Abies

Nikko fir Abies homolepis, copyright MPF.

Belongs within: Pinaceae.

Abies, the firs, is a genus of conifers with erect seed cones native to the Northern Hemisphere. Leaf scars are smooth, round and flush with the surface of the stem (Hickman 1993).

Characters (from Hickman 1993): Young bark smooth, with resin blisters, mature bark thick, deeply furrowed; young branches appearing whorled; twig glabrous or hairy; leaf scars smooth, round, flush with surface; bud generally more or less spheric, generally <1 cm, more or less resinous. Leaves 2–9 cm, sessile, twisted at base to become two-ranked, often curved upward on upper twigs, generally more or less flat; upper surface with two longitudinal, whitish bands, midrib sometimes depressed; lower surface with or without whitish bands, midrib sometimes ridge-like. Seed cone erect, <23 cm, maturing first season; stalk generally absent; bracts, scales deciduous; bract included in scale or exserted, free from scale; axis persistent on stem. Seed with obvious resin deposits on surface; wing <2.5 cm. 2n=24 (where known).

<==Abies
    |--A. alba Miller 1768 SM14
    |--A. amabilis W85
    |--A. balsamea HP03
    |--A. bituminosa P92
    |--A. bracteata [incl. A. venusta] H93
    |--A. cephalonica RCT96
    |--A. concolor [incl. A. concolora var. lowiana] H93
    |--A. excelsa C55
    |--A. fabri MM12
    |--A. firma MM12
    |--A. grandis C84
    |--A. holophylla MM12
    |--A. homolepis MM12
    |--A. lasiocarpa H93
    |--A. magnifica F56
    |    |--A. m. var. magnifica H93
    |    `--A. m. var. shastensis H93
    |--A. mariesii T85
    |--A. nebrodensis R-CT01
    |--A. nephrolepis S00
    |--A. numidica EH06
    |--A. pectinata [incl. Pinus picea] C55
    |--A. pindrow N02
    |--A. procera M87
    |--A. religiosa C-MM-R07
    |--A. sachalinensis T03
    `--A. veitchii MM12
         |--A. v. var. veitchii A70
         `--A. v. var. shikokiana A70

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A70] Aoki, J. 1970. Descriptions of oribatid mites collected by smoking of trees with insecticides. I. Mt. Ishizuchi and Mt. Odaigahara. Bulletin of the National Science Museum, Tokyo 13 (4): 585–602.

[C55] Candolle, A. de. 1855. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 2. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[C-MM-R07] Castaño-Meneses, G., & B. E. Mejía-Recamier. 2007. Community structure of mites in Tillandsia violacea (Bromeliaceae) from a temperate forest of central Mexico. In: Morales-Malacara, J. B., V. M. Behan-Pelletier, E. Ueckermann, T. M. Pérez, E. G. Estrada-Venegas & M. Badii (eds) Acarology XI: Proceedings of the International Congress pp. 657–664. Instituto de Biología and Faculdad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Sociedad Latinoamericana de Acarología: México.

[C84] Cokendolpher, J. C. 1984. Revision of the harvestman genus Leptobunus and dismantlement of the Leptobunidae (Arachnida: Opiliones: Palpatores). Journal of the New York Entomological Society 92 (4): 371–402.

[EH06] Eckert, A. J., & B. D. Hall. 2006. Phylogeny, historical biogeography, and patterns of diversification for Pinus (Pinaceae): phylogenetic tests of fossil-based hypotheses. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 40 (1): 166–182.

[F56] Foote, R. H. 1956. Gall midges associated with cones of western forest trees (Diptera: Itonididae). Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 46 (2): 48–57.

[HP03] Hauck, M., A. Paul, S. Gross & M. Raubuch. 2003. Manganese toxicity in epiphytic lichens: chlorophyll degradation and interaction with iron and phosphorus. Environmental and Experimental Botany 49: 181–191.

[H93] Hickman, J. C. (ed.) 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press: Berkeley (California).

[MM12] Mao, K., R. I. Milne, L. Zhang, Y. Peng, J. Liu, P. Thomas, R. R. Mill & S. S. Renner. 2012. Distribution of living Cupressaceae reflects the breakup of Pangea. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 109 (20): 7793–7798.

[M87] McAlpine, J. F. 1987. Pallopteridae. In: McAlpine, J. F. (ed.) Manual of Nearctic Diptera vol. 2 pp. 839–843. Research Branch, Agriculture Canada.

[N02] Negi, H. R. 2002. Abundance and diversity of moss communities of Chopta-Tunganath in the Garhwal Himalaya. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 99 (3): 418–433.

[P92] Poinar, G. O., Jr. 1992. Life in Amber. Stanford University Press: Stanford.

[RCT96] Ragusa Di Chiara, S., & H. Tsolakis. 1996. A. survey of phytoseiid mites (Phytoseiidae) associated with various plants in Sicily (Italy). In: Mitchell, R., D. J. Horn, G. R. Needham & W. C. Welbourn (eds) Acarology IX vol. 1. Proceedings pp. 253–256. Ohio Biological Survey: Columbus (Ohio).

[R-CT01] Ragusa-di Chiara, S., & H. Tsolakis. 2001. Phytoseiid faunas of natural and agricultural ecosystems in Sicily. In: Halliday, R. B., D. E. Walter, H. C. Proctor, R. A. Norton & M. J. Colloff (eds) Acarology: Proceedings of the 10^th International Congress pp. 522–529. CSIRO Publishing: Melbourne.

[S00] Siddiqi, M. R. 2000. Tylenchida: Parasites of plants and insects 2^nd ed. CABI Publishing: Wallingford (UK).

[SM14] Smith, G. B., & J. M. McRae. 2014. New species of subterranean silverfish (Zygentoma: Nicoletiidae: Atelurinae) from Western Australia's semi-arid Pilbara region. Records of the Western Australian Museum 29: 105–127.

[T85] Tsurusaki, N. 1985. Geographic variation of chromosomes and external morphology in the montanum-subgroup of the Leiobunum curvipalpe-group (Arachnida, Opiliones, Phalangiidae) with special reference to its presumable process of raciation. Zoological Science 2: 767–783.

[T03] Tsurusaki, N. 2003. Phenology and biology of harvestmen in and near Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan, with some taxonomical notes on Nelima suzukii n. sp. and allies (Arachnida: Opiliones). Acta Arachnologica 52: 5–24.

[W85] Walter, D. E. 1985. The effects of litter type and elevation on colonization of mixed coniferous litterbags by oribatid mites. Pedobiologia 28: 383–387.

Last updated: 18 July 2021.

Medullosales

Frond of Neuropteris, copyright Gunnar Ries.

Belongs within: Lignophyta.

The Medullosales are a group of seed ferns known from the late Early Carboniferous to the Permian, generally reconstructed with an unbranching trunk crowned by fronds. At least some genera demonstrate dimorphism in leaf structure, with orbicular 'Cyclopteris' leaves borne on basal parts of the trunk giving way to the pinnate fronds at the crown (Shute & Cleal 2002).

