella plicaria] H09
    |--P. plurisulcata (Reeve 1859) (see below for synonymy) H08
    |--P. pudica (Brazier 1877) [=Columbella pudica] H09
    |--P. punctata (Bruguiere 1789) BW09
    |--P. rosacea CS77
    |--P. roseotincta (Hervier 1899) [=Columbella roseotincta] H09
    |--P. russelli (Brazier 1875) [=Columbella russelli] H09
    |--P. semiconvexa (Lamarck 1822) [=Buccinum semiconvexum] H09
    |--P. troglodytes (Souverbie 1866) [=Columbella troglodytes] H09
    `--P. versicolor (Sowerby 1832) [=Columbella versicolor] H09

Pyrene plurisulcata (Reeve 1859) [=Columbella plurisulcata; incl. Aesopus filosus Angas 1867, A. filamentosus (l. c.), Columbella filosa non Dujardin 1837] H08

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BR05] Bouchet, P., & J.-P. Rocroi. 2005. Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families. Malacologia 47 (1–2): 1–397.

[BR17] Bouchet, P., J.-P. Rocroi, B. Hausdorf, A. Kaim, Y. Kano, A. Nützel, P. Parkhaev, M. Schrödl & E. E. Strong. 2017. Revised classification, nomenclator and typification of gastropod and monoplacophoran families. Malacologia 61 (1–2): 1–526.

[B79] Brazier, J. 1879. List of marine shells collected on Fitzroy Island, north coast of Australia; with notes on their geographical range. Journal of Conchology 2: 186–199.

[BW09] Bryce, C., & C. Whisson. 2009. The macromolluscs of Mermaid (Rowley Shoals), Scott and Seringapatam Reefs, Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 77: 177–208.

[CS77] Cramp, S., & K. E. L. Simmons (eds) 1977. Handbook of the Birds of Europe, the Middle East and North Africa: The Birds of the Western Palaearctic vol. 1. Ostrich to Ducks. Oxford University Press: Oxford.

[H08] Hedley, C. 1908. Studies on Australian Mollusca. Part X. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 33: 456–489, pls 7–10.

[H09] Hedley, C. 1909. The Marine Fauna of Queensland: Address by the President of Section D. Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science: Brisbane.

[L96] Loch, I. 1996. Notice: R. Viader collection. Molluscan Research 17: 110.

Octopus

Common octopus Octopus vulgaris, copyright Kevin Bryant.

Belongs within: Octopodidae.

Octopus is a diverse genus of benthic octopuses with biserial suckers and a large crop. The genus may be divided between a number of morphologically distinct groups but its taxonomy remains uncertain owing to the unclear identity of the type species (O'Shea 1999).

<==Octopus Lamarck 1798 O99 [incl. Paroctopus Naef 1923 P61]
    |--*O. vulgaris Lamarck 1798 O99, L98
    |--O. africanus (Robson 1929) [=O. fontanianus var. africanus] O99
    |--O. alpheus Norman 1992 O99
    |--O. americanus G79
    |--O. apollyon S72
    |--O. aspilosomatis Norman 1992 O99
    |--O. australis Hoyle 1885 O99
    |--O. berrima Stranks & Norman 1992 O99
    |--O. bimaculatus SRT18
    |--O. bimaculoides C-S18
    |--O. bunorong O99
    |--O. campbelli (Smith 1902) [=Polypus campbelli, Joubinia campbelli, Robsonella campbelli] O99
    |--O. cirrhosus Lamarck 1798 L98
    |--O. cyaneas Gray 1929 BW09
    |--O. dierythraeus Norman 1992 O99
    |--O. fontanianus d’Orbigny 1835 O99
    |--O. gibbsi O’Shea 1999 O99
    |--O. granulatus Lamarck 1798 L98
    |--O. graptus Norman 1992 O99
    |--O. hummelincki O99
    |--O. huttoni (Benham 1943) (see below for synonymy) O99
    |--O. joubini Robson 1929 M88
    |--O. kaharoa O’Shea 1999 O99
    |--O. kaurna O99
    |--O. macropus O99
    |--O. mernoo O’Shea 1999 O99
    |--O. moschatus Lamarck 1798 L98
    |--O. oliveri (Berry 1914) [=Polypus oliveri] O99
    |--O. ornatus O99
    |--O. oshimae Sasaki 1929 O99
    |--O. pallidus O99
    |--O. punctatus Gabb 1862 C64
    |--O. rapanui Voss 1979 O99
    |--O. rubescens AFL84
    |--O. rugosus (Bosc 1792) O99
    |--O. variabilis PP64
    `--O. zealandicus (Benham 1944) P61

Octopus huttoni (Benham 1943) [=Robsonella huttoni; incl. O. adamsi Benham 1944, O. otagoensis Benham 1943, O. warringa Stranks 1989] O99

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[AFL84] Antonelis, G. A., Jr., C. H. Fiscus & R. L. de Long. 1984. Spring and summer prey of California sea lions, Zalophus californianus, at San Miguel Island, California, 1978-79. Fishery Bulletin 82 (1): 67–76.

