Papilionidae

Short-horned baronia Baronia brevicornis, copyright Fritz Geller-Grimm.

Belongs within: Obtectomera.
Contains: Teracolus, Papilioninae, Parnassiinae.

The Papilionidae, swallowtails, are a group of large butterflies characterised by the presence of an epiphysis on the fore tibia. The short-horned baronia Baronia brevicornis of Mexico is placed as its own subfamily as the sister taxon of all other living species (Silva-Brandão et al. 2005).

Characters (from Braby 2000): Adults large, boldly patterned, often with brilliant colours. Antennae relatively close together at base. Forewing with five-branched radial vein, R₄ and R₅ usually stalked, and two anal veins with 2A running freely to dorsum; hind wing with humeral vein present, single anal vein present, tornus often conspicuously tailed. Both sexes with six functional legs; fore tibia with epiphysis; tarsi with simple, well-developed apical claws. Egg almost spherical, usually smooth. Final instar larva stout, often bearing series of dorsal processes or spines that may be long and fleshy; thorax sometimes humped, always bearing eversible osmeterium; crochets of prolegs in biordinal or triordinal mesoseries. Pupa attached by cremaster, held upright by central girdle.

<==Papilionidae
    |--Baronia [Baroniinae] S-BF05
    |    `--B. brevicornis Salvin 1893 S-BF05
    `--+--Papilioninae S-BF05
       `--Parnassiinae S-BF05

Papilionidae incertae sedis:
  Bhutanitis GE05
  Praepapilio GE05
    |--P. colorado GE05
    `--P. gracilis GE05
  Iphiclides AN-A04
    |--I. ajax RD77
    `--I. podalirius AN-A04
         |--I. p. podalirius AN-A04
         `--I. p. feisthamelii AN-A04
  Sericinus telamon P01
  ‘Thais’ Fabricius 1807 non Röding 1798 P01, BR05
    |--T. polyxena P01
    `--T. rumina G20
  Zerynthia polyxena P93
  Teracolus B01a
  Glutophrissa contracta B01a
  Herpaenia eriphia B01a
  Eronia E01b
    |--E. dilatata B01a
    `--E. leda B01b
  Pinacopteryx B01b
    |--P. astarte B01b
    |--P. gerda B01b
    |--P. orbona [incl. P. larima] B01b
    |--P. pigea B01b
    `--P. rubrobasalis [incl. P. vidua] B01b
  Nychitona medusa B01b

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[AN-A04] Askew, R. R., & J. L. Nieves-Aldrey. 2004. Further observations on Eupelminae (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea, Eupelmidae) in the Iberian Peninsula and Canary Islands, including descriptions of new species. Graellsia 60 (1): 27–39.

[BR05] Bouchet, P., & J.-P. Rocroi. 2005. Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families. Malacologia 47 (1–2): 1–397.

Braby, M. F. 2000. Butterflies of Australia: their identification, biology and distribution vol. 1. CSIRO Publishing: Collingwood (Victoria).

[B01a] Butler, A. G. 1901a. An account of a collection of butterflies made by the Rev. K. St. Aubyn Rogers between Mombasa and the forests of Taveta. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, series 7, 7: 22–35.

[B01b] Butler, A. G. 1901b. An account of a collection of butterflies obtained by Lord Delamere, chiefly at Munisu, near Mount Kenya. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, series 7, 7: 197–203.

[G20] Goldfuss, G. A. 1820. Handbuch der Naturgeschichte vol. 3. Handbuch der Zoologie pt 1. Johann Leonhard Schrag: Nürnberg.

[GE05] Grimaldi, D., & M. S. Engel. 2005. Evolution of the Insects. Cambridge University Press: New York.

[P01] Pável, J. 1901. Lepkék [Lepidopteren]. In: Horváth, G. (ed.) Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazása [Dritte Asiatische Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] vol. 2. Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazásának Állattani Eredményei [Zoologische Ergebnisse der Dritten Asiatischen Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] pp. 171–177. Victor Hornyánszky: Budapest, and Karl W. Hierseman: Leipzig.

[P93] Pittaway, A. R. 1993. The Hawkmoths of the Western Palaearctic. Harley Books: Colchester.

[RD77] Richards, O. W., & R. G. Davies. 1977. Imms' General Textbook of Entomology 10^th ed. vol. 2. Classification and Biology. Chapman and Hall: London.

