Cyanoramphus

Red-crowned parakeet Cyanoramphus novaezelandiae, copyright Ralph Green.

Belongs within: Platycercini.

Cyanoramphus is a genus of small to medium-sized parakeets found in New Zealand and (at least historically) on other islands of the Pacific; members of the genus are predominantly green, often with contrastingly coloured patches on the front of the head.

<==Cyanoramphus Bonaparte 1854 [=Cyanorhamphus Sclater 1858; incl. Bulleria Iredale & Mathews 1926] CC10
    |  i. s.: *C. zealandicus (Latham 1790) CC10
    |         C. cookii (Gray 1859) (see below for synonymy) CC10
    |         C. hochstetteri (Reischek 1889) (see below for synonymy) CC10
    |         C. ulietanus WH02
    |         C. verticalis (Latham 1802) [=Psittacus verticalis, C. novaezelandiae verticalis] CC10
    |--C. saisseti Verreaux & Des Murs 1860 BKB15, CC10 [=C. novaezelandiae saisseti RN72]
    `--+--C. forbesi Rothschild 1893 JT12, CC10 [=Cyanorhamphus forbesi CC10, Cyanoramphus auriceps forbesi CC10]
       `--+--C. auriceps (Kuhl 1820) JT12, CC10 (see below for synonymy)
          `--+--C. novaezelandiae (Sparrman 1787) JT12, CC10 (see below for synonymy)
             |    |--C. n. novaezelandiae (see below for synonymy) CC10
             |    |--C. n. chathamensis Oliver 1930 CC10
             |    |--C. n. cyanurus Salvadori 1891 CC10
             |    |--C. n. erythrotis (Wagler 1832) (see below for synonymy) CC10
             |    `--C. n. subflavescens Salvadori 1891 CC10
             `--+--C. malherbi Souancé 1857 JT12, CC10 (see below for synonymy)
                `--C. unicolor (Lear 1831) JT12, CC10 (see below for synonymy)

Cyanoramphus auriceps (Kuhl 1820) JT12, CC10 [=Psittacus auriceps CC10, Coriphilus auriceps CC10, Cyanorhamphus auriceps CC10, Euphema auriceps CC10, Platycercus auriceps CC10; incl. Cyanorhamphus auriceps intermedia Reichenow 1881 CC10, Cyanoramphus auriceps macleani Mathews & Iredale 1913 CC10, Cyanoramphus auriceps novana Mathews 1930 CC10]

Cyanoramphus cookii (Gray 1859) [=Platycercus cookii, Cyanoramphus novaezelandiae cookii, Cyanorhamphus cooki, Platycercus cooki; incl. Cyanorhamphus magnirostris Forbes & Robinson 1897, P. rayneri Gray 1862, Cyanorhamphus novaezeelandiae rayneri] CC10

Cyanoramphus hochstetteri (Reischek 1889) [=Platycercus hochstetteri, C. erythrotis hochstetteri, C. novaezelandiae hochstetteri] CC10

Cyanoramphus malherbi Souancé 1857 JT12, CC10 [=Cyanorhamphus auriceps malherbi CC10, Cyanorhamphus malherbei CC10, Platycercus malherbii CC10; incl. P. alpinus Buller 1869 CC10, Cyanorhamphus alpinus CC10]

Cyanoramphus novaezelandiae (Sparrman 1787) JT12, CC10 [=Psittacus novaezelandiae CC10, Coriphilus novaezeelandiae CC10, Cyanorhamphus novaezealandiae CC10, Cyanorhamphus novaezeelandiae CC10, Euphema novaezeelandiae CC10, Pezoporus novaezeelandiae CC10, Platycercus novaeseelandiae CC10, Pl. novaezealandiae CC10, Pl. novaezelandiae CC10]

Cyanoramphus novaezelandiae erythrotis (Wagler 1832) [=Platycercus erythrotis, Cyanorhamphus novaezeelandiae erythrotis] CC10

Cyanoramphus novaezelandiae novaezelandiae (Sparrman 1787) [incl. Cyanoramphus aucklandicus Bonaparte 1856, Cyanoramphus novaezelandiae aucklandicus, Cyanorhamphus novaezeelandiae aucklandicus, Platycercus aucklandicus, Pl. forsteri Finsch 1868, Cyanorhamphus novaezeelandiae forsteri, Pl. novaeguineae Gray 1859, Psittacus pacificus Gmelin 1788, Cyanoramphus pacificus, Platycercus pacificus, Pl. rowleyi Buller 1875, Cyanorhamphus novaezeelandiae rowleyi, Cyanorhamphus novaezelandiae rowleyi, Cyanorhampus novaezelandidae sejunctus Mathews 1944, Lathamus sparmanii Lesson 1831] CC10

Cyanoramphus unicolor (Lear 1831) JT12, CC10 [=Platycercus unicolor CC10, *Bulleria unicolor CC10, Cyanorhamphus unicolor CC10; incl. Platycercus fairchildii Hector in Buller 1888 CC10, Pezoporus fairchildii CC10]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BKB15] Burleigh, J. G., R. T. Kimball & E. L. Braun. 2015. Building the avian tree of life using a large-scale, sparse supermatrix. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 84: 53–63.

[CC10] Checklist Committee (OSNZ). 2010. Checklist of the Birds of New Zealand, Norfolk and Macquarie Islands, and the Ross Dependency, Antarctica 4^th ed. Ornithological Society of New Zealand and Te Papa Press: Wellington.

[JT12] Jetz, W., G. H. Thomas, J. B. Joy, K. Hartmann & A. Ø. Mooers. 2012. The global diversity of birds in space and time. Nature 491: 444–448.

[RN72] Rutgers, A., & K. A. Norris (eds.) 1972. Encyclopaedia of Aviculture vol. 2. Blandford Press: London.

[WH02] Worthy, T. H., & R. N. Holdaway. 2002. The Lost World of the Moa: Prehistoric life of New Zealand. Indiana University Press: Bloomington (Indiana).

Cacatuidae

Sulphur-crested cockatoo Cacatua galerita, copyright Arthur Chapman.

Belongs within: Psittaciformes.

The Cacatuidae, cockatoos, are a group of parrots found in Australasia and the islands of south-east Asia, characterised by the presence of a long, erectile crest (Rutgers & Norris 1972). Most species are large, noisy and gregarious. The cockatiel Nymphicus hollandicus is a smaller, slender, long-tailed species that has become widely kept as a cage bird.

