Felis

European wild cat Felis silvestris, photographed by Aconcagua.

Belongs within: Felidae.

The genus Felis has been used in the past to refer to the majority of the small cats (if not all cats), but recent authors have tended to restrict it to a smaller group of species closely related to, and similar in appearance to, the domestic cat F. catus.

<==Felis
    |  i. s.: F. attica JE06
    |         F. euptilura Elliot 1871 I92
    |         F. iriomotensis K84
    |         F. jubata T66
    |         F. leopardus T66
    |         F. lunensis ME05
    |         F. rexroadensis V91
    |         F. teilhardi DW04
    |         F. vorohuensis V91
    |--F. (Felis) S78
    |    |  i. s.: F. ornata N10
    |    |--F. (F.) chaus JE06
    |    `--+--F. (Microfelis) nigripes S78, JE06
    |       `--+--F. (F.) margarita JE06
    |          |    |--F. m. margarita BP87
    |          |    `--F. m. scheffeli BP87
    |          `--+--+--F. bieti JE06
    |             |  `--F. (F.) libyca JE06 [=F. silvestris lybica K84]
    |             `--+--F. catus JE06 [=F. silvestris catus K84]
    |                `--F. silvestris (Schreber 1775) JE06, HRS06
    `--F. (Sivafelis) obscura S78

Inorganic: Felis chaus protominilorientalis Okamura 1987 O87

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BP87] Burton, J. A., & B. Pearson. 1987. Collins Guide to the Rare Mammals of the World. Collins: London.

[DW04] Deng T., Wang X., Ni X. & Liu L. 2004. Sequence of the Cenozoic mammalian faunas of the Linxia Basin in Gansu, China. Acta Geologica Sinica (English Edition) 78 (1): 8-14.

[HRS06] Hahn, I., U. Römer & R. P. Schlatter. 2006. Population numbers and status of land birds of the Juan Fernández Archipelago, Chile (Aves: Falconiformes, Columbiformes, Strigiformes, Caprimulgiformes, Passeriformes). Senckenbergiana Biologica 86 (1): 109-125.

[I92] Iwahashi, J. (ed.) 1992. Reddo Deeta Animaruzu: a pictorial of Japanese fauna facing extinction. JICC: Tokyo.

[JE06] Johnson, W. E., E. Eizirik, J. Pecon-Slattery, W. J. Murphy, A. Antunes, E. Teeling & S. J. O’Brien. 2006. The Late Miocene radiation of modern Felidae: A genetic assessment. Science 311: 73-77.

[K84] Kerby, G. 1984. Small cats. In All the World’s Animals: Carnivores (D. Macdonald, ed.) pp. 42-45. Torstar Books Inc.: New York.

[ME05] Moullé, P.-E., A. Echassoux, F. Lacombat, E. Desclaux & S. Bailon. 2005. L’environnement animal des premiers habitants de l’Europe méditerranéenne: les grands mammifères contemporains de l’homme du Vallonnet, données taxonomiques et biostratigraphiques pour la deuxième moitie du Pléistocène inférieur. BAR International Series 1364: 105-113.

[N10] Naish, D. 2010. Tetrapod Zoology: Book One. CFZ Press: Bideford (UK).

[O87] Okamura, C. 1987. New facts: Homo and all Vertebrata were born simultaneously in the former Paleozoic in Japan. Original Report of the Okamura Fossil Laboratory 15: 347-573.

[S78] Savage, R. J. G. 1978. Carnivora. In Evolution of African Mammals (V. J. Maglio & H. B. S. Cooke, eds) pp. 249-267. Harvard University Press: Cambridge (Massachusetts).

[T66] Tristram, H. B. 1866. Report on the mammals of Palestine. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 84-93.

[V91] Valkenburgh, B. van. 1991. Iterative evolution of hypercarnivory in canids (Mammalia: Carnivora): evolutionary interactions among sympatric predators. Paleobiology 17 (4): 340-362.

Canis

Coyote Canis latrans, photographed by Dawn Beattie.

Belongs within: Canidae.

The genus Canis includes the true dogs, wolves and jackals; they are relatively large and often highly social canids. Members of this genus are found in Eurasia, Africa and North America, with the dingo Canis dingo also prehistorically introduced to Australia. The domestic dog Canis familiaris and dingo C. dingo are both derivatives of the grey wolf C. lupus modified by association with humans, and are often treated as subspecies of the latter.

See also: Wolf and wolf and wolf and wolf and cub; The wolf in time.

<==Canis
    |--C. adustus Mo84
    |--C. africanus S78
    |--C. antiquus S78
    |--C. armbrusteri V91
    |--C. atrox S78
    |--C. aureus Mo84 [incl. C. syriacus T66]
    |--C. brevirostris S78
    |--C. davisi V91
    |--C. dingo [incl. C. hallstromi] Ma84
    |--C. dingoides Matschie 1915 R64
    |--C. dirus C77
    |--C. etruscus ME05
    |--C. familiaris R64
    |    |--C. f. familiaris R64
    |    `--C. f. novaehollandiae Voigt 1831 R64
    |--C. gallaensis S78
    |--C. gezi V91
    |--C. gregarius C77
    |--C. hartshornianus C77
    |--C. haydenii C77
    |--C. hodophilax Temminck 1839 I92
    |--C. lamperti S78
    |--C. latrans M06
    |    |--C. l. latrans MB86
    |    |--C. l. cagottis G69
    |    |--C. l. frustror GSD74
    |    |--C. l. goldmani G69
    |    |--C. l. impavidus Allen 1903 MB86
    |    |--C. l. mearnsi Merriam 1897 MB86
    |    `--C. l. thamnos Jackson 1949 B75
    |--C. lepophagus V91
    |--C. lippincottianus C77
    |--C. lupus Linnaeus 1758 K92 [incl. C. saevus Leidy 1869 C77]
    |    |--C. l. lupus H84
    |    |--C. l. albus H84
    |    |--C. l. baileyi Nelson & Goldman 1929 MB86
    |    |--C. l. campestris H84
    |    |--C. l. hattai Kishida 1931 I92
    |    |--C. l. irremotus USDI77
    |    |--C. l. monstrabilis USDI77
    |    |--C. l. mosbachensis ME05
    |    |--C. l. nubilus Say in James 1823 B75
    |    |--C. l. pallipes Ma84
    |    `--C. l. tundarum H84
    |--C. lycaon M06 [=C. lupus lycaon H84]
    |--C. macdonnellensis Matschie 1915 R64
    |--C. mesomelas Mo84
    |--C. nehringi V91
    |--C. niger B75
    |    |--C. n. niger B75
    |    `--C. n. gregoryi Goldman 1937 B75
    |--C. osorum C77
    |--C. priscolatrans V91
    |--C. rufus H84
    |--C. simensis Mo84
    |    |--C. s. simensis BP87
    |    `--C. s. citernii BP87
    |--C. temerarius C77
    |--C. terblanchei S78
    |--C. ursinus Cope 1875 C77
    |--C. vafer C77
    `--C. wheelerianus Cope 1876 C77

Inorganic: Canis familiaris protominilorientalis Okamura 1987 O87
           Canis lupus protominilorientalis Okamura 1987 O87

Nomen rejiciendum: Canis antarcticus Kerr 1792 R64

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B75] Bowles, J. B. 1975. Distribution and biogeography of mammals of Iowa. Special Publications, The Museum, Texas Tech University 9: 1–184.

[BP87] Burton, J. A., & B. Pearson. 1987. Collins Guide to the Rare Mammals of the World. Collins: London.

[C77] Cope, E. D. 1877. Report upon the extinct Vertebrata obtained in New Mexico by parties of the expedition of 1874. Geographical Surveys West of the One Hundredth Meridian 4 (2): i–iv, 1–370.

[GSD74] Gipson, P. S., J. A. Sealander & J. E. Dunn. 1974. The taxonomic status of wild Canis in Arkansas. Systematic Zoology 23 (1): 1–11.

[G69] Goodwin, G. G. 1969. Mammals from the State of Oaxaca, Mexico, in the American Museum of Natural History. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 141 (1): 1–269, 40 pls.

[H84] Harrington, F. H. 1984. Wolves. In: Macdonald, D. (ed.) All the World’s Animals: Carnivores pp. 50–51. Torstar Books Inc.: New York.