<==Medullosales
    |--Cyclopteris Brongniart 1828 SC02
    |--Odontopteris Brongniart 1828 SC02
    |--Reticulopteris muensteri SC02
    |--Lescuropteris genuina SC02
    |--Blanzyopteris praedentata SC02
    |--Quaestora FC07
    |--Macroneuropteris SC02
    |    |--M. macrophylla SC02
    |    `--M. scheuchzeri SC02
    |--Alethopteris SC02
    |    |--A. decurrens SC02
    |    `--A. lonchitica A38
    |--Laveineopteris Cleal et al. 1990 SC02
    |    |--L. loshii SC02
    |    |--‘Cyclopteris’ orbicularis Brongniart 1831 SC02
    |    |--L. piesbergensis SC02
    |    |--L. rarinervis SC02
    |    `--L. tenuifolia SC02
    `--Neuropteris Brongniart 1828 SC02
         |--N. eriana A38
         |--N. flexuosa R79
         |--N. gigantea ZP86
         |--N. heterophylla (Brongniart) Sternberg 1825 SC02
         |--N. obliqua SC02
         |--N. ovata SC02
         |--N. praedentata H75
         |--N. rarinervis R79
         |--N. selwyni [incl. N. schlehani] A38
         |--N. shaoguangensis ZP86
         `--N. tenuifolia R79

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A38] Alcock, F. J. 1938. Geology of Saint John region, New Brunswick. Geological Survey of Canada Memoir 216: 1–65.

[FC07] Friis, E. M., P. R. Crane, K. R. Pedersen, S. Bengtson, P. C. J. Donoghue, G. W. Grimm & M. Stampanoni. 2007. Phase-contrast X-ray microtomography links Cretaceous seed with Gnetales and Bennettitales. Nature 450: 549–552.

[H75] Häntzschel, W. 1975. Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt W. Miscellanea Suppl. 1. Trace Fossils and Problematica 2^nd ed. The Geological Society of America: Boulder (Colorado), and The University of Kansas: Lawrence (Kansas).

[R79] Ross, C. A. 1979. Carboniferous. In: Robison, R. A., & C. Teichert (eds) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt A. Introduction. Fossilisation (Taphonomy), Biogeography and Biostratigraphy pp. A254–A290. The Geological Society of America, Inc.: Boulder (Colorado), and The University of Kansas: Lawrence (Kansas).

[SC02] Shute, C. H., & C. J. Cleal. 2002. Ecology and growth habit of Laveineopteris: a gymnosperm from the Late Carboniferous tropical rain forests. Palaeontology 45 (5): 943–972.

[ZP86] Zhang, R., & J. Pojeta Jr. 1986. New bivalves from the Datang Stage, Lower Carboniferous, Guangdong Province, China. Journal of Paleontology 60 (3): 669–679.

Trimerophytina

Life reconstruction of Psilophyton, by Elfriede Abbe.

Belongs within: Tracheophyta.

The Trimerophytina are a group of vascular plants known from the Early (Pragian) to the lowermost Middle Devonian. They bore sporangia in pairs that are commonly preserved twisted around each other (Gerrienne 1997).

See also: Before the word for world was forest.

Characters (from Gerrienne 1997): Branching of axes complex but primarily dichotomous. Sporangia elongate, fusiform; borne terminally in pairs on main or lateral axes, commonly twisted around each other (possibly a standard part of their ontogeny); single longitudinal dehiscence line present, dehiscent sporangia opening into single C-shaped valve.

<==Trimerophytina [Trimerophytophyta, Trimerophytopsida]
    `--Trimerophytaceae G97
         |--Trimerophyton robustius G97
         `--Psilophyton Dawson 1859 G97
              |--P. burnotense G97
              |--P. charientos G97
              |--P. coniculum Trant & Gensel 1985 G97
              |--P. crenulatum G97
              |--P. dapsile Kasper et al. 1974 G97
              |--P. dawsonii Banks et al. 1975 G97
              |--P. forbesii Andrews et al. 1968 G97
              |--P. genseliae Gerrienne 1997 G97
              |--P. krauselii Obrhel 1959 G97
              |--P. microspinosum G97
              |--P. parvulum Gerrienne 1995 G97
              |--P. princeps G97
              `--P. szaferi Zdebska 1986 G97

Trimerophytina incertae sedis:
  Dawsonites G97
    |--D. arcuatus G97
    |--D. magnus G97
    |--D. roskiliensis Chaloner 1972 G97
    `--D. subarcuatus G97
  Hedeia Cookson 1935 G97
    `--H. corymbosa EE86
  Pertica G97
    |--P. dalhousii G97
    |--P. quadrifaria G97
    `--P. varia G97
  Gothanophyton Remy & Hass 1986 G97
  Tursuidea paniculata G97

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[EE86] Edwards, D., & D. S. Edwards. 1986. A reconsideration of the Rhyniophytina Banks. In: Spicer, R. A., & B. A. Thomas (eds)Systematic and Taxonomic Approaches in Palaeobotany.  Systematics Association Special Volume 31: 199–220. Clarendon Press: Oxford.

[G97] Gerrienne, P. 1997. The fossil plants from the Lower Devonian of Marchin (northern margin of Dinant Synclinorium, Belgium): V. Psilophyton genseliae sp. nov., with hypotheses on the origin of Trimerophytina. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 98: 303–324.

Dicranophyllales

Reconstruction of Dicranophyllum hallei, from here.

Belongs within: Coniferophyta.

The Dicranophyllales are a group of arborescent plants known from the Carboniferous and Permian, possibly related to modern coniferophytes. They are defined by the having stomata confined to sunken furrows on the abaxial side of the leaf (Rothwell & Mapes 2001).

See also: The Dicranophyllales: an early branch of the conifers?

<==Dicranophyllales
    |--Slivkovia RM01
    |    |--S. lorata RM01
    |    `--S. petschorensis RM01
    |--Entosovia RM01
    |    |--E. kungurica RM01
    |    `--E. rarisulcata RM01
    |--Mostotchkia RM01
    |    |--M. gomankovii RM01
    |    `--M. longifolia RM01
    `--Dicranophyllum RM01
         |--D. effusum RM01
         |--D. gallicum RM01
         |--D. glabrum A38
         |--D. hallei RM01
         |--D. longifolium RM01
         `--D. striatum RM01

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A38] Alcock, F. J. 1938. Geology of Saint John region, New Brunswick. Geological Survey of Canada Memoir 216: 1–65.

[RM01] Rothwell, G. W., & G. Mapes. 2001. Barthelia furcata gen. et sp. nov., with a review of Paleozoic coniferophytes and a discussion of coniferophyte systematics. International Journal of Plant Sciences 162 (3): 637–667.

Miroviaceae

Preserved leaf sections of Mirovia gothanii, from Gomez (2002).

Belongs within: Pinopsida.

The Miroviaceae is an extinct group of conifers known from the mid-Jurassic to the Late Cretaceous, with linear leaves similar in appearance to the modern umbrella pine Sciadopitys verticillata. They differ from modern conifers in having the closely placed stomata restricted to a sunken groove with a protruding margin on the abaxial side of the leaf (Gomez 2002).

