Globigerina

Globigerina bulloides, copyright Bruce Hayward.

Belongs within: Globigerinidae.

Globigerina is a genus of planktonic forams known from the Palaeocene to the present (Loeblich & Tappan 1964b).

Characters (from Loeblich & Tappan 1964b): Test free, trochospiral, chambers spherical to ovate; wall calcareous, perforate, radial in structure, surface may be smooth, pitted, cancellated, hispid or spinose; aperture interiomarginal, umbilical, with tendency in some species to extend to slightly extraumbilical position, previous apertures remaining open into umbilicus.

<==Globigerina d’Orbigny 1826 G86 (see below for synonymy)
    |--*G. bulloides d’Orbigny 1826 C40, H03
    |--G. ampliapertura P79
    |--G. angulisuturalis P79
    |--G. angustiumbilicata Bolli 1957 [=G. ciperoensis angustiumbilicata] H03
    |--G. bradyi Q72
    |--G. calida P79
    |--G. ciperoensis Q72
    |--G. conglomerata LT64a
    |--G. corpulenta G92
    |--G. cretacea LT64a
    |--G. dehiscens P79
    |--G. druryi P79
    |--G. dubia C40
    |--G. euapertura H90
    |--G. falconensis LJ98
    |--G. foliata Bolli 1957 H03
    |--G. gortoni P79
    |--G. grimsdalei LT64a
    |--G. hexagona LT64a
    |--‘*Rhynchospira’ indica Ehrenberg 1845 LT64b
    |--G. inflata LT64a
    |--G. nepentes P79
    |--‘*Ptygostomum’ oligoporum Ehrenberg 1843 (n. d.) LT64b
    |--G. pachyderma H03
    |--G. pseudoampliapertura G92
    |--G. quinqueloba LT64a
    |--G. sellii P79
    |--G. tapuriensis P79
    |--‘*Pylodexia’ tetratrias Ehrenberg 1858 LT64b
    |--G. triloba C40
    |--G. turkomanica Brodsky 1929 G86
    |--G. venezuelana LT64a
    `--G. woodi [incl. G. woodi f. connecta] Q72

Globigerina d’Orbigny 1826 [=Globigenera (l. c.) LT64b; incl. Ptygostomum Ehrenberg 1843 C40, LT64b, Pylodexia Ehrenberg 1858 C40, Rhynchospira Ehrenberg 1845 C40]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[C40] Cushman, J. A. 1940. Foraminifera: Their classification and economic use 3^rd ed. Harvard University Press: Cambridge (Massachusetts).

[G92] Gingerich, P. D. 1992. Marine mammals (Cetacea and Sirenia) from the Eocene of Gebel Mokattam and Fayum, Egypt: stratigraphy, age, and paleoenvironments. University of Michigan Papers on Paleontology 30: i–ix, 1–84.

[G86] Golemansky, V. G. 1986. Rhizopoda: Foraminiferida. In: Botosaneanu, L. (ed.) Stygofauna Mundi: A Faunistic, Distributional, and Ecological Synthesis of the World Fauna inhabiting Subterranean Waters (including the Marine Interstitial) pp. 17–20. E. J. Brill/Dr W. Backhuys: Leiden.

[H03] Hanagata, S. 2003. Miocene–Pliocene Foraminifera from the Niigata oil-fields region, northeastern Japan. Micropaleontology 49 (4): 293–340.

[H90] Hayward, B. W. 1990. Use of foraminiferal data in analysis of Taranaki Basin, New Zealand. Journal of Foraminiferal Research 20: 71–83.

[LJ98] Li, Q., N. P. James, B. McGowran, Y. Bone & J. Cann. 1998. Synergetic influence of water masses and Kangaroo Island barrier on foraminiferal distribution, Lincoln and Lacepede shelves, South Australia: a synthesis. Alcheringa 22 (2): 153–176.

[LT64a] Loeblich, A. R., Jr & H. Tappan. 1964a. Sarcodina: chiefly “thecamoebians” and Foraminiferida. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt C. Protista 2 vol. 1. The Geological Society of America and The University of Kansas Press.

[LT64b] Loeblich, A. R., Jr & H. Tappan. 1964b. Sarcodina: chiefly “thecamoebians” and Foraminiferida. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt C. Protista 2 vol. 2. The Geological Society of America and The University of Kansas Press.

[P79] Papp, A. 1979. Tertiary. In: Robison, R. A., & C. Teichert (eds) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt A. Introduction. Fossilisation (Taphonomy), Biogeography and Biostratigraphy pp. A488–A504. The Geological Society of America, Inc.: Boulder (Colorado), and The University of Kansas: Lawrence (Kansas).

[Q72] Quilty, P. G. 1972. The biostratigraphy of the Tasmanian marine Tertiary. Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania 106: 25–44.

Planomalinidae

Globigerinelloides ferreolensis, from Scientific Ocean Drilling.

Belongs within: Rotaliida.

The Planomalinidae are a group of planispiral, planktonic forams known from the Lower Cretaceous to the Palaeocene (Loeblich & Tappan 1964).

Characters (from Loeblich & Tappan 1964): Coiling planisipiral, primary aperture equatorial, or symmetrically paired, umbilical portions of successive apertures remaining as relict secondary apertures.

<==Planomalinidae
    |--Planomalina Loeblich & Tappan 1946 LT64
    |    `--P. buxtorfi (Gandolfi 1942) (see below for synonymy) LT64
    |--Biglobigerinella Lalicker 1948 LT64
    |    `--*B. multispina Lalicker 1948 LT64
    |--Hastigerinoides Brönnimann 1952 [incl. Eohastigerinella Morozova 1957] LT64
    |    |--*H. alexanderi (Cushman 1931) [=Hastigerinella alexanderi] LT64
    |    `--H. watersi (Cushman 1931) [=Hastigerinella watersi, *Eohastigerinella watersi] LT64
    `--Globigerinelloides Cushman & Ten Dam 1948 LT64
         |--*G. algeriana Cushman & Ten Dam 1948 LT64
         |--G. asper M08
         |--G. blowi K79
         |--‘Anomalina’ breggiensis Gandolfi 1942 LT64 [=Ticinella (*Biticinella) breggiensis K79, LT64]
         |--G. eaglefordensis [incl. Planomalina caseyi] LT64
         |--G. ferreolensis K79
         |--G. gyroidinaeformis K79
         `--G. multispinatus Lalicker 1948 FM03

Planomalina buxtorfi (Gandolfi 1942) [=Planulina buxtorfi; incl. *Planomalina apsidostroba Loeblich & Tappan 1946] LT64

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[FM03] Friedrich, O., & K. J. S. Meier. 2003. Stable isotope indication for the cyst formation depth of Campanian/Maastrichtian calcareous dinoflagellates. Micropaleontology 49 (4): 375–380.

[K79] Kauffman, E. G. 1979. Cretaceous. In: Robison, R. A., & C. Teichert (eds) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt A. Introduction. Fossilisation (Taphonomy), Biogeography and Biostratigraphy pp. A418–A487. The Geological Society of America, Inc.: Boulder (Colorado), and The University of Kansas: Lawrence (Kansas).

[LT64] Loeblich, A. R., Jr & H. Tappan. 1964. Sarcodina: chiefly “thecamoebians” and Foraminiferida. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt C. Protista 2 vol. 2. The Geological Society of America and The University of Kansas Press.

[M08] McMillan, I. K. 2008. Reappraisal of foraminiferal assemblages of the Santonian–Campanian Mzamba Formation type section, and their correlation with the stratigraphic succession of the KwaZulu Basin. African Natural History 4: 25–34.

Globorotalia

Globorotalia inflata, copyright Bruce Hayward.

Belongs within: Globorotaliidae.

Globorotalia is a genus of planktonic forams known from the Palaeocene to the present (Loeblich & Tappan 1964b).

Characters (from Loeblich & Tappan 1964b): Test free, trochospiral, periphery carinate, chambers angular, rhomboid, or angular-conical; sutures may be thickened, depressed to elevated; wall calcareous, finely perforate, but with nonporous keel or peripheral band, surface smooth to cancellate or hispid; aperture interiomarginal, an extraumbilical-umbilical arch bordered by lip, varying from narrow rim to broad spatulate or triangular flap.