[I92] Iwahashi, J. (ed.) 1992. Reddo Deeta Animaruzu: a pictorial of Japanese fauna facing extinction. JICC: Tokyo.

[K92] Klompen, J. S. H. 1992. Phylogenetic relationships in the mite family Sarcoptidae (Acari: Astigmata). Miscellaneous Publications, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan 180: i–vi, 1–154.

[Ma84] Macdonald, D. W. 1984. Other dogs. In: Macdonald, D. (ed.) All the World’s Animals: Carnivores pp. 76–77. Torstar Books Inc.: New York.

[MB86] Matson, J. O., & R. H. Baker. 1986. Mammals of Zacatecas. Special Publications, Museum of Texas Tech University 24: 1–88.

[M06] Mech, L. D. 2006. Age-related body mass and reproductive measurements of gray wolves in Minnesota. Journal of Mammalogy 87 (1): 80–84.

[Mo84] Moehlman, P. D. 1984. Jackals. In: Macdonald, D. (ed.) All the World’s Animals: Carnivores pp. 56–59. Torstar Books Inc.: New York.

[ME05] Moullé, P.-E., A. Echassoux, F. Lacombat, E. Desclaux & S. Bailon. 2005. L’environnement animal des premiers habitants de l’Europe méditerranéenne: les grands mammifères contemporains de l’homme du Vallonnet, données taxonomiques et biostratigraphiques pour la deuxième moitie du Pléistocène inférieur. BAR International Series 1364: 105–113.

[O87] Okamura, C. 1987. New facts: Homo and all Vertebrata were born simultaneously in the former Paleozoic in Japan. Original Report of the Okamura Fossil Laboratory 15: 347–573.

[R64] Ride, W. D. L. 1964. A list of mammals described from Australia between the years 1933 and 1963 (comprising newly proposed names and additions to the Australian faunal list). Australian Mammal Society Bulletin 7 (Suppl.): 1–15.

[S78] Savage, R. J. G. 1978. Carnivora. In: Maglio, V. J., & H. B. S. Cooke (eds) Evolution of African Mammals pp. 249–267. Harvard University Press: Cambridge (Massachusetts).

[T66] Tristram, H. B. 1866. Report on the mammals of Palestine. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 84–93.

[USDI77] USDI (United States Department of the Interior). 1977. Endangered and threatened wildlife and plants—republication of list of species. Federal Register 42: 36420–36431.

[V91] Valkenburgh, B. van. 1991. Iterative evolution of hypercarnivory in canids (Mammalia: Carnivora): evolutionary interactions among sympatric predators. Paleobiology 17 (4): 340–362.

Martes

Pine marten Martes martes, from here.

Belongs within: Mustelidae.

Martes, the martens, is a group of semiarboreal mustelids found in Eurasia and North America. Members of the genus have moderately elongate bodies, wedge-shaped faces with relatively large rounded ears, and bushy tails (Powell 1984).

<==Martes
    |--M. americana (Turton 1806) B75
    |--M. flavigula P84
    |    |--M. f. flavigula BP87
    |    |--M. f. chrysospila BP87
    |    `--M. f. robinsoni BP87
    |--M. foina P84
    |--M. gwatkinsi P84
    |--M. martes P84
    |--M. melampus Wagner 1840 M76
    |    |--M. m. melampus I92
    |    `--M. m. tsuensis (Thomas 1897) I92
    |--M. pennanti (Erxleben 1777) [=Mustela pennanti] B75
    `--M. zibellina P84

Inorganic: Martes zibellina minilorientalis Okamura 1987 O87

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B75] Bowles, J. B. 1975. Distribution and biogeography of mammals of Iowa. Special Publications, The Museum, Texas Tech University 9: 1-184.

[BP87] Burton, J. A., & B. Pearson. 1987. Collins Guide to the Rare Mammals of the World. Collins: London.

[I92] Iwahashi, J. (ed.) 1992. Reddo Deeta Animaruzu: a pictorial of Japanese fauna facing extinction. JICC: Tokyo.

[M76] Masui, M. 1976. Nihon no Doobutsu. Kogakukan: Tokyo.

[O87] Okamura, C. 1987. New facts: Homo and all Vertebrata were born simultaneously in the former Paleozoic in Japan. Original Report of the Okamura Fossil Laboratory 15: 347-573.

[P84] Powell, R. A. 1984. Martens. In All the World’s Animals: Carnivores (D. Macdonald, ed.) pp. 110-111. Torstar Books Inc.: New York.

Leopardus

Margay Leopardus wiedii, photographed by J. C. Schou.

Belongs within: Felidae.

As recognised by Johnson et al. (2006) on the basis of molecular analysis, Leopardus is a genus of cats found primarily in South America. All species in the genus have black spots and/or stripes on a light background coloration. The ocelot L. pardalis is the largest species in the genus and one of the most widespread, with its distribution extending into the southern United States, though it has almost become extinct north of Mexico.

<==Leopardus Gray 1842 (see below for synonymy) C57
    |--+--L. pardalis JE06 (see below for synonymy)
    |  |    |--L. p. pardalis C57
    |  |    |--L. p. aequatorialis (Mearns 1902) (see below for synonymy) C57
    |  |    |--L. p. maripensis (Allen 1904) (see below for synonymy) C57
    |  |    |--L. p. mitis (Cuvier 1820) (see below for synonymy) C57
    |  |    |--‘Felis’ p. nelsoni G69
    |  |    |--L. p. pseudopardalis (Boitard 1842) (see below for synonymy) C57
    |  |    |--L. p. pusaea (Thomas 1914) [=Felis pardalis pusaea, L. pardalis pusaeus] C57
    |  |    `--L. p. steinbachi Pocock 1941 [=Felis pardalis steinbachi]
    |  `--L. wiedii (Schinz 1821) JE06, C57 [=Felis wiedii C57, Margay tigrina wiedii C57]
    |       |--L. w. wiedii (see below for synonymy) C57
    |       |--L. w. amazonicus (Cabrera 1917) [=Felis wiedii amazonica] C57
    |       |--L. w. boliviae Pocock 1941 [=Felis wiedii boliviae] C57
    |       |--‘Felis’ w. nicaraguae BP87
    |       |--‘Felis’ w. oaxacensis G69
    |       |--L. w. pirrensis (Goldman 1914) (see below for synonymy) C57
    |       |--‘Felis’ w. salvinia BP87
    |       |--L. w. vigens (Thomas 1904) (see below for synonymy) C57
    |       `--‘Felis’ w. yucatanica G69
    `--+--+--L. colocolo (Molina 1782) JE06, C57 (see below for synonymy)
       |  |    |--L. c. colocolo (see below for synonymy) C57
       |  |    |--‘Felis’ c. braccata Cope 1889 (see below for synonymy) C57
       |  |    |--‘Felis’ c. budini (Pocock 1941) [=Lynchailurus pajeros budini] C57
       |  |    |--‘Felis’ c. crespoi Cabrera 1958 C57
       |  |    |--‘Felis’ c. garleppi Matschie 1912 (see below for synonymy) C57
       |  |    |--‘Felis’ c. pajeros Desmarest 1816 (see below for synonymy) C57
       |  |    `--‘Felis’ c. thomasi Lönnberg 1913 [=Lynchailurus colocolus thomasi, L. pajeros thomasi] C57
       |  `--L. jacobita (Cornalia 1865) JE06, C57 (see below for synonymy)
       `--+--L. tigrinus (Schreber 1775) JE06, C57 [=Felis tigrina C57, F. (Oncoides) tigrina C57, Margay tigrina C57]
          |    |--L. t. tigrinus [incl. Felis emiliae Thomas 1914, Oncilla guttula emiliae, F. margay Müller 1776] C57
          |    |--L. t. guttulus (Hensel 1872) (see below for synonymy) C57
          |    |--‘Felis’ t. oncilla BP87
          |    `--L. t. pardinoides (Gray 1867) (see below for synonymy) C57
          `--+--L. geoffroyi (D’Orbigny & Gervais 1844) JE06, C57 (see below for synonymy)
             |    |--L. g. geoffroyi (see below for synonymy) C57
             |    |--L. g. euxanthus (Pocock 1940) [=Oncifelis geoffroyi euxanthus, Felis geoffroyi euxantha] C57
             |    |--L. g. leucobaptus (Pocock 1940) [=Oncifelis geoffroyi leucobaptus, Felis geoffroyi leucobapta] C57
             |    |--L. g. paraguae (Pocock 1940) (see below for synonymy) C57
             |    `--L. g. salinarum (Thomas 1903) [=Felis salinarum, Oncifelis geoffroyi salinarum] C57
             `--L. guigna (Molina 1782) JE06, C57 (see below for synonymy)
                  |--L. g. guigna [incl. Oncifelis santacrucensis Artayeta 1950] C57
                  `--L. g. tigrillo (Pöppig in Schinz 1844) [=Felis tigrillo; incl. F. guigna molinae Osgood 1943] C57

