Picidae

Acorn woodpecker Melanerpes formicivorus, photographed by David Hofmann.

Belongs within: Piciformes.
Contains: Picoidini, Colaptini, Dryocopini, Picini.

The Picidae include the woodpeckers (Picinae), wrynecks (Jynx) and piculets (Picumninae), and are found on all continents except Australia and Antarctica. Picids have more or less straight, pointed beaks and elongate tongues. They are ancestrally insectivorous and arboreal, though some have become terrestrial and/or herbivorous.

<==Picidae
    |--Jynx Linnaeus 1758 M02 [Iunginae, Jungidae, Jyngidae, Jynginae B94, Torquillinae, Yunginae, Yunxinae]
    |    `--J. torquilla Linnaeus 1758 M02
    |--Picumninae B94
    |    |--Nesoctites Hargitt 1890 [Nesoctitini] B94
    |    |    `--N. micromegas A61
    |    `--Picumnus Temminck 1825 [Picumnini] B94
    |         |--P. buffoni SS66
    |         |--P. castelnaudi SS66
    |         |--P. cinnamomeus SS66
    |         |--P. cirrhatus S55
    |         |--P. guttifer S55
    |         |--P. innominatus VP89
    |         |    |--P. i. innominatus VP89
    |         |    `--P. i. chinensis VP89
    |         `--P. rufiventris (Bonaparte 1837) [=Asthenurus rufiventris] SS66
    `--Picinae [Dendrodrocopinae, Psilorhinae] B94
         |  i. s.: Sphyrapicus A61
         |           |--S. nuchalis MSD93
         |           |--S. ruber [incl. S. daggetti] S70
         |           `--S. varius A61
         |         Thripias xantholophus FP64
         |         Mesopicos goertae FP64
         |--Picoidini B94
         |--Colaptini B94
         |--Dryocopini B94
         |--Picini B94
         |--Hemicircini B94
         |    |--Meiglyptes Swainson 1837 [Meiglyptini] B94
         |    `--Hemicircus Swainson 1837 B94
         |         `--H. canente RD02
         `--Melanerpes Swainson 1832 [incl. Centurus Swainson 1837; Centurini, Melanerpini] B94
              |--‘Centurus’ aurifrons A61
              |    |--C. a. aurifrons FS55
              |    `--C. a. santacruzi FS55
              |--M. cruentatus SS66
              |--M. erythrocephalus A61
              |--M. formicivorus FP64
              |--M. portoricensis SWK87
              |--‘Centurus’ pygmaeus G68
              |--‘Centurus’ radiolatus A61
              `--M. uropygialis FP64

Picidae incertae sedis:
  Dendropicos MMJ03
  Chryserpes striatus SWK87
  Sapheopipo noguchii (Seebohm 1887) I92
  Micropternus VP89
    |--M. brachyurus VP89
    `--M. phaeoceps S89
  Gecinulus grantia VP89
  Blythipicus pyrrhotis VP89
    |--B. p. pyrrhotis VP89
    `--B. p. sinensis VP89
  Nesoceleus fernandinae FP64
  Sasia FP64
    |--S. africana DL94
    `--S. ochracea FP64
  Scapaneus S55
    |--S. melanoleucos S55
    |    |--S. m. melanoleucos S55
    |    `--S. m. cearae S55
    `--S. trachelopyrus S55
  Crocomorphus flavus S55
    |--C. f. flavus S55
    `--C. f. inornatus S55
  Balanosphyra formicivora S55
    |--B. f. formicivora S55
    `--B. f. bairdii S55
  Leuconerpes candidus S55
  Ceophloeus lineatus FS55
    |--C. l. lineatus FS55
    `--C. l. similis FS55
  Piculus rubiginosa FS55
    |--P. r. rubiginosa FS55
    `--P. r. yucatanensis FS55
  Geocolaptes arator S66
  Yungipicus canicapillus (Blyth 1845) [=Picus canicapillus] W66
    |--Y. c. canicapillus W66
    |--Y. c. auritus Eyton 1845 W66
    `--Y. c. moluccensis W66

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A61] Austin, O. L., Jr. 1961. Birds of the World: A survey of the twenty-seven orders and one hundred and fifty-five families. Paul Hamlyn: London.

