Helicinoidea

Helicina concentrica, from here.

Belongs within: Neritimorpha.

Helicinoidea is a clade recognised by molecular analysis containing the terrestrial Helicinidae and the Neritiliidae, found in fresh water and marine caves. No definite morphological synapomorphies have been identified, though both families have the vaginal and ootype openings widely separated, and the vaginal opening situated deep inside the pallial cavity (Kano et al. 2002).

<==Helicinoidea [Helicinacea] BR05
    |--Dawsonella Bradley 1874 [Dawsonellidae, Dawsonellinae] BR05
    |--Deianira Stoliczka 1860 [=Dejanira (l. c.); Deianiridae, Dejaniridae] BR05
    |--Proserpinellidae BR05
    |    |--Proserpinella Bland 1865 BR05
    |    `--Ceres Gray 1856 [Cererinae, Ceresidae, Ceresinae] BR05
    |--Proserpinidae [Proserpininae] BR05
    |    |--Despoena Newton 1891 [Despoenidae] BR05
    |    `--Proserpina Sowerby 1839 BR05
    |--Neritiliidae [Neritiliinae] BR05
    |    |--Pisulinella Kano & Kase 2000 B01
    |    |    `--*P. miocenica B01
    |    |--Pisulina Nevill & Nevill 1869 B01
    |    |    |--*P. adamsiana Nevill & Nevill 1869 B01
    |    |    |--P. biplicata Thiele 1925 B01
    |    |    |--P. maxima Kano & Kase 2000 B01
    |    |    `--P. subpacifica B01
    |    `--Neritilia Martens 1879 BR05
    |         |--*N. rubida (Pease 1865) [=Neritina rubida; incl. Neritilia hawaiiensis Kay 1979] B01
    |         |--N. consimilis (Martens 1879) B01
    |         |--N. monoeli Dohrn 1866 B01
    |         |--N. panamensis B01
    |         `--N. succinea (Récluz 1841) B01
    `--Helicinidae BR05
         |  i. s.: Pleuropoma Moellendorff 1893 [incl. Aphanoconia Wagner 1905, Sphaeroconia Wagner 1905] S88
         |           |--P. draytonensis SC07
         |           |--P. jana SC07
         |           |--P. louisiadensis (Forbes 1851) S88
         |           |--P. macleayi (Brazier 1876) S88
         |           |--P. solomonensis (Smith 1885) S88
         |           `--P. walkeri (Smith 1894) KKW12 (see below for synonymy)
         |         Ceratopoma Moellendorff 1893 S88
         |         Geophorus AA88
         |           |--G. bothropoma Moellendorff 1895 AA88
         |           `--G. trochiformis (Sowerby 1842) AA88
         |         Alcadia BC01
         |           |--A. delmonteana Pilsbry 1932 BC01
         |           `--A. dysonia GO06
         |         Lucidella (Poeniella) peasei Pilsbry 1933 BC01
         |         Palaeohelicina (Palaeohelicina) mayri Clench 1958 BC01
         |--Ceratodiscus Simpson & Henderson 1901 [Ceratodiscinae] BR05
         |--Dimorphoptychia Sandberger 1871 [Dimorphoptychiinae] BR05
         |--Hendersonia Wagner 1905 [Hendersoniinae] BR05
         |--Viana Adams & Adams 1856 [Vianinae] BR05
         |--Stoastoma Adams 1849 [Stoastomatidae, Stoastomatinae, Stoastomidae] BR05
         |    `--*S. pisum Adams 1849 BC01
         `--Helicininae BR05
              |--Bourciera Pfeiffer 1852 [Bourcierinae] BR05
              |--Olygyra Say 1818 [=Oligyra; Oligyradae, Olygyridae] BR05
              |    `--O. sprucei [=Helicina (Oligyra) sprucei] A66
              `--Helicina Lamarck 1799 [Helicinides] BR05
                   |--H. chionea Pilsbry 199 BC01
                   |--H. (Pachystoma) concentrica A66
                   |--H. hollandi Adams 1849 BC01
                   |--H. laciniosa Mighels 1845 [=Pleuropoma laciniosa; incl. Orobophana berniceia] J49
                   `--H. rotelloidea Mighels 1845 [incl. Pleuropoma hawaiiensis] J49

Pleuropoma walkeri (Smith 1894) KKW12 [=Helicina walkeri KKW12, Orobophana walkeri S88, Aphanoconia (Sphaeroconia) baudinensis Wagner 1909 KKW12]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A66] Adams, H. 1866. List of land and freshwater shells collected by Mr. E. Bartlett on the Upper Amazons, and on the River Ucayali, eastern Peru, with descriptions of new species. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 440-445.