<==Cacatuidae [Cacatoinae, Cacatuidae, Cacatuoidea, Kakatoeidae, Kakatoeinae]
    |--‘Calyptorhynchus’ banksii (Latham 1790) BKB15, WS48 [=Psittacus banksii WS48]
    |    |--C. b. banksii WS48
    |    |--C. b. graptogyne M03
    |    |--C. b. macrorhynchus M03 [=C. magnificus macrorhynchus RN72]
    |    |--C. b. naso Gould 1836 WS48 [=C. magnificus naso RN72; incl. C. banksii fitzroyi Mathews 1912 WS48]
    |    `--C. b. samueli M03 [=C. magnificus samueli RN72]
    `--+--+--Nymphicus Wagler 1832 BKB15, JoTo12 (see below for synonymy)
       |  |    |--N. cornutus S13
       |  |    |--N. hollandicus (Kerr 1792) JeTh12, WS48 (see below for synonymy)
       |  |    |--‘Calopsittacus’ novaehollaendiae R87
       |  |    `--N. uveaensis S13
       |  `--Calyptorhynchus Desmarest 1826 BKB15, JoTo12 [incl. Zanda JoTo12; Calyptorhynchinae]
       |       |--C. baudinii Lear 1832 JK08 (see below for synonymy)
       |       |--C. funereus JeTh12
       |       |--C. lathami CW03
       |       |    |--C. l. lathami CW03
       |       |    |--C. l. erebus M03
       |       |    `--C. l. halmaturinus CW03
       |       |--C. latirostris Carnaby 1948 JeTh12, JK08 [=C. funereus latirostris SWK87]
       |       `--C. magnificus ZJM03
       `--Cacatuinae JoTo12
            |--Probosciger Kuhl 1820 (see below for synonymy) JoTo12
            |    `--P. aterrimus JeTh12
            |         |--P. a. aterrimus RN72
            |         |--P. a. alecto RN72
            |         |--P. a. goliath RN72
            |         |--P. a. intermedius RN72
            |         `--P. a. stenolophus RN72
            `--Cacatuini JoTo12
                 |--Lophochroa JoTo12
                 |--Callocephalon Lesson 1837 JoTo12, B94 (see below for synonymy)
                 |    `--C. fimbriatum JeTh12
                 `--Cacatua Vieillot 1817 JoTo12 (see below for synonymy)
                      |  i. s.: C. leadbeateri (Vigors 1831) JeTh12, WS48 (see below for synonymy)
                      |         C. pastinator (Gould 1840) JK08, WS48 (see below for synonymy)
                      |           |--C. p. pastinator JK08
                      |           `--C. p. butleri JK08
                      |         C. tenuirostris (Kuhl 1820) JeTh12, WS48 (see below for synonymy)
                      |--C. roseicapilla (Vieillot 1817) JeTh12, CC10 (see below for synonymy)
                      |    |--C. r. roseicapilla M03
                      |    `--C. r. albiceps M03
                      `--+--+--C. haematuropygia JeTh12
                         |  `--+--C. goffiniana JeTh12 [=C. sanguinea goffini RN72]
                         |     `--+--C. ducorpsii JeTh12
                         |        `--C. sanguinea Gould 1842 JeTh12, WS48 [=Kakatoe sanguinea WS48]
                         |             |--C. s. sanguinea WS48 (see below for synonymy)
                         |             |--C. s. gymnopis M03 [=C. (Licmetis) gymnopis R87, C. pastinator gymnopis SWK87]
                         |             `--C. s. normantoni M03
                         `--+--C. ophthalmica JeTh12 [=C. galerita ophthalmica]
                            `--+--+--C. alba (Statius Müller 1776) JeTh12, CC10 [incl. *C. cristata Vieillot 1817 CC10]
                               |  `--C. moluccensis JeTh12
                               `--+--C. galerita (Latham 1790) JeTh12, CC10 (see below for synonymy)
                                  |    |--C. g. galerita RN72 (see below for synonymy)
                                  |    `--C. g. triton RN72
                                  `--C. sulphurea JeTh12
                                       |--C. s. sulphurea RN72
                                       |--C. s. abbotti RN72
                                       |--C. s. citrinocristata RN72
                                       |--C. s. djampeana RN72
                                       |--C. s. occidentalis RN72
                                       `--C. s. parvula RN72

Cacatua Vieillot 1817 JoTo12 [incl. Cacatoes Duméril 1805 B94, Camptolophus Sundevall 1872 B94, Eolophus Bonaparte 1854 CC10, Kakatoe Cuvier 1800 B94, Plissolophus Gloger 1842 B94, Plyctolophus Vieillot 1816 B94; Camptolophinae, Eolophinae, Plissolophinae, Plyctolophinae]

Cacatua galerita (Latham 1790) JeTh12, CC10 [=Psittacus galeritus CC10, Kakatoe galerita CC10]

Cacatua galerita galerita (Latham 1790) CC10 [incl. Cacatoes galerita fitzroyi Mathews 1912 WS48, Cacatua galerita fitzroyi M03]

Cacatua leadbeateri (Vigors 1831) JeTh12, WS48 [=Plyctolophus leadbeateri WS48, Kakatoe leadbeateri WS48; incl. Cacatua leadbeateri aberrans Söderberg 1912 WS48, Cacatoes leadbeateri mollis Mathews 1912 WS48, Cacatua leadbeateri mollis M03, Cacatoes leadbeateri mungi Mathews 1912 WS48]

Cacatua pastinator (Gould 1840) JK08, WS48 [=Licmetis pastinator WS48, C. tenuirostris pastinator RN72]

Cacatua roseicapilla (Vieillot 1817) JeTh12, CC10 [=Eolophus roseicapillus CC10, Kakatoe roseicapilla WS48; incl. Cacatoes roseicapilla assimilis Mathews 1912 WS48, Cacatua roseicapilla assimilis M03, Eolophus roseicapillus assiniclis RN72, Cacatoes roseicapilla derbyana Mathews 1912 WS48, Cacatua rosea CC10, *Eolophus roseus CC10]

Cacatua sanguinea sanguinea Gould 1842 WS48 [incl. Licmetis tenuirostris derbyi Mathews 1916 WS48, Cacatua derbyi M03, Cacatoes sanguinea subdistincta Mathews 1912 WS48, Cacatua sanguinea subdistincta RN72, Ducorpsius sanguineus westralensis Mathews 1917 WS48, Cacatua sanguinea westralensis M03]

Cacatua tenuirostris (Kuhl 1820) JeTh12, WS48 [=Psittacus tenuirostris WS48, Kakatoe tenuirostris WS48]

Callocephalon Lesson 1837 JoTo12, B94 [incl. Callocorydon Mathews 1917 B94; Callocephaloninae, Callocorydontinae]

Calyptorhynchus baudinii Lear 1832 JK08 [=C. funereus baudinii RN72; incl. C. baudinii tenuirostris Mathews 1913 WS48]

Nymphicus Wagler 1832 JoTo12 [incl. Calopsittus Lesson 1835 B94, Leptolophus Swainson 1833 B94; Calopsittinae, Leptolophinae, Nymphicidae, Nymphicinae]

Nymphicus hollandicus (Kerr 1792) JeTh12, WS48 [=Psittacus hollandicus WS48, Leptolophus hollandicus WS48; incl. L. auricomis intermedius Mathews 1912 WS48, L. auricomis pallescens Mathews 1912 WS48]

Probosciger Kuhl 1820 [incl. Microglossus Vieillot 1822; Microglossinae, Microglossini, Proboscigerini] JoTo12

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B94] Bock, W. J. 1994. History and nomenclature of avian family-group names. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 222: 1–281.

[BKB15] Burleigh, J. G., R. T. Kimball & E. L. Braun. 2015. Building the avian tree of life using a large-scale, sparse supermatrix. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 84: 53–63.