<==Globorotalia Cushman 1927 (see below for synonymy) LT64b
    |--*G. (Globorotalia) tumida (Brady 1877) [=Pulvinulina menardii var. tumida] LT64b
    |    |--G. t. tumida P79
    |    `--G. t. plesiotumida P79
    |--G. (Fohsella) fohsi SK99
    `--G. (Globoconella) Bandy 1975 SK99
         |--G. (G.) conoidea SK99
         `--+--G. (G.) conomiozea SK99
            |    |--G. c. conomiozea SK96
            |    `--‘Globoconella’ c. mons SK96
            |--G. (G.) pliozea SK99
            `--+--G. (G.) sphaericomiozea SK99
               `--+--G. (G.) inflata SK99
                  |    |--G. i. inflata H03
                  |    `--G. i. praeinflata H03
                  `--G. (G.) puncticulata SK99

Globorotalia incertae sedis:
  G. acostaensis P79
  G. aragonensis P79
  G. canariensis C40
  G. continuosa P79
  G. crassa C40
  G. crassula H90
  G. daubjergensis P79
  G. exilis BC79
  G. fimbriata C40
  G. formosa P79
  G. hirsuta LT64a
  G. ikebei Maiya, Saito & Sato 1976 H03
  G. kugleri P79
  G. lehneri G92
  G. margaritae P79
  G. mayeri LT64a
  G. membranacea (Ehrenberg 1854) [=Planulina membranacea, *Planorotalia membranacea] LT64b
  G. menardii KS02 [=Pulvinulina menardii LT64a]
  G. merotumida P79
  G. micheliniana C40
  G. miocaenica P79
  G. miotumida H90
  G. miozea S76
  G. multicamerata P79
  G. opima P79
  G. orientalis Maiya, Saito & Sato 1976 H03
  G. patagonica C40
  G. peripheroacuta P79
  G. peripheroronda P79
  G. praefohsi P79
  G. praehirsuta H90
  G. praemenardii H90 [=G. menardii f. praemenardii Q72]
  G. pseudobulloides P79
  G. pusilla P79
  G. scitula LT64a
  G. siakensis KS02
  G. spiralis P79
  G. stellaria Turnovsky 1958 [=G. (*Astrorotalia) stellaria] LT64b
  G. tosaensis P79
    |--G. t. tosaensis P79
    `--G. t. tenuitheca P79
  G. truncatulinoides (d’Orbigny in Barker-Webb & Berthelot 1839) (see below for synonymy) LT64b
  G. uncinata P79
  G. zealandica H90

Globorotalia Cushman 1927 [incl. Astrorotalia Turnovsky 1958, Planorotalia Morozova 1957, Truncorotalia Cushman & Bermúdez 1949] LT64b

Globorotalia truncatulinoides (d’Orbigny in Barker-Webb & Berthelot 1839) [=Rotalina truncatulinoides, G. (*Truncorotalia) truncatulinoides] LT64b

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BC79] Berggren, W. A., & J. A. Van Couvering. 1979. Quaternary. In: Robison, R. A., & C. Teichert (eds) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt A. Introduction. Fossilisation (Taphonomy), Biogeography and Biostratigraphy pp. A505–A543. The Geological Society of America, Inc.: Boulder (Colorado), and The University of Kansas: Lawrence (Kansas).

[C40] Cushman, J. A. 1940. Foraminifera: Their classification and economic use 3^rd ed. Harvard University Press: Cambridge (Massachusetts).

[G92] Gingerich, P. D. 1992. Marine mammals (Cetacea and Sirenia) from the Eocene of Gebel Mokattam and Fayum, Egypt: stratigraphy, age, and paleoenvironments. University of Michigan Papers on Paleontology 30: i–ix, 1–84.

[H03] Hanagata, S. 2003. Miocene–Pliocene Foraminifera from the Niigata oil-fields region, northeastern Japan. Micropaleontology 49 (4): 293–340.

[H90] Hayward, B. W. 1990. Use of foraminiferal data in analysis of Taranaki Basin, New Zealand. Journal of Foraminiferal Research 20: 71–83.

[KS02] Kanjilal, S., & M. S. Srinivasan. 2002. New bivalves from the Miocene of Little Andaman Island, Bay of Bengal. Journal of the Geological Society of India 60: 527–536.

[LT64a] Loeblich, A. R., Jr & H. Tappan. 1964a. Sarcodina: chiefly “thecamoebians” and Foraminiferida. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt C. Protista 2 vol. 1. The Geological Society of America and The University of Kansas Press.

[LT64b] Loeblich, A. R., Jr & H. Tappan. 1964b. Sarcodina: chiefly “thecamoebians” and Foraminiferida. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt C. Protista 2 vol. 2. The Geological Society of America and The University of Kansas Press.

[P79] Papp, A. 1979. Tertiary. In: Robison, R. A., & C. Teichert (eds) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt A. Introduction. Fossilisation (Taphonomy), Biogeography and Biostratigraphy pp. A488–A504. The Geological Society of America, Inc.: Boulder (Colorado), and The University of Kansas: Lawrence (Kansas).

[Q72] Quilty, P. G. 1972. The biostratigraphy of the Tasmanian marine Tertiary. Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania 106: 25–44.

[SK96] Schneider, C. E., & J. P. Kennett. 1996. Isotopic evidence for interspecies habitat differences during evolution of the Neogene planktonic foraminiferal clade Globoconella. Paleobiology 22 (2): 282–303.

[SK99] Schneider, C. E., & J. P. Kennett. 1999. Segregation and speciation in the Neogene planktonic foraminiferal clade Globoconella. Paleobiology 25 (3): 383–395.

[S76] Scott, G. H. 1976. Foraminiferal biostratigraphy and evolutionary models. Systematic Zoology 25 (1): 78–80.

Globothalamea

Reophax guttifer, copyright Onno Groß.

Belongs within: Foraminifera.
Contains: Orbitolinidae, Pavonitinidae, Dicyclinidae, Robertinida, Rotaliida, Ataxophragmiidae, Textulariidae, Trochamminidae, Lituolidae.

The Globothalamea is a major group of multi-chambered Foraminifera in which the chambers are primarily globular or crescent-shaped. Basal lineages, corresponding to the order 'Textulariida', have an agglutinated test; other subgroups have a test composed of calcite or aragonite (Pawlowski et al. 2013).

Characters (from Pawlowski et al. 2013): Test multi-chambered, typically trochospirally enrolled but may be triserial, biserial or uniserial; chambers globular or crescent-shaped in early stage; wall agglutinated or calcareous. SSU rRNA gene length averaging 3500 nt (3000–4000 nt), GC content of about 40%; conserved motive present in variable region 41f of SSU rDNA.