[B94] Bock, W. J. 1994. History and nomenclature of avian family-group names. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 222: 1-281.

[DL94] Dinesen, L., T. Lehmberg, J. O. Svendsen, L. A. Hansen & J. Fjeldså. 1994. A new genus and species of perdicine bird (Phasianidae, Perdicini) from Tanzania, a relict form with Indo-Malayan affinities. Ibis 136: 2-11.

[FS55] Felten, H., & J. Steinbacher. 1955. Zur Vogelfauna von El Salvador. Senckenbergiana Biologica 36 (1-2): 9-19.

[FP64] Fisher, J., & R. T. Peterson. 1964. The World of Birds: A comprehensive guide to general ornithology. Macdonald: London.

[G68] Grant, P. R. 1968. Bill size, body size, and the ecological adaptations of bird species to competitive situations on islands. Systematic Zoology 17 (3): 319-333.

[I92] Iwahashi, J. (ed.) 1992. Reddo Deeta Animaruzu: a pictorial of Japanese fauna facing extinction. JICC: Tokyo.

[MMJ03] Mayr, G., A. Manegold & U. S. Johansson. 2003. Monophyletic groups within ‘higher land birds’ – comparison of morphological and molecular data. Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research 41: 233-248.

[MSD93] Mills, L. S., M. E. Soulé & D. F. Doak. 1993. The keystone-species concept in ecology and conservation. BioScience 43 (4): 219-224.

[M02] Mlíkovský, J. 2002. Cenozoic Birds of the World. Part 1: Europe. Ninox Press: Praha.

[RD02] Robin, V. V., & P. Davidar. 2002. The vertical stratification of birds in mixed species flocks at Parambikulam, south India: a comparison between two habitats. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 99 (3): 389-399.

[S89] Salvadori, T. 1889. Viaggio di Leonardo Fea nella Birmania e nelle regioni vicine. XIX. – Uccelli raccolti nei Monti Carin a nord-est di Tounghoo, nel Pegù presso Rangoon e Tounghoo e nel Tenasserim presso Malewoon. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, Serie 2a 7: 369-438.

[S66] Sclater, P. L. 1866. Report on birds collected at Windvogelberg, South Africa, by Capt. G. E. Bulger, C. M. Z. S. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 21-23.

[SS66] Sclater, P. L., & O. Salvin. 1866. Catalogue of birds collected by Mr. E. Bartlett on the River Uyacali, Eastern Peru, with notes and descriptions of new species. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 175-201.

[S70] Short, L. L. 1970. A reply to Uzzell and Ashmole. Systematic Zoology 19 (2): 199-202.

[SWK87] Snyder, N. F. R., J. W. Wiley & C. B. Kepler. 1987. The Parrots of Luquillo: Natural history and conservation of the Puerto Rican parrot. Western Foundation of Vertebrate Zoology: Los Angeles.

[S55] Steinbacher, J. 1955. Zur Morphologie und Anatomie des Zungenapparates brasilianischer Spechte. Senckenbergiana Biologica 36: 1-8.

[VP89] Viney, C., & K. Phillipps. 1989. Birds of Hong Kong 5^th ed. Government Printer: Hong Kong.

[W66] Walden, A. 1866. Notes on birds collected in Tennasserim and in the Andaman Islands. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 537-556.

Capitonidae

Golden-naped barbet Megalaima pulcherrima, photographed by sesamest74.

Belongs within: Piciformes.

The Capitonidae contains the barbets, a pantropical group of often brightly-coloured frugivorous birds. They have short necks, relatively big heads and heavy bills with conspicuous bristles or tufts of feathers over the nostrils (Austin 1961). Many authors now include this family in the Ramphastidae with the toucans.

