Malleidae

Hammer clam Malleus malleus with attached thorny oyster Spondylus sp., from here.

Belongs within: Pterioida.

The Malleidae, hammer clams, are a group of subequivalve or inequivalve bivalves with irregularly-shaped shells.

Characters (from Cox et al. 1969): Shell subequivalve or inequivalve, irregular in form but not cemented by either valve, with or without byssus; valve margins commonly gaping or irregularly notched posteriorly; ligamental area trianglar, internal to external, partly or almost wholly occupied by median triangular pit; mostly monomyarian in adult stage; inner ostracum nacreous.

<==Malleidae [Vulsellidae]
    |--Vulsella Röding 1798 DK08
    |    |--V. laevigata Tate 1886 DK08
    |    |--V. spongiarium M54
    |    `--V. vulsella (Linne 1758) [=Mya vulsella] H09
    `--Malleus MG-H11
         |--M. albus Lamarck 1819 MG-H11
         |--M. legumen Reeve 1858 H09
         |--M. malleus (Linne 1758) [=Ostrea malleus] H09
         |--M. meridianus M54
         `--M. regula (Forsskål 1775) MG-H11

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

Cox, L. R., N. D. Newell et al. 1969. Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt N. Bivalvia vol. 1. The Geological Society of America, Inc. and The University of Kansas.

[DK08] Darragh, T. A., & G. W. Kendrick. 2008. Silicified Eocene molluscs from the Lower Murchison district, Southern Carnarvon Basin, Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum 24 (3): 217–246.

[H09] Hedley, C. 1909. The Marine Fauna of Queensland: Address by the President of Section D. Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science: Brisbane.

[M54] Macpherson, J. H. 1954. Molluscs (sea shells and snails). In: Willis, J. M. (ed.) The Archipelago of the Recherche pp. 55–63. Australian Geographical Society: Melbourne.

[MG-H11] McEnnulty, F. R., K. L. Gowlett-Holmes, A. Williams, F. Althaus, J. Fromont, G. C. B. Poore, T. D. O’Hara, L. Marsh, P. Kott, S. Slack-Smith, P. Alderslade & M. V. Kitahara. 2011. The deepwater megabenthic invertebrates on the western continental margin of Australia (100–1100 m depths): composition, distribution and novelty. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 80: 1–191.

Aviculopecten

Aviculopecten sp., copyright Michael P. Klimetz.

Belongs within: Pectinoidea.

Aviculopecten is a genus of scallops known from the Carboniferous and Permian (Cox et al. 1969).

Characters (from Cox et al. 1969): Ornamentation radial, increasing on body of shell by intercalation in left valve, by bifurcation in right valve; right valve commonly smaller than left.

<==Aviculopecten McCoy 1852 W77
    |--A. coreyanus White 1874 W77
    |--A. dissimilis Fleming 1828 [incl. Pecten undulatus McCoy 1844 nec Nilsson 1827 nec Sowerby 1842] F27
    |--A. extensus Fletcher 1929 F71
    |--A. gracilis Fletcher 1929 F71
    |--A. interlineatus Meek & Worthen 1860 W77
    |--A. knockonniensis F71
    |--A. leggei Mitchell 1924 F71
    |--A. mccoyi Meek & Hayden 1864 W77
    |--A. occidentalis (Shumard 1855) [=Pecten occidentalis; incl. P. cleavelandicus Swallow 1858] W77
    |--A. plicatilis Mitchell 1924 F71
    |--A. ponderosus Etheridge & Dun 1906 F71
    |--A. profundus F71
    |--A. subquinquelineatus (M’Coy 1847) (see below for synonymy) F71
    `--A. tenuicollis (Dana 1849) [=Pecten tenuicollis; incl. A. sprenti] F71

Aviculopecten subquinquelineatus (M’Coy 1847) [=Pecten subquinquelineatus, Deltopecten subquinquelineatus; incl. D. subquinquelineatus var. delicatula Fletcher 1929] F71

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

Cox, L. R., N. D. Newell et al. 1969. Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt N. Bivalvia vol. 1. The Geological Society of America, Inc. and The University of Kansas.

