Sclerotiniaceae

Sclerotinia sclerotiorum on bean Phaseolus vulgaris, copyright Rasbak.

Belongs within: Sordariomyceta.

The Sclerotiniaceae are a group of fungi that are pathogenic or saprobic on various parts of plants, particularly seeds and fruits (Kirk et al. 2001).

Characters (from Kirk et al. 2001): Stromata present, as well-differentiated sclerotia or mummified host tissue. Ascomata apothecial, often long-stalked, usually brown, cupulate, without hairs, the stalk often darker. Interascal tissue of simple paraphyses. Asci usually with a J+ apical ring. Ascospores large or small, ellipsoidal, usually aseptate, hyaline or pale brown, often more or less longitudinally symmetrical. Anamorphs often prominent, hyphomycetous, spermatial or disseminative.

Sclerotiniaceae
    |--Monilinia Honey 1928 SS09, KC01 (see below for synonymy)
    |    |--M. fructicola JK06
    |    |--M. fructigena SL02 [=Monilia fructigena KD83]
    |    `--M. laxa HM17
    `--+--Botryotinia Whetzel 1945 SS09, KC01 [incl. Amphobotrys Hennebert 1973 KC01]
       |    `--B. fuckeliana SS09
       `--Sclerotinia Fuckel 1870 (nom. cons.) SS09, KC01 [incl. Whetzelinia Korf & Dumont 1972 (nom. rej.) KC01]
            |--S. borealis KC01
            |--S. bulborum KC01
            |--S. fructicola KC01
            |--S. fructigena KC01
            |--S. homeocarpa KC01
            |--S. libertiana KC01
            |--S. minor SWW95
            |--S. narcissicola L86
            |--S. sclerotiorum SL02
            `--S. trifoliorum SWW95

Sclerotiniaceae incertae sedis:
  Asterocalyx Höhn. 1912 KC01
  Ciboria Fuckel 1870 (see below for synonymy) KC01
  Ciborinia Whetzel 1945 KC01
  Cudoniopsis Speg. 1925 KC01
  Dumontinia Kohn 1979 KC01
  Elliottinia Kohn 1979 KC01
  Grovesinia Cline, Crane & Cline 1983 [incl. Cristulariella Höhn. 1916] KC01
  Lambertellinia Korf & Lizoň 1993 KC01
  Martininia Dumont & Korf 1970 [=Martinia Whetzel 1942 nec M’Coy 1844 (ICZN) nec Vaniot 1903] KC01
  Mitrulinia Spooner 1987 KC01
  Moserella Pöder & Scheuer 1994 KC01
  Myriosclerotinia Buchw. 1947 KC01
  Ovulinia Weiss 1940 [incl. Ovulitis Buchw. 1970] KC01
    `--O. azaleae DAF07
  Phaeosclerotinia Hori 1916 KC01
  Poculinia Spooner 1987 KC01
  Pseudociboria Kanouse 1944 KC01
  Pycnopeziza White & Whetzel 1938 (see below for synonymy) KC01
  Sclerocrana Samuels & Kohn 1987 KC01
  Seaverinia Whetzel 1945 [incl. Verrucobotrys Hennebert 1973] KC01
  Septotinia Whetzel ex Groves & Elliott 1961 [incl. Septotis Buchw. ex Arx 1970] KC01
  Streptotinia Whetzel 1945 [incl. Streptobotrys Hennebert 1973] KC01
    |--'Streptobotrys’ arisaematis D03
    |--'Streptobotrys’ caulophyllii D03
    `--'Streptobotrys’ streptothrix D03
  Stromatinia (Boud.) Boud. 1907 KC01
    `--S. gladioli KC01
  Torrendiella Boud. & Torrend 1911 [incl. Zoellneria Velen. 1934] KC01
  Valdensinia Peyronel 1953 [incl. Asterobolus Redhead & Perrin 1972, Valdensia Peyronel 1923] KC01
  Encoelioideae EB03
    |--Cenangium Fr. 1818 E99, KC01 [incl. Cenangina Höhn. 1909 KC01, Clithris (Fr.) Karst. 1870 KC01]
    |    `--C. ferruginosum [incl. C. abietis] KC01
    |--Encoelia (Fr.) Karst. 1871 (nom. cons.) (see below for synonymy) KC01
    |    |--E. fascicularis EB03
    |    `--E. fimbriata LS03
    |--Cordierites Montagne 1840 EB03 (see below for synonymy)
    |    |--‘*Diplocarpa’ bloxamii EB03
    |    `--‘*Ionomidotis’ irregularis [incl. *Poloniodiscus fischeri Svrcùek & Kubicùka 1967] EB03
    `--Austrocenangium Gamundí 1997 EB03
         |--A. australe (Spegazzini) Gamundí 1997 EB03
         `--A. nanum (Cash) Gamundí 1997 EB03
  Botryophialophora Linder 1944 [incl. Myrioconium Syd. 1912 non Fr. 1823] KC01
  Botrytis Micheli ex Pers. 1794 (see below for synonymy) KC01
    |--B. aclada SL02
    |--B. allii KC01
    |--B. anthophila KC01
    |--B. bassiana F89
    |--B. cinerea KC01
    |--B. fabae KC01
    |--B. galanthina KC01
    |--‘Phymatotrichum’ omnivorum KC01
    |--B. paeoniae KC01
    `--B. tulipae KC01