<==Miroviaceae
    |--Tritaenia G02
    |--Holkopitys Bose & Manum 1990 G02
    |    `--H. hoegii G02
    |--Oswaldheeria Bose & Manum 1990 G02
    |    |--O. arctica G02
    |    |--O. hallei G02
    |    |--O. macrophylla G02
    |    `--O. scotica G02
    |--Sciadopityoides G02
    |    |--S. crameri G02
    |    |--S. greenboana G02
    |    |--S. ikorfatensis G02
    |    |--S. microphylla G02
    |    |--S. nathorstii G02
    |    |--S. ukrainensis G02
    |    |--S. uralensis G02
    |    `--S. variabilis G02
    `--Mirovia G02
         |--*M. szaferi Reymanówna 1985 G02
         |--M. capbohemanensis G02
         |--M. florinii G02
         |--M. gothanii Gomez 2002 G02
         |--M. groenlandica G02
         |--M. ineffecta G02
         |--M. lagerheimii G02
         |--M. persulcata G02
         `--M. sibirica G02

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[G02] Gomez, B. 2002. A new species of Mirovia (Coniferales, Miroviaceae) from the Lower Cretaceous of the Iberian Ranges (Spain). Cretaceous Research 23: 761–773.

Cheirolepidiaceae

Frenelopsis hoheneggeri, from the Peabody Museum of Natural History.

Belongs within: Pinopsida.

The Cheirolepidiaceae are a group of fossil conifers known from the Mesozoic. They are characterised by a distinct pollen type (assigned to the form genus Classopollis) with a complex, tectate-columellate wall structure (Axsmith et al. 2004). Shoots were often opposite-decussate or spiral, and leaves (which may be dimorphic) were typically reduced or scale-like, and imbricate (Pole 2000).

<==Cheirolepidiaceae [Frenelopsidaceae]
    |--Alvinia bohemica AKW04
    |--Tomaxellia biforme P00
    |--Otwayia Pole 2000 P00
    |    |--*O. tetragona (Cantrill & Douglas) Pole 2000 [=Geinitzea tetragona Cantrill & Douglas 1988] P00
    |    `--O. cudgeloides Pole 2000 P00
    |--Classostrobus Alvin, Spicer & Watson 1978 AKW04 [incl. Pseudofrenelopsis AKW04, Suturovagina GM-C02]
    |    |--*C. comptonensis Alvin, Spicer & Watson 1994 AKW04 (see below for synonymy)
    |    |--C. arkansensis Axsmith, Krings & Waselkov 2004 AKW04
    |    |--C. cathayanus [incl. Pseudofrenelopsis intermedia] AKW04
    |    |--C. turolensis Gomez, Martín-Closas et al. 2002 GM-C02
    |    `--C. ugnaensis Gomez, Martín-Closas et al. 2002 GM-C02
    |--Classopollis Pflug 1953 AKW04
    |    |--*C. classoides Pflug 1953 GM-C02
    |    |--C. brasiliensis Herngreen 1975 I02
    |    |--C. mirabilis Reyre 1970 GM-C02
    |    |--C. noeli Reyre 1970 GM-C02
    |    `--C. obidosensis Groot & Groot 1962 GM-C02
    |--Cupressinocladus Seward 1919 AKW04 [incl. Watsoniocladus GM-C02]
    |    |--C. asferensis Barale & Ouaja 2002 BO02
    |    |--C. itieri (Saporta) Barale 1981 BO02
    |    |--C. leptocladoides (Berry) Pons 1990 BO02
    |    |--C. micromerum (Heer) Pais 1974 BO02
    |    |--C. pompeckji (Salfeld) Pons 1990 BO02
    |    |--C. pseudoexpansum Barnard & Miller 1976 BO02
    |    `--C. soltanensis Barale, Ouaja & Philippe 2000 B)2
    `--Frenelopsis Schenck 1869 AKW04, GM-C02
         |--*F. hoheneggeri (Ettingshausen) Schenck 1869 [=Thuites hoheneggeri Ettinghausen 1852] GM-C02
         |--F. alata Feistmantel 1881 AKW04
         |--F. choshiensis GM-C02
         |--F. elegans GM-C02
         |--F. harrisii Doludenko & Reymanówna 1978 GT02
         |--F. kaneviensis Barale & Doludenko 1985 GM-C02
         |--F. occidentalis GM-C02
         |--F. oligostomata AKW04 [incl. Classoidites glandis GM-C02]
         |--F. pombetsuensis Saiki 1997 GM-C02
         |--F. ramosissima GM-C02
         |--F. rubiesensis Barale 1973 GM-C02
         |--F. sifloana Watson 1983 GM-C02
         |--F. teixeirae GM-C02
         |--F. turolensis Gomez, Martín-Closas et al. 2002 GM-C02
         |--F. ugnaensis Gomez, Martín-Closas et al. 2002 GM-C02
         `--F. veneta Gomez, Thévenard et al. 2002 GT02

*Classostrobus comptonensis Alvin, Spicer & Watson 1994 AKW04 [incl. Classopollis martinottii GM-C02, Pseudofrenelopsis parceramosa (Fontaine) Watson 1977 AKW04]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[AKW04] Axsmith, B. J., M. Krings & K. Waselkov. 2004. Conifer pollen cones from the Cretaceous of Arkansas: implications for diversity and reproduction in the Cheirolepidiaceae. Journal of Paleontology 78: 402–409.

[BO02] Barale, G., & M. Ouaja. 2002. La biodiversité végétale des gisements d’âge Jurassique supérieur-Crétacé inférieur de Merbah El Asfer (Sud-Tunisien). Cretaceous Research 23: 707–737.

[GM-C02] Gomez, B., C. Martín-Closas, G. Barale, N. Solé de Porta, F. Thévenard & G. Guignard. 2002. Frenelopsis (Coniferales: Cheirolepidiaceae) and related male organ genera from the Lower Cretaceous of Spain. Palaeontology 45 (5): 997–1036.

[GT02] Gomez, B., F. Thévenard, M. Fantin & L. Guisberti. 2002. Late Cretaceous plants from the Bonarelli Level of the Venetian Alps, northeastern Italy. Cretaceous Research 23: 671–685.

[I02] Ibrahim, M. I. A. 2002. Late Albian-Middle Cenomanian palynofacies and palynostratigraphy, Abu Gharadig-5 well, Western Desert, Egypt. Cretaceous Research 23: 775–788.

[P00] Pole, M. S. 2000. Mid-Cretaceous conifers from the Eromanga Basin, Australia. Australian Systematic Botany 13 (2): 153–197.

Aquilapollenites

Scanning electron micrograph of Aquilapollenites attenuatus, copyright Antoine Bercovici.

Belongs within: Angiospermae.

Aquilapollenites is a genus of pollen grains recognised from the Lower Cretaceous to the Eocene, with protrusions at one or both of the poles and three, more or less wing-like, protrusions around the equator.