[F27] Finlay, H. J. 1927. New specific names for austral Mollusca. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 488-533.

[F71] Fletcher, H. O. 1971. Catalogue of type specimens of fossils in the Australian Museum, Sydney. Australian Museum Memoir 13: 1-167.

[W77] White, C. A. 1877. Report upon the invertebrate fossils collected in portions of Nevada, Utah, Colorado, New Mexico, and Arizona, by parties of the expeditions of 1871, 1872, 1873, and 1874. U.S. Geographical Surveys West of the One Hundredth Meridian 4 (1): 1-219, pls 211-221.

Paphia

Paphia alapapilionis. Photo from here.

Belongs within: Veneridae.

Paphia is a genus of bivalves that first appeared in the Oligocene, and is found primarily in the Pacific region, extending to Europe (Cox et al. 1969). The subgenus Callistotapes has the cardinal teeth of the hinge more divergent than in the type, with the left posterior cardinal much closer to the ligamental nymph (Marwick 1927).

Characters (from Cox et al. 1969): Elongate, compressed, shell surface glossy; hinge plate narrow; lateral teeth wanting.

<==Paphia Bolten 1798 M27
    |  i. s.: P. deshayesi (Hanley 1856) [=Venus deshayesi] H09
    |         P. fabagella (Deshayes 1854) [=Tapes fabagella, Pullastra fabagella, Venerupis fabagella] F27
    |         P. gallus (Gmelin 1791) [=Venus gallus] H09
    |         P. hiantina [=Venus hiantina] H09
    |         P. literata (Linnaeus 1758) [=Venus literata] H09
    |         P. radiata H09
    |         P. semirugata (Phillipi 1847) MG-H11
    |         P. sulcosa (Philippi 1847) [=Venus sulcosa] H09
    |         P. textile (Gmelin 1791) [=Venus textilis] H09
    |         P. tristis (Lamarck 1818) [=Venus tristis] H09
    |         P. variegata (Sowerby 1852) [=Tapes variegata] H09
    |--*P. (Paphia) alapapilionis M27
    `--P. (Callistotapes Sacco 1900) M27
         |--P. (*C.) vetula [=Venus vetula] M27
         `--P. (C.) finlayi Marwick 1927 M27

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

Cox, L. R., N. D. Newell et al. 1969. Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt N. Bivalvia vol. 2. The Geological Society of America, Inc. and The University of Kansas.

[F27] Finlay, H. J. 1927. A further commentary on New Zealand molluscan systematics. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 320–485.

[H09] Hedley, C. 1909. The Marine Fauna of Queensland: Address by the President of Section D. Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science: Brisbane.

[M27] Marwick, J. 1927. The Veneridae of New Zealand. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 567–636.

[MG-H11] McEnnulty, F. R., K. L. Gowlett-Holmes, A. Williams, F. Althaus, J. Fromont, G. C. B. Poore, T. D. O’Hara, L. Marsh, P. Kott, S. Slack-Smith, P. Alderslade & M. V. Kitahara. 2011. The deepwater megabenthic invertebrates on the western continental margin of Australia (100–1100 m depths): composition, distribution and novelty. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 80: 1–191.

Cardiidae

Laevicardium oblongum, copyright Elektrofisch.

Belongs within: Heterodonta.
Contains: Nemocardium, Orthocardiinae, Cardiinae, Tridacninae.

The Cardiidae are a family of heterodont bivalves that first appeared in the Late Triassic. As well as the cockles that have generally been assigned to this family, it also includes the giant clams (Tridacninae) that were previously treated as a separate family. Both the Tridacninae and another subfamily, the Fraginae, contain endosymbiotic zooxanthellae in their mantle. Shells of Cardiidae are often variously ornamented; Trachycardium has the ribs ornamented with spines, whereas Laevicardiinae have rib ornamentation of looped threads or small nodes.

Synapomorphies (from Schneider 1995): Moderate ventral and lateral ridges present on foot; simple eyes present; distinctive shape of anterior and posterior cardinal teeth.