Botrytis Micheli ex Pers. 1794 [incl. Cephalocladium Rchb. 1828, Coccotrichum Link 1824, Cristularia (Sacc.) Costantin 1888, Haplaria Link 1809, Penicillium Fr. 1832 non Link 1809, Phymatotrichum Bonord. 1851, Pleurobotrya, Polyactis Link 1809, Pterodinia Chevall. 1837] KC01

Ciboria Fuckel 1870 [incl. Ciboriopsis Dennis 1962, Moellerodiscus Henn. 1902, Piceomphale Svrček 1957] KC01

Cordierites Montagne 1840 EB03 [incl. Ameghiniella Spegazzini 1887 EB03, Diplocarpa Massee 1895 EB03, Ionomidotis Durand 1923 EB03, Phyllomyces Lloyd 1921 KC01, Poloniodiscus Svrcùek & Kubicùka 1967 EB03]

Encoelia (Fr.) Karst. 1871 (nom. cons.) [incl. Phaeangella (Sacc.) Massee 1895, Phibalis Wallr. 1833 (nom. rej.)] KC01

Monilinia Honey 1928 SS09, KC01 [incl. Epochnium Link 1809 KC01, Halobyssus Zukal 1893 KC01, Monilia Bonord. 1851 (nom. cons.) KC01; Moniliaceae]

Pycnopeziza White & Whetzel 1938 [incl. Acarosporium Bubák & Vleugel ex Bubák 1911, Chaetalysis Peyronel 1922, Ciliosira Syd. 1942] KC01

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[D03] David, J. C. 2003. Orthographic conundrums: the problem of -opsis and -botrys. Taxon 52: 603–608.

[DAF07] Department of Agriculture and Food. 2007. Common Seasonal Pests. State of Western Australia.

[E99] Eriksson, O. E. (ed.) 1999. Notes on ascomycete systematics. Nos 2440-2755. Myconet 2: 1–41.

[EB03] Eriksson, O. E., H. O. Barah, R. S. Currah, K. Hansen, C. P. Kurtzman, T. Laessøe & G. Rambold (eds.) 2003. Notes on ascomycete systematics. Nos 3580-3623. Myconet 9: 91–103.

[F89] Fallou, J. 1889. Une note sur une espèce de bombycide, le Lasiocampa otus, dont il montre le papillon, la chenille et le cocon. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France, 6^e série 9: lvii–lviii.

[HM17] Hongsanan, S., S. S. N. Maharachchikumbura, K. D. Hyde, M. C. Samarakoon, R. Jeewon, Q. Zhao, A. M. Al-Sadi & A. H. Bahkali. 2017. An updated phylogeny of Sordariomycetes based on phylogenetic and molecular clock evidence. Fungal Diversity 84: 25–41.

[JK06] James, T. Y., F. Kauff, C. L. Schoch, P. B. Matheny, V. Hofstetter, C. J. Cox, G. Celio, C. Gueidan, E. Fraker, J. Miadlikowska, H. T. Lumbsch, A. Rauhut, V. Reeb, A. E. Arnold, A. Amtoft, J. E. Stajich, K. Hosaka, G.-H. Sung, D. Johnson, B. O'Rourke, M. Crockett, M. Binder, J. M. Curtis, J. C. Slot, Z. Wang, A. W. Wilson, A. Schüßler, J. E. Longcore, K. O'Donnell, S. Mozley-Standridge, D. Porter, P. M. Letcher, M. J. Powell, J. W. Taylor, M. M. White, G. W. Griffith, D. R. Davies, R. A. Humber, J. B. Morton, J. Sugiyama, A. Y. Rossman, J. D. Rogers, D. H. Pfister, D. Hewitt, K. Hansen, S. Hambleton, R. A. Shoemaker, J. Kohlmeyer, B. Volkmann-Kohlmeyer, R. A. Spotts, M. Serdani, P. W. Crous, K. W. Hughes, K. Matsuura, E. Langer, G. Langer, W. A. Untereiner, R. Lücking, B. Büdel, D. M. Geiser, A. Aptroot, P. Diederich, I. Schmitt, M. Schultz, R. Yahr, D. S. Hibbett, F. Lutzoni, D. J. McLaughlin, J. W. Spatafora & R. Vilgalys. 2006. Reconstructing the early evolution of Fungi using a six-gene phylogeny. Nature 443: 818–822.