<==Capitonidae
    |  i. s.: ‘Bucco’ corvinus W66
    |         ‘Bucco’ faiostriatus W66
    |--Gymnobucco Bonaparte 1850 [Gymnobucconidae] B94
    |--Calorhamphus Lesson 1839 [Calorhamphidae] B94
    |--Semnornis Richmond 1900 [Semnornithidae] B94
    |    `--S. ramphastinus A61
    |--Tricholaema FP64
    |    |--T. diadematum FP64
    |    `--T. melanocephala (Cretzschmar 1829) [=Pogonias melanocephala] S05
    |--Capito Vieillot 1816 B94
    |    |--C. aurantiicollis SS66
    |    |--C. aurovirens SS66
    |    |--C. melanotis SS66
    |    |--C. niger HK08
    |    `--C. peruvianus SS66
    `--Megalaima Gray 1842 [Megalaimatidae] B94
         |--M. asiatica [=Cyanops asiatica] S89
         |--M. cyanotis S89
         |--M. davisoni S89
         |--M. franklini A61
         |--M. hodgsonii Bonaparte 1850 [incl. Capito lineatus, Megalaima lineata] W66
         |--M. pulcherrima FP64
         |--M. ramsayi Walden 1875 S89
         |--M. virens HK08
         `--M. viridis RD02

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A61] Austin, O. L., Jr. 1961. Birds of the World: A survey of the twenty-seven orders and one hundred and fifty-five families. Paul Hamlyn: London.

[B94] Bock, W. J. 1994. History and nomenclature of avian family-group names. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 222: 1-281.

[FP6] Fisher, J., & R. T. Peterson. 1964. The World of Birds: A comprehensive guide to general ornithology. Macdonald: London.

[HK08] Hackett, S. J., R. T. Kimball, S. Reddy, R. C. K. Bowie, E. L. Braun, M. J. Braun, J. L. Chojnowski, W. A. Cox, K.-L. Han, J. Harshman, C. J. Huddleston, B. D. Marks, K. J. Miglia, W. S. Moore, F. H. Sheldon, D. W. Steadman, C. C. Witt & T. Yuri. 2008. A phylogenomic study of birds reveals their evolutionary history. Science 320: 1763-1768.

[RD02] Robin, V. V., & P. Davidar. 2002. The vertical stratification of birds in mixed species flocks at Parambikulam, south India: a comparison between two habitats. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 99 (3): 389-399.

[S89] Salvadori, T. 1889. Viaggio di Leonardo Fea nella Birmania e nelle regioni vicine. XIX. – Uccelli raccolti nei Monti Carin a nord-est di Tounghoo, nel Pegù presso Rangoon e Tounghoo e nel Tenasserim presso Malewoon. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, Serie 2a 7: 369-438.

[SS66] Sclater, P. L., & O. Salvin. 1866. Catalogue of birds collected by Mr. E. Bartlett on the River Uyacali, Eastern Peru, with notes and descriptions of new species. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 175-201.

[S05] Steinheimer, F. D. 2005. Eduard Rüppel’s avian types at the Natural History Museum, Tring (Aves). Senckenbergiana Biologica 85 (2): 233-264.

Ramphastidae

Black-collared barbet Lybius torquatus from South Africa, photographed by Giuliano Gerra and Silvio Sommazzi.

Belongs within: Piciformes.

The Ramphastidae contain the toucans, Neotropical frugivorous birds with distinctive large, canoe-shaped bills. Many authors also include the pantropical barbets in this family.