<==Cardiidae [Cardiacea, Cardioidea]
    |--Pleurocardiinae S02
    |    |--Pleuriocardia S02
    |    `--Incacardium S02
    |--Trachycardium [Trachycardiinae] S02
    |    |  i. s.: T. serrulata (Deshayes 1855) [=Cardium serrulatum, Europicardium serrulatum] S02
    |    |--T. (Acrosterigma) Dall 1900 S02
    |    |    |--T. (*A.) dalli (Heilprin 1887) [=Cardium dalli] S02
    |    |    |--‘Acrosterigma’ alternatum (Sowerby 1841) BW09
    |    |    |--‘Acrosterigma’ dupuchense W08
    |    |    |--‘Acrosterigma’ marielae Wilson & Stevenson 1977 MG-H11
    |    |    |--‘Acrosterigma’ mendanaense (Sowerby 1896) BW09
    |    |    `--‘Acrosterigma’ orbitum (Broderip & Sowerby 1833) BW09
    |    `--T. (Regozara) Iredale 1936 S02
    |         `--T. (*R.) olivifer (Iredale 1936) S02
    |--Laevicardiinae S02
    |    |--Fulvia S02
    |    |--*Protocardia hillanum [=Cardium hillanum] F27
    |    |--Nemocardium S02
    |    `--Laevicardium Swainson 1840 KS02
    |         |  i. s.: L. brazieri Etheridge in Jack & Etheridge 1892 [=Cardium brazieri] F71
    |         |         L. corpulentum KS02
    |         |         L. flavum (Linnaeus 1758) (see below for synonymy) BD86
    |         |         L. ishidoensis KS02
    |         |--*L. (Laevicardium) oblongum (Gmelin 1791) [=Cardium oblongum] KS02
    |         |    |--L. o. oblongum F05
    |         |    `--L. o. castanea Vidal 2005 F05
    |         `--L. (Megalaevicardium) Kanjilal & Srinivasan 2002 KS02
    |              `--L. (*M.) hutbayensis Kanjilal & Srinivasan 2002 KS02
    `--+--+--+--Austrocardium S02
       |  |  `--Indocardium S02
       |  `--Profraginae S02
       |       |--Profragum S02
       |       `--+--Ethmocardium S02
       |          `--+--Criocardium S02
       |             `--Granocardium kuemmeli (Weller 1907) S02
       `--+--*Perucardia brueggeni Olsson 1944 S02
          `--+--Orthocardiinae S02
             `--+--Sawkinsia matleyi Cox 1941 S02
                `--+--Cardiinae S02
                   `--+--Plagiocardium granulosum (Lamarck 1805) S02
                      |--Maoricardium S02
                      |--Tridacninae S02
                      |--Clinocardium [Clinocardiinae] S02
                      |    |--C. californiensis GAS03
                      |    `--C. nuttallii S02
                      |--Lymnocardiinae [Lymnocardiidae] S02
                      |    |--Inaequicostata S02
                      |    |--Kubanocardium S02
                      |    `--Obsoletiforma S02
                      `--Fraginae S02
                           |--Papillicardium S02
                           |--Ctenocardia S02
                           |--Fragum BW09
                           |    |--F. carinatum W08
                           |    |--F. fragum (Linnaeus 1758) BW09
                           |    `--F. unedo GW02
                           `--Microfragum S02
                                |--‘Cardium’ ebaranum Yokoyama 1927 [=Afrocardium ebaranum] S02
                                |--M. erugatum (Tate 1889) GW02, S02 [=Cardium erugatum S02, Afrocardium erugatum S02]
                                `--‘Cardium’ sueziense Issel 1869 [=Loxocardium sueziense] S02

Cardiidae incertae sedis:
  Goniocardium S02
  Avicularium S02
  Byssocardium S02
  Trapezicardium Kanjilal & Srinivasan 2002 [Trapezicardiinae] KS02
    `--*T. laiensis Kanjilal & Srinivasan 2002 KS02
  Parvicardium GW02
    |--P. exiguum GW02
    |--P. minimum GO06
    `--P. pinnulatum GW02
  Corculum cardissum (Linnaeus 1758) BW09
  Frigidocardium eos (Kuroda 1929) MG-H11
  Hemicardium cardissa H04
  Lahillia Cossmann 1899 [Lahilliinae] S98
    |--*L. angulata (Philippi 1887) [=Amathusia angulata] S98
    |--L. larseni (Sharman & Newton 1897) S98
    `--L. neozelanica Marshall & Murdoch 1923 [=L. (Lahilleona) neozelanica] S98
  Monodacna caspia Eichw. 1841 S01
  Didacna trigonoides [=Cardium trigonoides] S01
  Lophocardium annettae (Dall 1889) PP78

