Lumbricidae

Bimastos parvus, from here.

Belongs within: Lumbricoidea.

The Lumbricidae are a cosmopolitan family of earthworms including many human-associated species such as the nightcrawler Lumbricus terrestris.

Characters (from Schwert 1990): Clitellum beginning on or behind segment 19; male pores present on segment 15 (rarely segment 13); female pores on segment 14; eight setae per segment in regular longitudinal ranks.

Lumbricidae
    |--Eumenescolex proclitellatus Pérez-Onteniente & Rodríguez-Babío 2004 F05
    |--Spermophorodrilus albanianus Bouché 1975 S90
    |--Helodrilus J31
    |    |--H. constrictus [=Bimastus constrictus] J31
    |    `--H. roseus F92
    |--Eiseniella S90
    |    |--E. intermedius Jackson 1931 J31
    |    `--E. tetraedra (Savigny 1826) S90 [=Helodrilus (Eiseniella) tetraedrus M13]
    |--Eisenoides S90
    |    |--E. carolinensis (Michaelsen 1910) S90
    |    `--E. lonnbergi (Michaelsen 1894) S90
    |--Proctodrilus H09
    |    |--P. antipai (Michaelsen 1881) H09
    |    `--P. tuberculatus (Černosvitov 1935) H09
    |--Octolasion S90
    |    |--O. cyaneum (Savigny 1826) S90
    |    |--O. lacteum (Örley 1881) H09
    |    `--O. tyrtaeum (Savigny 1826) S90
    |--Dendrobaena S90
    |    |--D. mammalis (Savigny 1826) S90
    |    |--D. octaedra (Savigny 1826) S90
    |    `--D. rubida (Savigny 1826) [=Dendrodrilus rubidus] S90
    |--Allolobophora S90
    |    |--A. australiensis (Fletcher 1886) [=Lumbricus (Allolobophora) australiensis] F86b
    |    |--A. chlorotica (Savigny 1826) S90
    |    |--A. subrubicunda [incl. A. arborea] R89
    |    `--A. turgida G62
    |--Eisenia S90
    |    |--E. andrei Bouché 1972 RP07
    |    |--E. eiseni (Levinsen 1884) [=Lumbricus eiseni] S90
    |    |--E. fetida (Savigny 1826) S90 [=Allobophora foetidus J31, E. foetida S90]
    |    |--E. hortensis (Michaelsen 1890) S90
    |    |--E. rosea (Savigny 1826) S90 [=Aporrectodea rosea GH91]
    |    `--E. zebra Michaelsen 1902 S90
    |--Lumbricus Linnaeus 1758 L58
    |    |--L. castaneus (Savigny 1826) S90
    |    |--L. festivus (Savigny 1826) S90
    |    |--L. novaehollandiae Kinberg 1866 F86a
    |    |--L. olidus F86a
    |    |--L. orthostichon F86a
    |    |--L. rubellus Hoffmeister 1843 S90
    |    `--L. terrestris Linnaeus 1758 S90
    |--Aporrectodea S90
    |    |--A. caliginosa (Savigny 1826) S90 (see below for synonymy)
    |    |--A. icterica (Savigny 1826) S90
    |    |--A. limicola (Michaelsen 1890) S90
    |    |--A. longa (Ude 1885) S90
    |    |--A. muldali (Omodeo 1956) S90
    |    |--A. trapezoides (Dugès 1828) S90 (see below for synonymy)
    |    `--A. tuberculata (Eisen 1874) S90
    `--Bimastos S90
         |--B. beddardi (Michaelsen 1894) S90
         |--B. gieseleri (Ude 1895) S90
         |--B. heimburgeri Smith 1928 S90
         |--B. longicinctus Smith & Gittins 1915 S90
         |--B. palustris Moore 1893 S90
         |--B. parvus (Eisen 1874) S90 [=Helodrilus parvus J31]
         |--B. tumidus (Eisen 1874) S90
         |--B. welchi (Smith 1917) S90
         `--B. zeteki Smith & Gittins 1915 S90

Aporrectodea caliginosa (Savigny 1826) S90 [=Allolobophora caliginosa S90, Helodrilus (Allolobophora) caliginosus J31, M07; incl. Aporrectodea turgida (Eisen 1873) S90]

Aporrectodea trapezoides (Dugès 1828) S90 [=Lumbricus trapezoides MR99, Allolobopora trapezoides MR99, Helodrilus (Allolobophora) caliginosus f. trapezioides M13]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[F92] Fan Z. 1992. Key to the Common Flies of China 2^nd ed. Science Press: Beijing.

[F05] Fernández, J. 2005. Noticia de nuevos táxones para la ciencia en el ámbito Íbero-Balear y Macaronésico. Nuevos táxones animales descritos en la península Ibérica y Macaronesia desde 1994 (IX). Graellsia 61 (2): 261–282.

[F86a] Fletcher, J. J. 1886a. Notes on Australian earthworms. Part I. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, series 2, 1 (2): 523–574, pls 8–9.

[F86b] Fletcher, J. J. 1886b. Notes on Australian earthworms. Part II. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, series 2, 1 (3): 943–973, pl. 13.

[G62] Gates, G. E. 1962. Miscellanea megadrilogica. V–VI. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 75: 137–144.

[GH91] Gjelstrup, P., & N. B. Hendriksen. 1991. Histiostoma murchiei Hughes & Jackson (Anoetidae) as a parasite in the cocoons of some Danish earthworms. In: Schuster, R., & P. W. Murphy (eds) The Acari: Reproduction, development and life-history strategies pp. 441–445. Chapman & Hall: London.

[H09] Höser, N. 2009. Die Regenwurmfauna (Oligochaeta: Lumbricidae) in zwei Querschnitten durch die Aue der Pleiße bei Windischleuba. Mauritiana 20 (3): 579–586.

[J31] Jackson, A. 1931. The Oligochaeta of south-western Australia. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 17: 71–136.

[L58] Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Laurentii Salvii: Holmiae.

[M07] Michaelsen, W. 1907. Oligochaeta. Die Fauna Südwest-Australiens 1 (2): 115–232, 2 pls.

[M13] Michaelsen, W. 1913. Die Oligochäten von Neu-Caledonien und den benachbarten Inselgruppen. In: Sarasin, F., & J. Roux (eds) Nova Caledonia: Forschungen in Neu-Caledonian und auf den Loyalty-Inseln. A. Zoologie vol. 1 pt 3 pp. 173–280. C. W. Kreidels Verlag: Wiesbaden.

[MR99] Mischis, C. C. de, & G. Righi. 1999. Contribution to knowledge of the oligochaete fauna (Annelida, Oligochaeta) from Argentina. Gayana 63 (2): 63–65.

[R89] Rosa, D. 1889. I lombrichi della Spedizione Antarctica Italiana del 1882. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, Serie 2^a, 7: 137–146.

[RP07] Rousset, V., F. Pleijel, G. W. Rouse, C. Erséus & M. E. Siddall. 2007. A molecular phylogeny of annelids. Cladistics 23: 41–63.

[S90] Schwert, D. P. 1990. Oligochaeta: Lumbricidae. In: Dindal, D. L. (ed.) Soil Biology Guide pp. 341–356. John Wiley & Sones: New York.

Polydora

Polydora cornuta, copyright Erica Keppel.

Belongs within: Spionida.

Polydora is a genus of polychaete worms that often burrow into calcareous substrata such as coral reefs or mollusk shells.