<==Aquilapollenites
    |--A. amicus Srivastava 1968 YB02
    |--A. amplus Stanley 1961 YB02
    |--A. attenuatus Funkhouser 1961 YB02
    |--A. delicatus Stanley 1961 YB02
    |--A. eurypteronus Zhou & Wang 1983 YB02
    |--A. juvenis Zhou & Wang 1983 YB02
    |--A. quadrilobus Rouse 1957 YB02
    |--A. reticulatus Chlonova 1961 YB02
    |--A. senonicus (Mtchedlishvili) Tschudy & Leopold 1971 YB02
    |--A. spinulosus Funkhouser 1961 YB02
    `--A. stelckii Srivastava 1968 YB02

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[YB02] Yi, S., & D. J. Batten. 2002. Palynology of Upper Cretaceous (uppermost Campanian–Maastrichtian) deposits in the South Yellow Sea Basin, offshore Korea. Cretaceous Research 23: 687–706.

Lignophyta

Reconstruction of Archaeopteris, from here.

Belongs within: Tracheophyta.
Contains: Medullosales, Spermatophyta.

The Lignophyta comprises the clade of wood-producing plants, defined by Cantino et al. (2007) as the most inclusive clade characterised by a bifascial vascular cambium (a meristematic layer producing secondary xylem on the inner face and secondary phloem on the outer face) homologous with that of Pinus sylvestris. Synapomorphies of lignophytes also include a periderm-producing cork cambium, and cortical fibre strands (lost in most derived subgroups; Cantino et al. 2007).

<==Lignophyta (see below for synonymy)
    |--Aneurophytales CD07
    |--Tetraxylopteris FC07
    `--+--+--Cecropteris FC07
       |  `--Archaeopteris Dawson 1871 FC07, C81 [Archaeopteridales]
       |       |--*A. hibernica C81, CWC87 [=Cyclopteris hibernicus Forbes 1854 C81]
       |       |--A. changyangensis CWC87
       |       |--A. fimbricata C81
       |       |--A. fissilis CWC87
       |       |--A. gothani [=Adiantites gothani] C81
       |       |--A. halliana CWC87
       |       |--A. howitti F71
       |       |--A. hubeiensis CWC87
       |       |--A. jacksoni CWC87
       |       |--A. latifolia C81
       |       |--A. macilenta CWC87
       |       |--A. mapaensis [=Cardiopteridium mapaense] C81
       |       |--A. obtusa CWC87
       |       |--A. roemeriana (Goeppert) Lesquereux 1880 (see below for synonymy) CWC87
       |       |--A. rogersi CWC87
       |       |--A. sphenophyllifolia CWC87
       |       `--A. wilkinsoni Feistmantel 1878-1879 F71
       `--+--Elkinsia polymorpha FC07, MM12
          `--+--Laceya FC07
             `--+--+--Bilignea FC07
                |  `--Lyrasperma FC07
                `--Apo-Spermatophyta [Gymnospermae, Spermatophytata] CD07
                     |  i. s.: Dicksonites pluckeneti T30
                     |         Rienitsia variabilis M01
                     |--Heterangium FC07
                     |--+--Medullosales FC07
                     |  `--+--Callistophyton [Callistophytaceae] FC07
                     |     |    `--C. proxyloides RMH-C05
                     |     `--Spermatophyta FC07
                     `--Lyginopteridaceae D98
                          |--Lyginopteris FC07
                          |--Pecopteris VA01
                          |    |--P. obscura Dun 1897 F71
                          |    `--P. plumosa A38
                          |--Rhacopteris VA01
                          |    |--R. fertilis VA01
                          |    |--R. intermedia F71
                          |    |--R. lindsaeformis VA01
                          |    |--R. paniculifera VA01
                          |    `--R. septentrionalis Feistmantel 1878-1879 F71
                          `--Sphenopteris VA01
                               |--S. bifida VA01
                               |--S. eocenica S89
                               |--S. grandis Dun 1898 F71
                               |--S. marginata [incl. S. rotundifolia] A38
                               |--S. obtusiloba CWC87
                               `--S. valida [incl. S. artemisiae-folioides] A38

Lignophyta incertae sedis:
  Botrychiopsis Z02
  Genselia uberis VA01
  Triphyllopteris [Calamopityaceae] VA01
  Alisporites YB02
    |--A. bilateralis Rouse 1959 YB02
    `--A. similis (Balme) Dettmann 1963 YB02
  Ephedripites YB02
    |--E. eocaenicus (Selling) Yi & Batten 2002 [=Schizaea eocaenica Selling 1944] YB02
    |--E. huanghuaensis Ke & Shi 1978 YB02
    |--E. irregularis Herngreen 1973 I02
    |--E. jansonii (Pocock) Muller 1968 YB02
    |--E. multicostatus Brenner 1963 YB02
    |--E. multipartitus (Chlonova) Gao & Zhao 1976 YB02
    |--E. ovalis Muller 1968 I02
    `--E. praeclarus (Chlonova) Yi & Batten 2002 [=Schizaea praeclara Chlonova 1961] YB02
  Inaperturopollenites YB02
    |--I. dubius (Potonié & Venitz) Thomson & Pflug 1953 YB02
    |--I. hiatus (Potonié) Thomson & Pflug 1953 YB02
    `--I. laevigatus Takahashi 1957 YB02
  Cedripites parvus Norton in Norton & Hall 1969 YB02
  Phyllocladidites YB02
    |--P. inchoatus (Pierce) Norris 1967 YB02
    `--P. mawsonii Cookson 1947 RC02
  Pinuspollenites labdacus YB02
    |--P. l. f. labdacus YB02
    `--P. l. f. maximus Potonié 1958 YB02
  Podocarpidites YB02
    |--P. minutus Wang 1975 YB02
    `--P. nageiaformis (Zaklinskaya) Takahashi 1964 YB02
  Rugubivesiculites YB02
    |--R. convolutus Pierce 1961 YB02
    |--R. reductus Pierce 1961 YB02
    `--P. rugosus Pierce 1961 YB02
  Protopityales CD07
  Crossia SS04

Archaeopteris roemeriana (Goeppert) Lesquereux 1880 [=Cyclopteris roemeriana Goeppert 1859; incl. A. guangdongensis Feng 1977, A. mutatoformis Li 1984, A. tonglingiana Li 1984, A. zhongmingiana Li 1984] CWC87

Lignophyta [Cycadophytanae, Lignophytia, Pan-Spermatophyta, Progymnospermida, Progymnospermophyta, Progymnospermopsida, Radiatopses]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A38] Alcock, F. J. 1938. Geology of Saint John region, New Brunswick. Geological Survey of Canada Memoir 216: 1-65.

[C81] Cai C.-Y. 1981. On the occurrence of Archaeopteris in China. Acta Palaeontologica Sinica 20 (1): 75-80.

[CWC87] Cai C.-Y., Wen Y.-G. & Chen P.-Q. 1987. Archaeopteris florula from Upper Devonian of Xinhui County, central Guangdong and its stratigraphical significance. Acta Palaeontologica Sinica 26 (1): 55-64.