[KC01] Kirk, P. M., P. F. Cannon, J. C. David & J. A. Stalpers. 2001. Ainsworth & Bisby's Dictionary of the Fungi 9^th ed. CAB International: Wallingford (UK).

[KD83] Koç, N. K., & G. Défago. 1983. Studies on the host range of the hyperparasite Aphanocladium album. Phytopathologische Zeitschrift 107: 214–218.

[LS03] Landvik, S., T. K. Schumacher, O. E. Eriksson & S. T. Moss. 2003. Morphology and ultrastructure of Neolecta species. Mycological Research 107 (9): 1021–1031.

[L86] Lindquist, E. E. 1986. The world genera of Tarsonemidae (Acari: Heterostigmata): a morphological, phylogenetic, and systematic revision, with a reclassification of family-group taxa in the Heterostigmata. Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada 118 (S136): 1–517.

[SS09] Schoch, C. L., G.-H. Sung, F. López-Giráldez, J. P. Townsend, J. Miadlikowska, V. Hofstetter, B. Robbertse, P. B. Matheny, F. Kauff, Z. Wang, C. Gueidan, R. M. Andrie, K. Trippe, L. M. Ciufetti, A. Wynns, E. Fraker, B. P. Hodkinson, G. Bonito, J. Z. Groenewald, M. Arzanlou, G. S. de Hoog, P. W. Crous, D. Hewitt, D. H. Pfister, K. Peterson, M. Gryzenhout, M. J. Wingfield, A. Aptroot, S.-O. Suh, M. Blackwell, D. M. Hillis, G. W. Griffith, L. A. Castlebury, A. Y. Rossman, H. T. Lumbsch, R. Lücking, B. Büdel, A. Rauhut, P. Diederich, D. Ertz, D. M. Geiser, K. Hosaka, P. Inderbitzin, J. Kohlmeyer, B. Volkmann-Kohlmeyer, L. Mostert, K. O'Donnell, H. Sipman, J. D. Rogers, R. A. Shoemaker, J. Sugiyama, R. C. Summerbell, W. Untereiner, P. R. Johnston, S. Stenroos, A. Zuccaro, P. S. Dyer, P. D. Crittenden, M. S. Cole, K. Hansen, J. M. Trappe, R. Yahr, F. Lutzoni & J. W. Spatafora. 2009. The Ascomycota tree of life: a phylum-wide phylogeny clarifies the origin and evolution of fundamental reproductive and ecological traits. Systematic Biology 58 (2): 224–239.

[SL02] Schweigkofler, W., K. Lopandic, O. Molnár & H. Prillinger. 2002. Analysis of phylogenetic relationships among Ascomycota with yeast phases using ribosomal DNA sequences and cell wall sugars. Organisms Diversity & Evolution 2: 1–17.

[SWW95] Seifert, K. A., B. D. Wingfield & M. J. Wingfield. 1995. A critique of DNA sequence analysis in the taxonomy of filamentous Ascomycetes and ascomycetous anamorphs. Canadian Journal of Botany 73 (Suppl. 1): S760–S767.

Hypocreaceae

Conidiophores of Trichoderma harzianum, from the US Dept of Agriculture.

Belongs within: Hypocreales.

The Hypocreaceae are a group of fungi with stroma ranging from 1 mmm to 5 cm or more in diameter, commonly found growing on bark, wood, or on the fruiting bodies of macrofungi (Rossman et al 1999).

Characters (from Rossman et al. 1999): Stroma generally discrete or effuse, often light- to bright-coloured in shades of white, pale yellow, orange or red, rarely black. Ascomata generally immersed in stroma; if superfical then on thin, compact stroma on gill-less basidiocarps; rarely subiculum absent with a Gliocadium anamorph; anamorphs otherwise generally phialidic. Ascospores generally disarticulating, rarely transversely striate, if non-disarticulating then ascal apex often thickened and ascomata immmersed in thin to cottony subiculum on basidiocarp.