<==Globothalamea [Lituolacea, Lituolicae, Lituolina, Textulariida] PHT13
    |  i. s.: Nouria Heron-Allen & Earland 1914 C40 [Nouriidae LT64, Nouriinae]
    |           `--*N. polymorphinoides Heron-Allen & Earland 1914 C40
    |         Carterina Brady 1884 [Carterinacea, Carterinida, Carterinidae] AS12
    |           `--*C. spiculotesta (Carter 1877) [=Rotalia spiculotesta] C40
    |         Orbitolinidae C40
    |         Leptohalysis scotti PHT13
    |         Pavonitinidae LT64
    |         Dicyclinidae LT64
    |--Hormosinidae [Aschemonellidae, Hormosinida, Reophacida, Reophacidae, Silicinidae] PHT13
    |    |--Cribratininae LT64
    |    |    |--Cribratina Sample 1932 LT64
    |    |    |    `--*C. texana (Conrad in Emory 1857) LT64 [=Nodosaria texana LT64, Haplostiche texana C40]
    |    |    `--Haplostiche Reuss 1861 [=Arhaplostichoum Rhumbler 1913] LT64
    |    |         `--*H. foedissima (Reuss 1860) [=Dentalina foedissima, *Arhaplostichoum foetidissimum] LT64
    |    `--Hormosininae [Arreophaxnia, Proteonininae, Reophacidinae, Reophacinae, Silicininae] LT64
    |         |--Sulcophax Rhumbler in Wiesner 1931 LT64
    |         |    `--*S. claviformis Rhumbler in Wiesner 1931 LT64
    |         |--Auerinella Frenguelli 1953 LT64
    |         |    `--*A. fuegiae Frenguelli 1953 LT64
    |         |--Nodosinum Hofker 1930 LT64
    |         |    `--*N. gaussicum (Rhumbler 1913) (see below for synonymy) LT64
    |         |--Polychasmina Loeblich & Tappan 1946 LT64
    |         |    `--*P. pawpawensis Loeblich & Tappan 1946 LT64
    |         |--Protoschista Eimer & Fickert 1899 LT64
    |         |    `--*P. findens (Parker 1870) [=Lituola findens] LT64
    |         |--Psammolingulina Silvestri 1904 LT64
    |         |    `--*P. papillosa (Neugeboren 1856) [=Lingulina papillosa] LT64
    |         |--Hormosina Brady 1879 [=Arhomosum Rhumbler 1913] LT64
    |         |    |--*H. globulifera Brady 1879 [=*Arhomosum globuliferum] LT64
    |         |    `--H. kijastachensis BL79
    |         |--Thomasinella Shlumberger in Thomas 1893 [incl. Bireophax Bolli 1961] LT64
    |         |    |--*T. punica Schlumberger 1893 LT64
    |         |    `--T. guaricoensis (Bolli 1961) [=*Bireophax guaricoensis] LT64
    |         `--Reophax Montfort 1808 (see below for synonymy) LT64
    |              |--*R. scorpiurus Montfort 1808 (see below for synonymy) LT64
    |              |--R. angusta (Schubert 1902) [=*Ammofrondicularia angusta] LT64
    |              |--R. asper C40
    |              |--R. delicatula (Bermúdez & Key 1952) [=*Ginesina delicatula] LT64
    |              |--R. dentaliniformis Brady 1881 [=*Nodulina dentaliniformis] LT64
    |              |--‘Proteonina’ difflugiformis C40
    |              |--‘*Reophaxopsis’ elegans de Folin 1887 LT64
    |              |--R. excentricus Cushman 1910 H03
    |              |--‘*Proteonina’ fusiformis Williamson 1858 [=*Arproteonum fusiforme] LT64
    |              |--R. guttifer LT64
    |              |--‘Silicina’ limitata C40
    |              |--‘Involutina’ polymorpha Terquem 1864 [=*Arsilicoum polymorphum, *Silicina polymorpha] LT64
    |              `--R. texana C40
    `--+--+--Robertinida C40
       |  `--Rotaliida PH03
       `--+--+--Ataxophragmiidae PHT13
          |  `--+--Textulariidae PHT13
          |     `--+--Trochamminidae PHT13
          |        `--Eggerelloides scaber PHT13
          `--+--Lituolidae PH03
             `--Haplophragmiidae G-B87
                  |--Telatynella Gawor-Biedowa 1987 [Telatynellinae] G-B87
                  |    |--*T. telatynensis Gawor-Biedowa 1987 G-B87
                  |    `--T. clavata Gawor-Biedowa 1987 G-B87
                  `--Haplophragmium Reuss 1860 C40, G-B87 [incl. Bulbobaculites Maync 1952 LT64; Haplophragmiinae]
                       |--*H. aequale (Roemer 1841) [=Spirolina aequalis] LT64
                       |--H. lituolinoideum C40
                       |--H. lueckei (Cushman & Hedberg 1941) [=Ammobaculites lueckei, *Bulbobaculites lueckei] LT64
                       |--H. scitulum Brady 1881 [=Alveolophragmium scitulum] H03
                       `--H. taylorensis C40

*Nodosinum gaussicum (Rhumbler 1913) [=Nodosinella gaussicum, Arnodosinum pygaussicum Rhumbler 1913, Nodosinella gaussica] LT64

Reophax Montfort 1808 [=Arreophaxum Rhumbler 1913, Lituolina Goës 1881, Reophagus Agassiz 1844, Rheophax Eimer & Fickert 1899; incl. Ammofrondicularia Schubert 1902, Arproteonum Rhumbler 1913, Arsilicoum Rhumbler 1913, Ginesina Bermúdez & Key 1952, Nodulina Rhumbler 1895, Proteonina Williamson 1858, Reophaxopsis de Folin 1887, Silicina Bornemann 1874] LT64

*Reophax scorpiurus Montfort 1808 [=*Arreophaxum scorpiurus, *Lituolina scorpiurus, *Reophagus scorpiurus, *Rheophax scorpiurus] LT64

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[AS12] Adl, S. M., A. G. B. Simpson, C. E. Lane, J. Lukeš, D. Bass, S. S. Bowser, M. W. Brown, F. Burki, M. Dunthorn, V. Hampl, A. Heiss, M. Hoppenrath, E. Lara, E. Le Gall, D. H. Lynn, H. McManus, E. A. D. Mitchell, S. E. Mozley-Stanridge, L. W. Parfrey, J. Pawlowski, S. Rueckert, L. Shadwick, C. L. Schoch, A. Smirnov & F. W. Spiegel. 2012. The revised classification of eukaryotes. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 59 (5): 429–493.

[BL79] Basov, V. A., B. G. Lopatin, I. S. Gramberg, A. I. Danjushevskaya, V. Ya. Kaban’kov, V. M. Lazurkin & D. K. Patrunov. 1979. Lower Cretaceous lithostratigraphy near Galicia Bank. Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project 47: 683–717.

[C40] Cushman, J. A. 1940. Foraminifera: Their classification and economic use 3^rd ed. Harvard University Press: Cambridge (Massachusetts).

[G-B87] Gawor-Biedowa, E. 1987. New benthic foraminifers from the Late Cretaceous of Poland. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 32 (1–2): 49–72.

[H03] Hanagata, S. 2003. Miocene–Pliocene Foraminifera from the Niigata oil-fields region, northeastern Japan. Micropaleontology 49 (4): 293–340.

[LT64] Loeblich, A. R., Jr & H. Tappan. 1964. Sarcodina: chiefly “thecamoebians” and Foraminiferida. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt C. Protista 2 vol. 1. The Geological Society of America and The University of Kansas Press.

[PH03] Pawlowski, J., M. Holzmann, J. Fahrni & S. L. Richardson. 2003. Small subunit ribosomal DNA suggests that the xenophyophorean Syringammina corbicula is a foraminiferan. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 50: 483–487.

[PHT13] Pawlowski, J., M. Holzmann & J. Tyszka. 2013. New supraordinal classification of Foraminifera: molecules meet morphology. Marine Micropalaeontology 100: 1–10.

Robertinida

Lamarckina sp., from Todd (1965).

Belongs within: Globothalamea.
Contains: Epistomininae.

The Robertinida are a group of calcareous Foraminifera known from the Jurassic (possibly Triassic) to the present, in which the test wall is composed of aragonite rather than calcite (Loeblich & Tappan 1964b).

Characters (from Loeblich & Tappan 1964b): Test trochospiral, chambers divided internally by partitions; wall perforate-radial in structure, of aragonite; aperture a low slit in chamber face, with secondary aperture in each septum above partition.