Characters (from Williams 2001): Prostomium with anterior incision or rounded; caruncle extending posteriorly, surrouded by cilia of nuchal organ. Segment 1 without notosetae. Segment 5 modified with one type of major spine in single curved row, with or without companion setae; juveniles may possess large, falcate major spines that are replaced by subsequent spines. Posterior notopodial spines present or absent. Bidentate hooded hooks beginning on segments 7–14, main fang at approximately right angle to shaft, wide angle between main fang and apical tooth, with constriction on shaft. Branchiae beginning posterior to segment 5. Pygidium variable: cuff-shaped, cup-shaped with dorsal gap, lobed, scoop-shaped, or with digitiform cirri. Anterior portion of digestive tract lacking gizzardlike structure.

<==Polydora Bosc 1802 [incl. Leipoceras Möbius 1874, Leucodore Johnston 1838, Protopolydora Czerniavsky 1881] W01
    |--*P. cornuta Bosc 1802 W01
    |--P. agassizi W01
    |--P. aggregata W01
    |--P. caeca Oersted 1843 W01
    |--P. cavitensis W01
    |--P. ciliata (Johnston 1838) [=*Leucodore ciliatus] W01
    |--P. giardi Masnil 1896 RP07
    |--P. hamata Webster 1879 W01
    |--P. hoplura H75
    |--P. limicola W01
    |--P. mabinii Williams 2001 W01
    |--P. neocaeca W01
    |--P. nuchalis W01
    |--P. pacifica W01
    |--P. posthamata Jones 1962 [=P. hamata Langerhans 1880 non Webster 1879, *Protopolydora hamata] W01
    |--P. robi Williams 2000 W01
    |--P. umangivora Williams 2001 W01
    |--‘*Leipoceras’ uviferum Möbius 1874 W01
    |--P. websteri W01
    `--P. woodwicki W01

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[H75] Häntzschel, W. 1975. Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt W. Miscellanea Suppl. 1. Trace Fossils and Problematica 2^nd ed. The Geological Society of America: Boulder (Colorado), and The University of Kansas: Lawrence (Kansas).

[RP07] Rousset, V., F. Pleijel, G. W. Rouse, C. Erséus & M. E. Siddall. 2007. A molecular phylogeny of annelids. Cladistics 23: 41–63.

[W01] Williams, J. D. 2001. Polydora and related genera associated with hermit crabs from the Indo-West Pacific (Polychaeta: Spionidae), with descriptions of two new species and a second polydorid egg predator of hermit crabs. Pacific Science 55 (4): 429–465.

Amphinomida

Fireworm Chloeia sp., copyright Francesco de Marchi.

Belongs within: Aciculata.

The Amphinomida are a group of mobile polychaete worms characterised by the presence of well-developed gills behind the notopodia.

<==Amphinomida RP07
    |--Euphrosine [Euphrosinidae] RP07
    `--Amphinomidae SS07
         |  i. s.: Amphinome Bruguière 1789 H62
         |           `--*A. rostrata (Pallas 1766) [=Aphrodita rostrata] H62
         |         Meringosoma Ehlers 1869 H62
         |           `--*M. curtum Ehlers 1869 H62
         |         Paleocampa anthrax PTV14
         |--Hipponoe gaudichaudi (Audouin & Milne-Edwards 1830) RP07
         `--+--Paramphinome jeffreysii (Mcintosh 1868) SS07
            `--+--Eurythoe complanata (Pallas 1766) SS07
               |--Hermodice carunculata (Pallas 1766) RP07
               `--Chloeia SS07
                    |--C. euglochis H04
                    `--C. pinnata Moore 1911 SS07

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[H04] Haeckel, E. 1899–1904. Kunstformen der Natur. Bibliographisches Institut: Leipzig und Wien.

[H62] Howell, B. F. 1962. Worms. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt W. Miscellanea: Conodonts, Conoidal Shells of Uncertain Affinities, Worms, Trace Fossils and Problematica pp. W144–W177. Geological Society of America, and University of Kansas Press.

[PTV14] Parry, L., A. Tanner & J. Vinther. 2014. The origin of annelids. Palaeontology 57 (6): 1091–1103.

[RP07] Rousset, V., F. Pleijel, G. W. Rouse, C. Erséus & M. E. Siddall. 2007. A molecular phylogeny of annelids. Cladistics 23: 41–63.

[SS07] Struck, T. H., N. Schutt, T. Kusen, E. Hickman, C. Bleidorn, D. McHugh & K. M. Halanych. 2007. Annelid phylogeny and the status of Sipuncula and Echiura. BMC Evolutionary Biology 7: 57.

Leodicidae

Jaws of Siluropelta lata, from Howell (1962).

Belongs within: Annelida.

The Leodicidae are a group of long-bodied marine polychaete worms, represented in the fossil record by preserved jaw elements dating back to the Ordovician (Howell 1962).

Characters (from Howell 1962): Body long, first two segments without parapodia, later segments with one branch or one and a half branches.

<==Leodicidae H62
    |--Leodice Lamarck 1818 H62
    |--Arabellites Hinde 1879 H62
    |    `--*A. hamatus Hinde 1879 H62
    |--Diopatraites Eller 1938 H62
    |    `--*D. conformis Eller 1938 H62
    |--Eunicites Ehlers 1868 H62
    |    `--*E. avitus Ehlers 1868 H62
    |--Leodicites Eller 1940 H62
    |    `--*L. variedentatus Eller 1940 H62
    |--Marphysaites Eller 1945 H62
    |    `--*M. aptus Eller 1945 H62
    |--Oenonites Hinde 1879 H62
    |    `--*O. curvidens Hinde 1879 H62
    |--Orthopelta Eisenack 1939 H62
    |    `--*O. navis Eisenack 1939 H62
    |--Ottawella Wilson 1948 H62
    |    `--*O. sinclairi Wilson 1948 H62
    |--Palaeosigma Eisenack 1939 H62
    |    `--*P. silurica Eisenack 1939 H62
    |--Paleoenonites Eller 1942 H62
    |    `--*P. accuratus Eller 1942 H62
    |--Pernerites Žebera 1935 H62
    |    `--*P. giganteus Žebera 1935 H62
    |--Pteropelta Eisenack 1939 H62
    |    `--*P. gladiata Eisenack 1939 H62
    `--Siluropelta Eisenack 1939 H62
         `--*S. lata Eisenack 1939 H62

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[H62] Howell, B. F. 1962. Worms. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt W. Miscellanea: Conodonts, Conoidal Shells of Uncertain Affinities, Worms, Trace Fossils and Problematica pp. W144–W177. Geological Society of America, and University of Kansas Press.

Sabellida

Peacock worms Sabella pavonina, copyright Sue Daly.

Belongs within: Annelida.
Contains: Spionida, Serpulidae.

The Sabellida are a group of marine annelids characterised by fusion of the peristomium to the prostomium, together with the usual presence of numerous head appendages such as feeding tentacles. Molecular phylogenetic analyses have indicated that this group includes the Pogonophora, beard worms, whose derived morphology had previously lead to them being treated as a distinct phylum from annelids. Pogonophorans lack a mouth or digestive tract, instead absorbing nutrients directly through the outer cuticle or from endosymbiotic bacteria contained in the rear part of the body.