[AA88] Auffenberg, K. & T. Auffenberg. 1988. Density, spatial distribution, activity patterns, and biomass of the land snail, Geophorus bothropoma Moellendorff (Prosobranchia: Helicinidae). Nautilus 102 (1): 40-45.

[B01] Bandel, K. 2001. The history of Theodoxus and Neritina connected with description and systematic evaluation of related Neritimorpha (Gastropoda). Mitteilungen des Geologisch-Paläontologischen Institutes der Universität Hamburg 85: 65-164.

[BR05] Bouchet, P., J.-P. Rocroi, J. Frýda, B. Hausdorf, W. Ponder, Á. Valdés & A. Warén. 2005. Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families. Malacologia 47 (1-2): 1-397.

[BC01] Boyko, C. B. & J. R. Cordeiro. 2001. Catalog of Recent type specimens in the Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History. V. Mollusca, part 2 (class Gastropoda [exclusive of Opisthobranchia and Pulmonata], with supplements to Gastropoda [Opisthobranchia], and Bivalvia). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 262: 1-170.

[GO06] Giribet, G., A. Okusu, A. R. Lindgren, S. W. Huff, M. Schrödl & M. K. Nishiguchi. 2006. Evidence for a clade composed of molluscs with serially repeated structures: Monoplacophorans are related to chitons. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 103 (20): 7723-7728.

[J49] Johnson, R. I. 1949. Jesse Wedgwood Mighels with a bibliography and a catalogue of his species. Occasional Papers on Mollusks 1 (14): 213-231.

Kano, Y., S. Chiba & T. Kase. 2002. Major adaptive radiation in neritopsine gastropods estimated from 28S rRNA sequences and fossil records. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B—Biological Sciences 269: 2457-2465.

[KKW12] Köhler, F., V. Kessner & C. Whisson. 2012. New records of non-marine, non-camaenid gastropods (Mollusca: Gastropoda) from islands off the Kimberley coast, Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum 27 (1): 21-39.

[S88] Solem, A. 1988. Non-camaenid land snails of the Kimberley and Northern Territory, Australia. I. Systematics, affinities and ranges. Invertebrate Taxonomy 4: 455-604.

[SC07] Stanisic, J., R. A. D. Cameron, B. M. Pokryszko & J. C. Nekola. 2007. Forest snail faunas from S. E. Queensland and N. E. New South Wales (Australia): patterns of local and regional richness and differentiation. Malacologia 49 (2): 445-462.

Enoidea

Chondrula tridens, photographed by Jozef Grego.

Belongs within: Stylommatophora.

The Enoidea is a group of medium-sized snails most diverse in the Palaearctic and Africa.

Characters (from Tillier 1989, as Enidae): Visceral mass obviously shortened. Cerebral commissure and lateral connectives never very long. Left cerebro-pedal connective always longer than right. Left parietal ganglion always touches both left pleural and visceral ganglia.

<==Enoidea
    |--Cerastidae BR05
    |    |--Cerastus Martens 1860 [=Cerastua Strand 1928; Cerastinae, Cerastuidae, Cerastuinae] BR05
    |    |--Pachnodus Albers 1860 [Pachnodidae] BR05
    |    |--Zebrinops Thiele 1931 S88
    |    |--Conulinus von Martens 1895 S88
    |    |--Pasamaella Pfeiffer 1878 S88
    |    |--Achatinelloides Nevill 1878 S88
    |    |--Euryptyxis Fischer 1883 S88
    |    |--Edouardia Gude 1914 S88
    |    |--Altenaia Zilch 1972 S88
    |    |--Amimopina Solem 1964 S88
    |    |    `--*A. macleayi (Brazier 1876) S88 (see below for synonymy)
    |    |--Rachis Albers 1850 S88
    |    |    `--R. punctatus (Anton 1839) S88
    |    |--Rhachistia Connolly 1925 S88
    |    |    `--R. histrio (Pfeiffer 1854) [incl. Rhachidina braunsi (von Martens 1869)] S88
    |    `--Rhachidina Thiele 1911 S88
    |         `--R. zonulatus (Pfeiffer 1846) S88
    `--Enidae BR05
         |  i. s.: Zebrina detrita (Müller 1774) HM07
         |         Coccoderma Moellendorff 1901 S88
         |         Apoecus S88
         |           |--A. apertus (von Martens 1863) S88
         |           `--A. colonus (Moellendorff 1895) S88
         |         Mirus Albers 1850 S88
         |--Buliminus Beck 1837 [Buliminuinae, Buliminusidae, Buliminusinae, Buliminusoidea] BR05
         `--Eninae BR05
              |--Chondrula Beck 1837 [Chondrulidae, Chondrulinae, Chondrulini] BR05
              |    |--C. cantori F66
              |    `--C. tridens (Müller 1774) HM07
              |--Multidentulini [Euchondrinae, Multidentulinae] BR05
              |    |--Euchondrus Boettger 1883 BR05
              |    |--Multidentula Lindholm 1925 BR05
              |    |--Chondrulopsina Lindholm 1925 [Chondrulopsininae] BR05
              |    `--Merdigera Held 1837 [Merdigerinae] BR05
              `--Enini BR05
                   |--Napaeus Albers 1850 [Napaeinae] BR05
                   |--Jaminia Risso 1826 [Jaminiinae] BR05
                   |--Pseudonapaeus Westerlund 1887 [Pseudonapaeinae] BR05
                   |--Retowskia Boettger 1881 [Retowskiinae] BR05
                   |--Andronakia Lindholm 1913 [Andronakiinae] BR05
                   `--Ena Turton 1831 BR05
                        `--E. batarae Rensch 1930 S88