<==Robertinida [Robertinacea]
    |--Robertinidae [Robertininae] LT64a
    |    |--Cerobertina Finlay 1939 LT64b
    |    |    `--*C. bartrumi Finlay 1939 LT64b
    |    |--Alliatina Troelsen 1954 LT64b
    |    |    `--*A. excentrica (di Napoli Alliata 1952) [=Cushmanella excentrica] LT64b
    |    |--Alliatinella Carter 1957 LT64b
    |    |    `--*A. gedgravensis Carter 1957 LT64b
    |    |--Geminospira Makiyama & Nakagawa 1941 LT64b
    |    |    `--*G. simaensis Makiyama & Nakagawa 1941 LT64b
    |    |--Pseudobulimina Earland 1934 LT64b
    |    |    `--*P. chapmani (Heron-Allen & Earland 1922) [=Bulimina chapmani] LT64b
    |    |--Cushmanella Palmer & Bermúdez 1936 LT64b
    |    |    `--*C. brownii (d’Orbigny in de la Sagra 1839) [=Nonionina brownii] LT64b
    |    |--Ungulatella Cushman 1931 LT64b
    |    |    `--*U. pacifica Cushman 1931 LT64b
    |    |--Colomia Cushman & Bermúdez 1948 LT64b
    |    |    |--*C. cretacea Cushman & Bermúdez 1948 LT64b
    |    |    `--C. californica M08
    |    |--Robertina d’Orbigny 1846 C40
    |    |    |--*R. arctica d’Orbigny 1846 C40
    |    |    `--R. charlottensis C40
    |    `--Robertinoides Höglund 1947 LT64b
    |         |--*R. normani (Goës 1894) [=Bulimina normani] LT64b
    |         `--R. bradyi JW99
    `--Ceratobuliminidae LT64a
         |--Epistomininae LT64a
         `--Ceratobulimininae LT64b
              |--Cassidulinita Suzin in Voloshinova & Dain 1952 (see below for synonymy) LT64b
              |    `--*C. prima Suzin in Voloshinova & Dain 1952 LT64b
              |--Ceratocancris Finlay 1939 LT64b
              |    `--*C. clifdenensis (Finlay 1939) [=Ceratobulimina (*Ceratocancris) clifdenensis] LT64b
              |--Ceratolamarckina Troelsen 1954 LT64b
              |    `--*C. tuberculata (Brotzen 1948) [=Ceratobulimina tuberculata] LT64b
              |--Praelamarckina Kaptarenko-Chernousova 1956 LT64b
              |    `--*P. humilis Kaptarenko-Chernousova 1956 LT64b
              |--Roglicia van Bellen 1941 LT64b
              |    `--*R. sphaerica van Bellen 1941 LT64b
              |--Rubratella Grell 1956 LT64b
              |    `--*R. intermedia Grell 1956 LT64b
              |--Pseudolamarckina Myatlyuk in Rauzer-Chernousova & Fursenko 1959 LT64b
              |    |--*P. rjasanensis (Uhlig 1883) [=Pulvinulina rjasanensis] LT64b
              |    `--P. reussi BL79
              |--Conorboides Hofker in Thalmann 1952 (see below for synonymy) LT64b
              |    |--*C. mitra (Hofker 1951) [=*Conorbis mitra] LT64b
              |    |--C. hofkeri BL79
              |    `--C. umiatensis (Tappan 1957) [=*Nanushukella umiatensis] LT64b
              |--Ceratobulimina Toula 1915 [=Fissistomella Clodius 1922; incl. Ceratobuliminoides Parr 1950] LT64b
              |    |--*C. contraria (Reuss 1851) [=Rotalina contraria, *Fissistomella contraria] LT64b
              |    |--C. bassensis (Parr 1950) [=*Ceratobuliminoides bassensis] LT64b
              |    |--C. cretacea C40
              |    |--C. lotosina M08
              |    `--C. pacifica C40
              `--Lamarckina Berthelin 1881 [incl. Megalostomina Rzehak 1891] LT64b
                   |--*L. erinacea (Karrer 1868) [=Pulvinulina erinacea] LT64b
                   |--L. fuchsi (Rzehak 1895) [=*Megalostomina fuchsi, Discorbina fuchsii Rzehak 1888 (n. n.)] LT64b
                   |--L. glabrata C40
                   |--L. glencoensis Q72
                   |--L. ripleyensis C40
                   `--L. wilcoxensis C40

Cassidulinita Suzin in Voloshinova & Dain 1952 [incl. Cassidulinella Suzin in Voloshinova & Dain 1952 non Natland 1940] LT64b

Conorboides Hofker in Thalmann 1952 [=Conorbis Hofker 1951 non Swainson 1840; incl. Nanushukella Tappan 1957] LT64b

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BL79] Basov, V. A., B. G. Lopatin, I. S. Gramberg, A. I. Danjushevskaya, V. Ya. Kaban’kov, V. M. Lazurkin & D. K. Patrunov. 1979. Lower Cretaceous lithostratigraphy near Galicia Bank. Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project 47: 683–717.

[C40] Cushman, J. A. 1940. Foraminifera: Their classification and economic use 3^rd ed. Harvard University Press: Cambridge (Massachusetts).

[JW99] Jian, Z.-M., L.-J. Wang, M. Kienast, M. Sarnthein, W. Kuhnt, H.-L. Lin & P.-X. Wang. 1999. Benthic foraminiferal paleoceanography of the South China Sea over the last 40,000 years. Marine Geology 156: 159–186.

[LT64a] Loeblich, A. R., Jr & H. Tappan. 1964a. Sarcodina: chiefly “thecamoebians” and Foraminiferida. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt C. Protista 2 vol. 1. The Geological Society of America and The University of Kansas Press.

[LT64b] Loeblich, A. R., Jr & H. Tappan. 1964b. Sarcodina: chiefly “thecamoebians” and Foraminiferida. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt C. Protista 2 vol. 2. The Geological Society of America and The University of Kansas Press.

[M08] McMillan, I. K. 2008. Reappraisal of foraminiferal assemblages of the Santonia-Campanian Mzamba Formation type section, and their correlation with the stratigraphic succession of the KwaZulu Basin. African Natural History 4: 25–34.

[Q72] Quilty, P. G. 1972. The biostratigraphy of the Tasmanian marine Tertiary. Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania 106: 25–44.

Bolivinitidae

Scanning electron micrographs and microphotographs of Bulimina striatula, copyright Isabel Mendes.

Belongs within: Buliminacea.

The Bolivinitidae are a group of primarily biserial Foraminifera known from the Upper Triassic to the present (Loeblich & Tappan 1964b).

Characters (from Loeblich & Tappan 1964b): Test biserial at least in young stage, aperture comma-shaped, parallel to compression of test, basal or terminal, with internal tooth plate.

<==Bolivinitidae [Bolivinitinae] LT64a
    |--+--Bolivinita Cushman 1927 C40
    |  |    |--*B. quadrilatera (Schwager 1866) [=Textilaria quadrilatera] LT64b
    |  |    `--B. planata C40
    |  `--Bolivinoides Cushman 1927 C40
    |       |--*B. draco (Marsson 1878) [=Bolivina draco] LT64b
    |       |--B. decorata C40
    |       |--B. giganteus G-B87
    |       |--B. miliaris G-B87
    |       |--B. rhomboidalis C40
    |       `--B. sidestrandensis G-B87
    `--+--Rectobolivina Cushman 1927 C40 [incl. Geminaricta Cushman 1936 LT64b]
       |    |--*R. bifrons (Brady 1881) [=Sagrina bifrons] LT64b
       |    |--R. hungarica [=Bifarina hungarica] LT64b
       |    |--R. raphana [=Uvigerina (Sagrina) raphanus, Siphogenerina raphanus] LT64b
       |    |--R. tombigbeensis [=Bifarina tombigbeensis] LT64b
       |    |--R. vickburgensis [=Bifarina vicksburgensis] LT64b
       |    `--R. virgata (Cushman 1929) [=Bolivinella virgata, *Geminaricta virgata] LT64b
       `--Bolivina d’Orbigny 1839 C40 (see below for synonymy)
            |--*B. plicata d’Orbigny 1839 C40
            |--B. afra (Reyment 1959) [=*Afrobolivina afra] LT64b
            |--B. alata H04
            |--B. anastomosa B49
            |--B. bassensis LJ98
            |--B. convallaria H04
            |--B. decussata LT64a
            |--B. dilitata AA05
            |--B. durrandii H04
            |--B. finlayi H90
            |--B. hantkeniana C40
            |--B. incrassata G-B87
            |--B. lapsus B49
            |--‘*Proroporus’ lingua Ehrenberg 1844 LT64b
            |--B. pacifica Cushman & McCulloch 1942 [=B. acerosa var. pacifica] H03
            |--‘*Clidostomum’ polystigma Ehrenberg 1845 LT64b
            |--B. quadrilatera S05
            |--B. robusta Brady 1881 H03
            |--B. spathulata PH03
            |--B. striatula JW99
            |--B. subaenariensis LT64a
            |--B. subangularis C40
            `--B. subspinescens LT64a