[CC10] Checklist Committee (OSNZ). 2010. Checklist of the Birds of New Zealand, Norfolk and Macquarie Islands, and the Ross Dependency, Antarctica 4^th ed. Ornithological Society of New Zealand and Te Papa Press: Wellington.

[CW03] Cooper, C. E., P. C. Withers, P. R. Mawson, R. Johnstone, T. Kirkby, J. Prince, S. D. Bradshaw & H. Robertson. 2003. Characteristics of marri (Corymbia calophylla) fruits in relation to the foraging behaviour of the forest red-tailed black cockatoo (Calyptorhynchus banksii naso). Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 86 (4): 139–142.

[JeTh12] Jetz, W., G. H. Thomas, J. B. Joy, K. Hartmann & A. Ø. Mooers. 2012. The global diversity of birds in space and time. Nature 491: 444–448.

[JK08] Johnstone, R. E., & T. Kirkby. 2008. Distribution, status, social organisation, movements and conservation of Baudin's cockatoo (Calyptorhynchus baudinii) in south-west Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum 25 (1): 107–118.

[JoTo12] Joseph, L., A. Toon, E. E. Schirtzinger, T. F. Wright & R. Schodde. 2012. A revised nomenclature and classification for family-group taxa of parrots (Psittaciformes). Zootaxa 3205: 26-40.

[M03] Morcombe, M. 2003. Field Guide to Australian Birds 2^nd ed. Steve Parish Publishing.

[R87] Ramsay, E. P. 1887. List of Western Australian birds collected by Mr. Cairn, and Mr. W. H. Boyer-Bower, at Derby and its vicinity, with remarks on the species. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, series 2, 1 (4): 1085–1100.

[RN72] Rutgers, A., & K. A. Norris (eds.) 1972. Encyclopaedia of Aviculture vol. 2. Blandford Press: London.

[S13] Sarasin, F. 1913. Die Vögel Neu-Caledoniens und der Loyalty-Inseln. In: Sarasin, F., & J. Roux (eds) Nova Caledonia: Forschungen in Neu-Caledonian und auf den Loyalty-Inseln. A. Zoologie vol. 1 pt 1 pp. 1–78, pls 1–3. C. W. Kreidels Verlag: Wiesbaden.

[SWK87] Snyder, N. F. R., J. W. Wiley & C. B. Kepler. 1987. The Parrots of Luquillo: Natural history and conservation of the Puerto Rican parrot. Western Foundation of Vertebrate Zoology: Los Angeles.

[WS48] Whittell, H. M., & D. L. Serventy. 1948. A systematic list of the birds of Western Australia. Public Library, Museum and Art Gallery of Western Australia, Special Publication 1: 1–126.

[ZJM03] Zeffer, A., L. C. Johansson & Å. Marmebro. 2003. Functional correlation between habitat use and leg morphology in birds (Aves). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 79: 461–484.

Loriinae

Scarlet-cheeked fig parrot Psittaculirostris edwardsii, copyright birdphotos.com.

Belongs within: Psittaculidae.
Contains: Domicella, Opopsitta, Charmosyna, Psitteuteles, Chalcopsitta, Eos, Trichoglossus.

The Loriinae is an clade of smaller parrots widespread in Australasia united primarily by molecular phylogenetic analyses, as well as features of the hyoid morphology. Members include the fig parrots of the tribe Cyclopsittini, small short-tailed parrots found in rainforest canopy in New Guinea and north-eastern Australia. Fig parrots share a distinctive morphology of the hypotarsus, with the canals for the deep flexor tendons fused, and the superficial tendons situated in a nearly closed, deep sulcus.

Loriinae [Loriana, Lorianae, Loricoloriinae, Loriinae, Trichoglossidae] JoTo12
    |  i. s.: Domicella RN72
    |         Opopsitta JoTo12
    |--Melopsittacus Gould 1840 JeTh12, JoTo12 [Melopsittacinae, Melopsittacini]
    |    `--M. undulatus (Shaw in Shaw & Nodder 1805) CC10 (see below for synonymy)
    `--+--Cyclopsittini [Cyclopsittacidae, Cyclopsittacini, Psittaculirostrini] JoTo12
       |    |--Cyclopsitta Reichenbach 1850 [=Cyclopsittacus Salvadori 1891] JoTo12
       |    |    |--C. diophthalma BKB15
       |    |    |    |--C. d. diophthalma M03
       |    |    |    |--C. d. coxeni M03
       |    |    |    |--C. d. macleayana M03
       |    |    |    `--C. d. marshalli M03
       |    |    `--C. gulielmitertii JeTh12
       |    `--Psittaculirostris Gray & Gray 1859 JeTh12, B94
       |         |--P. desmarestii BKB15
       |         |    |--P. d. desmarestii RN72
       |         |    |--P. d. blythi RN72
       |         |    |--P. d. cervicalis RN72
       |         |    |--P. d. godmani RN72
       |         |    `--P. d. occidentalis RN72
       |         |--P. edwardsii BKB15 [=P. salvadorii edwardeii RN72]
       |         `--P. salvadorii JeTh12
       `--Loriini JoTo12
            |--Charmosyna BKB15
            `--+--Oreopsittacus arfaki BKB15
               |    |--O. a. arfaki RN72
               |    |--O. a. grandis RN72
               |    |--O. a. intermedius RN72
               |    `--O. a. major RN72
               `--+--Neopsittacus pullicauda BKB15
                  |    |--N. p. pullicauda RN72
                  |    |--N. p. alpinus RN72
                  |    `--N. p. socialis RN72
                  `--+--Neopsittacus musschenbroekii BKB15
                     |    |--N. m. musschenbroekii RN72
                     |    `--N. m. major RN72
                     `--+--Lorius Vigors 1825 BKB15, JoTo12
                        |    |  i. s.: L. amabilis KK05
                        |    |         L. chlorocercus JeTh12
                        |    |         L. domicella JeTh12
                        |    |         L. hypoinochrous JeTh12
                        |    |--+--L. garrulus BKB15
                        |    |  `--L. lory BKB15
                        |    `--+--L. albidinucha BKB15
                        |       `--Glossopsitta BKB15
                        |            |--G. porphyrocephala (Dietrichsen 1837) [=Trichoglossus porphyrocephalus] WS48
                        |            |    |--G. p. porphyrocephala WS48
                        |            |    `--G. p. whitlocki Mathews 1912 WS48
                        |            `--G. pusilla JeTh12
                        `--+--Psitteuteles BKB15
                           |--‘Charmosyna’ pulchella BKB15
                           |    |--C. p. pulchella RN72
                           |    |--C. p. bella RN72
                           |    `--C. p. rothschildi RN72
                           `--+--Chalcopsitta BKB15
                              `--+--Pseudeos fuscata BKB15
                                 |    |--P. f. fuscata RN72
                                 |    `--P. f. incondita RN72
                                 `--+--Eos BKB15
                                    `--+--‘Glossopsitta’ concinna BKB15
                                       `--Trichoglossus BKB15

Melopsittacus undulatus (Shaw in Shaw & Nodder 1805) CC10 [=Psittacus undulatus CC10; incl. M. undulatus pallidiceps Mathews 1912 WS48]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B94] Bock, W. J. 1994. History and nomenclature of avian family-group names. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 222: 1–281.