[CD07] Cantino, P. D., J. A. Doyle, S. W. Graham, W. S. Judd, R. G. Olmstead, D. E. Soltis, P. S. Soltis & M. J. Donoghue. 2007. Towards a phylogenetic nomenclature of Tracheophyta. Taxon 56 (3): E1-E44.

[D98] Doyle, J. A. 1998. Phylogeny of vascular plants. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 29: 567-599.

[F71] Fletcher, H. O. 1971. Catalogue of type specimens of fossils in the Australian Museum, Sydney. Australian Museum Memoir 13: 1-167.

[FC07] Friis, E. M., P. R. Crane, K. R. Pedersen, S. Bengtson, P. C. J. Donoghue, G. W. Grimm & M. Stampanoni. 2007. Phase-contrast X-ray microtomography links Cretaceous seed with Gnetales and Bennettitales. Nature 450: 549-552.

[I02] Ibrahim, M. I. A. 2002. Late Albian-Middle Cenomanian palynofacies and palynostratigraphy, Abu Gharadig-5 well, Western Desert, Egypt. Cretaceous Research 23: 775-788.

[MM12] Mao, K., R. I. Milne, L. Zhang, Y. Peng, J. Liu, P. Thomas, R. R. Mill & S. S. Renner. 2012. Distribution of living Cupressaceae reflects the breakup of Pangea. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 109 (20): 7793-7798.

[M01] McLoughlin, S. 2001. The breakup history of Gondwana and its impact on pre-Cenozoic floristic provincialism. Australian Journal of Botany 49: 271-300.

[RC02] Riding, J. B., & J. A. Crame. 2002. Aptian to Coniacian (Early–Late Cretaceous) palynostratigraphy of the Gustav Group, James Ross Basin, Antarctica. Cretaceous Research 23: 739-760.

[RMH-C05] Rothwell, G. W., G. Mapes & G. R. Hernandez-Castillo. 2005. Hanskerpia gen. nov. and phylogenetic relationships among the most ancient conifers (Voltziales). Taxon 54 (3): 733-750.

[SS04] Schneider, H., E. Schuettpelz, K. M. Pryer, R. Cranfill, S. Magallón & R. Lupia. 2004. Ferns diversified in the shadow of angiosperms. Nature 428: 553-557.

[S89] Squinabol, S. 1889. Res Ligusticae. VII.—Cenno preliminare sulla flora fossile di Santa Giustina. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, Serie 2a 7: 73-76.

[T30] Thomas, H. H. 1930. Further observations on the cuticle structure of Mesozoic cycadean fronds. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of London 141: 5-7.

[VA01] Vega, J. C., & S. Archangelsky. 2001. Austrocalyxaceae, a new pteridosperm family from Gondwana. Palaeontographica Abt. B 257: 1-16.

[YB02] Yi, S., & D. J. Batten. 2002. Palynology of Upper Cretaceous (uppermost Campanian-Maastrichtian) deposits in the South Yellow Sea Basin, offshore Korea. Cretaceous Research 23: 687-706.

[Z02] Zherikhin, V. V. 2002. Ecological history of the terrestrial insects. In History of Insects (A. P. Rasnitsyn & D. L. J. Quicke, eds) pp. 331-388. Kluwer Academic Publishers: Dordrecht.

Tracheophyta

Cooksonia pertonii, from here.

Belongs within: Apo-Tracheophyta.
Contains: Trimerophytina, Lignophyta, Monilophyta, Lycopodiopsida.

Tracheophyta was defined by Cantino et al. (2007) as the crown-group of vascular plants, i.e. the largest crown clade including Zea mays but not Phaeoceros laevis, Marchantia polymorpha or Polytrichum commune, characterised by the walls of the water-conducting cells having a thick, lignified, decay-resistent layer. Modern tracheophytes are divided between the Lycopodiopsida (clubmosses and allies) and Euphyllophyta (ferns and seed plants). Living members of the latter clade are characterised by the presence of broad true leaves (megaphylls or euphylls), but fossil evidence suggests that the leaves of ferns and seed plants may have evolved independently from each other (Cantino et al. 2007).

Tracheophyta [Cormatae, Pteridophytina]
    |--Pan-Euphyllophyta [Euphyllophytina] CD07
    |    |--Trimerophytina CD07
    |    `--Euphyllophyta CD07
    |         |--Lignophyta CD07
    |         `--Pan-Monilophyta [Pteridophytanae] CD07
    |              |--Cladoxylopsida BC98
    |              |    |--Hyeniales D98
    |              |    `--Cladoxylon [Cladoxylales] D98
    |              |         `--C. dawsonii D98
    |              `--+--Monilophyta CD07
    |                 |--Rhacophyton D98
    |                 `--Zygopteris [Zygopteridales] D98
    `--Pan-Lycopodiophyta [Lycopodiobiotina] CD07
         |--Cooksonia Lang 1937 D98, EE86
         |    |--C. bohemica EE86
         |    |--C. caledonica EE86
         |    |--C. crassiparietilis EE86
         |    |--C. hemisphaerica EE86
         |    `--C. pertonii BC98
         `--+--Renalia D98
            |    |--R. grabertii EE86
            |    |--R. hueberi EE86
            |    `--R. major EE86
            `--Lycophytina BC98
                 |--Lycopodiopsida CD07
                 `--Zosterophyllopsida BC98
                      |--Gosslingia breconensis BC98
                      |--Zosterophyllum rhenanum D98, S00
                      `--Sawdonia D98
                           |--S. ornata S00
                           `--S. spinosissima S00