Bolivinitidae incertae sedis:
  Brizalina Costa 1856 LT64a, C40
    |--*B. aenariensis Costa 1856 LT64b
    |--B. alata JW99
    |--B. pseudopunctata LT64b
    `--B. vadescens LT64b
  Gabonella de Klasz, Marie & Meijer 1960 LT64b
    `--*G. elongata de Klasz & Meijer 1960 LT64b
  Grimsdaleinella Bolli 1959 LT64b
    `--*G. spinosa Bolli 1959 LT64b
  Loxostomoides Reiss 1957 LT64b
    `--*L. applinae (Plummer 1927) [=Bolivina applini] LT64b
  Tappanina Montanaro Gallitelli LT64b
    `--*T. selmensis (Cushman 1933) [=Bolivinita selmensis] LT64b
  Altistoma de Klasz & Rérat 1962 LT64b
    `--*A. scalaris de Klasz & Rérat 1962 LT64b
  Laterostomella de Klasz & Rérat 1962 LT64b
    `--*L. guembeliniformis de Klasz & Rérat 1962 LT64b
  Unicosiphonia Cushman 1935 LT64b
    `--*U. crenulata Cushman 1935 LT64b
  Grammostomum Ehrenberg 1839 LT64b
    |--*G. tenue Ehrenberg 1839 LT64b
    `--G. macilentum Ehrenberg 1854 G-B87

Bolivina d’Orbigny 1839 C40 [incl. Afrobolivina Reyment 1959 LT64b, Clidostomum Ehrenberg 1845 C40, Proroporus Ehrenberg 1844 C40]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[AA05] Afanasieva, M. S., E. O. Amon, Y. V. Agarkov & D. S. Boltovskoy. 2005. Radiolarians in the geological record. Paleontological Journal 39 (Suppl. 3): S135–S392.

[B49] Battey, M. H. 1949. The geology of the Tuakau-Mercer area, Auckland. Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand 77 (3): 429–455.

[C40] Cushman, J. A. 1940. Foraminifera: Their classification and economic use 3^rd ed. Harvard University Press: Cambridge (Massachusetts).

[G-B87] Gawor-Biedowa, E. 1987. New benthic foraminifers from the Late Cretaceous of Poland. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 32 (1–2): 49–72.

[H04] Haeckel, E. 1899–1904. Kunstformen der Natur. Bibliographisches Institut: Leipzig und Wien.

[H03] Hanagata, S. 2003. Miocene–Pliocene Foraminifera from the Niigata oil-fields region, northeastern Japan. Micropaleontology 49 (4): 293–340.

[H90] Hayward, B. W. 1990. Use of foraminiferal data in analysis of Taranaki Basin, New Zealand. Journal of Foraminiferal Research 20: 71–83.

[JW99] Jian, Z.-M., L.-J. Wang, M. Kienast, M. Sarnthein, W. Kuhnt, H.-L. Lin & P.-X. Wang. 1999. Benthic foraminiferal paleoceanography of the South China Sea over the last 40,000 years. Marine Geology 156: 159–186.

[LJ98] Li, Q., N. P. James, B. McGowran, Y. Bone & J. Cann. 1998. Synergetic influence of water masses and Kangaroo Island barrier on foraminiferal distribution, Lincoln and Lacepede shelves, South Australia: a synthesis. Alcheringa 22 (2): 153–176.

[LT64a] Loeblich, A. R., Jr & H. Tappan. 1964a. Sarcodina: chiefly “thecamoebians” and Foraminiferida. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt C. Protista 2 vol. 1. The Geological Society of America and The University of Kansas Press.

[LT64b] Loeblich, A. R., Jr & H. Tappan. 1964b. Sarcodina: chiefly “thecamoebians” and Foraminiferida. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt C. Protista 2 vol. 2. The Geological Society of America and The University of Kansas Press.

[PH03] Pawlowski, J., M. Holzmann, J. Fahrni & S. L. Richardson. 2003. Small subunit ribosomal DNA suggests that the xenophyophorean Syringammina corbicula is a foraminiferan. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 50: 483–487.

[S05] Semeniuk, T. A. 2005. Fossil foraminiferal assemblages from Pleistocene seagrass-bank deposits of the southern Perth Basin, Western Australia, and their palaeotemperature implications. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 88 (4): 177–190.

Buliminacea

Stilostomella bradyi, from Brady (1884).

Belongs within: Rotaliida.
Contains: Buliminidae, Turrilininae, Bolivinitidae.

The Buliminacea are a lineage of originally high trochospiral Foraminifera known from the Upper Triassic to the present (Loeblich & Tappan 1964b).

Characters (from Loeblich & Tappan 1964b): Test high trochospiral or modified to biserial or uniserial; wall fine or coarsely perforate, of radially built calcite; aperture primary, basal slit, or in apertural face, or terminal; may have internal tooth plate or tube, and aperture may be on neck.

<==Buliminacea LT64b
    |  i. s.: Sphaeroidinidae LT64b
    |           |--Pullenoides Hofker 1951 LT64b
    |           |    `--*P. senoniensis Hofker 1951 LT64b
    |           `--Sphaeroidina d’Orbigny 1826 (see below for synonymy) C40
    |                |--*S. bulloides d’Orbigny 1826 C40
    |                |--‘*Sexloculina’ haueri Cžjžek 1848 LT64b
    |                `--‘*Bolbodium’ sphaerula Ehrenberg 1872 LT64b
    |--+--Buliminidae C40
    |  `--Turrilinidae LT64a
    |       |--Turrilininae C40
    |       `--Lacosteininae LT64b
    |            |--Lacosteina Marie 1945 LT64b
    |            |    `--*L. gouskovi Marie 1945 LT64b
    |            `--Spirobolivina Hofker 1956 LT64b
    |                 `--*S. pulchella (Cushman & Stainforth 1947) [=Bolivinopsis pulchella] LT64b
    `--+--Bolivinitidae C40
       `--Eouvigerinidae [Eouvigerininae] LT64a
            |  i. s.: Millettia Schubert 1911 [=Schubertia Silvestri 1911 non Gistl 1848] LT64b
            |           `--*M. tessellata (Brady 1884) [=Sagrina tessellata, *Schubertia tessellata] LT64b
            |--Siphonodosaria Silvestri 1924 C40 [=Sagrinnodosaria Jedlitschka 1931 LT64b]
            |    `--*S. abyssorum (Brady 1881) [=Nodosaria abyssorum, *Sagrinnodosaria abyssorum] LT64b
            |--Eouvigerina Cushman 1926 C40 [incl. Zeauvigerina Finlay 1939 LT64b]
            |    |--E. aculeata (Ehrenberg 1854) [=Loxostomum aculeatum; incl. *E. americana Cushman 1926] LT64b
            |    |--E. gracilis C40
            |    `--E. zelandica (Finlay 1939) [=*Zeauvigerina zelandica] LT64b
            `--+--Siphogenerinoides Cushman 1927 C40
               |    |--*S. plummeri (Cushman 1926) [=Siphogenerina plummeri] LT64b
               |    `--S. oveyi Nakkady 1950 [incl. S. oveyi var. compressa Nakkady 1950] F61
               `--Stilostomella Guppy 1894 LT64b [incl. Nodogenerina Cushman 1927 C40, LT64b]
                    |--*S. rugosa Guppy 1894 LT64b
                    |--S. bradyi (Cushman 1927) [=*Nodogenerina bradyi] LT64b
                    |--‘Nodogenerina’ advena C40
                    `--‘Nodogenerina’ lepida C40

Sphaeroidina d’Orbigny 1826 [incl. Bolbodium Ehrenberg 1872, Sexloculina Cžjžek 1848; Sphaeroidininae] C40

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[C40] Cushman, J. A. 1940. Foraminifera: Their classification and economic use 3^rd ed. Harvard University Press: Cambridge (Massachusetts).

[F61] Furrer, M. A. 1961. Siphogenerita, new genus, and a revision of California Cretaceous "Siphogenerinoides" (Foraminiferida). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 74: 267–274.

[LT64a] Loeblich, A. R., Jr & H. Tappan. 1964a. Sarcodina: chiefly “thecamoebians” and Foraminiferida. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt C. Protista 2 vol. 1. The Geological Society of America and The University of Kansas Press.

[LT64b] Loeblich, A. R., Jr & H. Tappan. 1964b. Sarcodina: chiefly “thecamoebians” and Foraminiferida. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt C. Protista 2 vol. 2. The Geological Society of America and The University of Kansas Press.