[BKB15] Burleigh, J. G., R. T. Kimball & E. L. Braun. 2015. Building the avian tree of life using a large-scale, sparse supermatrix. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 84: 53–63.

[CC10] Checklist Committee (OSNZ). 2010. Checklist of the Birds of New Zealand, Norfolk and Macquarie Islands, and the Ross Dependency, Antarctica 4^th ed. Ornithological Society of New Zealand and Te Papa Press: Wellington.

[JeTh12] Jetz, W., G. H. Thomas, J. B. Joy, K. Hartmann & A. Ø. Mooers. 2012. The global diversity of birds in space and time. Nature 491: 444–448.

[JoTo12] Joseph, L., A. Toon, E. E. Schirtzinger, T. F. Wright & R. Schodde. 2012. A revised nomenclature and classification for family-group taxa of parrots (Psittaciformes). Zootaxa 3205: 26–40.

[KK05] Kloet, R. S. de, & S. R. de Kloet. 2005. The evolution of the spindlin gene in birds: sequence analysis of an intron of the spindlin W and Z gene reveals four major divisions of the Psittaciformes. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 36: 706–721.

[M03] Morcombe, M. 2003. Field Guide to Australian Birds 2^nd ed. Steve Parish Publishing.

[RN72] Rutgers, A., & K. A. Norris (eds.) 1972. Encyclopaedia of Aviculture vol. 2. Blandford Press: London.

[WS48] Whittell, H. M., & D. L. Serventy. 1948. A systematic list of the birds of Western Australia. Public Library, Museum and Art Gallery of Western Australia, Special Publication 1: 1–126.

Eclectus

Male (left) and female eclectus parrot Eclectus roratus, copyright Doug Janson.

Belongs within: Psittaculidae.

The eclectus parrot Eclectus roratus is a large parrot found in New Guinea and neighbouring islands, as well as in the northeasternmost part of Australia. The species is strongly sexually dimorphic, with males bright green and females red.

Characters (from Rutgers & Norris 1972): Male a rather large heavy bird with a short square tail; general body plumage bright dark green. Shoulders bright sky bule; outer edges of wing primaries deep ultramarine blue; under wing coverts and flanks bright red; feathers of vent and under tail coverts with bright yellow green tips; upper sides of tail feathers green with royal blue outer edges and white tips, under sides darkest brown with yellow tips. Iris orange-yellow; upper mandible coral with yellowish tip, lower mandible black; feet grey. Female with overall body plumage rich red, with wide blue abdominal band and blue collar on upper back; shoulders, outer edges of wing primaries and under wing coverts bright blue; tail red on upper side, pale brown with orange tips underneath. Iris pale yellow; bill black; feet grey. Call a harsh rolling screech.

Eclectus Wagler 1832 [Eclectini] B94
    `--E. roratus J06 [=Lorius roratus RN72]
         |--E. r. roratus RN72
         |--E. r. aruensis RN72
         |--E. r. biaki RN72
         |--E. r. cornelia RN72
         |--E. r. goodsoni RN72
         |--E. r. macgilivrayi RN72
         |--E. r. maforensis RN72
         |--E. r. pectoralis J06 [incl. Polyckloros magnus S13]
         |--E. r. polychloros J06
         |--E. r. riedeli J06
         |--E. r. solomonensis RN72
         `--E. r. vosmaeri RN72

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B94] Bock, W. J. 1994. History and nomenclature of avian family-group names. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 222: 1–281.

[J06] Johnstone, R. E. 2006. The birds of Gag Island, Western Papuan islands, Indonesia. Records of the Western Australian Museum 23 (2): 115–132.

[RN72] Rutgers, A., & K. A. Norris (eds.) 1972. Encyclopaedia of Aviculture vol. 2. Blandford Press: London.

[S13] Sarasin, F. 1913. Die Vögel Neu-Caledoniens und der Loyalty-Inseln. In: Sarasin, F., & J. Roux (eds) Nova Caledonia: Forschungen in Neu-Caledonian und auf den Loyalty-Inseln. A. Zoologie vol. 1 pt 1 pp. 1–78, pls 1–3. C. W. Kreidels Verlag: Wiesbaden.

Opopsitta

Female double-eyed fig-parrot Opopsitta diophthalma, copyright Aviceda.

Belongs within: Loriinae.

Opopsitta, the fig-parrots, is a genus of small, short-tailed parrots found in New Guinea and northeastern Australia.

<==Opopsitta Sclater 1860 [Opopsittini] B94
    |--O. diophthalma RN72
    |    |--O. d. diophthalma RN72
    |    |--O. d. aruensis RN72
    |    |--O. d. coccineifrons RN72
    |    |--O. d. coxeni RN72
    |    |--O. d. festetichi RN72
    |    |--O. d. inseparabilis RN72
    |    |--O. d. macleayana RN72
    |    |--O. d. marshalli RN72
    |    `--O. d. virago RN72
    `--O. guilielmitertii RN72
         |--O. g. guilielmitertii RN72
         |--O. g. amabilis RN72
         |--O. g. fuscifrons RN72
         |--O. g. melanogenia RN72
         |--O. g. nigrifrons RN72
         |--O. g. ramuensis RN72
         `--O. g. suavissima RN72

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B94] Bock, W. J. 1994. History and nomenclature of avian family-group names. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 222: 1–281.

[RN72] Rutgers, A., & K. A. Norris (eds.) 1972. Encyclopaedia of Aviculture vol. 2. Blandford Press: London.

Platycercus

Eastern rosella Platycercus eximius, photographed by Margaret Leggoe.

Belongs within: Platycercini.

Platycercus includes the rosellas, medium-sized long-tailed parrots native to Australia. Members of the genus have mottled backs, with lighter edges around the dark feathers, and contrasting blue, yellow or white cheek patches. Examples include the crimson rosella P. elegans of eastern Australia, which is predominantly red with blue cheeks, wings, tail and mottling on the back.

<==Platycercus Vigors 1825 CC10
    |  i. s.: P. flaviventris S13
    |         P. splendens [=Pyrrhulopsis splendens] S66
    |         P. spurius SJ85
    |         P. varius SJ85
    |         P. zonarius SJ85
    |           |--P. z. zonarius SJ85
    |           `--P. z. semitorquatus SJ85
    |--+--P. elegans (Gmelin 1788) BKB15, CC10 (see below for synonymy)
    |  |    |--P. e. elegans CC10
    |  |    |--P. e. melanoptera North 1906 CC10
    |  |    `--P. e. nigrescens Ramsay 1888 CC10
    |  `--P. caledonicus BKB15 [incl. P. c. brownii M03]
    `--+--P. icterotis (Kuhl 1820) BKB15, WS48 [=Psittacus icterotis WS48]
       |    |--P. i. icterotis [incl. P. icterotis salvadori Mathews 1912, P. stanleyii Vigors 1830] WS48
       |    `--P. i. xanthogenys Salvadori 1891 [incl. P. icterotis whitlocki Mathews 1912] WS48
       `--+--P. adelaide BKB15 [=P. elegans adelaidae OMC87; incl. P. fleurieuensis M03, P. subadelaidae M03]
          `--+--P. flaveolus BKB15 [=P. elegans flaveolus OMC87]
             `--+--‘Psephotus’ haematonotus BKB15
                |    |--P. h. haematonotus RN72
                |    `--P. h. caeruleus Condon 1941 RN72
                `--+--P. venustus (Kuhl 1820) BKB15, WS48 (see below for synonymy)
                   `--+--P. adscitus (Latham 1790) OMC87, WS48 [=Psittacus adscitus WS48]
                      |    |--P. a. adscitus OMC87
                      |    |--P. a. amathusiae OMC87
                      |    |--P. a. mackaiensis OMC87
                      |    `--P. a. palliceps OMC87
                      `--P. eximius (Shaw 1792) OMC87, CC10 [=Psittacus eximius CC10]
                           |--P. e. eximius OMC87
                           |--P. e. cecilae [incl. P. eximius splendidus] RN72
                           |--P. e. diemenensis OMC87
                           `--P. e. elecica M03