‘Felis’ colocolo braccata Cope 1889 [=Lynchailurus colocolus braccatus, L. pajeros braccatus; incl. F. (Lynchailurus) colocola neumayeri Matschie 1912, Oncifelis colocolo neumayeri] C57

‘Felis’ colocolo garleppi Matschie 1912 [=F. (Lynchailurus) pajeros garleppi, F. pajeros parleppi, Lynchailurus colocolus garleppi; incl. L. pajeros steinbachi Pocock 1941 non Leopardus pardalis steinbachi Pocock 1941] C57

‘Felis’ colocolo pajeros Desmarest 1816 [=F. pageros, F. pajero, *Lynchailurus colocolus pajeros; incl. F. pajeros crucina Thomas 1901, L. colocolus crucinus, L. pajeros crucina, Felis pampa Schinz 1831 (n. n.), Pajeros pampanus Gray 1867] C57

Leopardus Gray 1842 [incl. Colocolo Pocock 1941, Lynchailurus Severtzow 1858, Margay Gray 1867, Noctifelis Severtzow 1858, Oncifelis Severtzow 1858, Oncilla Allen 1919, Oncoides Severtzow 1858, Oreailurus Cabrera 1940, Pajeros Gray 1867, Pardalina Gray 1867, Pardalis Gray 1867] C57

Leopardus colocolo (Molina 1782) JE06 , C57 [=Felis colocola C57, F. colorolla C57, F. (Lynchailurus) colocolo C57, Lynchailurus colocolus C57]

Leopardus colocolo colocolo (Molina 1782) [=Felis pajeros colocolo; incl. Panthera maracaya albescens Fitzinger 1869, Lynchailurus pajeros huina Pocock 1841, Felis passerum Sclater 1871] C57

Leopardus geoffroyi (D’Orbigny & Gervais 1844) JE06, C57 [=Felis geoffroyi C57, F. (Oncifelis) geoffroyi C57, F. (Oncoides) geoffroyi C57, Herpailurus geoffroyi C57]

Leopardus geoffroyi geoffroyi (D’Orbigny & Gervais 1844) [incl. Felis geoffroyi macdonaldi Marelli 1932, F. pardoides Gray 1867, Pardalina warwickii Gray 1867] C57

Leopardus geoffroyi paraguae (Pocock 1940) [=Oncifelis geoffroyi paraguae, Felis geoffroyi paraguae; incl. F. melas Bertoni 1914 non Cuvier 1809] C57

Leopardus guigna (Molina 1782) JE06, C57 [=Felis guigna C57, F. guina C57, Herpailurus guigna C57, Noctifelis guigna C57, Oncifelis guigna C57]

Leopardus jacobita (Cornalia 1865) -, C57 [=Felis jacobita C57, F. (*Oreailurus) jacobita C57; incl. F. colocolo Philippi 1869 non Molina 1782 C57, Oncifelis colocolo C57]

Leopardus pardalis JE06 [=Felis (Leopardus) pardalis C57, F. (Zibethailurus) pardalis C57; incl. *Leopardus griseus C57]

Leopardus pardalis aequatorialis (Mearns 1902) [=Felis pardalis aequatorialis, Oncoides pardalis aequatorialis; incl. F. mearnsi Allen 1910, Leopardus pardalis mearnsi] C57

Leopardus pardalis maripensis (Allen 1904) [=Felis pardalis maripensis; incl. Felis melanura Ball 1844 (n. d.), Leopardus pardalis melanurus, Oncoides pardalis tumatumari Allen 1915, L. pardalis tumatumari] C57

Leopardus pardalis mitis Cuvier 1820 [=Felis pardalis mitis; incl. F. armillatus Cuvier 1832, F. pardalis brasiliensis Schinz 1844, Leopardus pardalis brasiliensis, F. chati Gray 1827, F. pardalis chibigouazou Gray in Griffith 1827, F. chibigouavou (l. c.), F. chibiguazu, Leopardus pardalis chibigouazou, Oncoides pardalis chibigouazou, Felis hamiltoni Fischer 1830, F. maracaya Wagner 1841, F. smithii Swainson 1838] C57

Leopardus pardalis pseudopardalis (Boitard 1842) [=Felis pardalis pseudopardalis; incl. F. sanctaemartae Allen 1906, Leopardus pardalis sanctaemartae] C57

Leopardus tigrinus guttulus (Hensel 1872) [=Felis tigrina guttula, F. guttata (l. c.) non Hermann 1804, F. (Oncoides) tigrina guttula, Oncilla guttula; incl. F. (Oncoides) mitis Lahille 1899 non Cuvier 1820] C57

Leopardus tigrinus pardinoides (Gray 1867) [=Felis tigrina pardinoides, Noctifelis pardinoides; incl. F. pardinoides andina Thomas 1903, Margay tigrina andina, M. caucensis Allen 1915, Oncilla caucensis, M. tigrina elenae Allen 1915, O. pardinoides elenae, Felis pardinoides emerita Thomas 1912, Margay tigrina emerita, Oncilla pardinoides emerita] C57

Leopardus wiedii pirrensis (Goldman 1914) [=Felis wiedii pirrensis; incl. Margay wiedi andina Allen 1916 non Felis pardinoides andina Thomas 1903, F. (Margay) glaucula ludovici Lönnberg 1925] C57

Leopardus wiedii vigens (Thomas 1904) [=Felis wiedii vigens, Margay tigrina vigens; incl. F. wiedii catenata Hamilton Smith in Griffith 1827 (n. n.)] C57

Leopardus wiedii wiedii (Schinz 1821) [incl. Felis elegans Lesson 1830, F. macroura Wied 1823, F. macrourus, F. macrura, Leopardus wiedii pardictis Pocock 1941, F. wiedii pardictis, L. tigrinoides Gray 1842, F. venusta] C57

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BP87] Burton, J. A., & B. Pearson. 1987. Collins Guide to the Rare Mammals of the World. Collins: London.

[C57] Cabrera, A. 1957. Catalogo de los mamiferos de America del Sur. I (Metatheria—Unguiculata—Carnivora). Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales “Bernardino Rivadavia” e Instituto Nacional de Investigacion de Las Ciencias Naturales, Ciencias Zoológicas 4 (1): 1–307.

[G69] Goodwin, G. G. 1969. Mammals from the State of Oaxaca, Mexico, in the American Museum of Natural History. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 141 (1): 1–269, 40 pls.

[JE06] Johnson, W. E., E. Eizirik, J. Pecon-Slattery, W. J. Murphy, A. Antunes, E. Teeling & S. J. O’Brien. 2006. The Late Miocene radiation of modern Felidae: a genetic assessment. Science 311: 73–77.

Puma

Puma Puma concolor, photographed by William Quatman.

Belongs within: Felidae.

As recognised by Johnson et al. (2006) on the basis of molecular analysis, the genus Puma includes two modern cat species, the puma Puma concolor and the jaguarundi Puma yagouaroundi, found in North and South America. Both species are darkly spotted when cubs, but become uniformly coloured as they mature. Puma concolor is the second-largest living cat species in the New World after the jaguar Panthera onca, and perhaps the most varied in the range of habitats it can be found in. Puma yagouaroundi is a smaller species, slightly larger than a domestic cat, that is often associated with damp habitats. The genus Puma is also known from the Pliocene and Pleistocene of Eurasia, where it is represented by the puma-like species P. pardoides.