[BW09] Bryce, C., & C. Whisson. 2009. The macromolluscs of Mermaid (Rowley Shoals), Scott and Seringapatam Reefs, Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 77: 177–208.

[C64] Carpenter, P. P. 1864. Supplementary report on the present state of our knowledge with regard to the Mollusca of the west coast of North America. Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science 33: 517–686.

[C-S18] Cavalier-Smith, T. 2018. Kingdom Chromista and its eight phyla: a new synthesis emphasising periplastid protein targeting, cytoskeletal and periplastid evolution, and ancient divergences. Protoplasma 255: 297–357.

[G79] Guppy, R. J. L. 1879. First sketch of a marine invertebrate fauna of the Gulf of Paria and its neighbourhood. Part I.—Mollusca. Journal of Conchology 2: 151–172.

[L98] Lamarck, C. 1798. Extrait d'un mémoire sur le genre de la sèche, du calmar et du poulpe, vulgairement nommés, polypes de mer. Bulletin des Sciences, par la Societé Philomathique de Paris 1 (17): 129–131.

[M88] McKinstry, D. M. 1988. Bite by Octopus joubini: a case report. Nautilus 102 (3): 127–128.

[O99] O’Shea, S. 1999. The marine fauna of New Zealand: Octopoda (Mollusca: Cephalopoda). NIWA Biodiversity Memoir 112: 1–280.

[PP64] Peres, J. M., & J. Picard. 1964. Nouveau manuel de bionomie benthique de la mer Mediterranee. Recueil des Travaux de la Station Marine d'Endoume, Bulletin 31 (27): 5–137.

[P61] Powell, A. W. B. 1961. Shells of New Zealand: An illustrated handbook 4^th ed. Whitcombe and Tombs Limited: Christchurch.

[SRT18] Schiffer, P. H., H. E. Robertson & M. J. Telford. 2018. Orthonectids are highly degenerate annelid worms. Current Biology 28: 1970–1974.

[S72] Stunkard, H. W. 1972. Clarification of taxonomy in the Mesozoa. Systematic Zoology 21 (2): 210–214.

Sepiida

Common cuttlefish Sepia officinalis, copyright Diego Delso.

Belongs within: Neocoleoidea.

The Sepiida, cuttlefishes, are a group of broad-bodied, often benthic cephalopods with the tentacles retractile into large pockets on the head.

Sepiida MG-H11
    |  i. s.: Ceratisepia YVD98
    |--Belosepia [Belosaepiidae] YVD98
    |--Sepiadariidae MG-H11
    |    |--Sepiadarium gracilis Voss 1962 V62
    |    `--Sepioloidea d’Orbigny 1839 P61
    |         |--*S. lineolata (Quoy & Gaimard 1832) P61, MG-H11 [=Sepiola lineolata P61]
    |         `--S. pacifica (Kirk 1882) P61
    `--Sepiidae MG-H11
         |--Archaeosepia naefi Szörenyi 1933 D93
         `--Sepia Linnaeus 1758 L58
              |  i. s.: S. chirotrema Berry 1918 MG-H11
              |         S. cottoni Adam 1979 MG-H11
              |         S. cultrata Hoyle 1885 MG-H11
              |         S. elegans GW02
              |         S. esculenta Hoyle 1886 H09
              |         S. latimanus Quoy & Gaimard 1832 BW09
              |         S. media Linnaeus 1758 L58
              |         S. octopodia Linnaeus 1758 L58
              |         S. opipara (Iredale 1926) MG-H11
              |         S. pfefferi Hoyle 1885 H09
              |         S. pharaonis Ehrenberg 1831 BW09
              |         S. prionota Voss 1962 V62
              |         S. rhoda (Iredale 1954) MG-H11
              |         S. tuberculata Lamarck 1798 L98
              |--S. (Sepia) officinalis Linnaeus 1758 G20, L58
              |--S. (Amplisepia Iredale 1926) P61
              |    `--S. (*A.) apama Gray 1849 P61
              `--S. (Solitosepia Iredale 1926) P61
                   |--S. (*S.) liliana P61
                   `--S. (S.) plangon Gray 1849 P61

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BW09] Bryce, C. & C. Whisson. 2009. The macromolluscs of Mermaid (Rowley Shoals), Scott and Seringapatam Reefs, Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 77: 177–208.