Buliminidae

Scanning electron micrographs and microphotographs of Bulimina marginata, copyright Isabel Mendes.

Belongs within: Buliminacea.

The Buliminidae are a group of Foraminifera known from the Palaeocene to the present (Loeblich & Tappan 1964b).

Characters (from Loeblich & Tappan 1964b): Test high trochospiral, with not more than three chambers to whorl, may reduce to biserial; aperture a loop in apertural face, with platelike internal tooth connecting successive chambers, or aperture may be indistinct and represented only by pores in terminal chamber face.

<==Buliminidae
    |--Pavonininae [Reussellinae, Reussiinae] LT64a
    |    |  i. s.: Tubulogenerina Cushman 1929 LT64b
    |    |           |--*T. tubulifera (Parker & Jones 1863) [=Textularia (Bigenerina) tubulifera] LT64b
    |    |           |--T. mooraboolensis C40
    |    |           |--‘Bifarina’ reticulosa LT64b
    |    |           `--‘Bifarina’ zanzibarensis LT64b
    |    |         Acostina Bermúdez 1949 LT64b
    |    |           `--*A. piramidale (Acosta 1940) [=Chrysalogonium piramidale] LT64b
    |    |         Fijiella Loeblich & Tappan 1962 LT64b
    |    |           |--*F. simplex (Cushman 1929) [=Trimosina simplex] LT64b
    |    |           `--F. perforata (Cushman 1924) [=Trimosina perforata] LT62
    |    |         Valvobifarina Hofker 1951 LT64b
    |    |           |--*V. mackinnoni (Millett 1900) [=Bifarina mackinnoni; incl. B. mackinnoni var. robusta] LT64b
    |    |           `--V. elongata [=Bifarina elongata] LT64b
    |    |--Reussella Galloway 1933 C40 [=Reussia Schwager 1877 non McCoy 1854 LT64b]
    |    |    |--*R. spinulosa (Reuss 1850) [=Verneuilina spinulosa, *Reussia spinulosa] LT64b
    |    |    |--R. armata S05
    |    |    `--R. simplex S05
    |    |--+--Mimosina Millett 1900 C40
    |    |  |    `--*M. histrix Millett 1900 LT64b
    |    |  `--Trimosina Cushman 1927 C40
    |    |       |--*T. milletti Cushman 1927 LT64b
    |    |       `--T. spinulosa [=Mimosina spinulosa] C40
    |    `--+--Chrysalidinella Schubert 1907 C40 [incl. Chrysalidinoides Uchio 1952 LT64b]
    |       |    |--*C. dimorpha (Brady 1881) [=Chrysalidina dimorpha] LT64b
    |       |    `--C. pacifica (Uchio 1952) [=*Chrysalidinoides pacificus] LT64b
    |       `--Pavonina d’Orbigny 1826 C40 (see below for synonymy)
    |            |--*P. flabelliformis d’Orbigny 1826 [=*Valvopavonina flabelliformis] LT64b
    |            `--P. ryukyuensis (Cushman & Hanzawa 1936) [=*Bifarinella ryukyuensis] LT64b
    `--Bulimininae C40
         |--Virgulopsis Finlay 1939 LT64b
         |    `--*V. pustulata Finlay 1939 LT64b
         |--Praeglobobulimina Hofker 1951 [incl. Protoglobobulimina Hofker 1951] LT64b
         |    |--*P. spinescens (Brady 1884) [=Bulimina pyrula var. spinescens] LT64b
         |    |--P. pupoides (d’Orbigny 1846) H03 (see below for synonymy)
         |    `--P. pyrula (d’Orbigny 1846) [=Bulimina pyrula] H03
         |--Globobulimina Cushman 1927 [incl. Desinobulimina Cushman & Parker 1940] LT64b
         |    |--*G. pacifica Cushman 1927 C40
         |    |--G. affinis JW99
         |    |--G. auriculata (Bailey 1851) [=Bulimina auriculata, B. (*Desinobulimina) auriculata] LT64b
         |    |    |--G. a. auriculata LT64b
         |    |    `--G. a. gullmarensis LT64b
         |    |--G. perversa (Cushman 1921) [=Bulimina pyrula var. perversa] H03
         |    |--G. spinensis JW99
         |    `--G. turgida LT64b
         `--Bulimina d’Orbigny 1826 (see below for synonymy) C40
              |--*B. marginata d’Orbigny 1826 C40
              |--B. aculeata C40
              |--B. alazanensis JW99
              |--B. buchiana LT64a
              |--‘*Pleurites’ cretae Ehrenberg 1854 (n. d.) LT64b
              |--‘*Cucurbitina’ cruciata Costa 1856 (n. d.) LT64b
              |--B. elegans C40
              |--B. elongata M62
              |--B. exilis JW99
              |--B. gibba AA05
              |--B. inflata LT64a
              |--B. mexicana JW99
              |--B. miolaevis H90
              |--B. obtusa C40
              |--B. pupula B49
              |--B. spinulosa H04
              `--B. striata d’Orbigny 1826 H03

Bulimina d’Orbigny 1826 [incl. Cucurbitina Costa 1856 non Alexander 1833 (n. d.), Pleurites Ehrenberg 1854] C40

Pavonina d’Orbigny 1826 C40 [=Valvopavonina Hofker 1951 LT64b; incl. Bifarinella Cushman & Hanzawa 1936 LT64b]

Praeglobobulimina pupoides (d’Orbigny 1846) H03 [=Bulimina pupoides H03, *Protoglobobulimina pupoides LT64b; incl. B. kamadaensis Matsunaga 1963 H03]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[AA05] Afanasieva, M. S., E. O. Amon, Y. V. Agarkov & D. S. Boltovskoy. 2005. Radiolarians in the geological record. Paleontological Journal 39 (Suppl. 3): S135–S392.

[B49] Battey, M. H. 1949. The geology of the Tuakau-Mercer area, Auckland. Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand 77 (3): 429–455.

[C40] Cushman, J. A. 1940. Foraminifera: Their classification and economic use 3^rd ed. Harvard University Press: Cambridge (Massachusetts).

[H04] Haeckel, E. 1899–1904. Kunstformen der Natur. Bibliographisches Institut: Leipzig und Wien.

[H03] Hanagata, S. 2003. Miocene-Pliocene Foraminifera from the Niigata oil-fields region, northeastern Japan. Micropaleontology 49 (4): 293–340.

[H90] Hayward, B. W. 1990. Use of foraminiferal data in analysis of Taranaki Basin, New Zealand. Journal of Foraminiferal Research 20: 71–83.

[JW99] Jian, Z.-M., L.-J. Wang, M. Kienast, M. Sarnthein, W. Kuhnt, H.-L. Lin & P.-X. Wang. 1999. Benthic foraminiferal paleoceanography of the South China Sea over the last 40,000 years. Marine Geology 156: 159–186.

[LT62] Loeblich, A. R., Jr & H. Tappan. 1962. Six new generic names in the Mycetozoida (Trichiidae) and Foraminiferida (Fischerinidae, Buliminidae, Caucasinidae, and Pleurostomellidae), and a redescription of Loxostomum (Loxostomidae, new family). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 75: 107–114.

[LT64a] Loeblich, A. R., Jr & H. Tappan. 1964a. Sarcodina: chiefly “thecamoebians” and Foraminiferida. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt C. Protista 2 vol. 1. The Geological Society of America and The University of Kansas Press.

[LT64b] Loeblich, A. R., Jr & H. Tappan. 1964b. Sarcodina: chiefly “thecamoebians” and Foraminiferida. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt C. Protista 2 vol. 2. The Geological Society of America and The University of Kansas Press.

[M62] Monniot, F. 1962. Recherches sur les graviers a Amphioxus de la région de Banyuls-sur-Mer. Vie et Milieu 13: 231–322.

[S05] Semeniuk, T. A. 2005. Fossil foraminiferal assemblages from Pleistocene seagrass-bank deposits of the southern Perth Basin, Western Australia, and their palaeotemperature implications. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 88 (4): 177–190.

Pleurostomellidae

Pleurostomella subnodosa, copyright AMNH, Invertebrate Paleobiology.