*Amimopina macleayi (Brazier 1876) S88 [=Bulimus macleayi KKW12; incl. B. beddomei Brazier 1880 KKW12, Amimopina beddomei S88]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BR05] Bouchet, P., J.-P. Rocroi, J. Frýda, B. Hausdorf, W. Ponder, Á. Valdés & A. Warén. 2005. Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families. Malacologia 47 (1-2): 1-397.

[F66] Fraser, L. 1866. Communication of a list of mollusks collected by R. Swinhoe, Esq., in Formosa. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 146.

[HM07] Honek, A., & Z. Martinkova. 2007. A field method for quantifying the grazing activity of slugs, with particular reference to Arion lusitanicus (Mollusca). Malacologia 49 (2): 273-281.

[KVW12] Köhler, F., V. Kessner & C. Whisson. 2012. New records of non-marine, non-camaenid gastropods (Mollusca: Gastropoda) from islands off the Kimberley coast, Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum 27 (1): 21-39.

[S88] Solem, A. 1988. Non-camaenid land snails of the Kimberley and Northern Territory, Australia. I. Systematics, affinities and ranges. Invertebrate Taxonomy 4: 455-604.

Tillier, S. 1989. Comparative morphology, phylogeny and classification of land snails and slugs (Gastropoda: Pulmonata: Stylommatophora). Malacologia 30 (1-2): 1-303.

Streptaxidae

Streptostele musaecola, from D. G. Robinson et al.

Belongs within: Stylommatophora.

The Streptaxidae are a nearly pantropical family of carnivorous snails (though absent from the native fauna of Australia).

Characters (from Tillier 1989): Buccal mass very long. Gastric crop cylindrical; gastric pouch may be dedifferentiated; intestine short. Kidney very short, internally homogeneous in morphology. Ureteric tube closed as far as pneumostome. Cerebral commissure short. Cerebropedal connectives medium and subequal in length. Pleural ganglia close to pedal ganglia. Visceral ganglion median, in contact with both parietal ganglia, from which it is, however, distinct. Pleuro-parietal connectives longer than in any other family of Stylommatophora.

<==Streptaxidae [Streptaxacea, Streptaxoidea]
    |  i. s.: Gulella V07
    |           |--G. (Huttonella) bicolor (Hutton 1834) [=Pupa bicolor] S88
    |           |--G. meruensis (D’Ailly 1910) V07
    |           `--G. (Paucidentina) monodon (Morelet 1873) FGN07
    |         Natalina caffra (Férussac 1821) V07
    |         Edentulina FGN07
    |         Varicostele FGN07
    |--Odontartemon Pfeiffer 1856 [Odontartemoninae] BR05
    |--Orthogibbinae [Orthogibbidae] BR05
    |    |--Orthogibbus Germain 1919 BR05
    |    |--Gibbus Montfort 1810 [Gibbinae] BR05
    |    `--Gonidomus Swainson 1840 [Gonidominae] BR05
    |--Streptaxinae BR05
    |    |--Artemon Beck 1837 [Artemonidae] BR05
    |    `--Streptaxis Gray 1837 BR05
    |         |--S. hanleyanus TC89
    |         |--S. obtusus TC89
    |         `--S. sankeyanus TC89
    |--Gonaxis V07 [Marconiinae BR05]
    |    |  i. s.: G. craveni (Smith 1880) V07
    |    |         G. kibweziensis H91
    |    |         G. quadrilateralis H91
    |    `--G. (Marconia Bourguignat 1889) V07, BR05
    |         |--G. (M.) gravieri (Germain 1907) V07
    |         |--G. (M.) kivuensis (Preston 1913) V07
    |         `--G. (M.) vitrea (Morelet 1868) [=Ennea vitrea] V07
    `--Ptychotrematinae [Enneidae, Enneinae] BR05
         |--Streptostele Dohrn 1866 [Streptostelidae] BR05
         |    `--S. (Tomostele) musaecola (Morelet 1860) [=Achatina musaecola] S88
         `--Ptychotrema Pfeiffer 1853 BR05
              |--‘Ennea’ (Elma Adams 1866) A66
              |    `--E. (*E.) swinhoei Adams 1866 A66
              `--P. (Ennea Adams & Adams 1855) V07
                   |--P. (E.) bequaerti (Dautzenberg & Germain 1914) V07
                   |--P. (E.) chrysacticum Verdcourt 2007 V07
                   |--P. (E.) elegantulum (Pfeiffer 1846) V07
                   |--P. (E.) peilei Preston 1914 V07
                   |--P. (E.) subtusangulatum (Degner 1934) V07
                   |--P. (E.) sylvatica Pilsbry 1919 FGN07
                   `--P. (E.) thompsonae Connolly 1928 V07

