Torymini

Male (upper) and female Torymus bedeguaris, copyright Josef Dvořák.

Belongs within: Torymidae.

The Torymini are a group of torymid wasps in which the groove between the mesopleuron and metapleuron is straight or slightly curved, and the gaster is sessile or on a shiny, usually pale petiole. Most species are parasitoids of gall-forming or wood-boring insects; some are phytophagous seed-eaters (Bouček 1988).

Torymini
    |--Ecdamua Walker 1862 MH11, B88 [incl. Monodontomerella Girault 1915 B88]
    |    |--*E. macrotelus B88
    |    |--E. indica [incl. Amonodontomerus indicus Ahmad 1946 non Ecdamua indica] B88
    |    `--E. longipilum (Girault 1925) [=*Monodontomerella longipilum] B88
    `--+--Physothorax bidentulus MH11
       `--Torymus Dalman 1820 MH11, B88 (see below for synonymy)
            |--*T. bedeguaris (Linnaeus 1758) B88, L58 (see below for synonymy)
            |--T. albomaculatus Lucas 1849 E12
            |--‘Syntomaspis’ apicalis A71
            |--T. auratus A71
            |--T. cingulatus A71
            |--‘Syntomaspis’ cyanea A71
            |--T. druparum Boheman 1834 B88
            |--T. eurynotus [=*Syntomaspis eurynotus] B88
            |--T. josephinae Bouček 1988 B88
            |--T. nigricornis A71
            |--T. varians (Walker 1833) B88 [=Callimome varians B88, Syntomaspis varians R70]
            `--T. ventralis MS01

Torymini incertae sedis:
  Ovidia Girault 1924 B88
    `--*O. conicicollis Girault 1924 B88
  Austorymus Bouček 1988 B88
    `--*A. nitidus Bouček 1988 B88
  Mesodiomorus Strand 1911 B88
    `--*M. compressus B88
  Diomorus Walker 1834 B88
    |--*D. nobilis B88
    |--D. armatus (Boheman 1834) [=Torymus armatus] B88
    |--D. calcaratus BM76
    `--D. orientalis Masi 1926 [incl. Macrodontomerus silvifilia Girault 1927, D. silvifilia] B88

Torymus Dalman 1820 MH11, B88 [=Callimome Spinola 1811 (nom. rej.) B88; incl. Misocampe Latreille 1817 B88, Misocampus Dufour 1847 B88, Syntomaspis Förster 1856 B88]

*Torymus bedeguaris (Linnaeus 1758) B88, L58 [=Ichneumon bedeguaris B88, *Callimome bedeguaris B88, Cynips bedeguaris L02]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A71] Askew, R. R. 1971. Parasitic Insects. Heinemann Educational Books: London.

[BM76] Bohart, R. M., & A. S. Menke. 1976. Sphecid Wasps of the World. University of California Press: Berkeley.

[B88] Bouček, Z. 1988. Australasian Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera): A biosystematic revision of genera of fourteen families, with a reclassification of species. CAB International: Wallingford (UK).

[E12] Evenhuis, N. L. 2012. Publication and dating of the Exploration Scientifique de l’Algérie: Histoire Naturelle des Animaux Articulés (1846–1849) by Pierre Hippolyte Lucas. Zootaxa 3448: 1–61.

[L02] Latreille, P. A. 1802. Histoire Naturelle, générale et particulière des crustacés et des insectes vol. 3. Familles naturelles des genres. F. Dufart: Paris.

[L58] Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Laurentii Salvii: Holmiae.

[MS01] Mocsáry, A., & V. Szépligeti. 1901. Hymenopterák [Hymenopteren]. In: Horváth, G. (ed.) Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazása [Dritte Asiatische Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] vol. 2. Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazásának Állattani Eredményei [Zoologische Ergebnisse der Dritten Asiatischen Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] pp. 121–169. Victor Hornyánszky: Budapest, and Karl W. Hierseman: Leipzig.

[MH11] Munro, J. B., J. M. Heraty, R. A. Burks, D. Hawks, J. Mottern, A. Cruaud, J.-Y. Rasplus & P. Jansta. 2011. A molecular phylogeny of the Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera). PloS One 6 (11): e27023.

[R70] Riek, E. F. 1970. Hymenoptera (wasps, bees, ants). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers pp. 867–959. Melbourne University Press.