Platycercus elegans (Gmelin 1788) OMC87, CC10 [=Psittacus elegans CC10; incl. Ps. pennantii Latham 1790 CC10, *Platycercus pennantii CC10]

Platycercus venustus (Kuhl 1820) OMC87, WS48 [=Psittacus venustus WS48, Pl. adscitus venustus WS48; incl. Pl. venustus hillia Mathews 1910 WS48]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BKB15] Burleigh, J. G., R. T. Kimball & E. L. Braun. 2015. Building the avian tree of life using a large-scale, sparse supermatrix. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 84: 53–63.

[CC10] Checklist Committee (OSNZ). 2010. Checklist of the Birds of New Zealand, Norfolk and Macquarie Islands, and the Ross Dependency, Antarctica 4^th ed. Ornithological Society of New Zealand and Te Papa Press: Wellington.

[M03] Morcombe, M. 2003. Field Guide to Australian Birds 2^nd ed. Steve Parish Publishing.

[OMC87] Ovenden, J. R., A. G. Mackinlay & R. H. Crozier. 1987. Systematics and mitochondrial genome evolution of Australian rosellas (Aves: Platycercidae). Molecular Biology and Evolution 4 (5): 526–543.

[RN72] Rutgers, A., & K. A. Norris (eds.) 1972. Encyclopaedia of Aviculture vol. 2. Blandford Press: London.

[S13] Sarasin, F. 1913. Die Vögel Neu-Caledoniens und der Loyalty-Inseln. In: Sarasin, F., & J. Roux (eds) Nova Caledonia: Forschungen in Neu-Caledonian und auf den Loyalty-Inseln. A. Zoologie vol. 1 pt 1 pp. 1–78, pls 1–3. C. W. Kreidels Verlag: Wiesbaden.

[S66] Sclater, P. L. 1866. Remarks on recent additions to the Society's menagerie. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 203.

[SJ85] Storr, G. M., & R. E. Johnstone. 1985. Field Guide to the Birds of Western Australia 2^nd ed. Western Australian Museum: Perth (Australia).

[WS48] Whittell, H. M., & D. L. Serventy. 1948. A systematic list of the birds of Western Australia. Public Library, Museum and Art Gallery of Western Australia, Special Publication 1: 1–126.

Last updated: 28 July 2019.

Platycercini

Mallee ringneck Barnardius barnardi, photographed by Tom Tarrant.

Belongs within: Psittacidae.
Contains: Cyanoramphus, Platycercus.

The Platycercini include the broad-tailed parrots, a group of small to medium-sized, long-tailed parrots found in the Australasian region. With the exception of the basal genera Neopsephotus and Neophema, members of this group share a derived hypotarsal morphology in which the tendons of musculus flexor perforans digiti III and musculi flexores perforati digitorum III et IV are situated in a deep sulcus (Mayr & Göhlich 2004).

Platycercini [Platycercinae]
    |  i. s.: Geopsittacus Gould 1861 MG04, B94 [Geopsittacini]
    |           `--G. occidentalis Gould 1861 WS48
    |--+--Neopsephotus bourkii JT12
    |  `--Neophema Salvadori 1891 JT12, B94 [Neophemini]
    |       |  i. s.: N. bourkii (Gould 1841) [=Euphema bourkii] WS48
    |       |--N. chrysostoma JT12
    |       `--+--N. elegans (Gould 1837) JT12, WS48 (see below for synonymy)
    |          `--+--N. splendida (Gould 1841) JT12, WS48 [=Euphema splendida WS48]
    |             `--+--N. petrophila (Gould 1840) JT12, WS48 [=Euphema petrophila WS48]
    |                |    |--N. p. petrophila RN72
    |                |    `--N. p. zietzi RN72
    |                `--+--N. chrysogaster JT12
    |                   `--N. pulchella JT12
    `--+--+--Lathamus Lesson 1830 JT12, B94 [Lathamini]
       |  |    `--L. discolor M03
       |  `--+--+--Cyanoramphus JT12
       |     |  `--Eunymphicus JT12
       |     |       |--E. cornutus MG04
       |     |       `--E. uvaeensis JT12 [=E. cornutus uvaeensis RN72]
       |     `--Prosopeia JT12
       |          |--P. personata RN72
       |          |--P. splendens JT12 [=P. tabuensis splendens RN72]
       |          `--P. tabuensis RN72
       |               |--P. t. tabuensis RN72
       |               |--P. t. koroensis RN72
       |               `--P. t. taviunensis RN72
       `--+--Northiella haematogaster (Gould 1837) JT12, WS48 (see below for synonymy)
          |    |--N. h. haematogaster M03
          |    |--N. h. haematorrhous M03 [=Psephotus haematogaster haematorrhous RN72]
          |    |--N. h. narethae (White 1921) M03, RN72 [=Psephotus haematogaster narethae RN72]
          |    `--N. h. pallescens M03 [=Psephotus haematogaster pallescens RN72]
          `--+--Barnardius JT12
             |    |--B. barnardi OMC87
             |    |    |--B. b. barnardi OMC87 [=B. zonarius barnardi M03]
             |    |    |--B. b. augustus RN72
             |    |    |--B. b. macgillivrayi OMC87 [=B. zonarius macgillivrayi M03]
             |    |    `--B. b. whitei OMC87
             |    `--B. zonarius (Shaw 1805) [=Psittacus zonarius] WS48
             |         |--B. z. zonarius
             |         |--B. z. dundasi (Mathews 1912) (see below for synonymy) WS48
             |         |--B. z. occidentalis (North 1893) (see below for synonymy) WS48
             |         `--B. z. semitorquatus (Quoy & Gaimard 1830) [=Psittacus semitorquatus] WS48
             `--+--Platycercus JT12
                `--Psephotus JT12
                     |  i. s.: P. chrysopterygius M03
                     |         P. pulcherrimus M03
                     |--+--P. dissimilis JT12 [=P. chrysopterygius dissimilis RN72]
                     |  `--P. haematonotus JT12
                     |       |--P. h. haematonotus RN72
                     |       `--P. h. caeruleus Condon 1941 RN72
                     `--+--P. varius Clark 1910 JT12, WS48 (see below for synonymy)
                        `--Purpureicephalus spurius (Kuhl 1820) JT12, WS48 (see below for synonymy)