[S-BF05] Silva-Brandão, K. L., A. V. L. Freitas, A. V. Z. Brower & V. N. Solferini. 2005. Phylogenetic relationships of the New World Troidini swallowtails (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae) based on COI, COII, and EF-1α genes. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 36: 468–483.

Last updated: 1 March 2021.

Papilio

Blue Mountain butterfly Papilio ulysses, photographed by Gary Fortington.

Belongs within: Papilioninae.

Papilio is a cosmopolitan genus of butterflies including the swallowtails and related taxa. Over 200 species are currently recognised; a number of authors have attempted to divide Papilio into smaller genera but these systems have not become widely recognised. Larvae usually feed on plants of the family Rutaceae and may sequester terpenoids from their diet to produce defensive secretions.

Papilio Linnaeus 1758 L58
    |--P. (Papilio) G20
    |    |--P. (P.) hector Linnaeus 1758 G20, L58
    |    |--P. (P.) machaon Linnaeus 1758 G20, S-BF05
    |    |    |--P. m. machaon P93
    |    |    |--P. m. bairdii P93
    |    |    `--P. m. oregonius P93
    |    `--P. (P.) priamus Linnaeus 1758 G20, L58
    `--P. (Zelima) pylades G20

Papilio incertae sedis:
  P. acastus Linnaeus 1758 L58
  P. acesta Linnaeus 1758 L58
  P. achates L02
  P. achilles Linnaeus 1758 L58
  P. adippe L02
  P. admetus Esper 1785 B08
  P. aegeria Linnaeus 1758 L58
  P. aegeus Donovan 1805 B00a
    |--P. a. aegeus B00a
    `--P. a. ormenus Guérin-Méneville 1830 B00a
  P. aeneas Linnaeus 1758 L58
  P. aeropa Linnaeus 1758 L58
  P. agamemnon Linnaeus 1758 L58
  P. agenor Linnaeus 1758 L58
  P. aglaja Linnaeus 1758 L58
  P. ajax Linnaeus 1758 L58
  P. alexanor P93
  P. alimena Linnaeus 1758 L58
  P. almana Linnaeus 1758 L58
  P. amathea Linnaeus 1758 L58
  P. ambrax Boisduval 1832 B00a
    |--P. a. ambrax B00a
    `--P. a. egipius Miskin 1876 B00a
  P. amphion Linnaeus 1758 L58
  P. amynthor Boisduval 1859 B00b
    |--P. a. amynthor B00b
    `--P. a. amphiaraus Felder & Felder 1864 B00b
  P. anacardii Linnaeus 1758 L58
  P. anactus Macleay 1826 [=Eleppone anactus] B00a
  P. ancaeus Linnaeus 1758 L58
  P. anchises Linnaeus 1758 L58
  P. anchisiades Esper 1788 S55
  P. andraemon USDI77
    |--P. a. andraemon USDI77
    `--P. a. bonhotei USDI77
  P. androgeus [incl. P. a. androgeus f. piranthus Cramer 1779] S55
  P. antilochus Linnaeus 1758 L58
  P. antiopa Linnaeus 1758 L58
  P. aonis Linnaeus 1758 L58
  P. apollo Linnaeus 1758 L58
  P. arethusus L02
  P. argentus B66
  P. argiolus Linnaeus 1758 L58
  P. argus Linnaeus 1758 L58
  P. arion Linnaeus 1758 L58
  P. aristodemus USDI77
    |--P. a. aristodemus USDI77
    `--P. a. ponceanus USDI77
  P. arsalte Linnaeus 1758 L58
  P. assimilis Linnaeus 1758 L58
  P. asterie Linnaeus 1758 L58
  P. atalanta Linnaeus 1758 L58
  P. athemon Linnaeus 1758 L58
  P. bates Linnaeus 1758 L58
  P. betulae Linnaeus 1758 L58
  P. bianor TYM08
    |--P. b. bianor TYM08
    `--P. b. kawauchii Nakamura 1932 TYM08
  P. bixae Linnaeus 1758 L58
  P. bolina Linnaeus 1758 L58
  P. brassicae Linnaeus 1758 L58
  P. brevicauda P93
  P. brontes B01b
  P. brucei P27
  P. cadmus L02
  P. c-album Linnaeus 1758 L58