<==Puma Jardine 1834 C57
    |  i. s.: P. pardoides Owen 1846 ME05
    |--P. (Puma) [incl. Pristinofelis Spillman 1931] C57
    |    `--*P. (P.) concolor (Linné 1771) C57, JE06, C57 (see below for synonymy)
    |         |--P. c. concolor (see below for synonymy) C57
    |         |--P. c. anthonyi (Nelson & Goldman 1931) [=Felis concolor anthonyi] C57
    |         |--P. c. araucana (Osgood 1943) [=Felis concolor araucanus] C57
    |         |--‘Felis’ c. azteca Merriam 1901 MB86
    |         |--P. c. bangsi (Merriam 1901) [=Felis concolor bangsi; incl. F. c. soederstroemii Lönnberg 1913] C57
    |         |--P. c. borbensis (Nelson & Goldman 1933) [=Felis concolor borbensis] C57
    |         |--P. c. cabrerae Pocock 1940 [=Felis concolor cabrerae] C57
    |         |--P. c. capricornensis (Goldman in Young & Goldman 1946) [=Felis concolor capricornensis] C57
    |         |--‘Felis’ c. coryi USDI77
    |         |--‘Felis’ c. costaricensis USDI77
    |         |--‘Felis’ c. cougar USDI77
    |         |--P. c. greeni (Nelson & Goldman 1931) [=Felis concolor greeni] C57
    |         |--P. c. hudsoni (Cabrera 1958) [=Felis concolor hudsoni] C57
    |         |--P. c. incarum (Nelson & Goldman 1929) [=Felis concolor incarum] C57
    |         |--‘Felis’ c. mayensis G69
    |         |--P. c. nigra Jardine 1834 (see below for synonymy) C57
    |         |--P. c. osgoodi (Nelson & Goldman 1929) [=Felis concolor osgoodi] C57
    |         |--P. c. pearsoni (Thomas 1901) (see below for synonymy) C57
    |         |--P. c. puma (Molina 1782) [=Felis concolor puma, F. (Uncia) puma] C57
    |         `--‘Felis’ c. schorgeri Jackson 1955 B75
    `--P. (Herpailurus Severtzow 1858) C57
         `--P. (H.) yagouaroundi (Geoffroy 1803) JE06, C57 (see below for synonymy)
              |--P. y. yagouaroundi [incl. Felis jaguarondi unicolor Traill 1819, Herpailurus yaguarondi unicolor] C57
              |--‘Felis’ y. ameghinoi Holmberg 1898 C57
              |--‘Felis’ y. cacomitli USDI77
              |--‘Felis’ y. eyra Fischer 1814 (see below for synonymy) C57
              |--‘Felis’ y. fossata G69
              |--‘Felis’ y. melantho Thomas 1914 [=F. yaguarondi melantho, Herpailurus yaguarondi melantho] C57
              |--‘Felis’ y. panamensis Allen 1904 (see below for synonymy) C57
              `--‘Felis’ y. tolteca G69

‘Felis’ yagouroundi eyra Fischer 1814 [=F. eira, Herpailus yagouaroundi eyra; incl. F. darwini Martin 1837, F. yaguarondi Lacépède in Azara 1809 non F. yagouaroundi Geoffroy 1803, *Herpailurus yaguarondi] C57

‘Felis’ yagouroundi panamensis Allen 1904 [=F. yaguarondi panamensis, Herpailurus yagouaroundi panamensis, H. yaguarondi panamensis] C57

*Puma (Puma) concolor (Linné 1771) C57, JE06, C57 [=Felis concolor C57, Leopardus concolor C57, Uncia concolor C57]

*Puma (Puma) concolor concolor (Linné 1771) [incl. Felis concolor var. soasoaranna Lesson 1842, F. sucuacuara Liais 1872, F. concolor var. wavula Lesson 1842] C57

Puma (Puma) concolor nigra Jardine 1834 non Felis nigra Erxleben 1777 (not preoc. as in dif. gen.) [=Felis concolor acrocodia Goldman 1943] C57

Puma (Puma) concolor pearsoni (Thomas 1901) [=Felis concolor pearsoni, F. (Uncia) puma pearsoni; incl. F. puma patagonica Merriam 1901, F. concolor patagonica, F. (Uncia) puma patagonica, Puma puma patagonica] C57

Puma (Herpailurus) yagouaroundi (Geoffroy 1803) JE06, C57 [=Felis jaguarondi C57, F. (Catopuma) yaguarundi C57, F. (Herpailurus) yagouaroundi C57, Herpailurus jaguarondi C57, H. jaguarundi C57, H. yaguarondi C57, Leopardus yagouarondi C57]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B75] Bowles, J. B. 1975. Distribution and biogeography of mammals of Iowa. Special Publications, The Museum, Texas Tech University 9: 1–184.

[C57] Cabrera, A. 1957. Catalogo de los mamiferos de America del Sur. I (Metatheria—Unguiculata—Carnivora). Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales “Bernardino Rivadavia” e Instituto Nacional de Investigacion de Las Ciencias Naturales, Ciencias Zoológicas 4 (1): 1–307.

[G69] Goodwin, G. G. 1969. Mammals from the State of Oaxaca, Mexico, in the American Museum of Natural History. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 141 (1): 1–269, 40 pls.

[JE06] Johnson, W. E., E. Eizirik, J. Pecon-Slattery, W. J. Murphy, A. Antunes, E. Teeling & S. J. O’Brien. 2006. The Late Miocene radiation of modern Felidae: a genetic assessment. Science 311: 73–77.

[MB86] Matson, J. O. & R. H. Baker. 1986. Mammals of Zacatecas. Special Publications, Museum of Texas Tech University 24: 1–88.

[ME05] Moullé, P.-E., A. Echassoux, F. Lacombat, E. Desclaux & S. Bailon. 2005. L’environnement animal des premiers habitants de l’Europe méditerranéenne: les grands mammifères contemporains de l’homme du Vallonnet, données taxonomiques et biostratigraphiques pour la deuxième moitie du Pléistocène inférieur. BAR International Series 1364: 105–113.

[USDI77] USDI (United States Department of the Interior). 1977. Endangered and threatened wildlife and plants—republication of list of species. Federal Register 42: 36420–36431.

Vulpes

San Joaquin kit foxes Vulpes macrotis mutica, photographed by B. Peterson.

Belongs within: Canidae.

The genus Vulpes contains the standard foxes, found in Eurasia, Africa and North America. Foxes may be solitary or live in small groups of a male and up to five females (Macdonald 1984). The fennec fox V. zerda of northern Africa has sometimes been classified in its own genus Fennecus, but despite its distinctive large ears it is probably not much more divergent overall than other Vulpes species. The most widespread species is the red fox Vulpes vulpes, found across almost the entire Holarctic region (and introduced to Australia), though the North American population is sometimes treated as a separate species V. fulva.

See also: Fantastic Mr Fox.

Characters (from Macdonald 1984): Muzzle pointed; ears triangular and erect; tail long and bushy; skull relatively flattened. Tail tip often differently coloured from remainder of body; black triangular face marks between eyes and nose. Frontal bones forming slightly indented or dished brows.

<==Vulpes
    |--V. alopecoides M84
    |--V. bengalensis M84
    |--V. cana M84
    |--V. chama M84
    |--V. chikushanensis DW04
    |--V. corsac M84
    |--V. ferrilata M84
    |--V. flavescens T66
    |--V. kiyomasai Kishida & Mori 1929 TYM08
    |--V. macrotis MB86
    |    |--V. m. macrotis MB86
    |    |--V. m. devia BP87
    |    |--V. m. mutica BP87
    |    `--V. m. zinseri Benson 1938 MB86
    |--V. niloticus T66
    |--V. pallida M84
    |--V. pattisoni S78
    |--V. pulcher S78
    |--V. rueppelli M84
    |--V. velox (Say 1823) B75
    |    |--V. v. velox M84
    |    `--V. v. hebes M84
    |--V. vulgaris T66
    |--V. vulpes Linnaeus 1758 M76
    |    |--V. v. vulpes B75
    |    |--V. v. fulva B75
    |    `--V. v. regalis Merriam 1900 B75
    `--V. zerda [=Fennecus zerda] M84

Inorganic: Fennecus zerda minilorientalus Okamura 1987 O87

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B75] Bowles, J. B. 1975. Distribution and biogeography of mammals of Iowa. Special Publications, The Museum, Texas Tech University 9: 1–184.

[BP87] Burton, J. A., & B. Pearson. 1987. Collins Guide to the Rare Mammals of the World. Collins: London.