<==Sabellida
    |--+--Oweniidae SS07
    |  |    |--Myriochele RP07
    |  |    `--Owenia SS07
    |  |         |--O. collaris Hartman 1955 SS07
    |  |         `--O. fusiformis delle Chiaje 1841 SS07
    |  `--Pogonophora SS07
    |       |--Sabelliditida G79
    |       |    |--Calyptrina Sokolov 1965 [Saarinidae] G79
    |       |    |    `--*C. partita Sokolov 1965 G79
    |       |    `--Sabelliditidae G79
    |       |         |--Sabellidites Yanichevsky 1926 H62
    |       |         |    `--*S. cambriensis Yanichevsky 1926 H62
    |       |         `--Paleolina Sokolov 1965 G79
    |       |              `--*P. evenkiana Sokolov 1965 G79
    |       `--Siboglinidae [Frenulata] SS07
    |            |--Siboglinum [Perviata] RP07
    |            |    |--S. fiordicum Webb 1963 RGV04, SS07
    |            |    `--+--S. eckmani RGV04
    |            |       `--+--Spirobrachia RGV04
    |            |          `--+--Galathealinum brachiosum RGV04
    |            |             `--Polybrachia RGV04
    |            `--+--Osedax Rouse, Goffredi & Vrijenhoek 2004 RP07, RGV04
    |               |    |--*O. rubiplumus Rouse, Goffredi & Vrijenhoek 2004 RGV04
    |               |    `--O. frankpressi Rouse, Goffredi & Vrijenhoek 2004 RP07
    |               `--+--Sclerolinum brattstromi Webb 1964 RP07
    |                  `--Vestimentifera [Obturata] RGV04
    |                       |--Lamellibrachia barhami Webb 1969 RGV04, RP07
    |                       `--+--Escarpia spicata RGV04
    |                          `--+--Riftia pachyptila Jones 1981 RGV04, SS07
    |                             `--+--Tevnia jerichonana RGV04
    |                                `--+--Ridgeia piscesae Jones 1985 RGV04, RP07
    |                                   `--Oasisia alvinae RGV04
    `--+--Spionida SS07
       |--Sabellariidae [Hermellidae] SS07
       |    |--Gunnarea capensis Schmarda 1861 RP07
       |    |--Idanthyrsus pennatus (Peters 1855) RP07
       |    `--+--Phragmatopoma RP07
       |       |    |--P. lapidosa GO78
       |       |    `--P. virginii Kinberg 1867 GO78
       |       `--Sabellaria Lamarck 1818 RP07, H62 [incl. Hermella Savigny 1822 H62]
       |            |--*S. alveolata (Linné 1767) [=Sabella alveolata] H62
       |            |--S. cementarium Moore 1906 SS07
       |            `--S. spinulosa B79
       `--+--+--Serpulidae SS07
          |  `--Laonice cirrata RP07, KBC03
          `--Sabellidae SS07
               |  i. s.: Schizobranchia insignis Bush 1905 SS07
               |         Eudistylia polimorpha SS07, KBC03
               |         Iquitosia de Greve 1938 H62
               |           `--*I. bluntschlii de Greve 1938 H62
               |         Spirographites Astre 1937 H62
               |           `--*S. ellipticus Astre 1937 H62
               |         Glomerula Nielsen 1931 PTV14, H62
               |           `--*G. gordialis (von Schlotheim 1820) [=Serpulites gordialis] H62
               |--+--Amphicorina mobilis (Rouse 1990) RP07
               |  `--Myxicola infundibulum (Renier 1804) RP07, HJ08
               |--Sabella Linné 1767 RP07, H62
               |    |--*S. penicillus Linné 1767 H62
               |    |--S. melanostigma CH97
               |    |--S. pavonina ZHT01
               |    |--S. spallanzanii (Gmelin 1791) HJ08
               |    `--S. spectabilis H04
               `--+--Amphiglena RP07
                  |    |--A. mediterranea BBB-S95
                  |    `--A. terebro Rouse 1993 RP07
                  `--Pseudopotamilla RP07
                       |--P. occelata KBC03
                       `--P. reniformis (Bruguière 1789) RP07

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BBB-S95] Boubezari, K., G. Bitar & D. Bellan-Santini. 1995. Structure et organisation de trois moulières (Mytilus galloprovincialis et Perna perna) de la région d’Alger. Mésogée 54: 63–72.

[B79] Buss, L. W. 1979. Habitat selection, directional growth and spatial refuges: why colonial animals have more hiding places. In: Larwood, G., & B. R. Rosen (eds) Biology and Systematics of Colonial Organisms pp. 459–497. Academic Press: London.

[CH97] Castro, P., & M. E. Huber. 1997. Marine Biology 2^nd ed. WCB McGraw-Hill: Boston.

[GO78] Gallardo S., C., & C. Osorio R. 1978. Hiatella solida (Sowerby, 1834) (Mollusca: Hiatellidae) on Concholepas concholepas (Bruguière, 1789) and other substrates. Veliger 20 (3): 274–278.

[G79] Glaessner, M. F. 1979. Precambrian. In: Robison, R. A., & C. Teichert (eds) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt A. Introduction. Fossilisation (Taphonomy), Biogeography and Biostratigraphy pp. A79–A118. The Geological Society of America, Inc.: Boulder (Colorado), and The University of Kansas: Lawrence (Kansas).

[H04] Haeckel, E. 1899–1904. Kunstformen der Natur. Bibliographisches Institut: Leipzig und Wien.

[H62] Howell, B. F. 1962. Worms. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt W. Miscellanea: Conodonts, Conoidal Shells of Uncertain Affinities, Worms, Trace Fossils and Problematica pp. W144–W177. Geological Society of America, and University of Kansas Press.

[HJ08] Huisman, J. M., D. S. Jones, F. E. Wells & T. Burton. 2008. Introduced marine biota in Western Australian waters. Records of the Western Australian Museum 25 (1): 1–44.

[KBC03] Kashin, I. A., E. V. Bagaveeva & S. F. Chaplygina. 2003. Fouling communities of hydrotechnical constructions in Nakhodka Bay (Sea of Japan). Russian Journal of Marine Biology 29: 267–283.

[PTV14] Parry, L., A. Tanner & J. Vinther. 2014. The origin of annelids. Palaeontology 57 (6): 1091–1103.

[RGV04] Rouse, G. W., S. K. Goffredi & R. C. Vrijenhoek. 2004. Osedax: bone-eating marine worms with dwarf males. Science 305: 668–671.

[RP07] Rousset, V., F. Pleijel, G. W. Rouse, C. Erséus & M. E. Siddall. 2007. A molecular phylogeny of annelids. Cladistics 23: 41–63.

[SS07] Struck, T. H., N. Schutt, T. Kusen, E. Hickman, C. Bleidorn, D. McHugh & K. M. Halanych. 2007. Annelid phylogeny and the status of Sipuncula and Echiura. BMC Evolutionary Biology 7: 57.

[ZHT01] Zrzavý, J., V. Hypša & D. F. Tietz. 2001. Myzostomida are not annelids: molecular and morphological support for a clade of animals with anterior sperm flagella. Cladistics 17: 170–198.

Cirratulida

Pherusa plumosa, from here.

Belongs within: Annelida.

The Cirratulida are a group of largely sedentary, deposit-feeding polychaete worms characterised by the possession of a single pair of peristomial palps and an eversible ventral pharynx. Members of the group include the Cirratulidae, characterised by the presence of series of simple, elongate filaments along the body.