Hypocreaceae
    |--Sphaerostilbella (Henn.) Saccardo & Saccardo 1905 HM17, RS99 (see below for synonymy)
    |    |--*S. lutea (Henn.) Saccardo & Saccardo 1905 (see below for synonymy) RS99
    |    |--S. aureonitens (Tulasne & Tulasne) Seifert, Samuels & Gams 1985 (see below for synonymy) RS99
    |    |--S. berkeleyana (Plowr. & Cooke) Samuels & Candoussau 1995 (see below for synonymy) RS99
    |    `--S. novaezelandiae Seifert, Samuels & Gams 1985 (see below for synonymy) RS99
    `--+--Arachnocrea Moravec 1956 HM17, RS99
       |    |--*A. stipata (Fuckel) Moravec 1956 (see below for synonymy) RS99
       |    `--A. scabrida Doi 1972 RS99
       `--Trichoderma HM17
            |--*T. viride RS99, HM17
            |--T. harzianum [incl. Hypocrea nigricans] O96
            |--T. koningii ZU10
            |--T. lignorum C07
            |--T. reesei HH99
            `--T. rufa HM17

Hypocreaceae incertae sedis:
  Dialhypocrea Spegazzini 1919 RS99
    `--*D. puiggariana Spegazzini 1919 (see below for synonymy) RS99
  Pseudohypocrea Doi 1972 RS99
    `--*P. citrinella (Ellis & Everh.) Doi 1972 (see below for synonymy) RS99
  Rogersonia Samuels & Lodge 1996 RS99
    `--*R. striolata Samuels & Lodge 1996 RS99
  Aphysiostroma Barrasa, Martínez & Moreno 1986 RS99
    `--*A. stercorarium Barrasa, Martínez & Moreno 1986 RS99
  Hypocreopsis Karsten 1873 [=Dozya Karsten 1873 non Lacoste 1866] RS99
    |--H. lichenoides (Tode) Seaver 1910 (see below for synonymy) RS99
    `--H. rhododendri RS99
  Sarawakus Lloyd 1924 RS99
    |--*S. lycogaloides (Berkeley & Broome) Lloyd 1924 (see below for synonymy) RS99
    `--S. succisus RS99
  Podostroma Karsten 1892 [incl. Podocrea Lindau in Engler & Prantl 1897] RS99
    |--P. alutaceum (Persoon: Fries) Atkinson 1905 (see below for synonymy) RS99
    |--‘Podocrea’ cornu-damae RS99
    `--‘Podocrea’ solmsii RS99
  Protocrea Petch 1937 RS99
    |--*P. farinosa (Berkeley & Broome) Petch 1937 [=Hypocrea farinosa Berkeley & Broome 1851] RS99
    |--P. delicatula Tulasne & Tulasne 1860 RS99
    `--P. latissima Mercuri & Ranalli 1976 RS99
  Hypomyces (Fries) Tulasne 1860 (see below for synonymy) RS99
    |--*H. lactifluorum [=Sphaeria lactifluorum] RS99
    |--H. armeniacus [incl. Hypocrea apiculata, *Clintoniella apiculata, Hypomyces apiculatus] RS99
    |--H. asterophorus H04
    |--H. aurantius [=Sphaeria aurantia, *Bonordenia aurantia] RS99
    |--H. banningiae RS99
    |--H. chrysospermus [=*Apiocrea chrysosperma] RS99
    |--H. lateritius RS99
    |--H. lithuanicus RS99
    |--H. luteovirens [incl. Sphaeria viridis, Hypomyces viridis, *Peckiella viridis] RS99
    |--H. polyporinus RS99
    |--H. rosellus [incl. Sphaeria rhodomela, *Chiajaea rhodomela] RS99
    |--H. tremellicola [=Hypocreopsis tremellicola, Nectriopsis tremellicola] RS99
    `--H. trichothecoides RS99
  Hypocrea Fries 1825 (see below for synonymy) RS99
    |--*H. rufa (Persoon: Fries) Fries 1849 [=Sphaeria rufa Persoon 1796: Fries 1822] RS99
    |--H. americana SS09
    |--H. aureoviridis RS99 [=Trichoderma aureoviride ZB10]
    |    |--H. a. f. aureoviridis RS99
    |    `--H. a. f. macrospora RS99
    |--H. avellanea RS99
    |--H. brevipes RS99
    |--H. ceramica [=Chromocrea ceramica] RS99
    |--H. cerebriformis RS99
    |--H. cervina RS99
    |--H. cinereoflava RS99
    |--H. citrina RS99
    |--H. crustalina (Schulzer, Kanitz & Knapp) Saccardo & Traverso 1910 (n. d.) (see below for synonymy) RS99
    |--H. gelatinosa [=Sphaeria gelatinosa, *Chromocrea gelatinosa, *Creopus gelatinosus] RS99
    |--H. lactea RS99
    |--H. larvata RS99
    |--H. lutea JKW03
    |--H. pallida RS99
    |--H. petersii RS99
    |--H. poronioidea RS99
    |--H. pseudokoningii RS99
    |--H. pulvinata [incl. Protocrea fungicola (Karsten) Vassilyeva 1998] RS99
    |--H. schweinitzii RS99
    `--H. spinulosa [=Chromocrea spinulosa, Creopus spinulosus] RS99
  Polystigmites T93