[DW04] Deng T., Wang X., Ni X. & Liu L. 2004. Sequence of the Cenozoic mammalian faunas of the Linxia Basin in Gansu, China. Acta Geologica Sinica (English Edition) 78 (1): 8–14.

[M84] Macdonald, D. W. 1984. Foxes. In: Macdonald, D. (ed.) All the World’s Animals: Carnivores pp. 60–67. Torstar Books Inc.: New York.

[M76] Masui, M. 1976. Nihon no Doobutsu. Kogakukan: Tokyo.

[MB86] Matson, J. O. & R. H. Baker. 1986. Mammals of Zacatecas. Special Publications, Museum of Texas Tech University 24: 1–88.

[O87] Okamura, C. 1987. New facts: Homo and all Vertebrata were born simultaneously in the former Paleozoic in Japan. Original Report of the Okamura Fossil Laboratory 15: 347–573.

[S78] Savage, R. J. G. 1978. Carnivora. In: Maglio, V. J., & H. B. S. Cooke (eds) Evolution of African Mammals pp. 249–267. Harvard University Press: Cambridge (Massachusetts).

[TYM08] Tennent, W. J., M. Yasuda & K. Morimoto. 2008. Lansania Journal of arachnology and zoology—a rare and obscure Japanese natural history journal. Archives of Natural History 35 (2): 252–280.

[T66] Tristram, H. B. 1866. Report on the mammals of Palestine. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 84–93.

Conepatus

Amazonian skunk Conepatus semistriatus, photographed by Leo Caetano.

Belongs within: Musteloidea.

The genus Conepatus contains the hog-nosed skunks, found in South America and north to the southern United States, generally in rugged terrain. Hog-nosed skunks have black underparts with a broad white stripe on the back and white tail, and a bare elongate snout, as well as large claws for digging (Voigt 1984). They are primarily insectivorous, using the bare snout to root in the ground in search of prey.

<==Conepatus Gray 1837 [incl. Marputius Gray 1837, Oryctogale Merriam 1902, Ozolictis, Thiosmus Lichtenstein 1838] C57
    |--*C. humboldtii Gray 1837 (see below for synonymy) C57
    |--C. castaneus (D’Orbigny & Gervais 1847) C57 [=Mephitis castaneus C57, C. humboldti castaneus BP87]
    |    |--C. c. castaneus (D’Orbigny & Gervais 1847) [incl. C. proteo gaucho Thomas 1927] C57
    |    `--C. c. proteus Thomas 1902 [=C. castaneus proteo] C57
    |--C. chinga (Molina 1782) [=Viverra chinga, V. chingha, V. chinghe] C57
    |    |--C. c. chinga (see below for synonymy) C57
    |    |--C. c. budini Thomas 1919 [incl. C. calurus Thomas 1919] C57
    |    |--C. c. gibsoni Thomas 1910 [=C. suffocans gibsoni; incl. C. suffocans pampanus Thomas 1921] C57
    |    |--C. c. mendosus Thomas 1921 [=C. suffocans mendosus; incl. C. suffocans enuchus Thomas 1927] C57
    |    `--C. c. suffocans (Illiger 1815) (see below for synonymy) C57
    |--C. leuconotus V84
    |--C. mesoleucus MB86
    |    |--C. m. mesoleucus MB86
    |    |--C. m. filipensis G69
    |    |--C. m. mearnsi Merriam 1902 MB86
    |    `--C. m. sonoriensis Merriam 1902 MB86
    |--C. rex Thomas 1898 C57
    |    |--C. r. rex (see below for synonymy) C57
    |    `--C. r. inca Thomas 1900 C57
    `--C. semistriatus (Boddaert 1785) [=Viverra semistriata] C57
         |--C. s. semistriatus (see below for synonymy) C57
         |--C. s. amazonicus (Lichtenstein 1838) (see below for synonymy) C57
         |--C. s. conepatl G69
         |--C. s. quitensis (Humboldt 1812) (see below for synonymy) C57
         |--C. s. taxinus Thomas 1924 [=C. inca taxinus] C57
         `--C. s. zorrino Thomas 1901 C57

Conepatus chinga chinga (Molina 1782) [incl. Viverra chilensis Geoffroy 1803, C. chilensis, Mephitis (Thiosmus) chilensis, M. chiliensis, M. nasutus var. chilensis, M. dimidiata Fischer 1814, M. furcata Wagner 1841] C57

Conepatus chinga suffocans (Illiger 1815) [=Gulo suffocans, Mephitis (Thiosmus) suffocans; incl. M. feuillei Gervais 1841, Conepatus suffocans feuillei, C. mapurito monzoni Aplin 1894] C57

*Conepatus humboldtii Gray 1837 [=C. nasutus var. humboldtii; incl. Mephitis (Thiosmus) patagonica Lichtenstein 1838, M. patachonica] C57

Conepatus rex rex Thomas 1898 [incl. C. ajax Thomas 1913, C. arequipae Thomas 1898, C. chorensis Thomas 1902, C. hunti Thomas 1903, C. porcinus Thomas 1902] C57

Conepatus semistriatus amazonicus (Lichtenstein 1838) [=Mephitis (Thiosmus) amazonica; incl. C. chilensis bahiensis Ihering 1911, C. nasutus var. chilensis Gray 1865 non Viverra chilensis Geoffroy 1803, Thiosmus chilensis non (Geoffroy 1803), Mephitis westermanni Reinhardt 1856] C57

Conepatus semistriatus quitensis (Humboldt 1812) [=Gulo quitensis, C. (Marputius) quitensis, Mephitis (Thiosmus) quitensis] C57

Conepatus semistriatus semistriatus (Boddaert 1785) [incl. Mephitis gumillae Lichtenstein 1838, C. gumillae, M. gumillaei, Viverra mapurito Gmelin 1788 non Müller 1776, Conepatus mapurito, Gulo mapurito, Mephitis mapurito, M. zorilla Fischer 1829] C57

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BP87] Burton, J. A., & B. Pearson. 1987. Collins Guide to the Rare Mammals of the World. Collins: London.

[C57] Cabrera, A. 1957. Catalogo de los mamiferos de America del Sur. I (Metatheria—Unguiculata—Carnivora). Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales “Bernardino Rivadavia” e Instituto Nacional de Investigacion de Las Ciencias Naturales, Ciencias Zoológicas 4 (1): 1–307.

[G69] Goodwin, G. G. 1969. Mammals from the State of Oaxaca, Mexico, in the American Museum of Natural History. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 141 (1): 1–269, 40 pls.

[MB86] Matson, J. O. & R. H. Baker. 1986. Mammals of Zacatecas. Special Publications, Museum of Texas Tech University 24: 1–88.

[V84] Voigt, D. R. 1984. Skunks. In: Macdonald, D. (ed.) All the World’s Animals: Carnivores pp. 114–115. Torstar Books Inc.: New York.

Mustela

North American long-tailed weasel Mustela frenata, from here.

Belongs within: Mustelidae.

The genus Mustela contains the weasels, stoats, polecats and mink, and are small predators native to Eurasia and North and South America. The weasels and stoats of the subgenus Mustela are particularly slender, with a brown dorsum and pale underparts. The ferrets of the subgenus Putorius are generally stockier in build, and possess a dark mask across the face (King 1984).

Characters (from Anderson et al. 1986): Body long and lithe; legs short; braincase long and low. Jaws short and powerful, carnassials elongate and bladelike, three premolars in each jaw half (two in the lower jaw of Mustela africana).