<==Cirratulida H-S86
    |  i. s.: Parergodrilidae H-S86
    |           |--Parergodrilus heideri Reisinger 1925 RP07
    |           `--Stygocapitella Knöllner 1943 H-S86
    |                `--S. subterranea Knoellner 1943 RP07
    |--Cirratulidae SS07
    |    |  i. s.: Chaetozone setosa SS-P01
    |    |--Cirriformia RP07
    |    |    |--C. luxuriosa (Moore 1904) SS07
    |    |    |--C. semicincta P71
    |    |    `--C. tentaculata (Montagu 1808) RP07
    |    `--+--Cirratulus Lamarck 1801 RP07, H62
    |       |    |--*C. cirratus (Müller 1776) [=Aphrodite cirrata] H62
    |       |    `--C. spectabilis (Kinberg 1866) SS07
    |       `--+--Caulleriella parva Gillandt 1979 RP07
    |          `--+--Aphelochaeta marioni (de Saint Joseph 1894) RP07
    |             `--+--Ctenodrilidae H69
    |                |    |--Ctenodrilus Claparède 1863 RP07, H-S86
    |                |    |    `--C. serratus (Schmidt 1857) RP07
    |                |    |--Zeppelinia H69
    |                |    `--Raphidrilus nemasoma H69, M62
    |                `--Dodecaceria Oersted 1843 RP07, H75
    |                     |--*D. concharum Öersted 1843 H62, RP07
    |                     `--D. fistulicola H75
    `--+--Acrocirridae RP07
       |    |--Acrocirrus validus KBC03
       |    `--Macrochaeta Grube 1850 H-S86
       |         |--M. clavicornis (Sars 1835) RP07
       |         `--M. multipapillata Westheide 1981 H-S86
       `--Flabelligeridae SS07
            |  i. s.: Mazopherusa prinosi PTV14
            |--Flabelligera RP07
            |    |--F. affinis Sars 1829 RP07 (see below for synonymy)
            |    `--F. bicolor HS01
            `--+--Diplocirrus glaucus (Malmgren 1867) SS07
               `--+--Poeobius [Poeobiidae] SS07
                  |    `--P. meseres Heath 1930 SS07
                  `--+--Piromis erecta SS07
                     `--Pherusa SS07
                          |--P. affinis M02
                          |--P. eruca M62
                          `--P. plumosa (Müller 1776) SS07

Boring: Dodecaceria cretacea H75

Flabelligera affinis Sars 1829 RP07 [=Siphonostoma affinis BK77; incl. Chlorhema dujardinii Giard 1880 BK77, S. dujardini BK77]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BK77] Barel, C. D. N., & P. G. N. Kramers. 1977. A survey of the echinoderm associates of the north-east Atlantic area. Zoologische Verhandelingen 156: 1–159.

[H75] Häntzschel, W. 1975. Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt W. Miscellanea Suppl. 1. Trace Fossils and Problematica 2^nd ed. The Geological Society of America: Boulder (Colorado), and The University of Kansas: Lawrence (Kansas).

[H-S86] Hartmann-Schröder, G. 1986. Polychaeta (incl. Archiannelida). In: Botosaneanu, L. (ed.) Stygofauna Mundi: A Faunistic, Distributional, and Ecological Synthesis of the World Fauna inhabiting Subterranean Waters (including the Marine Interstitial) pp. 210–233. E. J. Brill/Dr W. Backhuys: Leiden.

[HS01] Hayward, B. W., A. B. Stephenson, M. S. Morley, W. M. Blom, H. R. Grenfell, F. J. Brook, J. L. Riley, F. Thompson & J. J. Hayward. 2001. Marine biota of Parengarenga Harbour, Northland, New Zealand. Records of the Auckland Museum 37: 45–80.

[H69] Hermans, C. O. 1969. The systematic position of the Archiannelida. Systematic Zoology 18 (1): 85–102.

[H62] Howell, B. F. 1962. Worms. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt W. Miscellanea: Conodonts, Conoidal Shells of Uncertain Affinities, Worms, Trace Fossils and Problematica pp. W144–W177. Geological Society of America, and University of Kansas Press.

[KBC03] Kashin, I. A., E. V. Bagaveeva & S. F. Chaplygina. 2003. Fouling communities of hydrotechnical constructions in Nakhodka Bay (Sea of Japan). Russian Journal of Marine Biology 29: 267–283.

[M62] Monniot, F. 1962. Recherches sur les graviers a Amphioxus de la région de Banyuls-sur-Mer. Vie et Milieu 13: 231–322.

[M02] Musick, J. A. 2002. Sturgeons. Family Acipenseridae. In: Collette, B. B., & G. Klein-MacPhee (eds) Bigelow and Schroeder’s Fishes of the Gulf of Maine 3^rd ed. pp. 83–88. Smithsonian Institute Press: Washington.

[PTV14] Parry, L., A. Tanner & J. Vinther. 2014. The origin of annelids. Palaeontology 57 (6): 1091–1103.

[P71] Por, F. D. 1971. One hundred years of Suez Canal—a century of Lessepsian migration: retrospect and viewpoints. Systematic Zoology 20 (2): 138–159.

[RP07] Rousset, V., F. Pleijel, G. W. Rouse, C. Erséus & M. E. Siddall. 2007. A molecular phylogeny of annelids. Cladistics 23: 41–63.

[SS-P01] Steiner, G., & L. Salvini-Plawen. 2001. Acaenoplax—polychaete or mollusc? [Letter]. Nature 414: 601–602.

[SS07] Struck, T. H., N. Schutt, T. Kusen, E. Hickman, C. Bleidorn, D. McHugh & K. M. Halanych. 2007. Annelid phylogeny and the status of Sipuncula and Echiura. BMC Evolutionary Biology 7: 57.

Spionida

Magelona sp., from here.

Belongs within: Sabellida.
Contains: PolydoraP.

The Spionida are a group of polychaete worms characterised by the presence of a pair of grooved peristomial feeding palps, associated with posteriorly-projecting nuchal organs.

