Belongs within: Polyneoptera.
Contains: Grypopterygomorpha, Arctoperlaria.
The Plecoptera, stoneflies, are a group of mostly detritivorous or omnivorous insects with nymphs that are mostly aquatic or, if terrestrial, found in damp habitats. Nymphs respire through often finger-like gills that vary between families in their location on the body. Stoneflies are first known in the fossil record from the latest Early Permian (Sinitshenkova 2002a) where they are represented by such species as the slender-bodied, long-legged Perlopsis filicornis.
Characters (from Sinitshenkova 2002a): Body size moderately small to large. Head prognathous, with mouthparts chewing (mandibles sometimes much reduced). Thorax structure little modified, prothorax large, lacking wide paranota, meso- and metathoraces of similar structure. Legs cursory (with swimming hairs in many nymphs), with tarsus 3-segmented. Wings membranous, almost completely overlapping each other over abdomen at rest, with pre-anal venation similar in both pairs, excluding RS which lost its base and originated from M in hind wing (nymphal wing pad with RS base preserved), and CuA which is usually (primarily) simple in hind wing; hind wing anal area usually large. Wing venation not especially rich, with main veins branching at or beyond wing midlength, more often forked, RS and CuA up to 4 or 5 branches (in ground plan CuA is similar to M in having 2 branches only). Cross veins not numerous besides 2 characteristic rows aligned CuA, with most constant r-rs and r-m near RS and M forkings (roughly at level of SC apex). RS typically and probably plesiomorphically originating near wing base and running parallel to R. Flight functionally four-winged, in-phase. mainly anteromotoric in spite hind wing widened basally. Abdomen with full number of segments, lacking paranota. Primary ovipositor lost. Cerci always present, usually long, multisegmented, rarely one-segmented in adult. Nymphs aquatic, now populating almost exclusively running or cold water, often bearing external gills of different structure and disposition.
Plecoptera [Filipalpia, Leptoperloidea, Perlariae, Perlida, Perlina, Perlopseina]
|--Palaeoperla RJ93 [Palaeoperlidae GE05]
| `--P. exacta RJ93
|--Perlopsis S02a [Perlopseidae GE05]
| `--P. filicornis S02a
|--+--Grypopterygomorpha GE05
| `--Arctoperlaria GE05
`--Palaeonemouridae GE05
|--Ohionympha S02b
|--Uralonympha varica RJ93
`--Palaeonemoura clara RJ93
Plecoptera incertae sedis:
Plutopteryx beata S02b
Ecdyoperla S02a
Triassoperla S02b
Berekia S02b
Perlitodes S02b
Savina S02b
Uroperla S02b
Paraperla frontalis B86
Isocapnia B86
Sharaperla S02c
Bestioperlisca S02c
Mongolonemoura S02c
Megateptoperla grandis O81
Perlisca S02b
Perlomimus S02b
Trianguliperla S02b
Acroneuria californica R00
Clioperla clio N96
Megandiperla kuscheli RD77
*Type species of generic name indicated
REFERENCES
[B86] Botosaneanu, L. 1986. Insecta: Plecoptera, Trichoptera. In: Botosaneanu, L. (ed.) Stygofauna Mundi: A Faunistic, Distributional, and Ecological Synthesis of the World Fauna inhabiting Subterranean Waters (including the Marine Interstitial) p. 619. E. J. Brill/Dr W. Backhuys: Leiden.
[GE05] Grimaldi, D., & M. S. Engel. 2005. Evolution of the Insects. Cambridge University Press: New York.
[N96] Nelson, C. H. 1996. Placement of Helopicus rickeri Stark in Hydroperla Frison (Plecoptera: Perlodidae) with the description of the adult female, nymph, and egg and a cladistic analysis of Hydroperla. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 98 (2): 237–244.
[O81] O'Brien, C. O. 1981. A. A. Book of New Zealand Wildlife: A guide to the native and introduced animals of New Zealand. Lansdowne Press: Auckland.
[RD77] Richards, O. W., & R. G. Davies. 1977. Imms' General Textbook of Entomology 10th ed. vol. 2. Classification and Biology. Chapman and Hall: London.
[R00] Ross, E. S. 2000. Embia: Contributions to the biosystematics of the insect order Embiidina. Occasional Papers of the California Academy of Sciences 149: 1–53, 1–36.
[RJ93] Ross, A. J., & E. A. Jarzembowski. 1993. Arthropoda (Hexapoda; Insecta). In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 363–426. Chapman & Hall: London.
[S02a] Sinitshenkova, N. D. 2002a. Order Perlida Latreille, 1810. The stoneflies (=Plecoptera Burmeister, 1839). In: Rasnitsyn, A. P., & D. L. J. Quicke (eds) History of Insects pp. 281–287. Kluwer Academic Publishers: Dordrecht.
[S02b] Sinitshenkova, N. D. 2002b. Ecological history of the aquatic insects. In: Rasnitsyn, A. P., & D. L. J. Quicke (eds) History of Insects pp. 388–426. Kluwer Academic Publishers: Dordrecht.
[S02c] Sinitshenkova, N. D. 2002c. New late Mesozoic mayflies from the Shar-Teeg locality, Mongolia (Insecta, Ephemerida=Ephemeroptera). Paleontologicheskii Zhurnal 2002 (3): 43–48 (translated: Paleontological Journal 36 (3): 270–276).
Last updated: 18 May 2022.