<==Ramphastidae
    |--Baillonius bailloni MMJ03
    |--Psilopogon MMJ03
    |--Andigena laminirostris A61
    |--Aulacorhynchus prasinus FP64
    |    |--A. p. prasinus FS55
    |    `--A. p. stenorhabdus FS55
    |--Aulacoramphus G66
    |    |--A. atrigularis G66
    |    |--A. caeruleigularis G66
    |    `--A. cyanolaemus Gould 1866 G66
    |--Trachyphonus Ranzani 1821 MMJ03, M02 [incl. Capitonides Ballmann 1969 M02; Trachyphonidae]
    |    |--T. erythrocephalus FP64
    |    |--T. europeus (Ballmann 1969) [=*Capitonides europeus] M02
    |    |--T. margaritatus (Cretzschmar 1828) [=Bucco margaritatus, Micropogon margaritatus] S05
    |    `--T. protractus (Ballmann 1983) [=Capitonides protractus] M02
    |--Selenidera MMJ03
    |    |--S. culik MMJ03
    |    |--S. langsdorfi SS66
    |    |--S. maculirostris MMJ03
    |    `--S. reinwardtii PT03
    |--Pteroglossus Illiger 1811 [Pteroglossidae] B94
    |    |--P. aracari MMJ03
    |    |--P. bitorquatus A61
    |    |--P. castanotis SS66
    |    |--P. humboldtii SS66
    |    |--P. torquatus FS55
    |    `--P. viridis A61
    |--Lybius Hermann 1783 MMJ03, B94 (see below for synonymy)
    |    |--L. bidentatus FP64
    |    |--L. guifsobalito Hermann 1783 (see below for synonymy) S05
    |    |--‘Pogonias’ saltii Swainson 1837 S05
    |    |--L. torquatus A61
    |    |--L. undatus (Rüppell 1837) [=Pogonias undatus] S05
    |    |    |--L. u. undatus S05
    |    |    `--L. u. thiogaster Neumann 1903 S05
    |    `--‘Pogonias’ vieilloti D66
    |--Ramphastos Linnaeus 1758 B94
    |    |--R. ambiguus MMJ03
    |    |--R. culminatus SS66
    |    |--R. cuvieri SS66
    |    |--R. sulfuratus FP64
    |    |--R. swainsonii KK05
    |    |--R. toco PT03
    |    `--R. vitellinus MMJ03
    `--Pogoniulus Lafresnaye 1844 M02
         `--P. chrysoconus B93
              |--P. c. chrysoconus B93
              `--P. c. extoni (Layard 1871) [=Barbatula extoni] B93

Lybius Hermann 1783 MMJ03, B94 [incl. Pogonias Illiger 1811 non Lacépède 1802 B94, Pogonorhynchus van der Hoeven 1833 B94; Pogoniidae, Pogonorhynchidae]

Lybius guifsobalito Hermann 1783 [incl. L. abyssinicus, L. habessinicus, Pogonias brucii Rüppell 1837, Phytotoma tridactyla] S05

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A61] Austin, O. L., Jr. 1961. Birds of the World: A survey of the twenty-seven orders and one hundred and fifty-five families. Paul Hamlyn: London.

[B94] Bock, W. J. 1994. History and nomenclature of avian family-group names. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 222: 1-281.

[B93] Brooke, R. K. 1993. Annotated catalogue of the Aves type specimens in the South African Museum. Annals of the South African Museum 102 (10): 327-349.

[D66] Dohrn, H. 1866. Synopsis of the birds of Ilha do Principe, with some remarks on their habits and descriptions of new species. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 324-332.

[FS55] Felten, H., & J. Steinbacher. 1955. Zur Vogelfauna von El Salvador. Senckenbergiana Biologica 36 (1-2): 9-19.

[FP64] Fisher, J., & R. T. Peterson. 1964. The World of Birds: A comprehensive guide to general ornithology. Macdonald: London.

[G66] Gould, J. 1866. Description of a new species of toucan belonging to the genus Aulacoramphus. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 24.

[KK05] Kloet, R. S. de, & S. R. de Kloet. 2005. The evolution of the spindlin gene in birds: sequence analysis of an intron of the spindlin W and Z gene reveals four major divisions of the Psittaciformes. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 36: 706-721.

[MMJ03] Mayr, G., A. Manegold & U. S. Johansson. 2003. Monophyletic groups within ‘higher land birds’ – comparison of morphological and molecular data. Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research 41: 233-248.