<==Spionida
    |  i. s.: Uncispionidae RF98
    |--+--Longosomatidae RF98
    |  `--Magelona ZHT01 [Magelonidae RF98]
    |       |--M. mirabilis ZHT01
    |       |--M. papillicornis HS01
    |       `--M. sachalinensis KBC03
    `--+--Apistobranchus RP07 [Apistobranchidae RF98]
       |    `--A. typicus (Webster & Benedict 1887) RP07
       `--+--Trochochaeta SS07 [Trochochaetidae RF98]
          `--Spionidae RF98
               |  i. s.: Boccardiella magniovata W01
               |         Amphipolydora W01
               |         Polydorella Augener 1914 W04
               |           |--*P. prolifera Augener 1914 W04
               |           |--P. dawydoffi Radashevsky 1996 W04
               |           |--P. kamakamai Williams 2004 W04
               |           |--P. smurovi Tzetlin & Britayev 1985 W04
               |           `--P. stolonifera (Blake & Kudenov 1978) W04
               |         Pseudopolydora Czerniavksy 1881 W04
               |           |--P. novaegeorgiae (Gibbs 1971) [=Polydorella novaegeorgiae] W04
               |           `--P. paucibranchiata (Okudu 1937) HJ08
               |         Prionospio P62
               |           |--P. cirrifera KBC03
               |           |--P. pallidus (Hartman 1960) [=Spiophanes pallidus] P62
               |           `--P. tenuis (Verrill 1879) [=Spiophanes tenuis] P62
               |         Tripolydora Woodwick 1964 W01
               |           `--*T. spinosa Woodwick 1964 W01
               |         Spio K92
               |           |--S. filicornis Müller 1776 M62
               |           `--S. martinensis K92
               |         Carazziella Blake & Kudenov 1978 W01
               |           |--*C. citrona (Hartman 1941) [=Polydora citrona] W01
               |           |--C. carrascoi W01
               |           `--C. reishi (Woodwick 1964) [=Pseudopolydora reishi] W01
               |         Dipolydora Verrill 1879 W01
               |           |--*D. concharum (Verrill 1879) [=Polydora concharum] W01
               |           |--D. aciculata (Blake & Kudenov 1978) W04
               |           |--D. armata (Langerhans 1880) [=Polydora armata; incl. P. monilaris Ehlers 1905] W01
               |           |--D. blakei W01
               |           |--D. giardi W01
               |           |--D. socialis (Schmarda 1861) (see below for synonymy) W01
               |           |--D. tetrabranchia (Hartman 1945) W04
               |           `--D. tridenticulata (Woodwick 1964) [=Polydora tridenticulata] W01
               |         Boccardia Carazzi 1893 (see below for synonymy) W01
               |           |--*B. polybranchia (Haswell 1885) [=Polydora polybranchia] W01
               |           |--B. acus W01
               |           |--B. anopthalma W01
               |           |--B. berkeleyorum Blake & Woodwick 1971 W01
               |           |--B. chilensis W01
               |           |--‘*Perialla’ claparedei Kinberg 1866 W01
               |           |--B. galapagense W01
               |           |--B. lamellata W01
               |           |--B. otakouica W01
               |           |--‘Polydora’ perata Khlebovitsch 1959 [=*Neoboccardia perata] W01
               |           |--B. proboscidea Hartman 1940 HJ08
               |           |--B. syrtis (Rainer 1973) HS01, W01 [=*Paraboccardia syrtis W01]
               |           `--B. tricuspa W01
               |         Spione Örsted 1844 H62
               |           `--*S. trioculata Örsted 1844 H62
               |         Spiophanes Grube 1860 P62
               |           |--*S. kroyeri Grube 1860 (see below for synonymy) P62
               |           |--S. afer Meissner 2005 F05
               |           |--S. anoculata Hartman 1960 P62
               |           |--S. berkeleyorum Pettibone 1962 P62
               |           |--S. bombyx (Claparède 1870) [incl. S. verrilli Webster & Benedict 1884] P62
               |           |--S. longicirris Caullery 1915 P62
               |           |--S. missionensis Hartman 1941 P62
               |           |--S. soderstromi Hartman 1953 P62
               |           |--S. tcherniai Fauvel 1950 P62
               |           |--S. uschakovi Zachs 1933 P62
               |           `--S. wigleyi Pettibone 1962
               |         Lindaspio dibranchiata Blake & Maciolek 1992 W04
               |         Microspio pigmentata (Reish 1959) [=Spiophanes pigmentata] P62
               |--+--Aonides oxycephala (Sars 1872) RP07
               |  `--Poecilochaetus [Poecilochaetidae] RP07
               `--+--Malacoceros RP07
                  |--Polydora RP07
                  |--Pygospio RP07
                  |    |--P. elegans Claparède 1863 RP07
                  |    `--P. muscularis Ward 1981 W01
                  `--Scolelepis RP07
                       |--S. fuliginosa K92
                       `--S. squamata (Müller 1789) RP07

Boccardia Carazzi 1893 [incl. Neoboccardia Buzhinskaja 1985, Paraboccardia Rainer 1973, Perialla Kinberg 1866 (n. o.)] W01

Dipolydora socialis (Schmarda 1861) [=Leucodore socialis, Polydora socialis; incl. P. caeca var. magna Berkeley 1927, P. neocardalia Hartman 1961, P. socialis plena Berkeley & Berkeley 1936] W01

*Spiophanes kroyeri Grube 1860 [incl. S. cirrata Sars 1871, S. fimbriata Moore 1923, S. malayensis Caullery 1915] P62

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[F05] Fernández, J. 2005. Noticia de nuevos táxones para la ciencia en el ámbito Íbero-Balear y Macaronésico. Nuevos táxones animales descritos en la península Ibérica y Macaronesia desde 1994 (IX). Graellsia 61 (2): 261–282.

[HS01] Hayward, B. W., A. B. Stephenson, M. S. Morley, W. M. Blom, H. R. Grenfell, F. J. Brook, J. L. Riley, F. Thompson & J. J. Hayward. 2001. Marine biota of Parengarenga Harbour, Northland, New Zealand. Records of the Auckland Museum 37: 45–80.

[H62] Howell, B. F. 1962. Worms. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt W. Miscellanea: Conodonts, Conoidal Shells of Uncertain Affinities, Worms, Trace Fossils and Problematica pp. W144–W177. Geological Society of America, and University of Kansas Press.

[HJ08] Huisman, J. M., D. S. Jones, F. E. Wells & T. Burton. 2008. Introduced marine biota in Western Australian waters. Records of the Western Australian Museum 25 (1): 1–44.

[KBC03] Kashin, I. A., E. V. Bagaveeva & S. F. Chaplygina. 2003. Fouling communities of hydrotechnical constructions in Nakhodka Bay (Sea of Japan). Russian Journal of Marine Biology 29: 267–283.

[K92] Kozloff, E. N. 1992. The genera of the phylum Orthonectida. Cahiers de Biologie Marine 33: 377–406.

[M62] Monniot, F. 1962. Recherches sur les graviers a Amphioxus de la région de Banyuls-sur-Mer. Vie et Milieu 13: 231–322.

[P62] Pettibone, M. H. 1962. New species of polychaete worms (Spionidae: Spiophanes) from the east and west coast of North America. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 75: 77–88.

[RF98] Rouse, G. W., & K. Fauchald. 1998. Recent views on the status, delineation and classification of the Annelida. American Zoologist 38: 953–964.

[RP07] Rousset, V., F. Pleijel, G. W. Rouse, C. Erséus & M. E. Siddall. 2007. A molecular phylogeny of annelids. Cladistics 23: 41–63.

[SS07] Struck, T. H., N. Schutt, T. Kusen, E. Hickman, C. Bleidorn, D. McHugh & K. M. Halanych. 2007. Annelid phylogeny and the status of Sipuncula and Echiura. BMC Evolutionary Biology 7: 57.

[W01] Williams, J. D. 2001. Polydora and related genera associated with hermit crabs from the Indo-West Pacific (Polychaeta: Spionidae), with descriptions of two new species and a second polydorid egg predator of hermit crabs. Pacific Science 55 (4): 429–465.

[W04] Williams, J. D. 2004. Reproduction and morphology of Polydorella (Polychaeta: Spionidae), including the description of a new species from the Philippines. Journal of Natural History 38: 1339–1358.

[ZHT01] Zrzavý, J., V. Hypša & D. F. Tietz. 2001. Myzostomida are not annelids: molecular and morphological support for a clade of animals with anterior sperm flagella. Cladistics 17: 170–198.

Hydroides

Hydroides elegans, copyright Brian Nedved.

Belongs within: Serpulidae.

Hydroides is a genus of serpulid tubeworms characterised in most species by the presence of a two-tier operculum, composed of a proximal funnel and superimposed verticil. Funnel radii generally have simple blunt to pointed marginal teeth (occasionally more elaborate); the verticil usually consists of a number of long spines (ten Hove & Ben-Eliahu 2005).

See also: Building a home of your own.