Megastigminae

Bootanelleus orientalis, photographed by Gary Taylor and Matthew Purcell.

Belongs within: Chalcidoidea.
Contains: Megastigmus.

The Megastigminae is a group of wasps characterised by a prominent stigmal vein in the forewing. The majority of species are phytophagous, though many are inquilines or parasites of other gall-makers.

Characters (from Bouček 1988): Stigmal vein branching off marginal vein at a relatively wide angle, knob of stigmal vein unusually enlarged, which makes the vein distinctly longer than breadth of costal cell; basal vein mostly well pigmented with posterior end curved outwards; body often more or less yellow (rarely with metallic colour); thorax with rather sparse and usually outstanding conspicuous hairs, always without short normal pilosity; hind coxae relatively shorter than in other Torymidae; ovipositor tending to curve upwards, sometimes very strongly so.

<==Megastigminae [Megastigmides] B88
    |--+--Bortesia HB13
    |  `--Bootanelleus Girault 1915 MH11, B88
    |       |--*B. viridiscutellum Girault 1915 B88
    |       |--B. aereus (Girault 1915) [=Megastigmus (Bootanomyia) aerea] B88
    |       |--B. ashmeadi (Girault 1915) [=Megastigmus (Bootanomyia) ashmeadi] B88
    |       |--B. auritibiae (Girault 1915) [=Neomegastigmus auritibiae] B88
    |       |--B. hyalinus (Girault 1915) [=Neomegastigmus hyalinus] B88
    |       |--B. leai (Girault 1929) [=Neomegastigmus leai] B88
    |       |--B. longifasciatus (Girault 1915) [=Megastigmus (Bootanomyia) longifasciata] B88
    |       |--B. nonvitta (Girault 1938) [=Bootanomyia nonvitta] B88
    |       |--B. nympha (Girault 1937) [=Epibootania nympha] B88
    |       |--B. orientalis (Mathur & Hussey 1956) [=Bootanomyia orientalis] B88
    |       |--B. pax (Girault 1915) [=Megastigmus (Bootanomyia) pax] B88
    |       |--B. sanguiniventris (Girault 1915) [=Megastigmus (Bootanomyia) sanguiniventris] B88
    |       `--B. victoriae (Girault 1928) [=Bootanomyia victoriae] B88
    `--+--Paramegastigmus Girault 1915 MH11, B88
       |    `--*P. flavus (see below for synonymy) B88
       |--Megastigmus MH11
       `--Neomegastigmus Girault 1915 HB13, B88
            |--*N. petiolatus Girault 1915 [incl. N. rufithorax var. nelsonensis Girault 1915] B88
            |--N. collaris Girault 1915 B88
            |--N. filius Girault 1915 B88
            |--N. lividus Girault 1915 [incl. N. lividus var. badius Girault 1915] B88
            |--N. rufithorax Girault 1915 B88
            |--N. saltensis Girault 1915 B88
            `--N. varius Girault 1915 B88

Megastigminae incertae sedis:
  Mangostigmus Bouček 1986 B88
    `--*M. amraeus [=Neomegastigmus amraeus] B88
  Ianistigmus Bouček 1988 B88
    `--*I. tatianae Bouček 1988 B88
  Westralianus Bouček 1988 B88
    `--*W. microstigma Bouček 1988 B88
  Malostigmus Bouček 1988 B88
    `--*M. pergratus (Girault 1915) [=Bootanomyia pergrata] B88
  Xenostigmus Riek 1966 B88
    |--*X. mirostigmus Riek 1966 B88
    |--X. longistigmus Riek 1966 B88
    `--X. similis Riek 1966 B88
  Bootanomyia Girault 1915 [incl. Epibootania Girault 1937] B88
    |--*B. smaragdus (Girault 1915) [=Megastigmus (*Bootanomyia) smaragdus] B88
    |--B. gemma B88
    |--B. guttatipennis (Girault 1937) [=*Epibootania guttatipennis] B88
    `--B. viridiscutellum (Girault 1915) [=Megastigmus (Bootanomyia) viridiscutellum] B88
  Bootania Dalla Torre 1897 (see below for synonymy) B88
    |--*B. leucospoides [=*Metamorpha leucospoides] B88
    |--B. gigantea (Girault 1928) [=Pulvilligera gigantea] B88
    |--B. japonica [=Megastigmus japonicus, *Macrodasyceras japonicus] B88
    |--B. maxima (Strand 1911) [=*Pulvilligera maxima] B88
    |--B. neocaledonica (Milliron 1950) [=Pulvillgera neocaledonica] B88
    |--B. pilicornis [=*Eutanycormus pilicornis] B88
    |--B. ruficeps [=*Spilomegastigmus ruficeps] B88
    |--B. solomonensis (Milliron 1950) [=Pulvilligera solomonensis] B88
    `--B. titanus (Girault 1939) [=Epimegastigmus titanus, Megastigmus titanus] B88