Tracheophyta incertae sedis:
  Carpolithes CWC87
    |--C. amaranthaceus Ettingshausen 1886 F71
    |--C. heerii JD05
    `--C. wetherellioides Ettingshausen 1886 F71
  Xylia PA-W02
    |--X. dolabriformis PA-W02
    `--X. xylocarpa RH91
  Paripteris pseudogigantea SC02
  Austrocalyxaceae VA01
    |--Rinconadia archangelskyi VA01
    |--Jejenia alata VA01
    |--Austrocalyx Vega & Archangelsky 1996 VA01
    |    `--A. jejenensis VA01
    `--Polycalyx Vega & Archangelsky 2001 VA01
         |--*P. laterale Vega & Archangelsky 2001 VA01
         `--P. tetramera Vega & Archangelsky 2001 VA01
  Nothorhacopteris VA01
  Bergiopteris VA01
  Hydrasperma tenuis VA01
  Diplopteridium VA01
    |--D. holdenii VA01
    `--D. teilianum VA01
  Pullaritheca longii [=Hydrasperma longii] VA01
  Moresnetia VA01
  Buteoxylonaceae VA01
  Stauropteridales BC98
  Yunia dichotoma Hao & Beck 1991 G97
  Lycopodiella serpentina P05
  Cicatricosisporites I02
    |--C. annulatus VB02
    |--C. augustus VB02
    |--C. australiensis (Cookson) Potonié 1956 I02
    |--C. hughesii VB02
    |--C. ludbrookiae VB02
    |--C. orbiculatus Singh 1964 I02
    |--C. purbeckensis VB02
    `--C. recticicatricosus Döring 1965 I02
  Deltoidospora I02
    |--D. hallii Miner 1935 I02
    `--D. psilostoma Rouse 1959 YB02
  Gleicheniidites senonicus Ross 1949 I02
  Matonisporites cooksoniae I02, VB02
  Cibotiumspora jurienensis (Balme) Filatoff 1975 I02
  Cyathidites I02
    |--C. australis Couper 1953 YB02
    `--C. minor Couper 1953 YB02
  Todisporites I02
    |--T. major Couper 1958 YB02
    `--T. minor Couper 1958 YB02
  Trilobosporites laevigatus El Beialy 1994 I02
  Camelina sativa BO08
  Aneimites F71
    |--A. austrina Etheridge 1888 F71
    `--A. ovata [incl. Rhacopteris inaequilatera] F71
  Apocynocarpum sulcatum Ettingshausen 1886 F71
  Artocarpidium F71
    |--A. gregoi Ettingshausen 1886 F71
    `--A. stuarti Ettingshausen 1883 F71
  Bairera multifida F71
  Bambusites arthrostylinus Ettingshausen 1886 F71
  Blechnoxylon talbragarense Etheridge 1899 F71
  Walkomiella australis [=Brachyphyllum australe Feistmantel 1878-1879] F71
  Callistemophyllum F71
    |--C. hackii Ettingshausen 1886 F71
    `--C. obliquum Ettingshausen 1886 F71
  Cladophlebis F71
    |--C. australis F71
    `--C. roylei F71
         |--C. r. var. roylei F71
         `--C. r. var. murtoni Dun 1909 F71
  Cupanites selwyni Ettingshausen 1886 F71
  Cycadopteris scolopendrina Ratte 1887 F71
  Dalbergiophyllum affine Ettingshausen 1886 F71
  Diemenia perseaefolia Ettingshausen 1886 F71
  Dolichites coriaceus Ettingshausen 1886 F71
  Ficonium solandri Ettingshausen 1883 F71
  Gangamopteris walkomii Rigby 1967 F71
  Ginkgocladus australiensis Ettingshausen 1886 F71
  Heterocladiscos thujoides Ettingshausen 1883 F71
  Salisburia palmata [=Jeanpaulia palmata Ratte 1886] F71
  Lepidopteris madagascariensis F71
  Macrotaeniopteris wianamattae Feistmantel 1878-1879 F71
  Molongia brownii Ettingshausen 1883 F71
  Maitaia podocarpoides F71
  Malpighiastrum babbagei Ettingshausen 1886 F71
  Microphyllopteris pectinata F71
  Myrtonium F71
    |--M. lanceolatum Ettingshausen 1886 F71
    `--M. obtusifolium Ettingshausen 1886 F71
  Oleandridium lenticuliforme Etheridge 1894 F71
  Ovopteris alata F71
  Palaeocladus cuneiformis Ettingshausen 1886 F71
  Pitys sussmilchi F71
  Pseudopinus wilkinsoni Ettingshausen 1886 F71
  Rhopala sapindifolia Ettingshausen 1886 F71
  Rissikia F71
    |--R. apiculata Townrow 1967 F71
    `--R. media F71
  Stenopteris rigida Dun 1909 F71
  Thinnfeldia F71
    |--T. feistmanteli F71
    |--T. lancifolia F71
    `--T. narrabeenensis Dun in Walkom 1925 F71
  Dicroidium odontopteroides [=Thinnfeldia odontopteroides] F71
  Trachyphyllum myosotinum Ettingshausen 1886 F71
  Leptophloeum F71
    |--L. australe [=Lepidodendron australe] F71
    `--L. rhombicum ZA02
  Annularia F71
    |--A. australis Feistmantel 1878-1879 F71
    |--A. ivini Walkom 1941 F71
    |--A. latifolia A38
    |--A. sphenophylloides A38
    `--A. stellata A38
  Dryophyllum F71
    |--D. curticellense JD05
    |--D. howitti Ettingshausen 1886 F71
    `--D. moselense JD05
  Cyclostigma F71
    |--C. australe Feistmantel 1878-1879 F71
    `--C. kiltorkense CWC87

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A38] Alcock, F. J. 1938. Geology of Saint John region, New Brunswick. Geological Survey of Canada Memoir 216: 1-65.

[BC98] Bateman, R. M., P. R. Crane, W. A. DiMichele, P. R. Kenrick, N. P. Rowe, T. Speck & W. E. Stein. 1998. Early evolution of land plants: phylogeny, physiology, and ecology of the primary terrestrial radiation. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 29: 263-292.

[BO08] Bönsel, D., I. Ottich, A. Malten & G. Zizka. 2008. An updated list of the vascular plants of Frankfurt am Main (Pteridophyta & Spermatophyta). Senckenbergiana Biologica 88 (1): 111-121.

[CWC87] Cai C.-Y., Wen Y.-G. & Chen P.-Q. 1987. Archaeopteris florula from Upper Devonian of Xinhui County, central Guangdong and its stratigraphical significance. Acta Palaeontologica Sinica 26 (1): 55-64.

[CD07] Cantino, P. D., J. A. Doyle, S. W. Graham, W. S. Judd, R. G. Olmstead, D. E. Soltis, P. S. Soltis & M. J. Donoghue. 2007. Towards a phylogenetic nomenclature of Tracheophyta. Taxon 56 (3): E1-E44.

[D98] Doyle, J. A. 1998. Phylogeny of vascular plants. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 29: 567-599.

[EE86] Edwards, D., & D. S. Edwards. 1986. A reconsideration of the Rhyniophytina Banks. In Systematic and Taxonomic Approaches in Palaeobotany (R. A. Spicer & B. A. Thomas, eds) Systematics Association Special Volume 31: 199-220. Clarendon Press: Oxford.

[F71] Fletcher, H. O. 1971. Catalogue of type specimens of fossils in the Australian Museum, Sydney. Australian Museum Memoir 13: 1-167.

[G97] Gerrienne, P. 1997. The fossil plants from the Lower Devonian of Marchin (northern margin of Dinant Synclinorium, Belgium): V. Psilophyton genseliae sp. nov., with hypotheses on the origin of Trimerophytina. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 98: 303-324.

[I02] Ibrahim, M. I. A. 2002. Late Albian-Middle Cenomanian palynofacies and palynostratigraphy, Abu Gharadig-5 well, Western Desert, Egypt. Cretaceous Research 23: 775-788.

[JD05] Junge, F. W., M. Dolezych, H. Walther, T. Böttger, A. Kühl, L. Kunzmann, P. Morgenstern, T. Steinberg & R. Stange. 2005. Ein Fenster in Landschaft und Vegetation vor 37 Millionen Jahren: Lithologische, sedimentgeochemische und paläobotanische Befunde aus einem Paläoflusssystem des Weißelsterbeckens. Mauritiana 19 (2): 185-273.

[PA-W02] Pang, K.-L., M. A. Abdel-Wahab, S. Sivichai, H. M. El-Sharouney & E. B. G. Jones. 2002. Jahnulales (Dothideomycetes, Ascomycota): A new order of lignicolous freshwater ascomycetes. Mycological Research 106 (9): 1031-1042.