<==Hydroides Gunnerus 1768 H62 [incl. Codonytes de Quatrefages 1866 HB-E05]
    |--*H. norvegicus Gunnerus 1768 H62, HB-E05 [=H. norvegica HB-E05; incl. Eupomatus trypanon Claparède 1870 HB-E05]
    |--H. alatalateralis (Jones 1962) HB-E05
    |--H. albiceps (Grube 1870) HB-E05
    |--H. ancorispina Pillai 1971 HB-E05
    |--H. brachyacanthus Rioja 1941 HB-E05
    |--H. chilensis Hartmann-Schröder 1962 HB-E05
    |--H. cruciger Mörch 1863 HB-E05
    |--H. dianthus (Verrill 1873) HB-E05
    |--H. dipoma (Schmarda 1861) [=Eupomatus dipoma, Codonytes dipoma] HB-E05
    |--H. diramphus (Mörch 1863) [incl. Eupomatus lunulifer Claparède 1870] HB-E05
    |--H. elegans (Haswell 1883) HB-E05
    |--‘Sabella’ euplaeana delle Chiaje 1828 [=Codonytes infundibulum] HB-E05
    |--H. exaltatus (von Marenzeller 1885) HB-E05
    |--H. ezoensis Okuda 1934 HB-E05
    |--H. fusicola Mörch 1863 HB-E05
    |--H. grubei Pillai 1965 (n. d.) HB-E05
    |--H. helmatus [incl. H. affinis Marion 1875] HB-E05
    |--H. heterocerus (Grube 1868) HB-E05
    |--H. homoceros Pixell 1913 HB-E05
    |--H. humilis (Bush 1905) HB-E05
    |--H. longispinosus Imajima 1976 [incl. H. centrospina Wu & Chen 1981] HB-E05
    |--H. malleolaspina Straughan 1967 HB-E05
    |--H. minax (Grube 1878) HB-E05
    |--H. multispinosus von Marenzeller 1885
    |--H. niger Zibrowius 1971 [=H. nigra] HB-E05
    |--H. nodosus Straughan 1967 HB-E05
    |--H. novaepommeraniae Augener 1925
    |--H. ochoterena Rioja 1941 HB-E05
    |--H. operculatus (Treadwell 1929) HB-E05
    |--H. pectinata (Philippi 1844) [=Eupomatus pectinata] HB-E05
    |--H. perezi Fauvel 1918 HB-E05
    |--H. priscus Pillai 1971 (n. d.) [=H. prisca] HB-E05
    |--H. protulicola Benedict 1887 HB-E05
    |--H. pseudouncinatus Zibrowius 1968 HB-E05
    |--H. rectus Straughan 1967 HB-E05
    |--H. recurvispina Rioja 1941 HB-E05
    |--H. sanctaecrucis Krøyer in Mörch 1863 HB-E05
    |--H. similoides Bastida Zavala & ten Hove 2003 HB-E05
    |--H. spongicola Benedict 1887 HB-E05
    |--H. stoichadon Zibrowius 1971 HB-E05
    |--H. tambalagamensis Pillai 1961 HB-E05
    `--H. trivesiculosus Straughan 1967 HB-E05

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[HB-E05] Hove, H. A. ten, & M. N. Ben-Eliahu. 2005. On the identity of Hydroides priscus Pillai 1971—taxonomic confusion due to ontogeny in some serpulid genera (Annelida: Polychaeta: Serpulidae). Senckenbergiana Biologica 85 (2): 127–145.

[H62] Howell, B. F. 1962. Worms. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt W. Miscellanea: Conodonts, Conoidal Shells of Uncertain Affinities, Worms, Trace Fossils and Problematica pp. W144–W177. Geological Society of America, and University of Kansas Press.

Rotularia

Rotularia bognoriensis, from here.

Belongs within: Serpulidae.

Rotularia is a genus of helically coiled tubeworms known from the Upper Cretaceous to the Eocene (Howell 1962).

Caracters (from Howell 1962): Tube helically coiled, with same diameter throught most of length, ending at apertural end in restricted tube of smaller diameter; restricted portion (and occasionally part of unrestricted tube posterior to it) extending tangentially from coiled portion; posterior end of tube usually attached to substratum; outer surface of tube smooth or concentrically wrinkled; one or two longitudinal keels occasionally present.

<==Rotularia Defrance 1827 H62 (see below for synonymy)
    |--*R. spirulaea (Lamarck 1818) [=Serpula spirulaea] H62
    |--R. australis Cox 1953 B59
    |--R. bognoriensis B59
    |--R. chathamensis Boreham 1959 B59
    |--R. concava (Sowerby 1813) B59
    |--R. damesi (Noetling 1885) B59
    |--R. discoideum B59
    |--R. fallax B59
    |--R. kitchini Bonarelli & Nagera 1921 B59
    |--R. leptostoma B59
    |--R. lituola (Leymerie 1846) B59
    `--R. ornata S98

Rotularia Defrance 1827 H62 [incl. Burtinella Morch 1861 B59, Moerchia Mayer 1860 (preoc.) B59, Tubulostium Stoliczka 1869 H62]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B59] Boreham, A. U. E. 1959. Cretaceous fossils from the Chatham Islands. Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand 86 (1): 119–125, pl. 111.

[H62] Howell, B. F. 1962. Worms. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt W. Miscellanea: Conodonts, Conoidal Shells of Uncertain Affinities, Worms, Trace Fossils and Problematica pp. W144–W177. Geological Society of America, and University of Kansas Press.

[S98] Stilwell, J. D. 1998. Late Cretaceous Mollusca from the Chatham Islands, New Zealand. Alcheringa 22 (1): 29–85.

Ramphoprionidae

Reconstructed jaw apparatus of Ramphoprion elongatus, from Eriksson (2002).

Belongs within: Aciculata.

The Ramphoprionidae are a group of annelid worms known from the Ordovician and Silurian periods from their fossilised jaws only.

Characters (from Eriksson 2002): Maxillary apparatus asymmetrical; one pair of dorsally flattened, subrectangular carriers present posteriorly, followed by one pair of strongly asymmetrical first maxillae with denticulated dorsal side and slightly enclosed myocoele; short, subrectangular or subtrapezoid basal plate fitted into bight of right first maxilla; left first maxilla and basal plate both with wide transverse posterior margin; anterior maxillae (MII to MIV known) somewhat sickle-shaped with rounded anterior margin; lateral teeth present; laeobasal plate and intercalary tooth absent.

<==Ramphoprionidae
    |--Megaramphoprion Eriksson 2001 E02
    |    `--M. magnus E02
    |--Ramphoprion Kielan-Jaworowska 1962 E02
    |    |--R. elongatus E02
    |    `--R. gotlandensis E02
    |--Pararamphoprion Männil & Zaslavskaya 1985 E02
    |    |--P. matusevichi Männil & Zaslavskaya 1985 E02
    |    `--P. nordicus Männil & Zaslavskaya 1985 E02
    `--Protarabellites Stauffer 1933 E02
         |--*P. humilis Stauffer 1933 H62
         |--P. rectangularis E02
         |--P. staufferi E02
         `--P. triangularis E02

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[E02] Eriksson, M. 2002. The palaeobiogeography of Silurian ramphoprionid polychaete annelids. Palaeontology 45 (5): 985–996.

[H62] Howell, B. F. 1962. Worms. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt W. Miscellanea: Conodonts, Conoidal Shells of Uncertain Affinities, Worms, Trace Fossils and Problematica pp. W144–W177. Geological Society of America, and University of Kansas Press.

Aphroditiformia

Fifteen-scaled worm Harmothoe imbricata, copyright Peter J. Bryant.

Belongs within: Phyllodocida.

The Aphroditiformia, scale worms, are a group of marine worms characterised by the presence of dorsal cirri modified into elytra or scales on alternating segments.