Barnardius zonarius dundasi (Mathews 1912) [=Platycercus zonarius dundasi; incl. B. zonarius woolundra Mathews 1919] WS48

Barnardius zonarius occidentalis (North 1893) [=Platycercus occidentalis; incl. P. zonarius connectens Mathews 1912] WS48

Neophema elegans (Gould 1837) JT12, WS48 [=Nanodes elegans WS48; incl. Psephotus elegans carteri Mathews 1912 WS48, Neophema elegans carteri M03]

Northiella haematogaster (Gould 1837) JT12, WS48 [=Platycercus haematogaster WS48, Psephotus haematogaster OMC87]

Psephotus varius Clark 1910 JT12, WS48 [=Psittacus multicolor Kuhl 1820 (preoc.) WS48; incl. Pse. varius exsul Mathews 1912 WS48]

Purpureicephalus spurius (Kuhl 1820) JT12, WS48 [=Psittacus spurius WS48; incl. Pu. spurius carteri Mathews 1915 WS48, Platycercus pileatus Vigors 1830 WS48, Psittacus (Platycercus) purpureocephalus Quoy & Gaimard 1830 WS48, Pl. rufifrons Lesson 1830 WS48]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B94] Bock, W. J. 1994. History and nomenclature of avian family-group names. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 222: 1-281.

[JT12] Jetz, W., G. H. Thomas, J. B. Joy, K. Hartmann & A. Ø. Mooers. 2012. The global diversity of birds in space and time. Nature 491: 444-448.

[MG04] Mayr, G., & U. B. Göhlich. 2004. A new parrot from the Miocene of Germany, with comments on the variation of hypotarsus morphology in some Psittaciformes. Belgian Journal of Zoology 134: 476-54.

[M03] Morcombe, M. 2003. Field Guide to Australian Birds, 2^nd ed. Steve Parish Publishing.

[OMC87] Ovenden, J. R., A. G. Mackinlay & R. H. Crozier. 1987. Systematics and mitochondrial genome evolution of Australian rosellas (Aves: Platycercidae). Molecular Biology and Evolution 4 (5): 526-543.

[RN72] Rutgers, A., & K. A. Norris (eds.) 1972. Encyclopaedia of Aviculture vol. 2. Blandford Press: London.

[WS48] Whittell, H. M. & D. L. Serventy. 1948. A systematic list of the birds of Western Australia. Public Library, Museum and Art Gallery of Western Australia, Special Publication 1: 1-126.

Trichoglossus

Flores lorikeet Trichoglossus haematodus weberi, photographed by James Eaton.

Belongs within: Loriinae.

The genus Trichoglossus includes the rainbow lorikeet T. haematodus and related species found in tropical Australasia and the islands of south-east Asia. Members of this genus often have a barred upper breast and/or relatively long tails. Subspecies of the rainbow lorikeet are predominantly green, often with a blue crown, yellow band around the back of the head, and barred red breast.

<==Trichoglossus Stephens in Shaw 1826 [Trichoglossinae] CC10
    |  i. s.: T. aurifrons (Lesson 1831) [=Psittacus aurifrons] CC10
    |         T. flavoviridis JT12
    |         T. rubiginosus JT12
    |--T. ornatus BKB15
    `--+--T. chlorolepidotus (Kuhl 1820) JT12, CC10 [=Psittacus chlorolepidotus CC10]
       `--+--*T. haematodus (Linnaeus 1771) CC10, JT12, WS48 [=Psittacus haematodus CC10]
          |    |--T. h. haematodus CC10
          |    |--T. h. berauensis Cain 1955 RN72
          |    |--T. h. caeruleiceps M03
          |    |--T. h. capistratus RN72
          |    |--T. h. deplanchii RN72
          |    |--T. h. djampeanus RN72
          |    |--T. h. flavicans [incl. T. h. aberrans] RN72
          |    |--T. h. flavotectus RN72
          |    |--T. h. forsteni RN72
          |    |--T. h. fortis RN72
          |    |--T. h. intermedius RN72
          |    |--T. h. massena RN72
          |    |--T. h. micropteryx RN72
          |    |--T. h. mitchellii RN72
          |    |--T. h. moluccanus (Gmelin 1788) CC10 [=Psittacus moluccanus CC10; incl. T. h. septentrionalis M03]
          |    |--T. h. nesophilus RN72
          |    |--T. h. nigrogularis RN72
          |    |--T. h. novaehollandiae SJ85
          |    |--T. h. rosenbergii RN72
          |    |--T. h. rubritorquis Vigors & Horsfield 1826 WS48
          |    |--T. h. stresemanni RN72
          |    `--T. h. weberi (Büttikofer 1894) [=Psitteuteles weberi] RN72
          `--T. euteles JT12 [=Psitteuteles euteles RN72]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BKB15] Burleigh, J. G., R. T. Kimball & E. L. Braun. 2015. Building the avian tree of life using a large-scale, sparse supermatrix. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 84: 53–63.

[CC10] Checklist Committee (OSNZ). 2010. Checklist of the Birds of New Zealand, Norfolk and Macquarie Islands, and the Ross Dependency, Antarctica 4^th ed. Ornithological Society of New Zealand and Te Papa Press: Wellington.

[JT12] Jetz, W., G. H. Thomas, J. B. Joy, K. Hartmann & A. Ø. Mooers. 2012. The global diversity of birds in space and time. Nature 491: 444–448.

[M03] Morcombe, M. 2003. Field Guide to Australian Birds 2^nd ed. Steve Parish Publishing.

[RN72] Rutgers, A., & K. A. Norris (eds.) 1972. Encyclopaedia of Aviculture vol. 2. Blandford Press: London.

[SJ85] Storr, G. M., & R. E. Johnstone. 1985. Field Guide to the Birds of Western Australia 2^nd ed. Western Australian Museum: Perth (Australia).

[WS48] Whittell, H. M., & D. L. Serventy. 1948. A systematic list of the birds of Western Australia. Public Library, Museum and Art Gallery of Western Australia, Special Publication 1: 1–126.

Last updated: 27 July 2019.

Psittaciformes

Greater vasa parrot Coracopsis vasa, copyright AEM.

Belongs within: Telluraves.
Contains: Cacatuidae, Psittacidae, Psittaculidae.

The Psittaciformes, including the parrots and their fossil relatives, are zygodactyl birds of which living species possess a robust bill specialised for breaking open seeds and nuts. Known stem parrots from the Eocene of Europe and India include the Quercypsittidae and Psittacopes lepidus. Psittacopes lepidus, from the Messel Formation of Germany, had a bill that was much less hooked and robust than that of living parrots (the beak of Quercypsittidae is unknown) (Mayr 2009). Within the crown group, recent phylogenetic studies agree that a clade of New Zealand parrots including the kakapo Strigops habroptilus, kaka Nestor meridionalis and kea N. notabilis represents the sister group to other living parrots.