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A66] Adams, H. 1866. Descriptions of fifteen new species of land and freshwater shells from Formosa, collected by Robert Swinhoe, Esq., consul at Taiwan in that island. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 316-319.

[BR05] Bouchet, P., J.-P. Rocroi, J. Frýda, B. Hausdorf, W. Ponder, Á. Valdés & A. Warén. 2005. Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families. Malacologia 47 (1-2): 1-397.

[FGN07] Fontaine, B., O. Gargominy & E. Neubert. 2007. Land snail diversity of the savanna/forest mosaic in Lopé National Park, Gabon. Malacologia 49 (2): 313-338.

[H91] Howarth, F. G. 1991. Environmental impacts of classical biological control. Annual Review of Entomology 36: 485-509.

[S88] Solem, A. 1988. Non-camaenid land snails of the Kimberley and Northern Territory, Australia. I. Systematics, affinities and ranges. Invertebrate Taxonomy 4: 455-604.

[TC89] Tapparone Canefri, T. 1889. Viaggio di Leonardo Fea in Birmania e regioni vicine. XVIII. – Molluschi terrestri e d'acqua dolce. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, Serie 2a 7: 295-359.

Tillier, S. 1989. Comparative morphology, phylogeny and classification of land snails and slugs (Gastropoda: Pulmonata: Stylommatophora). Malacologia 30 (1-2): 1-303.

[V07] Verdcourt, B. 2007. Miscellaneous notes on tropical African non-marine Mollusca. Annales Historico-Naturales Musei Nationalis Hungarici 99: 189-197.

Punctidae

Paralaoma caputspinulae, from here.

Belongs within: Stylommatophora.

The Punctidae are a cosmopolitan (except South America) family of minute to small snails, most diverse in cool, moist upland habitats (Stanisic et al. 2010).

<==Punctidae [Polyplacognatha, Punctinae] BR05
    |--Patulastra Pfeiffer 1879 [Patulastridae] BR05
    |--Afropunctum seminium (Morelet 1873) FGN07
    |--Punctum Morse 1864 BR05
    |    |--P. minutissimum G59
    |    `--P. pygmaeum (Draparnaud 1805) CC06
    |--Hydrophrea Climo 1974 BV86
    |    `--H. academica (Climo 1970) BV86
    |--Laoma Gray 1850 [Laomidae, Laominae] BR05
    |    `--L. subantarctica (Suter 1909) [=Phenacohelix subantarctica] G01
    `--Paralaoma Iredale 1913 [Paralaomidae] BR05
         |--P. caputspinulae (Reeve 1852) S88
         `--P. retinodes (Tate 1894) [=Charopa retinodes, Flammulina retinodes] S88

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BV86] Bole, J., & F. Velkovrh. 1986. Mollusca from continental subterranean aquatic habitats. In Stygofauna Mundi: A Faunistic, Distributional, and Ecological Synthesis of the World Fauna inhabiting Subterranean Waters (including the Marine Interstitial) (L. Botosaneanu, ed.) pp. 177-208. E. J. Brill / Dr. W. Backhuys: Leiden.

[BR05] Bouchet, P., J.-P. Rocroi, J. Frýda, B. Hausdorf, W. Ponder, Á. Valdés & A. Warén. 2005. Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families. Malacologia 47 (1-2): 1-397.

[CC06] Cameron, R. A. D., L. M. Cook, G. A. Goodfriend & M. B. Seddon. 2006. Fossil land snails of Porto Santo, Madeiran archipelago: change and stasis in Pleistocene to Recent times. Malacologia 49 (1): 25-59.