[D93] Doyle, P. 1993. Mollusca: Cephalopoda (Coleoidea). In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 229–236. Chapman & Hall: London.

[GW02] Giribet, G., & W. Wheeler. 2002. On bivalve phylogeny: a high-level analysis of the Bivalvia (Mollusca) based on combined morphology and DNA sequence data. Invertebrate Biology 121 (4): 271–324.

[G20] Goldfuss, G. A. 1820. Handbuch der Naturgeschichte vol. 3. Handbuch der Zoologie pt 1. Johann Leonhard Schrag: Nürnberg.

[H09] Hedley, C. 1909. The Marine Fauna of Queensland: Address by the President of Section D. Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science: Brisbane.

[L98] Lamarck, C. 1798. Extrait d'un mémoire sur le genre de la sèche, du calmar et du poulpe, vulgairement nommés, polypes de mer. Bulletin des Sciences, par la Societé Philomathique de Paris 1 (17): 129–131.

[L58] Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Laurentii Salvii: Holmiae.

[MG-H11] McEnnulty, F. R., K. L. Gowlett-Holmes, A. Williams, F. Althaus, J. Fromont, G. C. B. Poore, T. D. O’Hara, L. Marsh, P. Kott, S. Slack-Smith, P. Alderslade & M. V. Kitahara. 2011. The deepwater megabenthic invertebrates on the western continental margin of Australia (100–1100 m depths): composition, distribution and novelty. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 80: 1–191.

[P61] Powell, A. W. B. 1961. Shells of New Zealand: An illustrated handbook 4^th ed. Whitcombe and Tombs Limited: Christchurch.

[V62] Voss, G. L. 1962. Six new species and two new subspecies of cephalopods from the Philippine Islands. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 75: 169–176.

[YVD98] Young, R. E., M. Vecchione & D. T. Donovan. 1998. The evolution of coleoid cephalopods and their present biodiversity and ecology. South African Journal of Marine Science 20: 393–420.

Ungulinidae

Diplodonta globus, copyright Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History.

Belongs within: Neoheterodontei.

The Ungulinidae are a group of infaunal bivalves commonly found in muddy sand or gravel. Members have rounded shells with a low beak, the external sculpture being smooth, punctate or concentrically ribbed.

Ungulinidae [Diplodontidae, Ungulinoidea]
    |  i. s.: Phlyctiderma (Phlyctiderma) discrepans (Carpenter 1857) PP78
    |         Felaniella MG-H11
    |           |--F. usta L10
    |           `--F. zelandica HS01
    |         Joannisiella F27a
    |           |--J. moretonensis (Deshayes 1855) [=Cyrenella moretonensis] H09
    |           |--J. novozelandica [=Lucina novozelandica, L. novaezelandiae (l. c.), Diplodonta striata] F27a
    |           `--J. sphaericula (Deshayes 1855) [=Cyrenella sphaericula] H09
    |         Brachymeris alta Conrad 1875 SB93
    |--Cycladicama cumingi (Hanley 1844) TW07
    `--+--Ungulina cuneata (Spengler 1798) TW07
       `--Diplodonta Brown 1831 TW07, G79
            |  i. s.: D. adamsi (Angas 1867) [=Mysia adamsi] H09
            |         D. ampla (Hutton 1885) F27a
            |         D. balcombensis Pritchard 1906 [=D. subquadrata Tate 1887 nec Carpenter 1855 nec Gabb 1873] F27b
            |         D. brasiliensis G79
            |         D. calculus C64
            |         D. candeana G79
            |         D. conspicua Smith 1885 H09
            |         D. corpulenta Smith 1885 H09
            |         D. ethima Melvill & Standen 1899 H09
            |         D. gabbi [=D. subquadrata Gabb 1873 non Carpenter 1855] F27b
            |         D. globosa Adams 1856 H09
            |         D. scalpta Smith 1885 H09
            |         D. semiaspera C64
            |         D. semiasperoides L10
            |         D. subcrassa Smith 1884 H09
            |         D. subglobosa Smith 1885 H09 [=Felania subglobosa C64]
            |         D. sublateralis Smith 1885 H09
            |         D. subquadrata Carpenter 1855 F27b
            |         D. suborbicularis (Tate 1887) [=Sacchia suborbicularis] F27b
            |         D. suprema Olsson 1961 PP78
            |         D. tasmanica F27a
            |--D. (Felania) TW07
            |    |--D. (F.) circularis Dunker 1846 TW07
            |    |--‘Felania’ tellinoides C64
            |    `--‘Mysia’ (F.) usta Gould 1861 C64
            |--D. (Sphaerella) orbella [=Lucina orbella; incl. Mysia tumida, Sphaerella tumida] C64
            |--D. (Zemysia Finlay 1927) P61
            |    |--D. (*Z.) zelandica (Gray 1835) [=Lucina zelandica] P61
            |    |--D. (Z.) infrequens Marwick 1926 F27a
            |    `--D. (Z.) rakiura (Powell 1939) P61
            `--D. (Zemysina Finlay 1927) P61
                 |--D. (*Z.) globus Finlay 1927 P61 [=Zemysia (*Z.) globus F27a]
                 |--D. (Z.) globularis Lamarck 1818 [=Zemysia (Z.) globularis] F27a
                 |--D. (Z.) globulosa [=Zemysia (Z.) globulosa] F27a
                 `--D. (Z.) striatula (Finlay 1927) P61 [=Zemysia (Z.) striatula F27a]