[M02] Mlíkovský, J. 2002. Cenozoic Birds of the World. Part 1: Europe. Ninox Press: Praha.

[PT03] Prum, R. O., & R. Torres. 2003. Structural colouration of avian skin: Convergent evolution of coherently scattering dermal collagen arrays. Journal of Experimental Biology 206: 2409-2429.

[SS66] Sclater, P. L., & O. Salvin. 1866. Catalogue of birds collected by Mr. E. Bartlett on the River Uyacali, Eastern Peru, with notes and descriptions of new species. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 175-201.

[S05] Steinheimer, F. D. 2005. Eduard Rüppel’s avian types at the Natural History Museum, Tring (Aves). Senckenbergiana Biologica 85 (2): 233-264.

Piciformes

Yellow-billed jacamar Galbula albirostris, photographed by William Hull.

Belongs within: Anomalogonatae.
Contains: Ramphastidae, Capitonidae, Picidae.

The Piciformes are a group of birds characterised by the possession of a zygodactylous foot with both the first and fourth toes directed backwards. Living species are divided between the Galbulae, including jacamars (Galbulidae) and puffbirds (Bucconidae), and the Pici, including barbets and toucans (Capitonidae and/or Ramphastidae), honeyguides (Indicatoridae) and woodpeckers (Picidae).

Synapomorphies (from Mayr 2005): Coracoid with distinct notch on medial side of extremitas sternalis; humerus with far ventrodistally extending, large fossa musculi brachialis situated on far medial side of bone, with weakly developed ventral margin; carpometacarpus with well-developed processus intermetacarpalis fused with os metacarpale minus; trochlea metatarsi IV with plantarly projecting wing-like flange; hypotarsus of tarsometatarsus with tendon of musculus flexor hallucis longus situated in marked sulcus medially bordered by prominent crista lateralis hypotarsi.

Synapomorphies of crown group (from Mayr et al. 2003): Proximal end of phalanx proximalis digiti majoris with large, proximally directing process on ventral side; origin of musculus flexor hallucis longus with three heads; tendon of musculus flexor hallucis longus supplying digits I, II and VI; pygostyle with large shield-like discus pygostyli with sharply defined ridge-like lateral margins; extremitas sternalis of coracoid with notch on margo medialis; trochlea metatarsi IV with large trochlea accessoria.