<==Mustela Linné 1758 (see below for synonymy) C57
    |--M. vison AF86
    |    |--M. v. vison B75
    |    `--M. v. letifera Hollister 1913 B75
    `--+--M. (Mustela) AF86
       |    |--M. (M.) nivalis AF86
       |    |    |--M. n. nivalis AF86
       |    |    |--M. n. campestris Jackson 1913 B75
       |    |    |--M. n. namiyei Kuroda 1921 I92
       |    |    |--M. n. rixosa AF86
       |    |    `--M. n. vulgaris K84
       |    `--+--*M. (M.) erminea Linnaeus 1758 C57, AF86, M76
       |       |    |--M. e. erminea I92
       |       |    |--M. e. bangsi Hall 1945 B75
       |       |    |--M. e. nippon Cabrera 1913 I92
       |       |    `--M. e. orientalis Ognev 1928 I92
       |       `--M. (M.) frenata AF86 [=Putorius (Gale) brasiliensis frenatus C57]
       |            |--M. f. frenata AF86
       |            |--M. f. affinis Gray 1874 (see below for synonymy) C57
       |            |--M. f. agilis Tschudi 1844 C57
       |            |--M. f. arizonensis AF86
       |            |--M. f. aureoventris Gray 1864 (see below for synonymy) C57
       |            |--M. f. boliviensis Hall 1938 C57
       |            |--M. f. goldmani G69
       |            |--M. f. helleri Hall 1935 H35
       |            |--M. f. leucoparia (Merriam 1896) MB86
       |            |--M. f. longicauda B75
       |            |--M. f. macrophonius G69
       |            |--M. f. neomexicana (Barber & Cockerell 1898) MB86
       |            |--M. f. noveboracensis B75
       |            |--M. f. perotae G69
       |            |--M. f. primulina Jackson 1913 B75
       |            `--M. f. spadix (Bangs 1896) [=Putorius longicauda spadix] B75
       `--M. (Putorius) AF86
            |  i. s.: M. (P.) nambianus (Cope 1874) [=Martes nambianus] C77
            |--M. (P.) putorius AF86
            |    |--M. p. putorius AF86
            |    `--M. p. furo AF86
            |--M. (P.) stromeri AF86
            `--+--M. (P.) eversmanni AF86
               |    |--M. e. eversmanni AF86
               |    |--M. e. beringiae Anderson 1977 AF86
               |    `--M. e. michnoi AF86
               `--M. (P.) nigripes (Audubon & Bachman 1851) [=Putorius nigripes] AF86

Mustela incertae sedis:
  M. africana Desmarest 1818 AF86, C57 (see below for synonymy)
  M. altaica K84
  M. felipei [=Grammogale felipei] K84
  M. kathiah K84
  M. lutreola K84
    |--M. l. lutreola B84
    `--M. l. turovi B84
  M. lutreolina K84 [=M. sibirica lutreolina BP87]
  M. macrodon CG99
  M. melampus S66
  M. nudipes K84
    |--M. n. nudipes BP87
    `--M. n. hamakeri BP87
  M. numidica S78
  M. parviloba [incl. Martes mustelinus] C77
  M. sibirica K84
    |--M. s. sibirica M76
    `--M. s. itatsi Temminck 1844 M76
  M. stolzmanni Taczanowski 1881 H35, C57 [=Grammogale africana stolzmanni C57, M. africana stolzmanni C57]
  M. strigidorsa K84

Inorganic: Mustela sibirica minilorientalis Okamura 1987 O87

Mustela Linné 1758 [incl. Arctogale Kaup 1829, Eumustela Acloque 1899, Foetorius Blasius 1857, Gale Wagner 1841, Grammogale Cabrera 1940, Neogale Gay 1865] C57

Mustela africana Desmarest 1818 AF86, C57 [=*Grammogale africana C57, Gymnopus africanus C57; incl. Putorius (Mustela) brasiliensis paraensis C57, Mustela affinis paraensis C57, M. stolzmanni paraensis C57]

Mustela frenata affinis Gray 1874 [incl. M. affinis costaricensis Allen 1916, M. frenata meridana Hollister 1914] C57

Mustela frenata aureoventris Gray 1864 [=M. aureiventris, Putorius (Arctogale) aureoventris; incl. P. (Gale) brasiliensis var. aequatorialis Coues 1877, Mustela jelskii Taczanowski 1881, M. frenata macrura Taczanowski 1874, Putorius macrurus] C57

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[AF86] Anderson, E., S. C. Forrest, T. W. Clark & L. Richardson. 1986. Paleobiology, biogeography, and systematics of the black-footed ferret, Mustela nigripes (Audubon & Bachman), 1851. Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs 8: 11–62.

[B84] Birks, J. D. S. 1984. Mink. In: Macdonald, D. (ed.) All the World’s Animals: Carnivores pp. 108–109. Torstar Books Inc.: New York.

[B75] Bowles, J. B. 1975. Distribution and biogeography of mammals of Iowa. Special Publications, The Museum, Texas Tech University 9: 1–184.

[BP87] Burton, J. A., & B. Pearson. 1987. Collins Guide to the Rare Mammals of the World. Collins: London.

[C57] Cabrera, A. 1957. Catalogo de los mamiferos de America del Sur. I (Metatheria—Unguiculata—Carnivora). Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales “Bernardino Rivadavia” e Instituto Nacional de Investigacion de Las Ciencias Naturales, Ciencias Zoológicas 4 (1): 1–307.

[CG99] Carlton, J. T., J. B. Geller, M. L. Reaka-Kudla & E. A. Norse. 1999. Historical extinctions in the sea. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 30: 315–338.

[C77] Cope, E. D. 1877. Report upon the extinct Vertebrata obtained in New Mexico by parties of the expedition of 1874. Geographical Surveys West of the One Hundredth Meridian 4 (2): i–iv, 1–370.

[G69] Goodwin, G. G. 1969. Mammals from the State of Oaxaca, Mexico, in the American Museum of Natural History. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 141 (1): 1–269, 40 pls.

[H35] Hall, E. R. 1935. A new weasel from Peru. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 48: 143–145.

[I92] Iwahashi, J. (ed.) 1992. Reddo Deeta Animaruzu: a pictorial of Japanese fauna facing extinction. JICC: Tokyo.

[K84] King, C. M. 1984. Weasels and polecats. In: Macdonald, D. (ed.) All the World’s Animals: Carnivores pp. 102–107. Torstar Books Inc.: New York.

[M76] Masui, M. 1976. Nihon no Doobutsu. Kogakukan: Tokyo.

[MB86] Matson, J. O. & R. H. Baker. 1986. Mammals of Zacatecas. Special Publications, Museum of Texas Tech University 24: 1–88.

[O87] Okamura, C. 1987. New facts: Homo and all Vertebrata were born simultaneously in the former Paleozoic in Japan. Original Report of the Okamura Fossil Laboratory 15: 347–573.

[S78] Savage, R. J. G. 1978. Carnivora. In: Maglio, V. J., & H. B. S. Cooke (eds) Evolution of African Mammals pp. 249–267. Harvard University Press: Cambridge (Massachusetts).

[S66] Sclater, P. L. 1866. Exhibition of a collection of mammals and birds from Japan. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 80–81.

Lutra

Neotropical river otter Lutra longicaudis, photographed by Flávio Kulaif Ubaid.

Belongs within: Mustelidae.

The genus Lutra, commonly known as river otters (though one species, the South American L. felina, is primarily marine), are a group of relatively unspecialised members of the otter clade. They are mostly solitary, and individuals vocalise using twitters (Old World species) or staccato chuckles (New World species) (Duplaix 1984). Many authors now separate the New World members of Lutra into a separate genus, Lontra. The number of recognised species has varied in the past, with the Neotropical river otter Lutra longicaudis in particular sometimes divided between several species.

<==Lutra Brünnich 1771 AC98 (see below for synonymy)
    |--*L. lutra [=Mustela lutra] C57
    |    |--L. l. lutra M76
    |    `--L. l. whiteleyi Gray 1867 M76
    |--L. canadensis (Schreber 1776) [=Mustela lutra canadensis, Lontra canadensis] B75
    |    |--L. c. canadensis B75
    |    `--L. c. interior B75
    |--L. euxena (Bate 1935) AC98
    |--L. felina (Molina 1782) C57 (see below for synonymy)
    |--L. hessica S78
    |--L. libyca S78
    |--L. longicaudis MB86 (see below for synonymy)
    |    |--L. l. longicaudis MB86
    |    |--L. l. annectens Major 1897 MB86
    |    |--L. ‘annectens’ colombiana Allen 1904 [incl. L. emerita Thomas 1908, L. annectens repanda Pohle 1920] C57
    |    |--L. l. enudris Cuvier 1823 D84, C57 [=L. enhydris C57, L. enydris C57; incl. L. mitis Thomas 1908 C57]
    |    |--L. ‘annectens’ parilina Thomas 1914 C57
    |    `--L. l. platensis Waterhouse 1838 D84, C57 (see below for synonymy)
    |--L. maculicollis S78
    |--L. nippon Imaizumi & Yoshiyuki 1989 I92
    |--L. perspicillata BP87
    |    |--L. p. perspicillata BP87
    |    `--L. p. maxwelli BP87
    |--L. provocax Thomas 1908 C57 [=Lontra provocax IT07]
    |--L. sumatrana IT07
    `--L. vulgaris T66