Belongs within: Rotaliida.

The Pleurostomellidae are a group of Foraminifera known from the Lower Cretaceous (possibly Jurassic) to the present, characterised by the presence of an internal siphon running between the apertures of successive chambers (Loeblich & Tappan 1964).

Characters (from Loeblich & Tappan 1964): Early stage triserial or biserial, later uniserial, or uniserial throughout; aperture a curved narrow slit, lateral or terminal, with internal siphon between those of adjacent chambers.

<==Pleurostomellidae [Pleurostomellacea]
    |--Wheelerellinae G-B87
    |    |--Czarkowyella Gawor-Biedowa 1987 G-B87
    |    |    `--*C. czarkowyensis Gawor-Biedowa 1987 G-B87
    |    |--Wheelerella Petters 1954 LT64
    |    |    `--*W. magdalenaensis Petters 1954 LT64
    |    `--Bandyella Loeblich & Tappan 1962 LT64
    |         `--*B. greatvalleyensis (Trujillo 1960) [=Pleurostomella greatvalleyensis] LT64
    |--Pazdroellinae G-B87
    |    |--Pazdroella Gawor-Biedowa 1987 G-B87
    |    |    `--*P. olgae Gawor-Biedowa 1987 G-B87
    |    |--Triaperturina Gawor-Biedowa 1987 G-B87
    |    |    `--*T. polonica Gawor-Biedowa 1987 G-B87
    |    `--Quadriaperturina Gawor-Biedowa 1987 G-B87
    |         `--*Q. varsoviensis Gawor-Biedowa 1987 G-B87
    `--Pleurostomellinae [Ellipsoidinidae] LT64
         |  i. s.: Daucina Bornemann in Erman 1855 LT64
         |           `--*D. ermaniana Bornemann in Erman 1855 LT64
         |         Pinaria Bermúdez 1937 C40
         |           `--*P. heterosculpta Bermúdez 1937 C40
         |         Ellipsodimorphina Silvestri 1901 LT64
         |           `--*E. subcompacta Silvestri 1901 LT64
         |         Ellipsoidella Heron-Allen & Earland 1910 LT64
         |           `--*E. pleurostomelloides Heron-Allen & Earland 1910 LT64
         |--Pleurostomella Reuss 1860 [=Ellipsodentalina Franke 1928; incl. Pleurostomellina Schubert 1911] LT64
         |    |--*P. subnodosa (Reuss 1851) [=Dentalina subnodosa, Ellipsonodosaria (*Ellipsodentalina) subnodosa] LT64
         |    |--P. alternans JW99
         |    |--P. barroisi Berthelin 1880 [=*Pleurostomellina barroisi] LT64
         |    |--P. brevis LT64
         |    |--P. clavata C40
         |    |--P. copiosa BL79
         |    |--P. mirabilis BL79
         |    |--P. obtusa BL79
         |    |--P. pleurostomella C40
         |    |--P. reussi RC02
         |    |--P. subbotinae BL79
         |    `--P. wadowicensis G-B87
         `--+--Ellipsobulimina Silvestri 1903 C40
            |    `--*E. seguenzai Silvestri 1903 C40
            |--Ellipsopolymorphina Silvestri 1901 LT64 [incl. Ellipsopleurostomella Silvestri 1903 C40, LT64]
            |    |--*E. fornasinii Galloway 1933 LT64
            |    |--‘Ellipsopleurostomella’ curta C40
            |    `--E. schlichti (Silvestri 1903) [=*Ellipsopleurostomella schlichti] LT64
            `--+--Ellipsolingulina Silvestri 1907 C40
               |    |--*E. impressa (Terquem 1882) [=Lingulina impressa] LT64
               |    `--E. silvestrii LT64
               |--Nodosarella Rzehak 1895 C40 [incl. Ellipsonodosaria Silvestri 1900 LT64]
               |    |--*N. tuberosa (Gümbel 1870) [=Lingulina tuberosa] LT64
               |    |--N. coalingensis C40
               |    |--N. rotundata (d’Orbigny 1846) [=Lingulina rotundata, *Ellipsonodosaria rotundata] LT64
               |    |--N. salmojraghii C40
               |    `--‘Ellipsonodosaria’ subconica B49
               `--+--Ellipsoidina Seguenza 1859 C40
                  |    `--*E. ellipsoides Seguenza 1859 C40
                  `--Ellipsoglandulina Silvestri 1900 C40
                       |--*E. laevigata Silvestri 1900 C40
                       |--E. labiata C40
                       `--E. velascoensis C40

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BL79] Basov, V. A., B. G. Lopatin, I. S. Gramberg, A. I. Danjushevskaya, V. Ya. Kaban’kov, V. M. Lazurkin & D. K. Patrunov. 1979. Lower Cretaceous lithostratigraphy near Galicia Bank. Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project 47: 683–717.

[B49] Battey, M. H. 1949. The geology of the Tuakau-Mercer area, Auckland. Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand 77 (3): 429–455.

[C40] Cushman, J. A. 1940. Foraminifera: Their classification and economic use 3^rd ed. Harvard University Press: Cambridge (Massachusetts).

[G-B87] Gawor-Biedowa, E. 1987. New benthic foraminifers from the Late Cretaceous of Poland. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 32 (1–2): 49–72.

[JW99] Jian, Z.-M., L.-J. Wang, M. Kienast, M. Sarnthein, W. Kuhnt, H.-L. Lin & P.-X. Wang. 1999. Benthic foraminiferal paleoceanography of the South China Sea over the last 40,000 years. Marine Geology 156: 159–186.

[LT64] Loeblich, A. R., Jr & H. Tappan. 1964. Sarcodina: chiefly “thecamoebians” and Foraminiferida. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt C. Protista 2 vol. 2. The Geological Society of America and The University of Kansas Press.

[RC02] Riding, J. B., & J. A. Crame. 2002. Aptian to Coniacian (Early–Late Cretaceous) palynostratigraphy of the Gustav Group, James Ross Basin, Antarctica. Cretaceous Research 23: 739–760.

Globigerinidae

Globigerinoides ruber, from here.

Belongs within: Rotaliida.
Contains: Globigerina.

The Globigerinidae are a group of planktonic Foraminifera known from the Upper Cretaceous Maastrichtian epoch to the present. The earliest members of the family are assigned to the subfamily Globigerininae (which survives to the present), characterised by a trochospiral to streptospiral test with the primary aperture umbilical or spiroumbilical (Loeblich & Tappan 1964b).

Characters (from Loeblich & Tappan 1964b): Test trochospiral, streptospiral or globular, chambers spherical, ovate or clavate; primary aperture umbilical or spiroumbilical, may have secondary sutural or areal apertures, bullae, and accessory infralaminal apertures.