  P. calliope Linnaeus 1758 L58
  P. cardamines Linnaeus 1758 L58
  P. cardui Linnaeus 1758 L58
  P. caricae Linnaeus 1758 L58
  P. cassiae Linnaeus 1758 L58
  P. castor L02
  P. caudius B66
  P. c-aureum Linnaeus 1758 L58
  P. ceneus Linnaeus 1758 L58
  P. cepheus Linnaeus 1758 L58
  P. ceres L02
  P. ceronus Esper 1793 B08
  P. charitonia L02
  P. cinxia Linnaeus 1758 L58
  P. clio Linnaeus 1758 L58
  P. clytia Linnaeus 1758 L58
  P. comma Linnaeus 1758 L58
  P. constantinus B01a
  P. corinneus B01a
  P. crataegi Linnaeus 1758 L58
  P. crisia L02
  P. cupido Linnaeus 1758 L58
  P. cyrene Linnaeus 1758 L58
  P. cytherea Linnaeus 1758 L58
  P. damone Linnaeus 1758 L58
  P. daplidice Linnaeus 1758 L58
  P. dardanus Ca96
  P. dasarada DS73
  P. deiphobus Linnaeus 1758 L58
  P. demetrius TYM08
    |--P. d. demetrius TYM08
    `--P. d. kariyai Nakamura 1934 TYM08
  P. demodocus B01c
  P. demoleus Linnaeus 1758 L58
    |--P. d. demoleus B12
    |--P. d. malayanus B00a
    `--P. d. sthenelus Macleay 1826 B12
  P. demolion Cramer 1776 BF08
  P. demophon Linnaeus 1758 L58
  P. dia L02
  P. diomedes Linnaeus 1758 L58
  P. diphilus [incl. P. polydorus] WM66
  P. dirce Linnaeus 1758 L58
  P. dissimilis Linnaeus 1758 L58
  P. echerioides B01b
  P. eleus Linnaeus 1758 L58
  P. encedon Linnaeus 1758 L58
  P. enceladus Linnaeus 1758 L58
  P. epidaus Doubleday 1846 FS54
  P. erato Linnaeus 1758 L58
  P. eribotes Linnaeus 1758 L58
  P. erithonius WM66
  P. euippe Linnaeus 1758 L58
  P. euphrosyne Linnaeus 1758 L58
  P. eurypylus Linnaeus 1758 L58
  P. euterpe Linnaeus 1758 L58
  P. feronia Linnaeus 1758 L58
  P. fuscus Goeze 1779 B00a
    |--P. f. fuscus B00a
    |--P. f. canopus Westwood 1842 B00a
    |--P. f. capaneus Westwood 1843 B00a
    `--P. f. indicatus Butler 1876 B00a
  P. galathea Linnaeus 1758 L58
  P. garleppi Staudinger 1892 S55
  P. glaucippe Linnaeus 1758 L58
  P. glaucus Linnaeus 1758 S-BF05 [=Pterourus glaucus P93]
  P. hecabe Linnaeus 1758 L58
  P. helena Linnaeus 1758 L58
  P. helenus Linnaeus 1758 L58
    |--P. h. helenus TYM08
    `--P. h. nicconicolens [incl. P. helenus nicconicolens ab. kiiensis Nakamura 1936] TYM08
  P. helie Linnaeus 1758 L58
  P. homerus HT01
  P. hospiton P93
  P. hyale Linnaeus 1758 L58
  P. hylas Linnaeus 1758 L58
  P. hyparete Linnaeus 1758 L58
  P. hyperantus Linnaeus 1758 L58
  P. hypsipyle L02
  P. idas Linnaeus 1758 L58
  P. idmon Linnaeus 1758 L58
  P. idomeneus Linnaeus 1758 L58
  P. indra P93
  P. io Linnaeus 17568 L58
  P. iphiclus Linnaeus 1758 L58
  P. iris Linnaeus 1758 L58
  P. ixilion Linnaeus 1758 L58
  P. janira Linnaeus 1758 L58
  P. jasius L02
  P. jason Linnaeus 1758 L58
  P. jatrophae L02
  P. joanae P93
  P. juno L02
  P. jurtina Linnaeus 1758 L58
  P. laglaizei DS73
  P. lampetia Linnaeus 1758 L58
  P. laomedia L02
  P. lathonia Linnaeus 1758 L58
  P. leda Linnaeus 1758 L58
  P. levana Linnaeus 1758 L58
  P. leilus Linnaeus 1758 L58
  P. lemonias Linnaeus 1758 L58
  P. leucothoe Linnaeus 1758 L58
  P. ligea Linnaeus 1758 L58
  P. lucina Linnaeus 1758 L58
  P. lysippus Linnaeus 1758 L58
  P. macleayanus P27
  P. maera Linnaeus 1758 L58
  P. malvae Linnaeus 1758 L58
  P. martyas Linnaeus 1758 L58