<==Piciformes
    |  i. s.: Zygodactylidae [Miopiconidae, Primoscenidae, Primoscinidae] M02
    |           |--Primoscens Harrison & Walker 1977 M02
    |           |    `--*P. minutus Harrison & Walker 1977 M02
    |           |--Miopico Mayr 1998 M02
    |           |    `--M. benimellalensis Mayr 1998 M02
    |           |--Zygodactylus Ballmann 1969 M02
    |           |    |--*Z. ignotus Ballmann 1969 M02
    |           |    `--Z. grivensis Ballmann 1969 M02
    |           `--Primozygodactylus Mayr 1998 M02
    |                |--*P. danielsi Mayr 1998 M02
    |                |--P. ballmanni Mayr 1998 M02
    |                `--P. major Mayr 1998 M02
    |--Sylphornithidae M05
    |    |--Sylphornis Mourer-Chauviré 1988 M02
    |    |    `--*S. bretouensis Mourer-Chauviré 1988 M02
    |    `--Palaegithalus Milne-Edwards 1871 M05, M02 [Palaegithalidae]
    |         `--*P. cuvieri (Gervais 1848-1852) [=Sitta cuvieri] M02
    |--Gracilitarsidae M05
    |    |--Neanis schucherti Feduccia 1973 M05
    |    |--Gracilitarsus Mayr 1998 M01
    |    |    `--*G. mirabilis Mayr 1998 M01
    |    `--Eutreptodactylus Baird & Vickers-Rich 1997 M05
    |         `--E. itaboraiensis Baird & Vickers-Rich 1997 M01
    `--+--Pici LZ07
       |    |--Capitonoidea LZ07
       |    |    |--Ramphastidae LZ07
       |    |    `--Capitonidae HK08
       |    `--Picoidea LZ07
       |         |--Picidae HK08
       |         `--Indicatoridae LZ07
       |              |--Prodotiscus Sundevall 1850 [Prodotiscidae] B94
       |              `--Indicator Stephens 1815 HK08, B94
       |                   |--I. indicator BP87
       |                   |--I. maculatus HK08
       |                   |--I. minor EA06
       |                   `--I. variegatus MMJ03
       `--Galbulae LZ07
            |--Galbulidae LZ07
            |    |--Galbalcyrhynchus leucotis SS66
            |    |--Jacamerops Lesson 1830 [Jacameropidae] B94
            |    |    `--J. aurea FP64
            |    `--Galbula Brisson 1760 HK08, B94
            |         |--G. albirostris HK08
            |         |--G. cyanescens EA06
            |         |--G. dea A61
            |         `--G. tombacea SS66
            `--Bucconidae [Cyphidae, Tamatiidae] LZ07
                 |--Chelidoptera tenebrosa MMJ03, SS66
                 |--Notharchus macrorynchos MMJ03, A61
                 |--Nystalus maculatus EA06
                 |--Malacoptila Gray 1841 [Malacoptilidae] B94
                 |    `--M. rufa SS66
                 |--Monasa MMJ03
                 |    |--M. nigrifrons MMJ03
                 |    `--M. peruana SS66
                 |--Bucco Brisson 1760 HK08, B94 [incl. Cyphus Spix 1824 B94, Tamatia Lesson 1831 B94]
                 |    |--*B. capensis Linnaeus 1766 B94
                 |    `--B. macrodactylus HK08
                 `--Nonnula SS66
                      |--N. frontalis SS66
                      `--N. ruficapilla SS66

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A61] Austin, O. L., Jr. 1961. Birds of the World: A survey of the twenty-seven orders and one hundred and fifty-five families. Paul Hamlyn: London.

[B94] Bock, W. J. 1994. History and nomenclature of avian family-group names. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 222: 1-281.

[BP87] Burton, J. A., & B. Pearson. 1987. Collins Guide to the Rare Mammals of the World. Collins: London.

[EA06] Ericson, P. G. P., C. L. Anderson, T. Britton, A. Elzanowski, U. S. Johansson, M. Källersjö, J. I. Ohlson, T. J. Parsons, D. Zuccon & G. Mayr. 2006. Diversification of Neoaves: integration of molecular sequence data and fossils. Biology Letters 2 (4): 543-547.

[FP64] Fisher, J., & R. T. Peterson. 1964. The World of Birds: A comprehensive guide to general ornithology. Macdonald: London.

[HK08] Hackett, S. J., R. T. Kimball, S. Reddy, R. C. K. Bowie, E. L. Braun, M. J. Braun, J. L. Chojnowski, W. A. Cox, K.-L. Han, J. Harshman, C. J. Huddleston, B. D. Marks, K. J. Miglia, W. S. Moore, F. H. Sheldon, D. W. Steadman, C. C. Witt & T. Yuri. 2008. A phylogenomic study of birds reveals their evolutionary history. Science 320: 1763-1768.

[LZ07] Livezey, B. C., & R. L. Zusi. 2007. Higher-order phylogeny of modern birds (Theropoda, Aves: Neornithes) based on comparative anatomy. II. Analysis and discussion. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 149 (1): 1-95.

[M01] Mayr, G. 2001. A new specimen of the tiny Middle Eocene bird Gracilitarsus mirabilis (new family: Gracilitarsidae). Condor 103 (1): 78-84.

[M05] Mayr, G. 2005. The Paleogene fossil record of birds in Europe. Biological Reviews 80: 515-542.

[MMJ03] Mayr, G., A. Manegold & U. S. Johansson. 2003. Monophyletic groups within ‘higher land birds’ – comparison of morphological and molecular data. Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research 41: 233-248.

[M02] Mlíkovský, J. 2002. Cenozoic Birds of the World. Part 1: Europe. Ninox Press: Praha.