[P05] Pinder, A. M. 2005. A review of biodiversity in wetlands with organic sediments on the Swan Coastal Plain, Western Australia, with an emphasis on aquatic invertebrates. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 88 (3): 129-132.

[RH91] Ramani, N., & M. A. Haq. 1991. Potential of Meristacarus degradatus and Xylobates rhomboides (Acari: Oribatei) in the degradation of higher plant materials. In Dusbábek, F. & V. Bukva (eds) Modern Acarology: Proceedings of the VIII International Congress of Acarology, held in České Budĕjovice, Czechoslovakia, 6–11 August 1990 vol. 1 pp. 411-415. SPB Academic Publishing: The Hague.

[S00] Schweitzer, H. J. 2000. Neue Pflanzenfunde im Unterdevon der Eifel (Deutschland). Senckenbergiana Lethaea 80 (2): 371-395.

[SC02] Shute, C. H., & C. J. Cleal. 2002. Ecology and growth habit of Laveineopteris: A gymnosperm from the Late Carboniferous tropical rain forests. Palaeontology 45 (5): 943-972.

[VA01] Vega, J. C., & S. Archangelsky. 2001. Austrocalyxaceae, a new pteridosperm family from Gondwana. Palaeontographica Abt. B 257: 1-16.

[VB02] Vijaya & T. K. Bhattacharji. 2002. An Early Cretaceous age for the Rajmahal traps, Panagarh area, West Bengal: Palynological evidence. Cretaceous Research 23: 789-805.

[YB02] Yi, S., & D. J. Batten. 2002. Palynology of Upper Cretaceous (uppermost Campanian-Maastrichtian) deposits in the South Yellow Sea Basin, offshore Korea. Cretaceous Research 23: 687-706.

[ZA02] Zhu, M., P. E. Ahlberg, W. Zhao & L. Jia. 2002. First Devonian tetrapod from Asia. Nature 420: 760-761.

Coniferophyta

Maidenhair tree Ginkgo biloba, copyright Liné1.

Belongs within: Spermatophyta.
Contains: Dicranophyllales, Pinopsida.

The Coniferophyta has been recognised as a clade of gymnosperms including conifers, the ginkgo Ginkgo biloba, and the Palaeozoic Cordaitales. Members of this clade have simple, dichotomously veined leaves, simple strobili in the axils of the leaves, and platyspermic seeds (Doyle 1998).

<==Coniferophyta
    |  i. s.: Carpentieria frondosa RM01
    |         Dichophyllum RM01
    |         Ginkgophyllum RM01
    |         Polyspermophyllum sergii RM01
    |         Sphenobaiera RM01
    |         Vojnovskyales RM01
    |           |--Sergeia neuburgii RM01
    |           `--Vojnovskya [Vojnovskyaceae] RM01
    |                `--V. paradoxa RM01
    |--Ginkgoopsida [Ginkgophyta] RY03
    |    |  i. s.: Ginkgoites RY03
    |    |         Phoenicopsis RY03
    |    |         Trichopitys heteromorpha RM01
    |    |         Karkenia D98
    |    |         Baiera D98
    |    `--Ginkgoales FC07
    |         |--Nehvizdya penalveri G02
    |         |--Ginkgo [Ginconinae, Ginkgoideae] CD07
    |         |    |--G. baiera GT12
    |         |    |--G. biloba Linnaeus 1771 CD07
    |         |    |--G. huttoni PL12
    |         |    `--G. liaoningensis PL12
    |         |--Eretmophyllum PL12
    |         |--Pseudotorellia PL12
    |         `--Nehvizdyella bipartita PL12
    `--Pan-Coniferae CD07
         |--+--Dicranophyllales RMH-C05
         |  `--Pinopsida FC07
         `--Cordaitales [Cordaitanthales] FC07
              |  i. s.: Cordaites F71
              |           |--C. australis F71
              |           |--C. borassifolius [=Flabellaria borassifolia] F04
              |           `--C. robbii [incl. C. borassifolius] A38
              |         Cordaitanthus devonicus A38
              |--Shanxioxylon FC07
              `--+--Mesoxylon priapii FC07, RMH-C05
                 `--Cordaixylon FC07
                      |--C. dumusum RMH-C05
                      `--C. iowensis MM12

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A38] Alcock, F. J. 1938. Geology of Saint John region, New Brunswick. Geological Survey of Canada Memoir 216: 1-65.

[CD07] Cantino, P. D., J. A. Doyle, S. W. Graham, W. S. Judd, R. G. Olmstead, D. E. Soltis, P. S. Soltis & M. J. Donoghue. 2007. Towards a phylogenetic nomenclature of Tracheophyta. Taxon 56 (3): E1-E44.

[D98] Doyle, J. A. 1998. Phylogeny of vascular plants. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 29: 567-599.

[F71] Fletcher, H. O. 1971. Catalogue of type specimens of fossils in the Australian Museum, Sydney. Australian Museum Memoir 13: 1-167.

[FC07] Friis, E. M., P. R. Crane, K. R. Pedersen, S. Bengtson, P. C. J. Donoghue, G. W. Grimm & M. Stampanoni. 2007. Phase-contrast X-ray microtomography links Cretaceous seed with Gnetales and Bennettitales. Nature 450: 549-552.

[F04] Fritsch, A. 1904. Palaeozoische Arachniden. Selestverlag: Prague.

[GT12] Giribet, G., A. L. Tourinho, C. Shih & D. Ren. 2012. An exquisitely preserved harvestman (Arthropoda, Arachnida, Opiliones) from the Middle Jurassic of China. Organisms, Diversity & Evolution 12: 51-66.

[G02] Gomez, B. 2002. A new species of Mirovia (Coniferales, Miroviaceae) from the Lower Cretaceous of the Iberian Ranges (Spain). Cretaceous Research 23: 761-773.

[MM12] Mao, K., R. I. Milne, L. Zhang, Y. Peng, J. Liu, P. Thomas, R. R. Mill & S. S. Renner. 2012. Distribution of living Cupressaceae reflects the breakup of Pangea. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 109 (20): 7793-7798.

[PL12] Peñalver, E., C. C. Labandeira, E. Barrón, X. Delclòs, P. Nel, A. Nel, P. Tafforeau & C. Soriano. 2012. Thrips pollination of Mesozoic gymnosperms. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 109 (22): 8623-8628.

[RY03] Ren, D., & J. Yin. 2003. New ‘osmylid-like’ fossil Neuroptera from the Middle Jurassic of Inner Mongolia, China. Journal of the New York Entomological Society 111 (1): 1-11.

[RM01] Rothwell, G. W., & G. Mapes. 2001. Barthelia furcata gen. et sp. nov., with a review of Paleozoic coniferophytes and a discussion of coniferophyte systematics. International Journal of Plant Sciences 162 (3): 637-667.

[RMH-C05] Rothwell, G. W., G. Mapes & G. R. Hernandez-Castillo. 2005. Hanskerpia gen. nov. and phylogenetic relationships among the most ancient conifers (Voltziales). Taxon 54 (3): 733-750.