  P. maturna Linnaeus 1758 L58
  P. melpomene Linnaeus 1758 L58
  P. memnon Linnaeus 1758 L58
    |--P. m. memnon Ch96
    `--P. m. heronus Ch96
  P. menelaus Linnaeus 1758 L58
  P. merope B01a
  P. mineus Linnaeus 1758 L58
  P. mnemosyne Linnaeus 1758 L58
  P. mopsus Linnaeus 1758 L58
  P. napi Linnaeus 1758 L58
  P. nauplius Linnaeus 1758 L58
  P. neaerea Linnaeus 1758 L58
  P. neleus Linnaeus 1758 L58
  P. nestor Linnaeus 1758 L58
  P. niobe Linnaeus 1758 L58
  P. nireus Linnaeus 1758 L58
  P. nobilis B01c
  P. obrinus Linnaeus 1758 L58
  P. oenone Linnaeus 1758 L58
  P. orithya Linnaeus 1758 L58
  P. pammon Linnaeus 1758 L58
  P. pamphilus Linnaeus 1758 L58
  P. pandarus Linnaeus 1758 L58
  P. panope Linnaeus 1758 L58
  P. panthous Linnaeus 1758 L58
  P. paphia Linnaeus 1758 L58
  P. paris Linnaeus 1758 L58
  P. passisflorae L02
  P. patroclus Linnaeus 1758 L58
  P. perius Linnaeus 1758 L58
  P. petreus L02
  P. phaetusa Linnaeus 1758 L58
  P. phereclus Linnaeus 1758 L58
  P. phidias Linnaeus 1758 L58
  P. philocles Linnaeus 1758 L58
  P. philoctetes Linnaeus 1758 L58
  P. philolaus Boisduval 1836 FS54
  P. philonoe B01a
  P. philoxenus DS73
  P. photinus Doubleday 1844 FS54
  P. piera Linnaeus 1758 L58
  P. pinthous Linnaeus 1758 L58
  P. pipleis Linnaeus 1758 L58
  P. podalirius L02
  P. polychloros Linnaeus 1758 L58
  P. polycletus Linnaeus 1758 L58
  P. polydamas Linnaeus 1758 FS54
  P. polymnia Linnaeus 1758 L58
  P. polytes Linnaeus 1758 L58
  P. polyxenes FS54
    |--P. p. polyxenes FS54
    `--P. p. stabilis Rothschild & Jordan 1906 FS54
  P. populi Linnaeus 1758 L58
  P. priassus Linnaeus 1758 L58
  P. prorsa Linnaeus 1758 L58
  P. protesilaus Linnaeus 1758 L58
  P. proteus Linnaeus 1758 L58
  P. pruni Linnaeus 1758 L58
  P. psidii Linnaeus 1758 L58
  P. pyranthe Linnaeus 1758 L58
  P. pyrrhus Linnaeus 1758 L58
  P. quercus Linnaeus 1758 L58
  P. rapae Linnaeus 1758 L58
  P. rhamni Linnaeus 1758 L58
  P. rhetenor DS73
  P. ricini Linnaeus 1758 L58
  P. rubi Linnaeus 1758 L58
  P. rumina Linnaeus 1758 L58
  P. saharae P93
  P. sarpedon Linnaeus 1758 L58
  P. schmeltzi PP02
  P. semele Linnaeus 1758 L58
  P. sennae Linnaeus 1758 L58
  P. sinapis Linnaeus 1758 L58
  P. sophorae Linnaeus 1758 L58
  P. stelenes Linnaeus 1758 L58
  P. tages Linnaeus 1758 L58
  P. telamon Linnaeus 1758 L58
  P. telemachus Linnaeus 1758 L58
  P. terpsicore Linnaeus 1758 L58
  P. teucer Linnaeus 1758 L58
  P. thalia Linnaeus 1758 L58
  P. thamyras Linnaeus 1758 L58
  P. thoas [incl. P. thoas var. cinyras Ménétriés 1857] S55
    |--P. t. thoas FS54
    |--P. t. autocles Rothschild & Jordan 1906 FS54
    `--P. t. nealces Rothschild & Jordan 1906 FS54
  P. timantes Linnaeus 1758 L58
  P. tiphus Linnaeus 1758 L58
  P. torquatus B66
  P. trite Linnaeus 1758 L58
  P. troilus Linnaeus 1758 L58
  P. ulysses Linnaeus 1758 L58
    |--P. u. ulysses B00a
    `--P. u. joesa Butler 1869 B00a
  P. urania Linnaeus 1758 L58
  P. urticae Linnaeus 1758 L58
  P. vanillae Linnaeus 1758 L58
  P. venilia Linnaeus 1758 L58
  P. violae L02
  P. virgaureae Linnaeus 1758 L58
  P. xanthus Linnaeus 1758 L58
  P. xuthus P01
  P. zelicaon P93
  P. zetes Linnaeus 1758 L58