[SS66] Sclater, P. L., & O. Salvin. 1866. Catalogue of birds collected by Mr. E. Bartlett on the River Uyacali, Eastern Peru, with notes and descriptions of new species. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 175-201.

Picini

Grey-headed woodpecker Picus canus, from here.

Belongs within: Picidae.

The Picini is an assemblage of often greenish woodpeckers found in Eurasia. Species of the genus Picus are often more or less ground-feeders.

<==Picini
    |--Chrysocolaptes Blyth 1843 [Chrysocolaptini] B94
    |    |--C. sultaneus [incl. C. strictus] S89
    |    `--C. lucidus S02
    |--Dinopium Rafinesque 1814 [incl. Tiga Kaup 1836; Tigini] B94
    |    |--D. benghalense S02
    |    |--‘Tiga’ intermedia S89
    |    `--D. javanense RD02 [=T. javanensis S89]
    `--Picus Linnaeus 1758 M02 [incl. Gecinus Boie 1831 B94; Gecinini]
         |--P. atratus S89
         |--P. awokera T89
         |--P. canus Gmelin 1788 M02
         |    |--P. c. canus VP89
         |    `--P. c. sobrinus VP89
         |--P. chlorolophus S02
         |--P. flavinucha A61
         |--P. gaudryi Depéret 1887 [=Zygodactylus gaudryi] M02
         |--P. minor D66
         |--P. peregrinabundus Umans’ka 1981 M02
         |--P. viridanus Blyth 1843 W66 [=Gecinus viridanus S89]
         |--P. viridis Linnaeus 1758 M02
         `--P. xanthopygaeus S02

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A61] Austin, O. L., Jr. 1961. Birds of the World: A survey of the twenty-seven orders and one hundred and fifty-five families. Paul Hamlyn: London.

[B94] Bock, W. J. 1994. History and nomenclature of avian family-group names. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 222: 1-281.

[D66] Dresser, H. E. 1866. Notes on the breeding of the booted eagle (Aquila pennata). Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 377-380.

[M02] Mlíkovský, J. 2002. Cenozoic Birds of the World. Part 1: Europe. Ninox Press: Praha.

[RD02] Robin, V. V., & P. Davidar. 2002. The vertical stratification of birds in mixed species flocks at Parambikulam, south India: a comparison between two habitats. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 99 (3): 389-399.

[S89] Salvadori, T. 1889. Viaggio di Leonardo Fea nella Birmania e nelle regioni vicine. XIX. – Uccelli raccolti nei Monti Carin a nord-est di Tounghoo, nel Pegù presso Rangoon e Tounghoo e nel Tenasserim presso Malewoon. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, Serie 2a 7: 369-438.

[S02] Santharam, V. 2002. Fruit and nectar resources in a moist deciduous forest and their use by birds – a preliminary report. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 99 (3): 537-543.

[T89] Takeshita, N. 1989. Nihon no Yachoo. Kogakukan: Tokyo.

[VP89] Viney, C., & K. Phillipps. 1989. Birds of Hong Kong 5^th ed. Government Printer: Hong Kong.

[W66] Walden, A. 1866. Notes on birds collected in Tennasserim and in the Andaman Islands. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 537-556.

Picoidini

Downy woodpecker Picoides pubescens, photographed by Dan Sudia.

Belongs within: Picidae.

The Picoidini are an assemblage of small to medium-sized woodpeckers proposed to unite the Afrotropical woodpeckers with the Holarctic barred woodpeckers of the genus Picoides. This group is often referred to as the Campetherini, but Bock (1994) indicated that the name Picoidini has priority. Many authors divide the Picoides species between two genera, Picoides and Dendrocopos.