Lutra Brünnich 1771 AC98 [=Lutris Duméril 1806 C57, Lutrix Rafinesque 1817 C57; incl. Barangia Gray 1865 C57, Lataxina Gray 1843 C57, Lontra Gray 1843 C57, Lutronectes Gray 1867 C57, Nesolutra Bate 1935 AC98, Nutria Gray 1865 C57]

Lutra felina (Molina 1782) C57 [=Mustela felina C57, Lontra felina IT07, Nutria felina C57; incl. Lutra brachydactyla Wagner 1841 C57, Lutra californica Gray 1837 C57, Mustela (Lutra) chilensis Kerr 1792 C57, Lutra peruviensis Gervais 1841 C57]

Lutra longicaudis MB86 [=Lontra longicaudis IT07; incl. Lutra incarum Thomas 1908 D84, C57, Lutra insularis Cuvier 1823 D84, C57, Lutra latidens D84, Lutra montana Tschudi 1844 C57, Lutra repanda D84]

Lutra longicaudis platensis Waterhouse 1838 D84, C57 [incl. L. latifrons Nehring 1887 C57, L. solitaria Wagner 1842 C57]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[AC98] Alcover, J. A., X. Campillo, M. Macias & A. Sans. 1998. Mammal species of the world: additional data on insular mammals. American Museum Novitates 3248: 1-29.

[B75] Bowles, J. B. 1975. Distribution and biogeography of mammals of Iowa. Special Publications, The Museum, Texas Tech University 9: 1-184.

[BP87] Burton, J. A., & B. Pearson. 1987. Collins Guide to the Rare Mammals of the World. Collins: London.

[C57] Cabrera, A. 1957. Catalogo de los mamiferos de America del Sur. I (Metatheria - Unguiculata - Carnivora). Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales “Bernardino Rivadavia” e Instituto Nacional de Investigacion de Las Ciencias Naturales, Ciencias Zoológicas 4 (1): 1-307.

[D84] Duplaix, N. 1984. Otters. In All the World’s Animals: Carnivores (D. Macdonald, ed.) pp. 116-121. Torstar Books Inc.: New York.

[IT07] Isaac, N. J. B., S. T. Turvey, B. Collen, C. Waterman & J. E. M. Baillie. 2007. Mammals on the EDGE: conservation priorities based on threat and phylogeny. PloS One 2 (3): e296.

[I92] Iwahashi, J. (ed.) 1992. Reddo Deeta Animaruzu: a pictorial of Japanese fauna facing extinction. JICC: Tokyo.

[M76] Masui, M. 1976. Nihon no Doobutsu. Kogakukan: Tokyo.

[MB86] Matson, J. O. & R. H. Baker. 1986. Mammals of Zacatecas. Special Publications, Museum of Texas Tech University 24: 1-88.

[S78] Savage, R. J. G. 1978. Carnivora. In Evolution of African Mammals (V. J. Maglio & H. B. S. Cooke, eds) pp. 249-267. Harvard University Press: Cambridge (Massachusetts).

[T66] Tristram, H. B. 1866. Report on the mammals of Palestine. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 84-93.

Mustelidae

Tayra Eira barbara, from here.

Belongs within: Musteloidea.
Contains: Galictis, Martes, Mustela, Lutra.

The Mustelidae are an assemblage of mostly fairly small caniform carnivorans, and the largest of the traditionally recognised caniform 'families'. Among its members are such animals as weasels, stoats, polecats, badgers, mink and otters. Skunks, previously treated as a subfamily of Mustelidae, are now excluded from the family, while certain of the traditional subfamilies are now recognised as paraphyletic (Finarelli & Flynn 2006). The otters of the Lutrinae are believed to be closely related to the (probably paraphyletic) Mustelinae, including the weasels, ferrets and related taxa. The badgers of the Melinae are stocky animals with powerful jaws and a dentition adapted for crushing, with broad, flat and multicusped molars (Harris 1984).

See also: How the badger became (Taxon of the Week: Meles thorali).

Synapomorphies (from Flynn et al. 1988): Suprameatal fossa either closed or shallow, floored by meatus and opening medially; P⁴ lacking carnassial notch; one upper and two lower molars.

<==Mustelidae
    |  i. s.: Plesiogulo TH03
    |         Oligobunis floridanus V91
    |         Ischyrictis V91
    |         Sthenictis V91
    |         Aeleurocyon V91
    |         Paroligobunis V91
    |         Paragale huerzeleri T76
    |         Amblonyx cinereus IT07
    |--Mellivora [Mellivorinae] K84a
    |    |--M. capensis K84a
    |    `--M. punjabiensis S78
    |--Melinae TH03
    |    |--Arctonyx collaris TH03, H84
    |    |--Suillotaxus marchei H84
    |    |--Promeles macedonicus WW04
    |    |--Taxidea taxus (Schreber 1778) K84a, B75 [=Ursus taxus B75]
    |    |    |--T. t. taxus MB86
    |    |    `--T. t. berlandieri Baird 1858 MB86
    |    |--Mydaus H84
    |    |    |--M. javanensis H84
    |    |    `--M. marchei IT07
    |    |--Melogale K84a
    |    |    |--M. everetti IT07
    |    |    |--M. moschata H84
    |    |    |--M. orientalis H84
    |    |    `--M. personata H84
    |    |--Meles TH03
    |    |    |--M. meles K84a
    |    |    |    |--M. m. meles M76
    |    |    |    `--M. m. amakuma Temminck 1844 M76
    |    |    |--M. thorali TH03
    |    |    `--M. vulgaris T66
    |    `--Melodon WW04
    |         |--M. sotnikovae (Tedford & Harrington 2003) WW04, TH03 [=Arctomeles sotnikovae WW04]
    |         `--+--*M. majori WW04
    |            `--Arctomeles WW04
    |                 |--*A. pliocaenicus Stach 1951 TH03
    |                 |--A. dimolodontus Wallace & Wang 2004 WW04
    |                 |--A. ferus (Roshchin 1949) [=Parameles ferus] TH03
    |                 |--A. gennevauxi (Viret 1939) [=Meles gennevauxi] TH03
    |                 `--A. suillus (Teilhard & LeRoy 1945) [=Meles suillus] TH03
    |--Eira Hamilton Smith 1942 C57 [incl. Galera Gray 1865 C57, Tayra Allen 1902 C57; Tayrinae G69]
    |    `--E. barbara (Linné 1758) (see below for synonymy) C57
    |         |--E. b. barbara (see below for synonymy) C57
    |         |--E. b. madeirensis (Lönnberg 1913) [=Tayra barbara madeirensis] C57
    |         |--E. b. peruana (Nehring 1886) (see below for synonymy) C57
    |         |--E. b. poliocephala (Traill 1821) (see below for synonymy) C57
    |         |--E. b. senex G69
    |         `--E. b. sinuensis (Humboldt 1812) (see below for synonymy) C57
    `--Mustelinae P84
         |  i. s.: Vormela peregusna Güldenstaedt 1770 K84b, OS00
         |           |--V. p. peregusna OS00
         |           |--V. p. alpherakyi OS00
         |           `--V. p. syriacus Pocock 1936 OS00
         |         Poecilictis libyca K84b
         |         Poecilogale albinucha K84b
         |         Galictis K84b
         |         Gulo gulo K84a
         |           |--G. g. gulo B75
         |           `--G. g. luscus (Linnaeus 1758) [=Ursus luscus] B75
         |         Lyncodon Gervais in D’Orbigny 1845 C57
         |           `--*L. patagonicus (Blainville 1842) [=Mustela patagonica] C57
         |                |--L. p. patagonicus (see below for synonymy) C57
         |                `--L. p. thomasi Cabrera 1928 C57
         |         Ictonyx K84b
         |           |--I. kalaharicus S78
         |           |--I. libyca IT07
         |           |--I. orangiae S78
         |           `--I. striatus K84b
         |--Martes FF06
         `--+--Mustela FF06
            `--Lutrinae FF06
                 |--Lutra K84a
                 |--Hydrictis maculicollis K84a
                 |--Lutrogale Gray 1865 [incl. Isolalutra Symeonides & Sondaar 1975] AC98
                 |    |--L. cretensis (Symeonides & Sondaar 1975) AC98
                 |    `--L. perspicillata D84
                 |--Enhydriodon S78
                 |    |--E. africanus S78
                 |    `--E. pattersoni S78
                 |--Pteronura Gray 1837 [=Pteroneura (l. c.), Pterura Wiegmann 1839] C57
                 |    `--P. brasiliensis (Gmelin 1788) (see below for synonymy) C57
                 |         |--P. b. brasiliensis (see below for synonymy) C57
                 |         `--P. b. paranensis (Rengger 1830) (see below for synonymy) C57
                 |--Aonyx K84a
                 |    |--A. capensis K84a
                 |    |--A. cinerea K84a
                 |    `--A. congicus IT07
                 |--Paraonyx S78
                 |    |--P. congica S78
                 |    |--P. microdon S78
                 |    `--P. philippsi S78
                 |--Enhydra K84a
                 |    |--E. lutris (Linnaeus 1758) I92 [=Mustela lutris C57]
                 |    |    |--E. l. lutris [incl. Lutra gracilis Bechstein 1800] C57
                 |    |    `--E. l. nereis BP87
                 |    `--E. macrodonta BDR85
                 |--Algarolutra Malatesta & Willemsen 1986 AC98
                 |    `--*A. majori (Malatesta 1978) AC98
                 |--Cyrnaonix Helbing 1935 AC98
                 |--Megalenhydris Willemsen & Malatesta 1987 AC98
                 |    `--*M. barbaricina Willemsen & Malatesta 1987 AC98
                 `--Sardolutra Willemsen 1992 AC98
                      `--*S. ichnusae (Malatesta 1977) [=Nesolutra ichnusae] AC98