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B08] Bálint, Z. 2008. Lepidoptera collections of historical importance in the Hungarian Natural History Museum. Annales Historico-Naturales Musei Nationalis Hungarici 100: 17–35.

[BF08] Bálint, Z., & C. Faynel. 2008. Review of the genus Brangas Hübner, 1819 (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) with description of a new genus. Annales Historico-Naturales Musei Nationalis Hungarici 100: 271–306.

[B00a] Braby, M. F. 2000a. Butterflies of Australia: their identification, biology and distribution vol. 1. CSIRO Publishing: Collingwood (Victoria).

[B00b] Braby, M. F. 2000b. Butterflies of Australia: their identification, biology and distribution vol. 2. CSIRO Publishing: Collingwood (Victoria).

[B12] Braby, M. F. 2012. The butterflies of El Questro Wilderness Park, with remarks on the taxonomy of the Kimberley fauna, Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum 27 (2): 161–175.

[B66] Butler, A. G. 1866. Corrections and addenda to certain papers on Lepidoptera published during the years 1865–66; with additional notes on some of the species described. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 451–458.

[B01a] Butler, A. G. 1901a. An account of a collection of butterflies made by the Rev. K. St. Aubyn Rogers between Mombasa and the forests of Taveta. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, series 7, 7: 22–35.

[B01b] Butler, A. G. 1901b. An account of a collection of butterflies obtained by Lord Delamere, chiefly at Munisu, near Mount Kenya. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, series 7, 7: 197–203.

[B01c] Butler, A. G. 1901c. On a collection of butterflies from the Uganda Protectorate, forwarded by C. Steuart Betton, Esq., in 1900. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, series 7, 7: 562.

[Ca96] Campbell, N. A. 1996. Biology 4^th ed. The Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company, Inc.: Menlo Park (California).

[Ch96] Chow, Y. S. 1996. Biology and life stages of Charletonia taiwanensis Tsai and Chow (Erythraeidae) in Taiwan. In: Mitchell, R., D. J. Horn, G. R. Needham & W. C. Welbourn (eds) Acarology IX vol. 1. Proceedings pp. 359–361. Ohio Biological Survey: Columbus (Ohio).

[DS73] Dickens, M., & E. Storey. 1973. The World of Moths. Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc.: New York.

[FS54] Franz, E., & H. Schröder. 1954. Tagfalter (Lep. Rhopalocera) aus El Salvador. Senckenbergiana Biologica 35: 75–87.

[G20] Goldfuss, G. A. 1820. Handbuch der Naturgeschichte vol. 3. Handbuch der Zoologie pt 1. Johann Leonhard Schrag: Nürnberg.

[HT01] Hedges, S. B., & R. Thomas. 2001. At the lower size limit in amniote vertebrates: a new diminutive lizard from the West Indies. Caribbean Journal of Science 37 (3–4): 168–173.

[L02] Latreille, P. A. 1802. Histoire Naturelle, générale et particulière des crustacés et des insectes vol. 3. Familles naturelles des genres. F. Dufart: Paris.

[L58] Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Laurentii Salvii: Holmiae.