Nomen nudum: Bootanomyia unistriata Girault 1928 B88

Bootania Dalla Torre 1897 [=Metamorpha Walker 1862 non Huebner 1819; incl. Eutanycormus Cameron 1909, Macrodasyceras Kamijo 1962, Pulvilligera Strand 1911, Spilomegastigmus Cameron 1905] B88

*Paramegastigmus flavus [=Spilomegastigmus flavus, Megastigmus (*Paramegastigmus) flavus; incl. M. (P.) immaculaticorpus Girault 1915] B88

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B88] Bouček, Z. 1988. Australasian Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera): A biosystematic revision of genera of fourteen families, with a reclassification of species. CAB International: Wallingford (UK).

[HB13] Heraty, J. M., R. A. Burks, A. Cruaud, G. A. P. Gibson, J. Liljeblad, J. Munro, J.-Y. Rasplus, G. Delvare, P. Janšta, A. Gumovsky, J. Huber, J. B. Woolley, L. Krogmann, S. Heydon, A. Polaszek, S. Schmidt, D. C. Darling, M. W. Gates, J. Mottern, E. Murray, A. D. Molin, S. Triapitsyn, H. Baur, J. D. Pinto, S. van Noort, J. George & M. Yoder. 2013. A phylogenetic analysis of the megadiverse Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera). Cladistics 29: 466-542.

[MH11] Munro, J. B., J. M. Heraty, R. A. Burks, D. Hawks, J. Mottern, A. Cruaud, J.-Y. Rasplus & P. Jansta. 2011. A molecular phylogeny of the Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera). PLoS One 6 (11): e27023.

Podagrion

Ovipositing Podagrion, photographed by Nicky Bay.

Belongs within: Toryminae.

Podagrion is a cosmopolitan genus of wasp parasitising mantid oothecae, with each larva consuming one host egg during development (Bouček 1988).

Characters (from Bouček 1988): First flagellar segment transverse, anelliform; only one (median) carina between hind coxae; hind coxa and femur relatively very long, hind femur toothed on ventral edge; apex of hind tibia beyond tarsal insertion forming a produced spine that is less than twice as long as the tibia is broad, only one distinct spur; ovipositor always much longer than gaster.

<==Podagrion Spinola 1811 (see below for synonymy) B88
    |--*P. splendens B88
    |--P. abbreviatum Cockerell 1930 B88
    |--P. batesi Girault 1915 B88
    |--P. beneficium Girault 1915 B88
    |--P. flabellatum Girault 1929 B88
    |--P. holbeini Girault 1923 B88
    |--P. hyalinum (Girault 1913) [=Podagrionella hyalina] B88
    |--P. julia (Girault 1927) [=Podagrionella julia] B88
    |--P. koebelei Crawford 1912 [incl. P. dolichurum Cockerell 1930, P. grotii Girault 1915] B88
    |--P. magniclavum (Girault 1913) [=*Pachytomoidella magniclavus] B88
    |--P. mantidiphagum Girault 1917 GM79
    |--P. metatarsum Girault 1929 B88
    |--P. nigriclava Dodd 1917 B88
    |--P. obscurum (Westwood 1847) [=Palmon obscurus] B88
    |--P. olenus (Walker 1839) [=Palmon olenus] B88
    |--P. pavo Girault 1915 B88
    |--P. pax Girault 1915 B88
    |--P. risbeci (Cockerell 1930) [=Pachytomus risbeci] B88
    |--P. virescens Strand 1911 B88
    |--P. washingtoni Girault 1915 B88
    `--P. worcesteri Girault 1913 [=*Propodagrion worcesteri] B88

Podagrion Spinola 1811 [=Podagrium Schulz 1906; incl. Bactyrischion Costa 1857, Blephonira Holmgren 1868, Cleptimorpha Walker 1872, Cyanostola Saussure 1890, Notopodion Dahlbom 1857, Notopodium Schulz 1906, Pachytomoidella Girault 1913, Pachytomus Westwood 1847, Palmon Dalman 1825, Priomerus Walker 1833, Propodagrion Girault 1915] B88

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B88] Bouček, Z. 1988. Australasian Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera): A biosystematic revision of genera of fourteen families, with a reclassification of species. CAB International: Wallingford (UK).