Cycadophyta

Sago palm Cycas revoluta, from here.

Belongs within: Spermatophyta.
Contains: Encephalartos, Macrozamia, Ceratozamia, Zamia.

The Cycadophyta, cycads, are a group of superficially palm-like gymnosperms. The name 'Cycadophyta' was defined by Cantino et al. (2007) to refer to the cycad crown group, characterised by the presence of cone domes, vascular strands crossing the pith within the stem. These result from the sympodial growth of the plant: each successive cone represents the termination of the apical meristem, and growth is continued through the production of a secondary subapical bud that eventually overtops the old cone and displaces it to one side.

<==Cycadophyta [Cycadales]
    |--Cycas [Cycadaceae, Cycadineae] TK01
    |    |--C. chamaoensis NM11
    |    `--+--C. pectinata NM11
    |       |--+--C. nongnoochiae NM11
    |       |  `--+--C. tansachana NM11
    |       |     `--+--C. condaoensis NM11
    |       |        `--C. elongata NM11
    |       `--+--C. lindstromii NM11
    |          `--+--+--C. clivicola NM11
    |             |  `--C. siamensis NM11
    |             `--+--+--+--C. hongheensis NM11
    |                |  |  `--+--C. petraea NM11
    |                |  |     `--+--C. ferruginea NM11
    |                |  |        `--+--C. panzhihuaensis NM11
    |                |  |           `--+--C. szechunensis NM11
    |                |  |              `--+--C. revoluta Thunberg 1782 NM11,CD07
    |                |  |                 `--C. taitungensis NM11
    |                |  `--+--+--C. fugax NM11
    |                |     |  `--C. hainanensis NM11
    |                |     `--+--C. micholitzii NM11
    |                |        `--+--C. multipinnata NM11
    |                |           `--+--+--C. guizhouensis NM11
    |                |              |  `--+--C. debaoensis NM11
    |                |              |     `--C. diannanensis NM11
    |                |              `--+--+--C. collina NM11
    |                |                 |  `--C. simplicipinna NM11
    |                |                 `--+--+--C. miquelii NM11
    |                |                    |  `--C. sexseminifera NM11
    |                |                    `--+--+--C. aculeata NM11
    |                |                       |  `--C. brachycantha NM11
    |                |                       `--+--+--C. dolichophylla NM11
    |                |                          |  `--C. segmentifida NM11
    |                |                          `--+--C. tropophylla NM11
    |                |                             `--+--C. chevalieri NM11
    |                |                                `--C. tanqingii NM11
    |                `--+--C. macrocarpa NM11
    |                   `--+--C. seemannii NM11
    |                      `--+--+--C. bougainvilleana NM11
    |                         |  `--+--+--C. chamberlainii NM11
    |                         |     |  `--C. riuminiana NM11
    |                         |     `--+--C. litoralis NM11
    |                         |        `--+--C. zeylanica NM11
    |                         |           `--+--C. edentata NM11
    |                         |              `--+--C. rumphii NM11
    |                         |                 `--+--C. thourasica NM11
    |                         |                    `--+--C. micronesica NM11
    |                         |                       `--+--C. circinalis Linnaeus 1753 NM11, CD07
    |                         |                          `--+--C. beddomei NM11
    |                         |                             `--C. sphaerica NM11
    |                         `--+--C. media NM11
    |                            `--+--+--C. apoa NM11
    |                               |  `--C. schumanniana NM11
    |                               `--+--+--C. armstrongii NM11
    |                                  |  `--+--C. manconochiei NM11
    |                                  |     `--C. xipholepis NM11
    |                                  `--+--C. calcicola NM11
    |                                     `--+--+--+--C. cairnsiana NM11
    |                                        |  |  `--C. couttsiana NM11
    |                                        |  `--+--C. platyphylla NM11
    |                                        |     `--C. semota NM11
    |                                        `--+--C. ophiolitica NM11
    |                                           `--+--C. basaltica NM11
    |                                              `--+--C. ensata [=C. media ssp. ensata] NM11
    |                                                 `--C. yorkiana NM11
    `--Zamiaceae [Zamiineae] TK01
         |--+--+--Lepidozamia NM11
         |  |  |    |--L. hopei NM11
         |  |  |    `--L. peroffskyana NM11
         |  |  `--Encephalartos NM11
         |  `--Macrozamia NM11
         `--+--Dioon NM11
            |    |--D. spinulosum NM11
            |    `--+--D. edule NM11
            |       `--+--D. tomasellii NM11
            |          `--+--D. merolae NM11
            |             `--D. purpusii NM11
            `--+--Bowenia NM11
               |    |--B. serrulata NM11
               |    `--B. spectabilis PL12
               `--+--+--Stangeria eriopus NM11
                  |  `--Ceratozamia NM11
                  `--+--Microcycas calocoma NM11
                     `--Zamia NM11

Cycadophyta incertae sedis:
  Taeniopteris Z02
    |--T. daintreei [incl. T. spatulata] F71
    |--T. triassica Walkom 1925 F71
    `--T. vittata T30
  Pterophyllum nathorsti [=Dioonites nathorsti] T30
  Holozamites WL10
  Androstrobus PL12
    |--A. balmei PL12
    |--A. szei PL12
    `--A. wonnacotti PL12
  Delemaya spinulosa PL12

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[CD07] Cantino, P. D., J. A. Doyle, S. W. Graham, W. S. Judd, R. G. Olmstead, D. E. Soltis, P. S. Soltis & M. J. Donoghue. 2007. Towards a phylogenetic nomenclature of Tracheophyta. Taxon 56 (3): E1-E44.

[F71] Fletcher, H. O. 1971. Catalogue of type specimens of fossils in the Australian Museum, Sydney. Australian Museum Memoir 13: 1-167.

[NM11] Nagalingum, N. S., C. R. Marshall, T. B. Quental, H. S. Rai, D. P. Little & S. Mathews. 2011. Recent synchronous radiation of a living fossil. Science 334: 796-799.

[PL12] Peñalver, E., C. C. Labandeira, E. Barrón, X. Delclòs, P. Nel, A. Nel, P. Tafforeau & C. Soriano. 2012. Thrips pollination of Mesozoic gymnosperms. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 109 (22): 8623-8628.

[TK01] Tagashira, N., & K. Kondo. 2001. Chromosome phylogeny of Zamia and Ceratozamia by means of Robertsonian changes detected by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) technique of rDNA. Plant Systematics and Evolution 227: 145-155.

[T30] Thomas, H. H. 1930. Further observations on the cuticle structure of Mesozoic cycadean fronds. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of London 141: 5-7.

[WL10] Wang, Y., Z. Liu, X. Wang, C. Shih, Y. Zhao, M. S. Engel & D. Ren. 2010. Ancient pinnate leaf mimesis among lacewings. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 107 (37): 16212-16215.

[Z02] Zherikhin, V. V. 2002. Ecological history of the terrestrial insects. In History of Insects (A. P. Rasnitsyn & D. L. J. Quicke, eds) pp. 331-388. Kluwer Academic Publishers: Dordrecht.