Psittaciformes
    |  i. s.: Bavaripsitta Mayr & Göhlich 2004 MG04
    |           `--*B. ballmanni Mayr & Göhlich 2004 MG04
    |         ‘Nanodes’ Stephens in Shaw 1826 Z93
    |         Messelasturidae M09
    |           |--Messelastur Peters 1994 M05b
    |           |    `--*M. gratulator Peters 1994 Ml02
    |           `--Tynskya Mayr 2000 M05b
    |                `--*T. eocaena Mayr 2000 Ml02
    |--Psittacopes Mayr & Daniels 1998 Ma02, M05a
    |    `--*P. lepidus Mayr & Daniels 1998 Ml02
    |--Quercypsittidae Ma02
    |    |--Vastanavis eocaena Mayr et al. 2007 M09
    |    `--Quercypsitta Mourer-Chauviré 1992 Ml02
    |         |--*Q. sudrei Mourer-Chauviré 1992 Ml02
    |         `--Q. ivani Mourer-Chauviré 1992 Ml02
    `--+--Strigopoidea [Nestoroidea] JT12
       |    |--Strigops Gray 1845 JT12 (see below for synonymy)
       |    |    `--*S. habroptilus Gray 1845 (see below for synonymy) CC10
       |    `--Nestoridae JT12
       |         |--Nelepsittacus Worthy, Tennyson & Scofield 2011 JT12
       |         |    `--N. minimus OF19
       |         `--Nestor Lesson 1830 JT12 (see below for synonymy)
       |              |--N. meridionalis (Gmelin 1788) [=Psittacus meridionalis] CC10
       |              |    |--N. m. meridionalis (see below for synonymy) CC10
       |              |    `--N. m. septentrionalis Lorenz 1896 CC10
       |              |--N. notabilis Gould 1856 [=*Doreenia notabilis] CC10
       |              `--N. productus (Gould 1836) (see below for synonymy) CC10
       `--+--Cacatuidae JT12
          `--Psittacoidea JT12
               |--Psittacidae JT12
               `--+--Psittaculidae JT12
                  `--Psittrichasidae JT12
                       |--Psittrichas Lesson 1831 (see below for synonymy) JT12
                       |    `--P. fulgidus JT12
                       `--+--Mascarinus Lesson 1831 JT12
                          |    `--M. mascarinus FS01
                          `--Coracopsis Wagler 1832 [Coracopinae, Coracopseinae] JT12
                               |--C. nigra JT12
                               |    |--C. n. nigra RN72
                               |    |--C. n. barklyi RN72
                               |    |--C. n. libs RN72
                               |    `--C. n. sibilans RN72
                               `--C. vasa KK05
                                    |--C. v. vasa RN72
                                    |--C. v. comorensis RN72
                                    `--C. v. drouhardi RN72

Nestor Lesson 1830 JT12 [incl. Centrourus Swainson 1837 CC10, Centrurus Strickland 1841 CC10, Doreenia Mathews 1930 CC10; Nestorinae, Nestorini]

Nestor meridionalis meridionalis (Gmelin 1788) [incl. Psittacus australis Shaw 1792, *Centrourus australis, Nestor australis, N. esslingii Souancé 1856, N. esslingi, N. meridionalis var. esslingii, Psittacus hypopolius Forster 1794, N. hypopolius Wagler 1832, N. montanus Finsch 1868, P. nestor Latham 1790, P. (Kakadoe) nestor, *Nestor novaezelandiae Lesson 1830, N. occidentalis Buller 1869, N. superbus Buller 1865] CC10

Nestor productus (Gould 1836) [=Plyctolophus productus, Centrurus productus; incl. Nestor norfolcensis Pelzeln 1860] CC10

Psittrichas Lesson 1831 [incl. Dasyptilus Wagler 1832; Dasyptilidae, Dasyptilinae, Psittrichadidae, Psittrichadinae, Psittrichadini, Psittrichasinae] JT12

Strigops Gray 1845 JT12 [=Strigopsis Bonaparte 1849 CC10, Stringops Finsch 1867 CC10, Stringopsis van der Hoeven 1855 CC10; Strigopidae JT12, Strigopinae, Strigopini, Stringopinae]

*Strigops habroptilus Gray 1845 [=*Strigopsis habroptilus, *Stringops (Strigops) habroptilus; incl. Strigops greyii Gray 1862, Stringops greyi, Strigops habroptilus innominatus Mathews & Iredale 1913, Strigops habroptilus parsonsi Mathews & Iredale 1913] CC10

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[CC10] Checklist Committee (OSNZ). 2010. Checklist of the Birds of New Zealand, Norfolk and Macquarie Islands, and the Ross Dependency, Antarctica 4^th ed. Ornithological Society of New Zealand and Te Papa Press: Wellington.

[FS01] Flannery, T., & P. Schouten. 2001. A Gap in Nature: Discovering the World's Extinct Animals. Text Publishing: Melbourne.

[JT12] Joseph, L., A. Toon, E. E. Schirtzinger, T. F. Wright & R. Schodde. 2012. A revised nomenclature and classification for family-group taxa of parrots (Psittaciformes). Zootaxa 3205: 26–40.

[KK05] Kloet, R. S. de, & S. R. de Kloet. 2005. The evolution of the spindlin gene in birds: sequence analysis of an intron of the spindlin W and Z gene reveals four major divisions of the Psittaciformes. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 36: 706–721.

[Ma02] Mayr, G. 2002. On the osteology and phylogenetic affinities of the Pseudasturidae—Lower Eocene stem-group representatives of parrots (Aves, Psittaciformes). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 136: 715–729.

[M05a] Mayr, G. 2005a. The Paleogene fossil record of birds in Europe. Biological Reviews 80: 515–542.

[M05b] Mayr, G. 2005b. The postcranial osteology and phylogenetic position of the Middle Eocene Messelastur gratulator Peters, 1994—a morphological link between owls (Strigiformes) and falconiform birds? Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 25 (3): 635–645.

[M09] Mayr, G. 2009. Paleogene Fossil Birds. Springer.

[MG04] Mayr, G., & U. B. Göhlich. 2004. A new parrot from the Miocene of Germany, with comments on the variation of hypotarsus morphology in some Psittaciformes. Belgian Journal of Zoology 134: 476–54.

[Ml02] Mlíkovský, J. 2002. Cenozoic Birds of the World. Part 1: Europe. Ninox Press: Praha.

[RN72] Rutgers, A., & K. A. Norris (eds.) 1972. Encyclopaedia of Aviculture vol. 2. Blandford Press: London.

[Z93] Zimmerman, E. C. 1993. Australian Weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea) vol. 3. Nanophyidae, Rhynchophoridae, Erirhinidae, Curculionidae: Amycterinae, literature consulted. CSIRO Australia.

Last updated: 5 August 2019.

Psittacinae

Greater vasa parrot Coracopsis vasa, photographed by Rhett A. Butler.

Belongs within: Psittaciformes.
Contains: Touit, Arini, Poicephalus.

The name Psittacinae has been used with varying degrees of coverage, but generally for more 'generalised' parrot species; most broader usages of 'Psittacinae' are probably para- or polyphyletic. Here, the label is applied to a clade that has been supported by molecular analysis (Kloet & Kloet 2005) containing the African genera Psittacus and Poicephalus and the South American parrots in the Arini. The Madagascan Coracopsis and the New Guinean Psittrichas fulgidus may also belong here.