<==Picoidini [Dendrodrocopini]
    |--Campethera Gray 1837 [Campetherini] B94
    |    |--C. abingoni [incl. Dendrobates striatus Layard 1871] B93
    |    |--C. bennettii B93
    |    |    |--C. b. bennettii B93
    |    |    `--C. b. buysi Winterbottom 1966 B93
    |    `--C. nivosa FP64
    `--Picoides Lacépède 1799 M02 (see below for synonymy)
         |--P. borealis C98 [=Dendrocopos borealis USDI77]
         |--P. canicapillus VP89
         |--P. kizuki [=Dendrocopos kizuki] T89
         |--P. leucotos VP89 [=Dendrocopos leucotos I92]
         |    |--P. l. leucotos I92
         |    `--‘Dendrocopos’ l. owstoni (Ogawa 1905) I92
         |--‘Dendrocopos’ mahrattensis S02
         |--P. major (Linnaeus 1758) [=Picus major, Dendrocopos major; incl. D. major submajor Jánossy 1974] M02
         |    |--P. m. major VP89
         |    `--‘Dendrocopos’ m. mandarinus VP89
         |--P. medius (Linnaeus 1758) [=Picus medius, Dendrocopos medius; incl. D. praemedius Jánossy 1974] M02
         |--P. minor CM07 [=Dendrocopos minor WBSJ82]
         |--‘Dendrocopos’ nanus RD02
         |--P. pubescens YH01 [=Dendrocopos pubescens FP64, Dryobates pubescens CM07]
         |--P. syriacus [=Dendrocopos syriacus] CM07
         |--P. tridactylus I92
         |    |--P. t. tridactylus I92
         |    `--P. t. inouyei Yamashina 1943 I92
         `--‘Dendrocopos’ villosus FP64

Picoides Lacépède 1799 M02 [incl. Apternus Swainson 1837 B94, Dendrocopos Koch 1816 M02, Dryobates Boie 1826 B94; Apternini, Dendrocopini, Dryobatini]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B94] Bock, W. J. 1994. History and nomenclature of avian family-group names. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 222: 1-281.

[B93] Brooke, R. K. 1993. Annotated catalogue of the Aves type specimens in the South African Museum. Annals of the South African Museum 102 (10): 327-349.

[C98] Cockburn, A. 1998. Evolution of helping behavior in cooperatively breeding birds. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 29: 141-177.

[CM07] Cokendolpher, J. C., & P. G. Mitov. 2007. Natural enemies. In Harvestmen: The Biology of Opiliones (R. Pinto-da-Rocha, G. Machado & G. Giribet, eds) pp. 339-373. Harvard University Press: Cambridge (Massachusetts).

[FP64] Fisher, J., & R. T. Peterson. 1964. The World of Birds: A comprehensive guide to general ornithology. Macdonald: London.

[I92] Iwahashi, J. (ed.) 1992. Reddo Deeta Animaruzu: a pictorial of Japanese fauna facing extinction. JICC: Tokyo.

[M02] Mlíkovský, J. 2002. Cenozoic Birds of the World. Part 1: Europe. Ninox Press: Praha.

[RD02] Robin, V. V., & P. Davidar. 2002. The vertical stratification of birds in mixed species flocks at Parambikulam, south India: a comparison between two habitats. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 99 (3): 389-399.

[S02] Santharam, V. 2002. Fruit and nectar resources in a moist deciduous forest and their use by birds – a preliminary report. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 99 (3): 537-543.

[T89] Takeshita, N. 1989. Nihon no Yachoo. Kogakukan: Tokyo.

[USDI77] USDI (United States Department of the Interior). 1977. Endangered and threatened wildlife and plants - republication of list of species. Federal Register 42: 36420-36431.

[VP89] Viney, C., & K. Phillipps. 1989. Birds of Hong Kong 5^th ed. Government Printer: Hong Kong.

[WBSJ82] Wild Bird Society of Japan. 1982. A Field Guide to the Birds of Japan. Kodansha International Ltd.: Tokyo.

[YH01] Yamagishi, S., M. Honda, K. Eguchi & R. Thorstrom. 2001. Extreme endemic radiation of the Malagasy vangas (Aves: Passeriformes). Journal of Molecular Evolution 53: 39-46.