[GM79] Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 1-400.

Toryminae

Female Torymoides kiesenwetteri, photographed by El Gritche.

Belongs within: Chalcidoidea.
Contains: Monodontomerini, Podagrion, Torymini.

The Toryminae as recognised herein was supported as monophyletic in the molecular phylogenetic analysis of Chalcidoidea by Heraty et al. (2013); it had been treated as two separate subfamilies Toryminae and Monodontomerinae by Bouček (1988). The majority of members of this clade are parasitic; many are metallic in coloration. Members of the Podagrionini and Chrysochalcissini have enlarged hind femora with a number of ventral teeth; a single ventral tooth may be present on a less enlarged hind femur in Monodontomerini and Microdontomerini. The Podagrionini are parasites of mantis oothecae (Bouček 1988).

<==Toryminae [Monodontomerinae, Torymoidini]
    |  i. s.: Odopoia Walker 1871 (see below for synonymy) B88
    |           |--*O. atra B88
    |           |--O. dentatinota (Girault 1925) [=*Australtorymus dentatinotus; incl. *Ua maria Girault 1929] B88
    |           |--O. josephinae Bouček 1988 B88
    |           `--O. philippiae [=*Pauliana philippiae] B88
    |--Chalcimerus [Chalcimerini] B88
    |    `--C. borceai HB13
    |--+--Platykula albihirta MH11
    |  `--Boucekinus tatianae MH11
    `--+--Glyphomerus stigma HB13
       `--+--+--Monodontomerini HB13
          |  `--+--Palachiini HB13
          |     |    |--Palachia hayati MH11
          |     |    `--Propalachia borneana HB13
          |     `--Podagrionini [Podagrioninae] HB13
          |          |  i. s.: Pachytomoides Girault 1913 B88
          |          |           |--*P. mirus Girault 1913 B88
          |          |           |--P. bicinctus Girault 1929 B88
          |          |           |--P. frater Girault 1915 B88
          |          |           `--P. queenslandicus Girault 1913 B88
          |          |--Podagrionella Girault 1913 MH11, B88 [incl. Iridophaga Picard 1933 B88]
          |          |    |--*P. bella Girault 1913 B88
          |          |    |--P. blepharodesi [=Podagrion blepharodesi, Iridophaga blepharodesi] B88
          |          |    |--P. empusae [=Podagrion empusae, Iridophaga empusae] B88
          |          |    |--P. korsakowi [=Iridophaga korsakowi] B88
          |          |    `--P. lichtensteini [=*Iridophaga lichtensteini] B88
          |          `--+--Propachytomoides Girault 1917 MH11, B88 (see below for synonymy)
          |             |    |--*P. semialbiclavus Girault 1917 B88
          |             |    |--P. fasciatipennis (Girault 1914) [=*Podagrionella fasciatipennis] B88
          |             |    |--P. pentlandensis (Girault 1913) [=Podagrionella pentlandensis] B88
          |             |    `--P. spilopterion (Cameron 1912) [=Podagrion spilopterion, Propodagrion spilopterion] B88
          |             `--+--Mantiphaga MH11
          |                `--Podagrion MH11
          `--+--+--Torymini HB13
             |  `--Pseudotorymus sapphyrinus HB13
             `--+--Echthrodape Burks 1969 HB13, B88 [Echthrodapinae]
                |    |--*E. africana B88
                |    `--E. papuana Bouček 1988 B88
                `--Microdontomerini [Erimerinae, Erimerini] HB13
                     |  i. s.: Hyperimerus Girault 1917 G17
                     |         `--*H. corvus Girault 1917 G17
                     |--+--Idarnotorymus pulcher HB13
                     |  `--Pseuderimerus HB13
                     |       |--P. luteus MH11
                     |       `--+--P. burgeri MH11
                     |          `--Erimerus wickhami MH11
                     `--+--Microdontomerus MH11
                        `--+--Chrysochalcissini B88
                           |    |--Oopristus B88
                           |    `--Chrysochalcissa Girault 1915 MH11, B88
                           |         `--*C. olivacea Girault 1915 B88
                           `--+--Torymoides Walker 1871 MH11, B88 (see below for synonymy)
                              |    |--*T. amabilis B88
                              |    |--T. acaciae (Cameron 1912) [=Callimone (l. c. for Callimome) acaciae B88
                              |    |--T. aligherini (Girault 1927) [=Macrodontomerus aligherini] B88
                              |    |--T. antipoda (Kirby 1883) [=Callimome antipoda] B88
                              |    |--‘*Dimeromicrus’ ashmeadi B88
                              |    |--T. atricornis (Girault 1915) [=Macrodontomerus atricornis] B88
                              |    |--T. australiensis (Girault 1913) [=Dimeromicrus australiensis] B88
                              |    |--T. capricornis (Girault 1915) [=Macrodontomerus capricornis] B88
                              |    |--T. cinctiventris (Girault 1915) [=Macrodontomerus cinctiventris] B88
                              |    |--T. daonus (Walker 1838) [=Callimome daonus] B88
                              |    |--‘*Didactyliocerus’ dispar B88
                              |    |--T. eucalypti (Ashmead 1900) [=Torymus eucalypti] B88
                              |    |--T. iole (Girault 1915) [=Macrodontomerus iole] B88
                              |    |--T. justitia (Girault 1915) [=Macrodontomerus justitia] B88
                              |    |--T. kiesenwetteri (Mayr 1875) (see below for synonymy) B88
                              |    |--T. osinius (Walker 1839) [=Callimome osinius] B88
                              |    |--T. semisanguineus (Girault 1915) [=Macrodontomerus semisanguineus] B88
                              |    |--T. triangularis (Girault 1913) [=Macrodontomerus triangularis] B88
                              |    |--T. unguttatipennis (Girault 1915) [=Macrodontomerus unguttatipennis] B88
                              |    |--T. unimaculatus (Girault 1913) [=*Macrodontomerus unimaculatus] B88
                              |    `--T. vibidia (Walker 1839) [=Callimome vibidia] B88
                              `--+--Eridontomerus Crawford 1907 HB13, GM79
                                 |    `--E. arrabonicus MH11
                                 `--Ditropinotus MH11