Laevicardium flavum (Linnaeus 1758) [=Cardium flavum, Trachycardium flavum, Vasticardium flavum; incl. T. hawaiiensis Dall, Bartsch & Rehder 1938, Cardium orbita Broderip & Sowerby 1833, C. pectiniforme Born 1780, C. rugosum Lamarck 1819] BD86

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BD86] Barash, A., & Z. Danin. 1986. Further additions to the knowledge of Indo-Pacific Mollusca in the Mediterranean Sea (Lessepsian migrants). Spixiana 9 (2): 117–141.

[BW09] Bryce, C., & C. Whisson. 2009. The macromolluscs of Mermaid (Rowley Shoals), Scott and Seringapatam Reefs, Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 77: 177–208.

[F05] Fernández, J. 2005. Noticia de nuevos táxones para la ciencia en el ámbito Íbero-Balear y Macaronésico. Nuevos táxones animales descritos en la península Ibérica y Macaronesia desde 1994 (IX). Graellsia 61 (2): 261–282.

[F27] Finlay, H. J. 1927. A further commentary on New Zealand molluscan systematics. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 320–485.

[F71] Fletcher, H. O. 1971. Catalogue of type specimens of fossils in the Australian Museum, Sydney. Australian Museum Memoir 13: 1–167.

[GO06] Giribet, G., A. Okusu, A. R. Lindgren, S. W. Huff, M. Schrödl & M. K. Nishiguchi. 2006. Evidence for a clade composed of molluscs with serially repeated structures: monoplacophorans are related to chitons. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 103 (20): 7723–7728.

[GW02] Giribet, G., & W. Wheeler. 2002. On bivalve phylogeny: a high-level analysis of the Bivalvia (Mollusca) based on combined morphology and DNA sequence data. Invertebrate Biology 121 (4): 271–324.

[GAS03] Gulbin, V. V., I. S. Arzamastsev & V. M. Shulkin. 2003. Ecological monitoring of the water area of Port Vostochnyi (Wrangel Bay) in the Sea of Japan (1995–2002). Russian Journal of Marine Biology 29 (5): 284–295.

[H04] Haeckel, E. 1899–1904. Kunstformen der Natur. Bibliographisches Institut: Leipzig und Wien.

[KS02] Kanjilal, S., & M. S. Srinivasan. 2002. New bivalves from the Miocene of Little Andaman Island, Bay of Bengal. Journal of the Geological Society of India 60: 527–536.

[MG-H11] McEnnulty, F. R., K. L. Gowlett-Holmes, A. Williams, F. Althaus, J. Fromont, G. C. B. Poore, T. D. O’Hara, L. Marsh, P. Kott, S. Slack-Smith, P. Alderslade & M. V. Kitahara. 2011. The deepwater megabenthic invertebrates on the western continental margin of Australia (100–1100 m depths): composition, distribution and novelty. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 80: 1–191.

[PP78] Poorman, F. L., & L. H. Poorman. 1978. Additional molluscan records from Bahía de Los Angeles, Baja California Norte. Veliger 20 (4): 369–374.

Schneider, J. A. 1995. Phytogeny of the Cardiidae (Mollusca, Bivalvia): Protocardiinae, Laevicardiinae, Lahilliinae, Tulongocardiinae subfam. n. and Pleuriocardiinae subfam. n. Zoologica Scripta 24 (4): 321-346.

[S02] Schneider, J. A. 2002. Phylogeny of cardiid bivalves (cockles and giant clams): revision of the Cardiinae and the importance of fossils in explaining disjunct biogeographical distributions. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 136: 321–369.

[S98] Stilwell, J. D. 1998. Late Cretaceous Mollusca from the Chatham Islands, New Zealand. Alcheringa 22 (1): 29–85.