*Arachnocrea stipata (Fuckel) Moravec 1956 [=Hypocrea stipata Fuckel 1871, Protocrea stipata (Fuckel) Petch 1937, Sphaeria stipata Lib. 1837 non Schweinitz 1832; incl. Hypomyces arachnoideus Schroeter in Cohn 1908, Hypocrea papyracea Ellis & Holw. 1886, Arachnocrea papyracea (Ellis & Holw.) Müller 1962, Hypomyces papyraceus (Ellis & Holw.) Seaver 1910] RS99

*Dialhypocrea puiggariana Spegazzini 1919 [=Hypocrea puiggariana (Spegazzini) Müller in Müller & von Arx 1962, Neoskofitzia puiggariana (Spegazzini) Weese 1927] RS99

Hypocrea Fries 1825 [incl. Chromocrea Seaver 1910, Creopus Link 1833, Debarya Schulzer, Kanitz & Knapp 1866] RS99

Hypocrea crustalina (Schulzer, Kanitz & Knapp) Saccardo & Traverso 1910 (n. d.) [=*Debarya crustalina Schulzer, Kanitz & Knapp 1866] RS99

Hypocreopsis lichenoides (Tode) Seaver 1910 [=Acrospermum lichenoides Tode 1790, incl. Stromatocrea cerebriformis Cooke 1952, Hypocrea digitata Ellis & Everh. 1885, Sphaeria parmelioides Montagne 1836, Hypocrea parmelioides (Montagne) Montagne 1856, S. riccioidea Bolton 1791, Dozya riccioidea (Bolton) Karsten 1873, Hypocrea riccioidea (Bolton) Berkeley 1860, *Hypocreopsis riccioidea (Bolton) Karsten 1873] RS99

Hypomyces (Fries) Tulasne 1860 [=Hypocrea subg. Hypomyces Fries 1825; incl. Apiocrea Sydow & Sydow 1921, Bonordenia Schulzer 1866, Chiajaea von Höhnel 1920, Hypocrea subg. Clintoniella Saccardo 1883, Clintoniella (Saccardo) Rehm 1900, Hypomyces subg. Peckiella Saccardo 1883, Peckiella (Saccardo) Saccardo 1891, Sepedonium] RS99

Podostroma alutaceum (Persoon: Fries) Atkinson 1905 [=Sphaeria alutacea Persoon 1797: Fries 1822, *Podocrea alutacea (Persoon: Fries) Lindau 1897; incl. *Podostroma leucopus Karsten 1892] RS99

*Pseudohypocrea citrinella (Ellis & Everh.) Doi 1972 [=Hypocrea citrinella Ellis & Everh. 1876, Arachnocrea citrinella (Ellis) Moravec 1956, Hypomyces citrinellus (Ellis) Seaver 1910] RS99

*Sarawakus lycogaloides (Berkeley & Broome) Lloyd 1924 [=Hypoxylon lycogaloides Berkeley & Broome 1873, Penzigia lycogaloides (Berkeley & Broome) Saccardo 1891, Sarcoxylon lycogaloides (Berkeley & Broome) Cooke 1883; incl. Hypocrea rhytidospora Ces. 1879, Clintoniella rhytidospora (Ces.) Saccardo & Sydow 1902] RS99

Sphaerostilbella (Henn.) Saccardo & Saccardo 1905 HM17, RS99 [=Sphaerostilbe subg. Sphaerostilbella Henn. 1901 RS99; incl. Gliocladium RS99]