[PP02] Patrick, B., & H. Patrick. 2002. Butterflies of Fiji. Weta 24: 5–12.

[P01] Pável, J. 1901. Lepkék [Lepidopteren]. In: Horváth, G. (ed.) Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazása [Dritte Asiatische Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] vol. 2. Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazásának Állattani Eredményei [Zoologische Ergebnisse der Dritten Asiatischen Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] pp. 171–177. Victor Hornyánszky: Budapest, and Karl W. Hierseman: Leipzig.

[P27] Philpott, A. 1927. The maxillae in the Lepidoptera. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 721–746.

[P93] Pittaway, A. R. 1993. The Hawkmoths of the Western Palaearctic. Harley Books: Colchester.

[S55] Schröder, H. 1955. Eine Falter-Ausbeute aus dem westlichen Bolivien. (Ins. Lepid. Rhopal.) Senckenbergiana Biologica 36: 329–338.

[S-BF05] Silva-Brandão, K. L., A. V. L. Freitas, A. V. Z. Brower & V. N. Solferini. 2005. Phylogenetic relationships of the New World Troidini swallowtails (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae) based on COI, COII, and EF-1α genes. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 36: 468–483.

[TYM08] Tennent, W. J., M. Yasuda & K. Morimoto. 2008. Lansania Journal of arachnology and zoology—a rare and obscure Japanese natural history journal. Archives of Natural History 35 (2): 252–280.

[USDI77] United States Department of the Interior. 1977. Endangered and threatened wildlife and plants—republication of list of species. Federal Register 42: 36420–36431.

[WM66] Wallace, A. R., & F. Moore. 1866. List of lepidopterous insects collected at Takow, Formosa, by Mr. R. Swinhoe. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 355–365.

Last updated: 1 March 2021.

Troidini

Anchises cattleheart Parides anchises, photographed by Kim Garwood.

Belongs within: Papilioninae.

The Troidini are a predominantly tropical group of butterflies, most abundant in Central and South American lowland forests and the Indo-Australian region. Larvae feedi almost exclusively on species of Aristolochia and sequester toxins from these plants (Silva-Brandão et al. 2005). Members include some of the world's largest butterflies in the genus Ornithoptera.