Eira barbara (Linné 1758) [=Mustela barbara, Galera barbara, Galera barbata, Galictis barbara, Gulo barbarus, Gulo barbatus, Tayra barbara] C57

Eira barbara barbara (Linné 1758) [incl. Gulo canescens Lichtenstein 1825, Mustela gulina Schinz 1821, Tayra barbara gulina, T. barbara kriegi Krumbiegal 1942, T. barbara tucumana Lönnberg 1913] C57

Eira barbara peruana (Nehring 1886) [=Galictis barbara var. peruana, Tayra barbara peruana; incl. Galera barbara brunnea Thomas 1907] C57

Eira barbara poliocephala (Traill 1821) [=Viverra poliocephalus, Tayra barbara poliocephala; incl. *E. ilya Hamilton Smith 1842, Gulo leira Cuvier 1849] C57

Eira barbara sinuensis (Humboldt 1812) [=Mustela sinuensis, Tayra barbara sinuensis; incl. Galera barbara var. bimaculata Martínez 1873, T. barbara bimaculata, Galictis barbara biologiae Thomas 1900, T. barbara biologiae, T. barbara irara Allen 1904, T. barbara senilis Allen 1913] C57

Lyncodon patagonicus patagonicus (Blainville 1842) [incl. Mustela anticola Burmeister 1869 (n. n.), L. lujanensis Ameghino 1889] C57

Pteronura brasiliensis (Gmelin 1788) [=Mustela lutris brasiliensis, Lontra brasiliensis, Lutra brasiliana, Lutra brasiliensis, Pteroneura braziliensis] C57

Pteronura brasiliensis brasiliensis (Gmelin 1788) [incl. Lutra lupina Schinz 1821, Pteronura brasiliensis lupina, *Pteronura sambachii Gray 1837, Pteronura sandbachii, Pterura sanbachii] C57

Pteronura brasiliensis paranensis (Rengger 1830) [=Lutra (Pteronura) paranensis; incl. L. paraguensis Schinz 1821 non Kerr 1792] C57

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[AC98] Alcover, J. A., X. Campillo, M. Macias & A. Sans. 1998. Mammal species of the world: additional data on insular mammals. American Museum Novitates 3248: 1–29.

[BDR85] Barnes, L. G., D. P. Domning & C. E. Ray. 1985. Status of studies on fossil marine mammals. Marine Mammal Science 1 (1): 15–53.

[B75] Bowles, J. B. 1975. Distribution and biogeography of mammals of Iowa. Special Publications, The Museum, Texas Tech University 9: 1–184.

[BP87] Burton, J. A., & B. Pearson. 1987. Collins Guide to the Rare Mammals of the World. Collins: London.

[C57] Cabrera, A. 1957. Catalogo de los mamiferos de America del Sur. I (Metatheria—Unguiculata—Carnivora). Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales “Bernardino Rivadavia” e Instituto Nacional de Investigacion de Las Ciencias Naturales, Ciencias Zoológicas 4 (1): 1–307.

[D84] Duplaix, N. 1984. Otters. In: Macdonald, D. (ed.) All the World’s Animals: Carnivores pp. 116–121. Torstar Books Inc.: New York.

[FF06] Finarelli, J. A. & J. J. Flynn. 2006. Ancestral state reconstruction of body size in the Caniformia (Carnivora, Mammalia): the effects of incorporating data from the fossil record. Systematic Biology 55 (2): 301–313.

Flynn, J. J., N. A. Neff & R. H. Tedford. 1988. Phylogeny of the Carnivora. In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Phylogeny and Classification of the Tetrapods vol. 2. Mammals pp. 73–116. Clarendon Press: Oxford.

[G69] Goodwin, G. G. 1969. Mammals from the State of Oaxaca, Mexico, in the American Museum of Natural History. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 141 (1): 1–269, 40 pls.

[H84] Harris, S. 1984. Badgers. In: Macdonald, D. (ed.) All the World’s Animals: Carnivores pp. 122–125. Torstar Books Inc.: New York.

[IT07] Isaac, N. J. B., S. T. Turvey, B. Collen, C. Waterman & J. E. M. Baillie. 2007. Mammals on the EDGE: conservation priorities based on threat and phylogeny. PloS One 2 (3): e296.

[I92] Iwahashi, J. (ed.) 1992. Reddo Deeta Animaruzu: a pictorial of Japanese fauna facing extinction. JICC: Tokyo.

[K84a] King, C. M. 1984a. The weasel family. In: Macdonald, D. (ed.) All the World’s Animals: Carnivores pp. 100–101. Torstar Books Inc.: New York.

[K84b] King, C. M. 1984b. Weasels and polecats. In: Macdonald, D. (ed.) All the World’s Animals: Carnivores pp. 102–107. Torstar Books Inc.: New York.

[M76] Masui, M. 1976. Nihon no Doobutsu. Kogakukan: Tokyo.

[MB86] Matson, J. O., & R. H. Baker. 1986. Mammals of Zacatecas. Special Publications, Museum of Texas Tech University 24: 1–88.

[OS00] Özkurt, Ş., M. Sözen, N. Yiğit, E. Çolak & R. Verimli. 2000. On colouration and karyology of the marbled polecat, Vormela peregusna, in Turkey. Zoology in the Middle East 21: 13–18.

[P84] Powell, R. A. 1984. Martens. In: Macdonald, D. (ed.) All the World’s Animals: Carnivores pp. 110–111. Torstar Books Inc.: New York.

[S78] Savage, R. J. G. 1978. Carnivora. In: Maglio, V. J., & H. B. S. Cooke (eds) Evolution of African Mammals pp. 249–267. Harvard University Press: Cambridge (Massachusetts).

[T76] Tedford, R. H. 1976. Relationship of pinnipeds to other carnivores (Mammalia). Systematic Zoology 25 (4): 363–374.

[TH03] Tedford, R. H., & C. R. Harington. 2003. An Arctic mammal fauna from the Early Pliocene of North America. Nature 425: 388–390.

[T66] Tristram, H. B. 1866. Report on the mammals of Palestine. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 84–93.

[V91] Valkenburgh, B. van. 1991. Iterative evolution of hypercarnivory in canids (Mammalia: Carnivora): evolutionary interactions among sympatric predators. Paleobiology 17 (4): 340–362.

[WW04] Wallace, S. C., & X. Wang. 2004. Two new carnivores from an unusual late Tertiary forest biota in eastern North America. Nature 431: 556–559.