<==Aphroditiformia
    |  i. s.: Eulepethidae RF98
    |         Dryptoscolex matthiesae PTV14
    |         Faustoscolex gemmatus PTV14
    |         Histriocola delicatula PTV14
    |--+--Acoetidae RF98
    |  `--Aphroditidae SS07
    |       |--Hermione hystricella H04
    |       |--Sthenelaites Roverto 1903 H62
    |       |    `--*S. dasiaeformis (Massalongo 1855) [=Nereites dasiaeformis] H62
    |       |--Aphrodita Linnaeus 1758 H62
    |       |    |--*A. aculeata Linnaeus 1758 H62
    |       |    `--A. squamata Linnaeus 1758 L58
    |       `--Protonympha Clarke 1903 H62
    |            |--*P. salicifolia Clarke 1903 H62
    |            `--P. transversa (Blake 1994) [=Foliaster transversus] CMG06
    `--+--Paralepidonotus ampulliferus (Grube 1878) RP07
       `--+--Sigalionidae SS07
          |    |--Sthenelanella uniformis Moore 1910 SS07
          |    |--Sthenelais boa (Johnston 1833) RP07
          |    |--Thalenessites Stauffer 1933 H62
          |    |    `--*T. lobatus Stauffer 1933 H62
          |    `--Sigalion Audouin & Milne-Edwards 1832 H62
          |         |--*S. mathilde Audouin & Milne-Edwards 1832 H62
          |         |--S. bandaensis (Mackie & Chambers 1990) RP07
          |         `--S. spinosus (Hartman 1939) SS07
          `--Polynoidae SS07
               |--Gattyana ciliata Moore 1902 SS07
               |--Gastrolepidia Schmarda 1861 P61
               |--Sheila bathypelagica Monro 1930 P61
               |--Gesiella Pettibone 1976 [Gesiellinae] H-S86
               |    `--G. jameensis (Hartmann-Schröder 1977) H-S86
               |--Iphionides Hartmann-Schröder 1977 [Iphioninae] H-S86
               |    `--I. glabra Hartmann-Schröder 1977 H-S86
               |--Pelagomacellicephala [Macellicephalinae] H-S86
               |    `--P. iliffei Pettibone 1985 H-S86
               |--Phyllosheila Pettibone 1961 P61
               |    `--*P. wigleyi Pettibone 1961 P61
               |--Phyllohartmania Pettibone 1961 P61
               |    `--*P. taylori Pettibone 1961 P61
               |--Hartmania Pettibone 1955 P61
               |    `--H. moorei Pettibone 1955 P61
               |--Lepidonotus SS07
               |    |--L. clava BBB-S95
               |    |--L. polychromus HS01
               |    |--L. squamatus (Linnaeus 1758) RP07
               |    `--L. sublevis Verrill 1873 SS07
               |--Malmgrenia castanea [=Harmothoe castanea, Laenilla castanea, Polynoe castanea] BK77
               `--Harmothoe RP07
                    |--H. imbricata (Linnaeus 1767) RP07
                    |--H. impar Johnston 1839 A70 [incl. Evarne pentactae Giard 1886 BK77]
                    |--H. ljungamni M62
                    `--H. lunulata (see below for synonymy) BK77

Harmothoe lunulata [=Malmgrenia lunulata, Polynoe lunulata; incl. H. picta St. Joseph 1888, H. marphysa McIntosh 1900, H. synaptae St. Joseph 1906] BK77

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A70] Amoureux, L. 1970. Annélides Polychètes du Bassin de chasse d’Ostende: inventaire d’une petite collection. Bulletin de l’Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique 46 (6): 23–24.

[BK77] Barel, C. D. N., & P. G. N. Kramers. 1977. A survey of the echinoderm associates of the north-east Atlantic area. Zoologische Verhandelingen 156: 1–159.

[BBB-S95] Boubezari, K., G. Bitar & D. Bellan-Santini. 1995. Structure et organisation de trois moulières (Mytilus galloprovincialis et Perna perna) de la région d’Alger. Mésogée 54: 63–72.

[CMG06] Conway Morris, S., & D. Grazhdankin. 2006. A post-script to the enigmatic Protonympha (Devonian; New York): is it an arm of the echinoderms? Palaeontology 49 (6): 1335–1338.

[H04] Haeckel, E. 1899–1904. Kunstformen der Natur. Bibliographisches Institut: Leipzig und Wien.

[H-S86] Hartmann-Schröder, G. 1986. Polychaeta (incl. Archiannelida). In: Botosaneanu, L. (ed.) Stygofauna Mundi: A Faunistic, Distributional, and Ecological Synthesis of the World Fauna inhabiting Subterranean Waters (including the Marine Interstitial) pp. 210–233. E. J. Brill/Dr W. Backhuys: Leiden.

[HS01] Hayward, B. W., A. B. Stephenson, M. S. Morley, W. M. Blom, H. R. Grenfell, F. J. Brook, J. L. Riley, F. Thompson & J. J. Hayward. 2001. Marine biota of Parengarenga Harbour, Northland, New Zealand. Records of the Auckland Museum 37: 45–80.

[H62] Howell, B. F. 1962. Worms. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt W. Miscellanea: Conodonts, Conoidal Shells of Uncertain Affinities, Worms, Trace Fossils and Problematica pp. W144–W177. Geological Society of America, and University of Kansas Press.

[L58] Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Laurentii Salvii: Holmiae.

[M62] Monniot, F. 1962. Recherches sur les graviers a Amphioxus de la région de Banyuls-sur-Mer. Vie et Milieu 13: 231–322.

[PTV14] Parry, L., A. Tanner & J. Vinther. 2014. The origin of annelids. Palaeontology 57 (6): 1091–1103.

[P61] Pettibone, M. H. 1961. New species of polychaete worms from the Atlantic Ocean, with a revision of the Dorvilleidae. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 74: 167–186.

[RF98] Rouse, G. W., & K. Fauchald. 1998. Recent views on the status, delineation and classification of the Annelida. American Zoologist 38: 953–964.

[RP07] Rousset, V., F. Pleijel, G. W. Rouse, C. Erséus & M. E. Siddall. 2007. A molecular phylogeny of annelids. Cladistics 23: 41–63.

[SS07] Struck, T. H., N. Schutt, T. Kusen, E. Hickman, C. Bleidorn, D. McHugh & K. M. Halanych. 2007. Annelid phylogeny and the status of Sipuncula and Echiura. BMC Evolutionary Biology 7: 57.

Phyllodocida

Glycera alba, from senckenberg.de.

Belongs within: Aciculata.
Contains: Pisionidae, Polygordius, Aphroditiformia, Syllidae, Hesionidae, Nereididae, Phyllodocidae.

The Phyllodocida are a group of mostly active, primarily marine worms. Characteristic features of the group include ventrally positioned sensory palps, an axial eversible pharynx, enlarged anterior cirri, compound chaetae with a single ligament, and metanephromixia (Pleijel & Rouse 2004).