<==Psittacinae [Psittacini]
    |  i. s.: Conuropsis carolinensis RN72 [=Conurus carolinensis SWK87]
    |         Leptosittaca branickii RN72
    |         Ognorhynchus icterotis RN72
    |         Amoropsittaca aymara RN72
    |         Nannopsittaca panychlora (Salvin & Godman 1883) RN72
    |         Gypopsitta vulturina RN72
    |         Microsittace ferruginea RN72
    |           |--M. f. ferruginea RN72
    |           `--M. f. minor RN72
    |         Pionopsitta RN72
    |           |--P. barrabandi RN72
    |           |--P. caica RN72
    |           |--P. haematotis RN72
    |           |    |--P. h. haematotis RN72
    |           |    |--P. h. coccinicollaris RN72
    |           |    `--P. h. pulchra RN72
    |           |--P. pileata RN72
    |           `--P. pyrilia RN72
    |         Hapalopsittaca RN72
    |           |--H. amazonina RN72
    |           |    |--H. a. amazonina RN72
    |           |    `--H. a. theresae RN72
    |           |--H. fuertesi RN72
    |           |--H. melanotis RN72
    |           |    |--H. m. melanotis RN72
    |           |    `--H. m. peruviana RN72
    |           `--H. pyrrhops RN72
    |         Touit RN72
    |         Xenopsitta Mlíkovský 1998 MG04
    |           `--*X. fejfari Mlíkovský 1998 M02
    |--+--Arini KK05
    |  `--+--Poicephalus KK05
    |     `--Psittacus Linnaeus 1758 KK05, B94
    |          |--P. erithacus KK05
    |          |    |--P. e. erithacus RN72
    |          |    |--P. e. princeps RN72
    |          |    `--P. e. timneh RN72
    |          |--P. niger S66
    |          `--P. obscurus S66
    `--+--Psittrichas Lesson 1831 KK05, B94 (see below for synonymy)
       |    `--P. fulgidus KK05
       `--Coracopsis Wagler 1832 KK05, B94 [Coracopsini]
            |--C. nigra RN72
            |    |--C. n. nigra RN72
            |    |--C. n. barklyi RN72
            |    |--C. n. libs RN72
            |    `--C. n. sibilans RN72
            `--C. vasa KK05
                 |--C. v. vasa RN72
                 |--C. v. comorensis RN72
                 `--C. v. drouhardi RN72

Psittrichas Lesson 1831 KK05, B94 [incl. Dasyptilus Wagler 1832 B94; Dasyptilinae, Psittrichadinae, Psittrichadini]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B94] Bock, W. J. 1994. History and nomenclature of avian family-group names. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 222: 1-281.

[KK05] Kloet, R. S. de, & S. R. de Kloet. 2005. The evolution of the spindlin gene in birds: sequence analysis of an intron of the spindlin W and Z gene reveals four major divisions of the Psittaciformes. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 36: 706-721.

[MG04] Mayr, G., & U. B. Göhlich. 2004. A new parrot from the Miocene of Germany, with comments on the variation of hypotarsus morphology in some Psittaciformes. Belgian Journal of Zoology 134: 476-54.

[M02] Mlíkovský, J. 2002. Cenozoic Birds of the World. Part 1: Europe. Ninox Press: Praha.

[RN72] Rutgers, A., & K. A. Norris (eds.) 1972. Encyclopaedia of Aviculture vol. 2. Blandford Press: London.

[S66] Schlegel, H. 1866. Communication from, on mammals and birds collected in Madagascar. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 419-426.

[SWK87] Snyder, N. F. R., J. W. Wiley & C. B. Kepler. 1987. The Parrots of Luquillo: Natural history and conservation of the Puerto Rican parrot. Western Foundation of Vertebrate Zoology: Los Angeles.

Psittaculini

Red-winged parrots Aprosmictus erythropterus, photographed by KityKat79.

Belongs within: Psittaciformes.
Contains: Psittacella, Prioniturus, Eclectus, Psittacula, Alisterus.

The Psittaculini are a lineage of medium-sized long-tailed parrots found in southern Asia and Australasia. The monophyly of this group is supported by molecular analysis (Kloet & Kloet 2005). The tail may be particularly long in species of the genus Polytelis, brightly coloured nomadic birds from southern and central Australia. The vernacular names of these birds reflect their ornate appearance: the princess parrot P. alexandrae, regent parrot P. anthopeplus and superb parrot P. swainsonii.

<==Psittaculini
    |  i. s.: Psittacella B94
    |         Archaeopsittacus Lambrecht 1933 M02
    |           `--*A. verreauxi (Milne-Edwards 1871) [=Psittacus verreauxi, P. verreauxii] M02
    |--+--Prioniturus JT12
    |  `--+--Eclectus KK05
    |     `--Psittacula KK05
    `--+--Polytelis Wagler 1826 KK05, B94 [Polytelini]
       |    |--P. anthopeplus (Lear 1831) [=Palaeornis anthopeplus; incl. Po. a. westralis Mathews 1915] WS48
       |    |    |--P. a. anthopeplus M03
       |    |    `--P. a. monarchoides M03
       |    `--P. swainsonii KK05
       `--+--+--Alisterus KK05
          |  `--‘Polytelis’ alexandrae Gould 1863 JT12, WS48 (see below for synonymy)
          `--Aprosmictus Gould 1843 KK05, M02
               |--A. erythropterus (Gmelin 1788) [=Psittacus erythropterus; incl. A. e. parryensis Mathews 1912] WS48
               |    |--A. e. erythropterus M03
               |    `--A. e. coccineopterus M03
               `--A. jonquillaceus JT12
                    |--A. j. jonquillaceus RN72
                    `--A. j. wetterensis RN72

‘Polytelis’ alexandrae Gould 1863 JT12, WS48 [incl. Spathopterus alexandrae rogersi Mathews 1916 WS48]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B94] Bock, W. J. 1994. History and nomenclature of avian family-group names. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 222: 1-281.

[JT12] Jetz, W., G. H. Thomas, J. B. Joy, K. Hartmann & A. Ø. Mooers. 2012. The global diversity of birds in space and time. Nature 491: 444-448.

[KK05] Kloet, R. S. de, & S. R. de Kloet. 2005. The evolution of the spindlin gene in birds: sequence analysis of an intron of the spindlin W and Z gene reveals four major divisions of the Psittaciformes. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 36: 706-721.

[M02] Mlíkovský, J. 2002. Cenozoic Birds of the World. Part 1: Europe. Ninox Press: Praha.

[M03] Morcombe, M. 2003. Field Guide to Australian Birds, 2^nd ed. Steve Parish Publishing.

[RN72] Rutgers, A., & K. A. Norris (eds.) 1972. Encyclopaedia of Aviculture vol. 2. Blandford Press: London.

[WS48] Whittell, H. M. & D. L. Serventy. 1948. A systematic list of the birds of Western Australia. Public Library, Museum and Art Gallery of Western Australia, Special Publication 1: 1-126.