Nomen nudum: Diplodonta newtoni Cossmann 1907 F27b

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[C64] Carpenter, P. P. 1864. Supplementary report on the present state of our knowledge with regard to the Mollusca of the west coast of North America. Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science 33: 517–686.

[F27a] Finlay, H. J. 1927a. A further commentary on New Zealand molluscan systematics. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 320–485.

[F27b] Finlay, H. J. 1927b. New specific names for austral Mollusca. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 488–533.

[G79] Guppy, R. J. L. 1879. First sketch of a marine invertebrate fauna of the Gulf of Paria and its neighbourhood. Part I.—Mollusca. Journal of Conchology 2: 151–172.

[HS01] Hayward, B. W., A. B. Stephenson, M. S. Morley, W. M. Blom, H. R. Grenfell, F. J. Brook, J. L. Riley, F. Thompson & J. J. Hayward. 2001. Marine biota of Parengarenga Harbour, Northland, New Zealand. Records of the Auckland Museum 37: 45–80.

[H09] Hedley, C. 1909. The Marine Fauna of Queensland: Address by the President of Section D. Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science: Brisbane.

[L10] Lebedev, E. B. 2010. Diversity of soft-bottom mollusks in the Far Eastern Marine Reserve (Peter the Great Bay, Sea of Japan). In: China-Russia Bilateral Symposium: Proceedings of the China-Russia Bilateral Symposium of "Comparison on Marine Biodiversity in the Northwest Pacific Ocean", 10–11 October 2010, Qingdao (China) pp. 169–173. Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; A. V. Zhirmunsky Institute of Marine Biology, Far East Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

[MG-H11] McEnnulty, F. R., K. L. Gowlett-Holmes, A. Williams, F. Althaus, J. Fromont, G. C. B. Poore, T. D. O’Hara, L. Marsh, P. Kott, S. Slack-Smith, P. Alderslade & M. V. Kitahara. 2011. The deepwater megabenthic invertebrates on the western continental margin of Australia (100–1100 m depths): composition, distribution and novelty. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 80: 1–191.

[PP78] Poorman, F. L., & L. H. Poorman. 1978. Additional molluscan records from Bahía de Los Angeles, Baja California Norte. Veliger 20 (4): 369–374.

[P61] Powell, A. W. B. 1961. Shells of New Zealand: An illustrated handbook 4^th ed. Whitcombe and Tombs Limited: Christchurch.

[SB93] Skelton, P. W., & M. J. Benton. 1993. Mollusca: Rostroconchia, Scaphopoda and Bivalvia. In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 237–263. Chapman & Hall: London.

[TW07] Taylor, J. D., S. T. Williams, E. A. Glover & P. Dyal. 2007. A molecular phylogeny of heterodont bivalves (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Heterodonta): new analyses of 18S and 28S rRNA genes. Zoologica Scripta 36 (6): 587–606.