Troidini
    |--Battus [Battina] S-BF05
    |    |--+--B. philenor (Linnaeus 1771) S-BF05
    |    |  `--B. polydamas (Linnaeus 1758) S-BF05
    |    `--+--B. polystictus (Butler 1874) S-BF05
    |       `--+--B. belus (Cramer 1777) S-BF05 [incl. B. belus var. cochabamba (Weeks 1901) S55]
    |          `--B. crassus (Cramer 1777) S-BF05
    `--Troidina S-BF05
         |  i. s.: Trogonoptera S-BF05
         |--Pharmacophagus Haase 1892 J03, B00
         `--+--+--Losaria neptunus (Guérin-Méneville 1840) [=Pachliopta neptunus] S-BF05
            |  |--Byasa alcinous (Klug 1836) [=Atrophaneura alcinous] S-BF05
            |  `--Pachliopta Reakirt 1865 J03, B00
            |       |--P. liris (Godart 1819) B12
            |       |--P. palu V-WF03
            |       `--P. polydorus (Linnaeus 1763) B00
            |            |--P. p. polydorus B00
            |            `--P. p. queenslandicus (Rothschild 1895) B00
            `--+--+--Troides Hübner 1819 S-BF05, B00
               |  |    `--T. helena (Linnaeus 1758) S-BF05
               |  `--Ornithoptera Boisduval 1832 J03, B00
               |       |--O. goliath J03
               |       |--O. priamus (Linnaeus 1758) [=Troides priamus] B00
               |       |    |--O. p. priamus B00
               |       |    |--O. p. caelestis (Rothschild 1898) B00
               |       |    |--O. p. euphorion (Gray 1853) B00
               |       |    |--O. p. macalpinei (Moulds 1974) B00
               |       |    |--O. p. poseidon (Doubleday 1847) B00
               |       |    |--O. p. pronomus (Gray 1853) B00
               |       |    `--O. p. urvillianus (Guérin-Méneville 1830) B00
               |       `--O. richmondia (Gray 1853) [=O. priamus richmondia, Troides richmondia] B00
               `--+--+--+--Euryades corethrus (Boisduval 1836) S-BF05
                  |  |  `--Cressida Swainson 1832 J03, B00
                  |  |       `--C. cressida (Fabricius 1775) [incl. C. cressida cassandra (Waterhouse & Lyell 1914)] B00
                  |  `--Atrophaneura Reakirt 1865 J03, B00 [incl. Panosmia S-BF05]
                  |       |--A. drucei (Butler 1874) S55
                  |       |--A. lysander (Cramer 1775) S55
                  |       |--A. neophilus [incl. A. neophilus var. consus (Rothschild & Jordan 1906)] S55
                  |       `--A. sesostris (Cramer 1779) S55
                  `--Parides Hübner 1819 S-BF05, B00
                       |  i. s.: P. alopius S-BF05
                       |         P. gundlachianus S-BF05
                       |         P. montezuma S-BF05
                       |         P. phalaecus S-BF05
                       |--+--P. agavus (Drury 1782) S-BF05
                       |  `--+--P. proneus (Hübner 1831) S-BF05
                       |     `--+--P. ascanius (Cramer 1775) S-BF05
                       |        `--P. bunichus (Hübner 1821) S-BF05
                       |             |--P. b. bunichus S-BF05
                       |             `--P. b. chamissonia S-BF05
                       `--+--+--+--P. chabrias (Hewitson 1852) S-BF05
                          |  |  |--P. hahneli S-BF05
                          |  |  |--P. klagesi S-BF05
                          |  |  |--P. pizarro S-BF05
                          |  |  |--P. quadratus S-BF05
                          |  |  `--P. vercingetorix S-BF05
                          |  `--+--P. childrenae (Gray 1832) S-BF05
                          |     `--+--P. photinus (Doubleday 1844) S-BF05
                          |        `--+--P. sesostris (Cramer 1779) S-BF05
                          |           `--+--P. anchises (Linnaeus 1758) S-BF05
                          |              `--P. vertumnus S-BF05
                          |                   |--P. v. vertumnus S-BF05
                          |                   `--P. v. cutora (Gray 1853) S-BF05
                          `--+--+--P. aeneas S-BF05
                             |  |    |--P. a. aeneas S-BF05
                             |  |    `--P. a. linoides Brown & Lamas 1994 S-BF05
                             |  `--P. tros (Fabricius 1793) S-BF05
                             `--+--+--P. lysander (Cramer 1775) S-BF05
                                |  `--P. panthonus S-BF05
                                |       |--P. p. panthonus S-BF05
                                |       |--P. p. aglaope S-BF05
                                |       |--P. p. callicles S-BF05
                                |       |--P. p. castilhoi S-BF05
                                |       |--P. p. ecaudatus S-BF05
                                |       |--P. p. jaguarae (Foetterle 1902) S-BF05
                                |       `--P. p. lysimachus (Honrath 1888) S-BF05
                                `--+--P. neophilus (Geyer 1837) S-BF05
                                   `--+--P. eurimedes (Stoll 1782) S-BF05
                                      `--P. zacynthus (Fabricius 1793) S-BF05

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B00] Braby, M. F. 2000. Butterflies of Australia: their identification, biology and distribution vol. 1. CSIRO Publishing: Collingwood (Victoria).

[B12] Braby, M. F. 2012. The butterflies of El Questro Wilderness Park, with remarks on the taxonomy of the Kimberley fauna, Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum 27 (2): 161–175.

[J03] Jong, R. de. 2003. Are there butterflies with Gondwanan ancestry in the Australian region? Invertebrate Systematics 17: 143–156.

[S55] Schröder, H. 1955. Eine Falter-Ausbeute aus dem westlichen Bolivien. (Ins. Lepid. Rhopal.) Senckenbergiana Biologica 36: 329–338.

[S-BF05] Silva-Brandão, K. L., A. V. L. Freitas, A. V. Z. Brower & V. N. Solferini. 2005. Phylogenetic relationships of the New World Troidini swallowtails (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae) based on COI, COII, and EF-1α genes. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 36: 468–483.

[V-WF03] Vane-Wright, R. I., & H. Fermon. 2003. Taxonomy and identification of Lohora Moore (Lepidoptera: Satyrinae), the Sulawesi bush browns. Invertebrate Systematics 17: 129–141.

Last updated: 1 March 2021.