<==Globigerinidae
    |--Sphaeroidinellinae LT64b
    |    |--Sphaeroidinella Cushman 1927 C40
    |    |    `--*S. dehiscens (Parker & Jones 1865) [=Sphaeroidina dehiscens] LT64b
    |    `--Sphaeroidinellopsis Banner & Blow 1959 LT64b
    |         `--*S. subdehiscens (Blow 1959) [=Sphaeroidinella dehiscens subdehiscens] LT64b
    |--Orbulininae [Candeininae] LT64b
    |    |--Candeina d’Orbigny in de la Sagra 1839 LT64b
    |    |    `--*C. nitida d’Orbigny in de la Sagra 1839 C40
    |    |--Porticulasphaera Bolli, Loeblich & Tappan 1957 LT64b
    |    |    `--*P. mexicana (Cushman 1925) (see below for synonymy) LT64b
    |    |--Globigerapsis Bolli, Loeblich & Tappan 1957 LT64b
    |    |    |--*G. kugleri Bolli, Loeblich & Tappan 1957 LT64b
    |    |    `--G. index H90
    |    `--Orbulina d’Orbigny in de la Sagra 1839 (see below for synonymy) LT64b
    |         |--*O. universa d’Orbigny 1839 LT64b, H03
    |         |--‘Globigerina’ bilobata d’Orbigny 1846 [=*Biorbulina bilobata] LT64b
    |         |--‘*Coscinosphaera’ ciliosa Stuart 1866 LT64b
    |         |--O. suturalis P79
    |         `--‘*Candorbulina universa’ Jedlitschka 1934 non Orbulina universa d’Orbigny in de la Sagra 1839 LT64b
    |--Catapsydracinae LT64b
    |    |--Catapsydrax Bolli, Loeblich & Tappan 1957 LT64b
    |    |    `--C. dissimilis (Cushman & Bermúdez 1937) [=Globigerina dissimilis] LT64b
    |    |--Globigerinatella Cushman & Stainforth 1945 LT64b
    |    |    `--*G. insueta Cushman & Stainforth 1945 LT64b
    |    |--Globigerinatheka Brönnimann 1952 LT64b
    |    |    `--*G. barri Brönnimann 1952 LT64b
    |    |--Globigerinoita Brönnimann 1952 LT64b
    |    |    `--*G. morugaensis Brönnimann 1952 LT64b
    |    |--Tinophodella Loeblich & Tappan 1957 LT64b
    |    |    `--*T. ambitacrena Loeblich & Tappan 1957 LT64b
    |    `--Globigerinita Brönnimann 1951 [incl. Turborotalita Blow & Banner in Eames, Banner et al. 1962] LT64b
    |         |--*G. naparimaensis Brönnimann 1951 LT64b
    |         |--G. dissimilis P79
    |         |--G. glutinata (Egger 1893) [=Globigerina glutinata] H03
    |         |--G. howei P79
    |         |--‘Truncatulina’ humilis Brady 1884 [=*Turborotalita humilis] LT64b
    |         `--G. parkerae LT64b
    `--Globigerininae LT64a
         |--Globigerina G86
         |--Beella Banner & Blow 1960 LT64b
         |    `--*B. digitata (Brady 1879) [=Globigerina digitata, Globorotalia (*Beella) digitata] LT64b
         |--Globigerinopsis Bolli 1962 LT64b
         |    `--*G. aguasayensis Bolli 1962 LT64b
         |--Globoconusa Khalilov 1956 LT64b
         |    `--G. daubjergensis (Brönnimann 1953) (see below for synonymy) LT64b
         |--Hastigerinella Cushman 1927 LT64b
         |    `--*H. digitata (Rhumbler 1911) [=Hastigerina digitata, Hastigerinella rhumbleri Galloway 1933] LT64b
         |--Pulleniatina Cushman 1927 [Pulleniatininae] LT64b
         |    `--*P. obliqueloculata (Parker & Jones 1865) [=Pullenia obliqueloculata] LT64b
         |--Globorotaloides Bolli 1957 [incl. Eoglobigerina Morozova 1959] LT64b
         |    |--*G. variabilis Bolli 1957 LT64b
         |    `--G. eobulloides (Morozova 1959) [=Globigerina (*Eoglobigerina) eobulloides] LT64b
         |--Globoquadrina Finlay 1947 LT64b
         |    |--*G. dehiscens (Chapman, Parr & Collins 1934) [=Globorotalia dehiscens] LT64b
         |    |--G. altispira BC79
         |    `--G. quadraria [incl. G. quadraria var. advena] LT64a
         |--Subbotina Brotzen & Pozaryska 1961 LT64b
         |    |--*S. triloculinoides (Plummer 1927) [=Globigerina triloculinoides] LT64b
         |    |--S. trinidadensis MO81
         |    `--S. velascoensis (Cushman 1925) [=Globigerina velascoensis] MO81
         |--Neogloboquadrina H03
         |    |--N. acostaensis KS02
         |    |--N. asanoi H03
         |    |--N. continuosa KS02
         |    |--N. dutertrei (d’Orbigny 1839) (see below for synonymy) H03
         |    |--N. incompta (Cifelli 1961) [=Globigerina incompta] H03
         |    `--N. pachyderma (Ehrenberg 1861) [=Aristerospira pachyderma] H03
         `--Globigerinoides Cushman 1927 C40
              |--*G. ruber (d’Orbigny in de la Sagra 1839) [=Globigerina rubra] LT64b
              |--G. conglobata LT64a
              |--G. extremes KS02
              |--G. fistulosus BC79
              |--G. glomerosus [=G. glomerosus f. transitorius] Q72
              |--G. helicina C40
              |--G. minuta LT64a
              |--G. obliquus BC79
              |--G. primordius P79
              |--G. quadrilobatus [incl. G. quadrilobatus f. immaturus] Q72
              |--G. sacculifer SK99 [=G. quadrilobatus f. sacculifer Q72; incl. G. sacculiferus var. immatura LT64a]
              |--G. sicanus P79
              `--G. trilobus SK99 [=G. quadrilobatus f. trilobus Q72]

Globoconusa daubjergensis (Brönnimann 1953) [=Globigerina daubjergensis; incl. *Globoconusa conusa Khalilov 1956] LT64b

Neogloboquadrina dutertrei (d’Orbigny 1839) [=Globigerina dutertrei; incl. Globig. eggeri Rhumbler 1901, Globoquadrina eggeri, Neogloboquadrina eggeri, Globoq. himiensis Maiya, Saito & Sato 1976, N. himiensis] H03

Orbulina d’Orbigny in de la Sagra 1839 [incl. Biorbulina Blow 1956, Candorbulina Jedlitschka 1934, Coscinosphaera Stuart 1866] LT64b

*Porticulasphaera mexicana (Cushman 1925) [=Globigerina mexicana, Globigerapsis mexicana; incl. Porticulasphaera beckmanni Saito 1962] LT64b

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BC79] Berggren, W. A., & J. A. Van Couvering. 1979. Quaternary. In: Robison, R. A., & C. Teichert (eds) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt A. Introduction. Fossilisation (Taphonomy), Biogeography and Biostratigraphy pp. A505–A543. The Geological Society of America, Inc.: Boulder (Colorado), and The University of Kansas: Lawrence (Kansas).

[C40] Cushman, J. A. 1940. Foraminifera: Their classification and economic use 3^rd ed. Harvard University Press: Cambridge (Massachusetts).

[G86] Golemansky, V. G. 1986. Rhizopoda: Foraminiferida. In: Botosaneanu, L. (ed.) Stygofauna Mundi: A Faunistic, Distributional, and Ecological Synthesis of the World Fauna inhabiting Subterranean Waters (including the Marine Interstitial) pp. 17–20. E. J. Brill/Dr W. Backhuys: Leiden.

[H03] Hanagata, S. 2003. Miocene-Pliocene Foraminifera from the Niigata oil-fields region, northeastern Japan. Micropaleontology 49 (4): 293–340.

[H90] Hayward, B. W. 1990. Use of foraminiferal data in analysis of Taranaki Basin, New Zealand. Journal of Foraminiferal Research 20: 71–83.

[KS02] Kanjilal, S., & M. S. Srinivasan. 2002. New bivalves from the Miocene of Little Andaman Island, Bay of Bengal. Journal of the Geological Society of India 60: 527–536.

[LT64a] Loeblich, A. R., Jr & H. Tappan. 1964a. Sarcodina: chiefly “thecamoebians” and Foraminiferida. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt C. Protista 2 vol. 1. The Geological Society of America and The University of Kansas Press.

[LT64b] Loeblich, A. R., Jr & H. Tappan. 1964b. Sarcodina: chiefly “thecamoebians” and Foraminiferida. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt C. Protista 2 vol. 2. The Geological Society of America and The University of Kansas Press.

[MO81] Mancini, E. A., & G. E. Oliver. 1981. Planktic foraminifers from the Tuscahoma Sand (upper Paleocene) of southwest Alabama. Micropaleontology 27 (2): 204–225.

[P79] Papp, A. 1979. Tertiary. In: Robison, R. A., & C. Teichert (eds) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt A. Introduction. Fossilisation (Taphonomy), Biogeography and Biostratigraphy pp. A488–A504. The Geological Society of America, Inc.: Boulder (Colorado), and The University of Kansas: Lawrence (Kansas).

[Q72] Quilty, P. G. 1972. The biostratigraphy of the Tasmanian marine Tertiary. Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania 106: 25–44.

[SK99] Schneider, C. E., & J. P. Kennett. 1999. Segregation and speciation in the Neogene planktonic foraminiferal clade Globoconella. Paleobiology 25 (3): 383–395.