Sphaerostilbella aureonitens (Tulasne & Tulasne) Seifert, Samuels & Gams 1985 [=Hypomyces aureonitens Tulasne & Tulasne 1865, Hyphonectria aureonitens (Tulasne & Tulasne) Petch 1937, Hypolyssus aureonitens (Tulasne & Tulasne) Kuntze 1898, Nectriopsis aureonitens (Tulasne & Tulasne) Maire 1911; incl. Hypomyces arenaceus Smith 1901, Nectria mycetophila Peck 1873, Nectriella mycetophila (Peck) Saccardo 1883, Nectria parvispora Winter 1886, Cucurbitaria parvispora (Winter) Kuntze 1898, *Gliocladium penicillioides, Dialonectria sulfurea Ellis & Calk. 1888, C. sulfurea (Ellis & Calk.) Kuntze 1898, Nectria sulfurea (Ellis & Calk.) Saccardo 1891] RS99

Sphaerostilbella berkeleyana (Plowr. & Cooke) Samuels & Candoussau 1995 [=Hypomyces berkeleyanus Plowr. & Cooke 1882, Hyphonectria berkeleyana (Plowr. & Cooke) Petch 1937, Hypolyssus berkeleyanus (Plowr. & Cooke) Kuntze 1898, Nectria berkeleyana (Plowr. & Cooke) Dingley 1951, Nectriopsis berkeleyana (Plowr. & Cooke) Maire 1911] RS99

*Sphaerostilbella lutea (Henn.) Saccardo & Saccardo 1905 [=Sphaerostilbe lutea Henn. 1901; incl. Stilbum aurifilum Gerard 1874, Ciliciopodium aurifilum (Gerard) Cooke 1890, Dendrostilbella aurifila (Gerard) Seifert & MacKinnon 1983, Gliocladium aurifilum (Gerard) Seifert, Samuels & Gams 1985, Stilbum mycetophilum Ahmad 1961, St. zacalloxanthum Moore 1959] RS99

Sphaerostilbella novaezelandiae Seifert, Samuels & Gams 1985 [incl. Gliocladium novaezelandiae Seifert, Samuels & Gams 1985] RS99

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[C07] Camerik, A. M. 2007. Ecological studies on phoretic females of dung-inhabiting Pediculaster (Acari: Heterostigmata, Pygmephoridae) species in South Africa: emigration patterns from cow and horse dung. In: Morales-Malacara, J. B., V. M. Behan-Pelletier, E. Ueckermann, T. M. Pérez, E. G. Estrada-Venegas & M. Badii (eds) Acarology XI: Proceedings of the International Congress pp. 649–655. Instituto de Biología and Faculdad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Sociedad Latinoamericana de Acarología: México.

[H04] Haeckel, E. 1899–1904. Kunstformen der Natur. Bibliographisches Institut: Leipzig und Wien.

[HH99] Hasegawa, M., & T. Hashimoto. 1999. Phylogenetic position of amitochondriate protists in the evolution of eukaryotes. Biological Bulletin 196: 389–392.

[HM17] Hongsanan, S., S. S. N. Maharachchikumbura, K. D. Hyde, M. C. Samarakoon, R. Jeewon, Q. Zhao, A. M. Al-Sadi & A. H. Bahkali. 2017. An updated phylogeny of Sordariomycetes based on phylogenetic and molecular clock evidence. Fungal Diversity 84: 25–41.

[JKW03] Jacobs, K., T. Kirisits & M. J. Wingfield. 2003. Taxonomic re-evaluation of three related species of Graphium, based on morphology, ecology and phylogeny. Mycologia 95 (4): 714–727.

[O96] Okabe, K. 1996. Inhibition of hatching of Histiogaster sp. (Acaridae) by shiitake mushrooms (Lentinus edodes). In: Mitchell, R., D. J. Horn, G. R. Needham & W. C. Welbourn (eds) Acarology IX vol. 1. Proceedings pp. 641–643. Ohio Biological Survey: Columbus (Ohio).

[RS99] Rossman, A. Y., G. J. Samuels, C. T. Rogerson & R. Lowen. 1999. Genera of Bionectriaceae, Hypocreaceae and Nectriaceae (Hypocreales, Ascomycetes). Studies in Mycology 42: 1–248.