<==Phyllodocida [Nereidiformia]
    |--+--+--Aphroditiformia NP10
    |  |  `--Pholoe Johnston 1839 H-S86 [Pholoidae RF98]
    |  |       `--P. swedmarki Laubier 1975 H-S86
    |  `--Syllidae NP10
    `--+--+--Nephtyidae NP10
       |  |    |--Aglaophamus SS07
       |  |    |    |--A. circinata (Verrill 1874) SS07
       |  |    |    `--A. macroura HS01
       |  |    |--Nephtys SS07
       |  |    |    |--N. australiensis Fauchald 1965 RP07
       |  |    |    |--N. ciliata LOL03
       |  |    |    |--N. fluviatilis MGV06
       |  |    |    |--N. hombergi Savigny 1818 RP07
       |  |    |    `--N. longosetosa (Oersted 1842) SS07
       |  |    |--Astreptoscolex anasilosus PTV14
       |  |    `--Didontogaster cordylina PTV14
       |  `--+--Pilargidae NP10
       |     |    |--Ancistrosyllis groenlandica McIntosh 1879 SS07
       |     |    `--Sigambra RP07
       |     |         |--S. bassi GAS03
       |     |         `--S. hanaokai (Kitamori 1960) H-S86
       |     `--Sphaerodoridae RF98
       |          |--Ephesia gracilis TS02
       |          |--Sphaerodoropsis garciaalvarezi Moreira, Cacabelos & Troncoso 2004 F05
       |          `--Sphaerodorum BK77
       |               |--S. claparedei Greef 1866 M62
       |               `--S. greefii BK77
       `--+--+--Hesionidae SS07
          |  |--Paralacydonia [Paralacydoniidae] SS07
          |  |    `--P. paradoxa Fauvel 1913 SS07
          |  `--Nereididae PTV14
          `--+--+--Typhloscolex [Typhloscolecidae] NP10
             |  `--+--Lopadorhynchus [Lopadorhynchidae] NP10
             |     `--+--Lacydoniidae RF98
             |        `--Phyllodocidae SS07
             `--+--Tomopteridae SS07
                |    |--Tomopteris SS07
                |    |    |--T. catharina [incl. T. helgolandica] B26
                |    |    |--T. pacifica B70
                |    |    |--T. planktonis B26
                |    |    `--T. septentrionalis B26
                |    `--Eotomopteris aldridgei PTV14
                `--Glyceriformia RP07
                     |--Goniadidae SS07
                     |    |--Glycinde armigera Moore 1911 SS07
                     |    |--Progoniadides Hartmann-Schröder 1974 H-S86
                     |    |    `--P. laevis Hartmann-Schröder 1974 H-S86
                     |    |--Goniadides Hartmann-Schröder 1960 H-S86
                     |    |    |--G. aciculata Hartmann-Schröder 1960 H-S86
                     |    |    `--G. falcigera Hartmann-Schröder 1962 H-S86
                     |    |--Goniada SS07
                     |    |    |--G. brunnea Treadwell 1906 SS07
                     |    |    |--G. maculata Öersted 1843 RP07
                     |    |    `--G. norvegica M62
                     |    `--Carbosesostris megaliphagon PTV14
                     `--Glyceridae SS07
                          |--Glycerites Hinde 1879 H62
                          |    `--*G. sulcatus Hinde 1879 H62
                          |--Ildraites Eller 1936 H62
                          |    `--*I. bipennis (Eller 1934) [=Arabellites bipennis] H62
                          |--Paraglycerites Eisenack 1939 H62
                          |    `--*P. necans Eisenack 1939 H62
                          `--Glycera Savigny 1818 H62
                               |--*G. unicornis Savigny 1818 H62
                               |--G. alba (Müller 1776) RP07
                               |--G. americana ZHT01
                               |--G. capitata TS02
                               |--G. convoluta M62
                               |--G. dibranchiata Ehlers 1868 SS07
                               |--G. lamellipodia HS01
                               `--G. lapidum M62

Phyllodocida incertae sedis:
  Ichthyotomidae RF98
  Iospilidae RF98
  Nautillienellidae RF98
  Pontodoridae RF98
  Pisionidae RF98
  Polygordiidae [Gymnotoma] RP07
    |--Polygordius RP07
    |--Rhamphogordius lacteus Rathke 1843 H69
    |--Linotrypane apogon M’Intosh 1875 H69
    `--Chaetogordius canaliculatus Moore 1904 H69
  Kenostrychus PTV14
  Chrysopetalum [Chrysopetalidae RF98]
    `--C. occidentale KBC03

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BK77] Barel, C. D. N., & P. G. N. Kramers. 1977. A survey of the echinoderm associates of the north-east Atlantic area. Zoologische Verhandelingen 156: 1–159.

[B26] Bigelow, H. B. 1926. Plankton of the offshore waters of the Gulf of Maine. Bulletin of the Bureau of Fisheries 40 (2): 1–509.

[B70] Briggs, J. C. 1970. A faunal history of the North Atlantic Ocean. Systematic Zoology 19 (1): 19–34.

[F05] Fernández, J. 2005. Noticia de nuevos táxones para la ciencia en el ámbito Íbero-Balear y Macaronésico. Nuevos táxones animales descritos en la península Ibérica y Macaronesia desde 1994 (IX). Graellsia 61 (2): 261–282.

[GAS03] Gulbin, V. V., I. S. Arzamastsev & V. M. Shulkin. 2003. Ecological monitoring of the water area of Port Vostochnyi (Wrangel Bay) in the Sea of Japan (1995–2002). Russian Journal of Marine Biology 29 (5): 284–295.

[H-S86] Hartmann-Schröder, G. 1986. Polychaeta (incl. Archiannelida). In: Botosaneanu, L. (ed.) Stygofauna Mundi: A Faunistic, Distributional, and Ecological Synthesis of the World Fauna inhabiting Subterranean Waters (including the Marine Interstitial) pp. 210–233. E. J. Brill/Dr W. Backhuys: Leiden.

[HS01] Hayward, B. W., A. B. Stephenson, M. S. Morley, W. M. Blom, H. R. Grenfell, F. J. Brook, J. L. Riley, F. Thompson & J. J. Hayward. 2001. Marine biota of Parengarenga Harbour, Northland, New Zealand. Records of the Auckland Museum 37: 45–80.

[H69] Hermans, C. O. 1969. The systematic position of the Archiannelida. Systematic Zoology 18 (1): 85–102.

[H62] Howell, B. F. 1962. Worms. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt W. Miscellanea: Conodonts, Conoidal Shells of Uncertain Affinities, Worms, Trace Fossils and Problematica pp. W144–W177. Geological Society of America, and University of Kansas Press.

[KBC03] Kashin, I. A., E. V. Bagaveeva & S. F. Chaplygina. 2003. Fouling communities of hydrotechnical constructions in Nakhodka Bay (Sea of Japan). Russian Journal of Marine Biology 29: 267–283.

[LOL03] Lockyer, A. E., P. D. Olson & D. T. J. Littlewood. 2003. Utility of complete large and small subunit rRNA genes in resolving the phylogeny of the Neodermata (Platyhelminthes): implications and a review of the cercomer theory. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 78: 155–171.

[MGV06] Mai, A. C. G., A. M. Garcia & J. P. Vieira. 2006. Ecologia alimentar do barrigudinho Jenynsia multidentata (Jenyns, 1842) (Pisces: Cyprinodontiformes) no estuário da Laguna dos Patos, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Comunicações do Museo de Ciências e Tecnologia da PUCRS, Serie Zoologia 19 (1): 3–18.

[M62] Monniot, F. 1962. Recherches sur les graviers a Amphioxus de la région de Banyuls-sur-Mer. Vie et Milieu 13: 231–322.

[NP10] Nygren, A., & F. Pleijel. 2010. Chimaeras and the origins of the holopelagic annelids Typhloscolecidae and Lopadorhynchidae: a reply to Struck and Halanych (2010). Zoologica Scripta 40 (1): 112–114.

[PTV14] Parry, L., A. Tanner & J. Vinther. 2014. The origin of annelids. Palaeontology 57 (6): 1091–1103.

[RF98] Rouse, G. W., & K. Fauchald. 1998. Recent views on the status, delineation and classification of the Annelida. American Zoologist 38: 953–964.

[RP07] Rousset, V., F. Pleijel, G. W. Rouse, C. Erséus & M. E. Siddall. 2007. A molecular phylogeny of annelids. Cladistics 23: 41–63.

[SS07] Struck, T. H., N. Schutt, T. Kusen, E. Hickman, C. Bleidorn, D. McHugh & K. M. Halanych. 2007. Annelid phylogeny and the status of Sipuncula and Echiura. BMC Evolutionary Biology 7: 57.

[TS02] Tsetlin, A. B., & M. V. Safonov. 2002. Interstitial polychaetes (Annelida) from the Kandalaksha Bay of the White Sea. Zoologicheskii Zhurnal 81 (8): 899–908.

[ZHT01] Zrzavý, J., V. Hypša & D. F. Tietz. 2001. Myzostomida are not annelids: molecular and morphological support for a clade of animals with anterior sperm flagella. Cladistics 17: 170–198.