[FGN07] Fontaine, B., O. Gargominy & E. Neubert. 2007. Land snail diversity of the savanna/forest mosaic in Lopé National Park, Gabon. Malacologia 49 (2): 313-338.

[G01] Goulstone, J. F. 2001. A revision of the genus Phenacohelix Suter, 1892 (Mollusca: Pulmonata) with descriptions of four new species and reassignment of Thalassohelix ziczag (Gould, 1846). Records of the Auckland Museum 38: 39-82.

[G59] Grimm, W. 1959. Land snails of Carroll County, Maryland. Nautilus 72 (4): 122-127.

[S88] Solem, A. 1988. Non-camaenid land snails of the Kimberley and Northern Territory, Australia. I. Systematics, affinities and ranges. Invertebrate Taxonomy 4: 455-604.

Stanisic, J., M. Shea, D. Potter & O. Griffiths. 2010. Australian Land Snails vol. 1. A field guide to eastern Australian species. Bioculture Press: Mauritius.

Charopidae

Phenacohelix ziczag, photographed by Andrew Spurgeon.

Belongs within: Stylommatophora.

The Charopidae are a mostly Gondwanan family of very small snails, mostly found in rain forests.

Characters (from Stanisic et al. 2010): Shells generally minute to very small (1.5 to 7 mm in diameter); mostly discoidal in shape, less commonly biconcave, trochoidal, turbinate or subglobose. Whorls mostly rounded, sometimes shouldered, flattened, angulate or keeled. Spire usually flat, sunken or slightly raised, occasionally dome-shaped and conical. Umbilicus usually present, varying from pinhole size to very wide saucer-shaped. Shells may be tightly coiled or have fewer and rapidly increasing whorls; last whorl occasionally large and flared. Sutures varying from barely impressed to deeply channelled. Aperture usually lunate and without barriers, occasionally bearing one to several palatal, parietal or columellar barriers. Lip simple. Shell sculpture complex, usually consisting of combination of fine and coarse spiral cords and radial ribs; sculptural differentiation usually present between protoconch and teleoconch with marked break between the two. Periostracum usually well developed, may provide adornments to underlying shell sculpture in form of setae and vertical blade-like extensions of major ribs. Radial ribs varying from relatively straight to sinuate; density may alter over course of shell growth, becoming more crowded on body whorl.

<==Charopidae
    |  i. s.: Thalassohelix Pilsbry 1892 G01
    |           |--*T. zelandiae (Gray 1843) G01
    |           `--T. igniflua A27
    |         Discocharopa Iredale 1913 S88
    |           `--D. aperta (Moellendorff 1888) (see below for synonymy) KKW12
    |         Pilsbrycharopa Solem 1958 S88
    |           `--P. tumidus (Odhner 1917) [=Endodonta (Charopa) tumida, Luinodiscus tumidus] S88
    |         Pillomena Iredale 1933 S88
    |           `--P. aemula (Tate 1894) [=Charopa aemula, Endodonta (Charopa) aemula] S88
    |         Paryphantopsis Thiele 1928 S88
    |         Graeffedon S88
    |--Otoconcha Hutton 1884 [Otoconchinae] BR05
    |--Rotadiscus Pilsbry 1926 [Rotadiscinae] BR05
    |--Semperdon Solem 1983 [Semperdoninae] BR05
    |--Trukcharopa Solem 1983 [Trukcharopinae] BR05
    |--Thysanota Albers 1860 [Thysanotinae] BR05
    |    |--T. elegans Preston 1909 S88
    |    `--T. eumita Sykes 1898 S88
    `--Charopinae [Amphidoxinae] BR05
         |--Amphidoxa Albers 1850 BR05
         |--Flammulina Martens 1873 [Flammulinidae, Flammulininae] BR05
         |--Pseudocharopa Peile 1929 [Pseudocharopidae] BR05
         |--Trachycystis Pilsbry 1893 [Trachycystidae] BR05
         |--Flammoconcha Dell 1952 [Flammoconchinae] BR05
         |--Ranfurlya Suter 1903 [Ranfurlyinae] BR05
         |--Hedleyoconcha Pilsbry 1893 [Hedleyoconchidae] BR05
         |    `--H. delta SC07
         |--Dipnelix Iredale 1937 [Dipnelicidae] BR05
         |    `--D. alychnopis Macpherson 1954 M54
         |--Therasia Hutton 1883 [Therasiinae] BR05
         |    `--T. thaisa A27
         |--Charopa Albers 1860 BR05
         |    |--C. coma A27
         |    `--C. longstaffae A27
         `--Phenacohelix Suter 1892 BR05 (see below for synonymy)
              |--*P. pilula (Reeve 1852) [=Helix pilula] G01
              |--P. aurea Goulstone 2001 G01
              |--P. brooki Goulstone 2001 G01
              |--P. giveni Cumber 1961 [=P. (*Neophenacohelix) giveni] G01
              |--P. hakarimata Goulstone 2001 G01
              |--P. lucetta (Hutton 1884) [incl. P. (Neophenacohelix) stokesi (Smith 1884)] G01
              |--P. mahlfeldae Goulstone 2001 G01
              |--P. perplexa (Murdoch 1897) [=P. (Neophenacohelix) perplexa] G01
              |--P. ponsonbyi (Suter 1897) G01
              |--P. tholoides (Suter 1907) [=P. (Neophenacohelix) tholoides] G01
              `--P. ziczag (Gould 1846) [=Thalassohelix ziczag] G01