[SS09] Schoch, C. L., G.-H. Sung, F. López-Giráldez, J. P. Townsend, J. Miadlikowska, V. Hofstetter, B. Robbertse, P. B. Matheny, F. Kauff, Z. Wang, C. Gueidan, R. M. Andrie, K. Trippe, L. M. Ciufetti, A. Wynns, E. Fraker, B. P. Hodkinson, G. Bonito, J. Z. Groenewald, M. Arzanlou, G. S. de Hoog, P. W. Crous, D. Hewitt, D. H. Pfister, K. Peterson, M. Gryzenhout, M. J. Wingfield, A. Aptroot, S.-O. Suh, M. Blackwell, D. M. Hillis, G. W. Griffith, L. A. Castlebury, A. Y. Rossman, H. T. Lumbsch, R. Lücking, B. Büdel, A. Rauhut, P. Diederich, D. Ertz, D. M. Geiser, K. Hosaka, P. Inderbitzin, J. Kohlmeyer, B. Volkmann-Kohlmeyer, L. Mostert, K. O'Donnell, H. Sipman, J. D. Rogers, R. A. Shoemaker, J. Sugiyama, R. C. Summerbell, W. Untereiner, P. R. Johnston, S. Stenroos, A. Zuccaro, P. S. Dyer, P. D. Crittenden, M. S. Cole, K. Hansen, J. M. Trappe, R. Yahr, F. Lutzoni & J. W. Spatafora. 2009. The Ascomycota tree of life: a phylum-wide phylogeny clarifies the origin and evolution of fundamental reproductive and ecological traits. Systematic Biology 58 (2): 224–239.

[T93] Taylor, T. N. 1993. Fungi. In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 9–13. Chapman & Hall: London.

[ZB10] Zvereva, L. V., & O. G. Borzykh. 2010. Filamentous fungi in the epigrowth of the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas (Bivalvia) in Peter the Great Bay, Sea of Japan. In: China-Russia Bilateral Symposium: Proceedings of the China-Russia Bilateral Symposium of "Comparison on Marine Biodiversity in the Northwest Pacific Ocean", 10–11 October 2010, Qingdao (China) pp. 215–219. Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; A. V. Zhirmunsky Institute of Marine Biology, Far East Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

[ZU10] Zvereva, L. V., & L. N. Usheva. 2010. Opportunistic filamentous fungi isolated from pathologically changed internal organs of the mussel Mytilus trossulus (Bivalvia) from Peter the Great Bay, Sea of Japan. In: China-Russia Bilateral Symposium: Proceedings of the China-Russia Bilateral Symposium of "Comparison on Marine Biodiversity in the Northwest Pacific Ocean", 10–11 October 2010, Qingdao (China) pp. 227–231. Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; A. V. Zhirmunsky Institute of Marine Biology, Far East Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

Erysiphaceae

Cleistothecium of Microsphaera vanbruntiana, copyright W. N. Ellis.

Belongs within: Sordariomyceta.

The Erysiphaceae are a group of fungi including the powdery mildews. Members of this family have a white mycelium producing large, non-septate conidia on simple, erect conidiophores, and indehiscent perithecia containing non-septate ascospores.

Erysiphaceae EB03
    |--Sphaerotheca cucurbitae LK04
    `--+--Golovinomyces orontii LK04
       `--+--Phyllactinia LK04
          |    |--P. guttata ST99
          |    `--P. moricola LK04
          `--+--Leveillula taurica LK04
             |--Uncinula LK04
             |    |--U. mori LK04
             |    `--U. necator GAK07
             `--Microsphaera LK04
                  |--M. friestii LK04
                  |    |--M. f. var. friestii LK04
                  |    `--M. f. var. dahurica LK04
                  |--M. thermopsis D03
                  `--M. vanbruntiana SS09

Erysiphaceae incertae sedis:
  Erysiphe EB03
    |--E. aceris H04
    |--E. alni H04
    |--E. berberidis H04
    |--E. carpophila Sydow 1924 M26
    |    |--E. c. var. carpophila M26
    |    `--E. c. var. rubicola Murray 1926 M26
    |--E. cichoracearum LG91
    |--E. glycines SS09
    |--E. graminis [incl. Oidium monilioides] H86
    `--E. salicis H04
  Blumeria graminis EB03, SL02
  Arthrocladiella EB03
  Brasiliomyces EB03
  Bulbomicrosphaera EB03
  Bulbouncinula EB03
  Cystotheca EB03
  Medusosphaera EB03
  Neoerysiphe EB03
  Pleochaeta EB03
  Podosphaera leucotricha EB03, KD83
  Sawadaea EB03
  Setoerysiphe EB03
  Typhulochaeta EB03
  Uncinuliella EB03
  Erysiphites T93

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[D03] David, J. C. 2003. Orthographic conundrums: The problem of –opsis and –botrys. Taxon 52: 603–608.

[EB03] Eriksson, O. E., H. O. Barah, R. S. Currah, K. Hansen, C. P. Kurtzman, G. Rambold & T. Laessøe (eds.) 2003. Outline of Ascomycota – 2003. Myconet 9: 1–89.