Odopoia Walker 1871 [incl. Australtorymus Girault 1925, Pauliana Risbec 1952, Ua Girault 1929; Odopoiini] B88

Propachytomoides Girault 1917 MH11, B88 [incl. Podagrionella Girault 1914 non Girault 1913 B88]

Torymoides Walker 1871 MH11, B88 [incl. Didactyliocerus Masi 1916 B88, Dimeromicrus Crawford 1910 B88, Macrodontomerus Girault 1913 B88]

Torymoides kiesenwetteri (Mayr 1875) [=Holaspis kiesenwetteri, Dimeromicrus kiesenwetteri] B88

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B88] Bouček, Z. 1988. Australasian Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera): A biosystematic revision of genera of fourteen families, with a reclassification of species. CAB International: Wallingford (UK).

[G17] Girault, A. A. 1917. Descriptiones hymenopterorum chalcidoidicarum variorum cum observationibus. III. Privately published (reprinted Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 102-111).

[GM79] Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 1-400.

[HB13] Heraty, J. M., R. A. Burks, A. Cruaud, G. A. P. Gibson, J. Liljeblad, J. Munro, J.-Y. Rasplus, G. Delvare, P. Janšta, A. Gumovsky, J. Huber, J. B. Woolley, L. Krogmann, S. Heydon, A. Polaszek, S. Schmidt, D. C. Darling, M. W. Gates, J. Mottern, E. Murray, A. D. Molin, S. Triapitsyn, H. Baur, J. D. Pinto, S. van Noort, J. George & M. Yoder. 2013. A phylogenetic analysis of the megadiverse Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera). Cladistics 29: 466-542.

[MH11] Munro, J. B., J. M. Heraty, R. A. Burks, D. Hawks, J. Mottern, A. Cruaud, J.-Y. Rasplus & P. Jansta. 2011. A molecular phylogeny of the Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera). PLoS One 6 (11): e27023.