Discocharopa aperta (Moellendorff 1888) [=Patula aperta; incl. Endodonta concinna Hedley 1901, Discocharopa microdiscus van Benthem Jutting 1964, E. (Charopa) planorbulina Tate 1896] S88

Phenacohelix Suter 1892 BR05 [incl. Neophenacohelix Cumber 1961 G01; Phenacohelicidae, Phenacohelicinae, Pseudohelicidae]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A27] Allan, R. S. 1927. The geology and palaeontology of the Lower Waihao Basin, south Canterbury, New Zealand. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 265-309.

[BR05] Bouchet, P., J.-P. Rocroi, J. Frýda, B. Hausdorf, W. Ponder, Á. Valdés & A. Warén. 2005. Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families. Malacologia 47 (1-2): 1-397.

[G01] Goulstone, J. F. 2001. A revision of the genus Phenacohelix Suter, 1892 (Mollusca: Pulmonata) with descriptions of four new species and reassignment of Thalassohelix ziczag (Gould, 1846). Records of the Auckland Museum 38: 39-82.

[KKW12] Köhler, F., V. Kessner & C. Whisson. 2012. New records of non-marine, non-camaenid gastropods (Mollusca: Gastropoda) from islands off the Kimberley coast, Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum 27 (1): 21-39.

[M54] Macpherson, J. H. 1954. Molluscs (sea shells and snails). In The Archipelago of the Recherche (J. M. Willis, ed.) pp. 55-63. Australian Geographical Society: Melbourne.

[S88] Solem, A. 1988. Non-camaenid land snails of the Kimberley and Northern Territory, Australia. I. Systematics, affinities and ranges. Invertebrate Taxonomy 4: 455-604.

[SC07] Stanisic, J., R. A. D. Cameron, B. M. Pokryszko & J. C. Nekola. 2007. Forest snail faunas from S. E. Queensland and N. E. New South Wales (Australia): patterns of local and regional richness and differentiation. Malacologia 49 (2): 445-462.

Stanisic, J., M. Shea, D. Potter & O. Griffiths. 2010. Australian Land Snails vol. 1. A field guide to eastern Australian species. Bioculture Press: Mauritius.

Neonemertea

The light-margined ribbon worm Cerebratulus marginatus, photographed by James Zhan.

Belongs within: Nemertea.
Contains: Monostilifera.

The Neonemertea is a clade of nemertean worms identified by molecular analysis (Thollesson & Norenburg 2003). It unites the clades Hoplonemertea, in which the eversible proboscis is armed by one or more stylets, and Pilidiophora, whose members possess a distinctive larval form called a pilidium.