[GAK07] Guichou, S., P. Auger & S. Kreiter. 2007. The acaricidal effect of sulfur on Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae) under laboratory conditions. In: Morales-Malacara, J. B., V. M. Behan-Pelletier, E. Ueckermann, T. M. Pérez, E. G. Estrada-Venegas & M. Badii (eds) Acarology XI: Proceedings of the International Congress pp. 535–545. Instituto de Biología and Faculdad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Sociedad Latinoamericana de Acarología: México.

[H04] Haeckel, E. 1899–1904. Kunstformen der Natur. Bibliographisches Institut: Leipzig und Wien.

[H86] Haviland, E. 1886. On a microscopic fungus parasitic upon the Cucurbitaceae. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, series 2, 1 (1): 173–175.

[KD83] Koç, N. K., & G. Défago. 1983. Studies on the host range of the hyperparasite Aphanocladium album. Phytopathologische Zeitschrift 107: 214–218.

[LG91] Li, W.-H., & D. Graur. 1991. Fundamentals of Molecular Evolution. Sinauer: Sunderland (MA).

[LK04] Lutzoni, F., F. Kauff, C. J. Cox, D. McLaughlin, G. Celio, B. Dentinger, M. Padamsee, D. Hibbett, T. Y. James, E. Baloch, M. Grube, V. Reeb, V. Hofstetter, C. Schoch, A. E. Arnold, J. Miadlikowska, J. Spatafora, D. Johnson, S. Hambleton, M. Crockett, R. Shoemaker, G.-H. Sung, R. Lücking, T. Lumbsch, K. O'Donnell, M. Binder, P. Diederich, D. Ertz, C. Gueidan, K. Hansen, R. C. Harris, K. Hosaka, Y.-W. Lim, B. Matheny, H. Nishida, D. Pfister, J. Rogers, A. Rossman, I. Schmitt, H. Sipman, J. Stone, J. Sugiyama, R. Yahr & R. Vilgalys. 2004. Assembling the fungal tree of life: progress, classification, and evolution of subcellular traits. American Journal of Botany 91 (10): 1446–1480.

[M26] Murray, B. J. 1926. Four fungi on the endemic species of Rubus in New Zealand. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 218–225.

[ST99] Saenz, G. S., & J. W. Taylor. 1999. Phylogenetic relationships of Meliola and Meliolina inferred from nuclear small subunit rRNA sequences. Mycological Research 103 (8): 1049–1056.

[SS09] Schoch, C. L., G.-H. Sung, F. López-Giráldez, J. P. Townsend, J. Miadlikowska, V. Hofstetter, B. Robbertse, P. B. Matheny, F. Kauff, Z. Wang, C. Gueidan, R. M. Andrie, K. Trippe, L. M. Ciufetti, A. Wynns, E. Fraker, B. P. Hodkinson, G. Bonito, J. Z. Groenewald, M. Arzanlou, G. S. de Hoog, P. W. Crous, D. Hewitt, D. H. Pfister, K. Peterson, M. Gryzenhout, M. J. Wingfield, A. Aptroot, S.-O. Suh, M. Blackwell, D. M. Hillis, G. W. Griffith, L. A. Castlebury, A. Y. Rossman, H. T. Lumbsch, R. Lücking, B. Büdel, A. Rauhut, P. Diederich, D. Ertz, D. M. Geiser, K. Hosaka, P. Inderbitzin, J. Kohlmeyer, B. Volkmann-Kohlmeyer, L. Mostert, K. O'Donnell, H. Sipman, J. D. Rogers, R. A. Shoemaker, J. Sugiyama, R. C. Summerbell, W. Untereiner, P. R. Johnston, S. Stenroos, A. Zuccaro, P. S. Dyer, P. D. Crittenden, M. S. Cole, K. Hansen, J. M. Trappe, R. Yahr, F. Lutzoni & J. W. Spatafora. 2009. The Ascomycota tree of life: a phylum-wide phylogeny clarifies the origin and evolution of fundamental reproductive and ecological traits. Systematic Biology 58 (2): 224–239.

[SL02] Schweigkofler, W., K. Lopandic, O. Molnár & H. Prillinger. 2002. Analysis of phylogenetic relationships among Ascomycota with yeast phases using ribosomal DNA sequences and cell wall sugars. Organisms Diversity & Evolution 2: 1–17.

[T93] Taylor, T. N. 1993. Fungi. In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 9–13. Chapman & Hall: London.