[S01] Sturany, R. 1901. Csigák és kagylók [Mollusken]. In: Horváth, G. (ed.) Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazása [Dritte Asiatische Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] Band II. Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazásának Állattani Eredményei [Zoologische Ergebnisse der Dritten Asiatischen Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] pp. 69–74. Victor Hornyánszky: Budapest, and Karl W. Hierseman: Leipzig.

[W08] Wilson, B. 2008. Background information on Faure Island, Shark Bay, Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 75: 1–9.

Chama

Chama pacifica, from Chamidae.

Belongs within: Heterodonta.

Chama is a genus of superficially oyster-like bivalves found primarily in tropical regions. They are normally cemented to their substrate by the left valve, though individuals may sometimes be found cemented by the right valve (Darragh & Kendrick 2008).

Characters (from Cox et al. 1969): Sculpture well-developed, ornamentation foliaceous; shell cemented to substrate by left valve throughout life; beaks prosogyrate, ligament parivincular; hinge degenerate in appearance; two large, subequal muscle scars; pallial line entire.

<==Chama Linnaeus 1758 DK08
    |--C. asperella Lamarck 1819 MG-H11
    |--C. brassica Reeve 1847 MG-H11
    |--C. broderipi Reeve 1846 BD86
    |--C. divaricata Reeve 1846 H09
    |--C. fimbriata Reeve 1847 H09
    |--C. frondosa Broderip 1835 PP78
    |--C. gryphoides GW02
    |--C. iostoma Conrad 1837 BW09
    |--C. jukesii Reeve 1847 H09
    |--C. lamellifera Tenison Woods 1877 DK08
    |--C. lazarus (Linnaeus 1758) BW09
    |--C. macerophylla GW02
    |--C. pacifica Broderip 1835 BW09
    |--C. pellucida GW02
    |--C. plinthota Cox 1927 BW09
    |--C. pulchella Reeve 1846 H09
    |--C. reflexa Reeve 1846 H09
    |--C. ruderalis Lamarck 1819 DK10
    |--C. spinosa Broderip 1835 H09
    |--C. subgigas d’Orbigny 1850 DK10
    |--C. sulphurea Reeve 1846 H09
    `--C. venosa Reeve 1847 PP78

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BD86] Barash, A., & Z. Danin. 1986. Further additions to the knowledge of Indo-Pacific Mollusca in the Mediterranean Sea (Lessepsian migrants). Spixiana 9 (2): 117–141.

[BW09] Bryce, C., & C. Whisson. 2009. The macromolluscs of Mermaid (Rowley Shoals), Scott and Seringapatam Reefs, Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 77: 177–208.

Cox, L. R., N. D. Newell et al. 1969. Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt N. Bivalvia vol. 2. The Geological Society of America, Inc. and The University of Kansas.

[DK08] Darragh, T. A., & G. W. Kendrick. 2008. Silicified Eocene molluscs from the Lower Murchison district, Southern Carnarvon Basin, Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum 24 (3): 217–246.

[DK10] Darragh, T. A., & G. W. Kendrick. 2010. Eocene molluscs from the Merlinleigh Sandstone, Carnarvon Basin, Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum 26 (1): 23–41.

[GW02] Giribet, G., & W. Wheeler. 2002. On bivalve phylogeny: a high-level analysis of the Bivalvia (Mollusca) based on combined morphology and DNA sequence data. Invertebrate Biology 121 (4): 271–324.

[H09] Hedley, C. 1909. The Marine Fauna of Queensland: Address by the President of Section D. Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science: Brisbane.

[MG-H11] McEnnulty, F. R., K. L. Gowlett-Holmes, A. Williams, F. Althaus, J. Fromont, G. C. B. Poore, T. D. O’Hara, L. Marsh, P. Kott, S. Slack-Smith, P. Alderslade & M. V. Kitahara. 2011. The deepwater megabenthic invertebrates on the western continental margin of Australia (100–1100 m depths): composition, distribution and novelty. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 80: 1–191.

[PP78] Poorman, F. L., & L. H. Poorman. 1978. Additional molluscan records from Bahía de Los Angeles, Baja California Norte. Veliger 20 (4): 369–374.