<==Neonemertea
    |--Hoplonemertea [Enopla] TN03
    |    |  i. s.: Arenonemertes K86
    |    |           |--A. microps Friedrich 1933 K86
    |    |           `--A. minutus Friedrich 1949 K86
    |    |         *Prostomatella arenicola Friedrich 1935 K86
    |    |         Otonemertes K86
    |    |           |--O. denisi Dawydoff 1937 K86
    |    |           `--O. marcusi Corrêa 1958 K86
    |    |         Geonemertes G02
    |    |           |--G. caeca Darbishire 1909 (n. d.) G02
    |    |           `--G. spirospermia Darbishire 1909 (n. d.) G02
    |    |--Monostilifera TN03
    |    `--Polystilifera [Pelagica] TN03
    |         |--Nectonemertes mirabilis Verrill 1892 TN03
    |         `--+--Pelagonemertes TN03
    |            `--+--Phallonemertes murrayi (Brinkmann 1912) TN03
    |               `--Protopelagonemertes TN03
    `--Pilidiophora TN03
         |--Hubrechtidae TN03
         |    |--Hubrechtia TN03
         |    `--Sundbergia Gibson 2002 G02
         |         `--*S. albula Gibson 2002 G02
         |--Hubrechtellidae C03
         |    |--Tetramys C03
         |    |--Coeia C03
         |    `--Hubrechtella Bergendal 1902 C03
         |         |--H. alba Gibson 1997 C03
         |         |--H. dubia Bergendal 1902 TN03
         |         |--H. juliae Chernyshev 2003 C03
         |         |--H. malabarensis Gibson 1979 C03
         |         `--H. sinimarinus Gibson & Sundberg 1999 C03
         `--Heteronemertea TN03
              |  i. s.: Heteroenopleus enigmaticus Wern 1998 G02
              |--Riserius [Riseriellidae] TN03
              |    `--R. pugetensis Norenburg 1993 TN03
              |--Baseodiscus Diesing 1850 [Valenciniidae] G02
              |    |--*B. delineatus (Della Chiaje 1825) G02
              |    |--B. australis (Hubrecht 1887) [=Eupolia australis] G02
              |    `--B. giardii (Hubrecht 1887) [=Eupolia giardii] G02
              `--Lineidae TN03
                   |  i. s.: Craticulineus Gibson 1984 G02
                   |           `--*C. novaezealandiae Gibson 1984 G02
                   |--Notospermus Huschke 1830 TN03, G02
                   |    `--*N. geniculatus (Delle Chiaje 1828) G02, TN03 (see below for synonymy)
                   `--+--+--Tenuilineus TN03
                      |  |    |--‘Lineus’ alborostratus Takakura 1898 TN03
                      |  |    `--T. bicolor (Verrill 1892) TN03
                      |  `--Micrura Ehrenberg 1828 TN03, G02
                      |       |--*M. fasciolata Ehrenberg 1828 G02
                      |       |--M. alaskensis Coe 1901 TN03
                      |       `--M. pleuropolia Cantell 1994 G02
                      `--+--Lineus TN03
                         |    |  i. s.: L. bilineatus GO06
                         |    |         L. gesserensis S72
                         |    |         L. lacteus [=Nemertes lacteus] K92
                         |    |         L. ruber K92
                         |    |--L. viridis (Müller 1774) TN03
                         |    `--+--*L. longissimus (Gunnerus 1770) TN03
                         |       `--Ramphogordius [incl. Myoisophagus Riser 1994] TN03
                         |            |--*R. lacteus Rathke 1843 G02
                         |            `--R. sanguineus (Rathke 1799) TN03 (see below for synonymy)
                         `--+--+--Parbolasia corrugatus (McIntosh 1876) TN03
                            |  `--Parvicirrus dubius (Verrill 1879) TN03
                            `--Cerebratulidae G02
                                 |--Adenorhagas Riser 1990 G02
                                 |    `--*A. aurantiafrons Riser 1990 G02
                                 |--Praealbonemertes Cantell 1993 G02
                                 |    `--*P. whangateaunienses Cantell 1993 G02
                                 `--Cerebratulus Renier 1804 TN03, G02
                                      |--*C. marginatus Renier 1804 G02, TN03
                                      |--C. angulatus G02
                                      |--C. angusticeps Hubrecht 1887 G02
                                      |--C. hepaticus G02
                                      |--C. lacteus (Leidy 1851) SS07
                                      |--C. macroren Hubrecht 1887 G02
                                      |--C. macrorrhochmus (Schmarda 1859) (see below for synonymy) G02
                                      |--C. macrostomus (Schmarda 1859) [=Meckelia macrostoma] G02
                                      `--C. parkeri Hubrecht 1887 G02

Cerebratulus macrorrhochmus (Schmarda 1859) [=Meckelia macrorrhochma, C. macrorhochmus (l. c.); incl. M. capensis Diesing 1862] G02

*Notospermus geniculatus (Delle Chiaje 1828) G02, TN03 [=Polia geniculata G02; incl. Micrura tridacnae G02]

Ramphogordius sanguineus (Rathke 1799) TN03 [=Planaria sanguinea G02, Lineus sanguineus K92, Myoisophagos sanguineus G02; incl. L. nigricans G02, L. socialis G02, L. vegetus G02]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[C03] Chernyshev, A. V. 2003. New species of the genus Hubrechtella (Nemertea, Anopla) from the Sea of Japan and validation of the family Hubrechtellidae. Russian Journal of Marine Biology 29: 333-336.

[G02] Gibson, R. 2002. The Invertebrate Fauna of New Zealand: Nemertea (ribbon worms). NIWA Biodiversity Memoir 118. National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research: Wellington.

[GO06] Giribet, G., A. Okusu, A. R. Lindgren, S. W. Huff, M. Schrödl & M. K. Nishiguchi. 2006. Evidence for a clade composed of molluscs with serially repeated structures: Monoplacophorans are related to chitons. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 103 (20): 7723-7728.

[K86] Kirsteuer, E. 1986. Nemertina. In Stygofauna Mundi: A Faunistic, Distributional, and Ecological Synthesis of the World Fauna inhabiting Subterranean Waters (including the Marine Interstitial) (L. Botosaneanu, ed.) pp. 72-75. E. J. Brill / Dr. W. Backhuys: Leiden.

[K92] Kozloff, E. N. 1992. The genera of the phylum Orthonectida. Cahiers de Biologie Marine 33: 377-406.

[SS07] Struck, T. H., N. Schutt, T. Kusen, E. Hickman, C. Bleidorn, D. McHugh & K. M. Halanych. 2007. Annelid phylogeny and the status of Sipuncula and Echiura. BMC Evolutionary Biology 7: 57.

[S72] Stunkard, H. W. 1972. Clarification of taxonomy in the Mesozoa. Systematic Zoology 21 (2): 210-214.

[TN03] Thollesson, M., & J. L. Norenburg. 2003. Ribbon worm relationships: A phylogeny of the phylum Nemertea. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B – Biological Sciences 270: 407-415.

Monostilifera

The flaming ribbon worm Nipponnemertes pulchra, photographed by Jean-Michel Crouzet.

Belongs within: Neonemertea.
Contains: Amphiporidae.

The Monostilifera is a clade of nemertean worms characterised by the possession of a proboscis armed by a single stylet (Thollesson & Norenburg 2003).

<==Monostilifera
    |  i. s.: Cryptonemertes actinophila (Bürger 1904) G02
    |--Nipponnemertes Friedrich 1968 TN03, G02 [Cratenemertea, Cratenemertidae, Paramonostilifera]
    |    |--*N. pulchra (Johnston 1837) G02
    |    |--N. bimaculatus (Coe 1901) TN03
    |    |--N. punctatulus (Coe 1905) TN03
    |    `--N. sanguinea Riser 1998 G02
    `--Distromatonemertea [Distromatorhynchocoelomia] TN03
         |  i. s.: Plectonemertidae G02
         |           |--Acteonemertes Pantin 1961 G02
         |           |    `--*A. bathamae Pantin 1961 G02
         |           |--Campbellonemertes Moore & Gibson 1972 G02
         |           |    `--*C. johnsi Moore & Gibson 1972 G02
         |           |--Argonemertes Moore & Gibson 1981 G02
         |           |    |--*A. australiensis (Dendy 1892) G02
         |           |    `--A. dendyi (Dakin 1915) [=Geonemertes dendyi] G02
         |           |--Potamonemertes Moore & Gobson 1973 K86, G02
         |           |    |--*P. percivali Moore & Gobson 1973 G02
         |           |    `--P. gibsoni Hickman & Moore 1990 G02
         |           `--Antiponemertes Moore & Gibson 1981 G02
         |                |--*A. novaezealandiae (Dendy 1895) (see below for synonymy) G02
         |                |--A. allisonae (Moore 1973) [=Geonemertes allisonae] G02
         |                `--A. pantini (Southgate 1954) [=Geonemertes pantini, Antipodonemertes (l. c.) pantini] G02
         |         Prosorhochmidae G02
         |           |--Heilogonemertes Gibson 2002 G02
         |           |    `--*H. cooki Gibson 2002 G02
         |           |--Notogaeanemertes Riser 1988 G02
         |           |    `--*N. folzae Riser 1988 G02
         |           `--*Prosorhochmus claparediii Keferstein 1862 G02
         |--Carcinonemertes [Carcinonemertidae] TN03
         |    `--C. carcinophila TN03
         |         |--C. c. carcinophila TN03
         |         `--C. c. imminuta (Kölliker 1845) TN03
         `--+--Amphiporidae TN03
            `--Tetrastemmatidae TN03
                 |  i. s.: Prostoma Dugès 1828 G02
                 |           |--*P. graecense (Böhmig 1892) [=Tetrastemma graecensis] G02
                 |           |--P. eilhardi (Montgomery 1894) [=Stichostemma eilhardi] G02
                 |           |--P. hercegovinense Tarman 1961 K86
                 |           `--P. puteale Beauchamp 1932 [=P. clepsinoides var. putealis] K86
                 |         Tetrastemma K92
                 |           |--T. flavidum K92
                 |           `--T. vermiculus K92
                 |         Meionemertes Gibson 1986 G02
                 |           `--*M. polygonimos Gibson 1986 G02
                 |--Nemertellina yamaokai (Iwata 1954) TN02
                 `--+--+--Antarctonemertes varverae Chernyshev 1999 TN03
                    |  `--‘Tetrastemma’ elegans (Girard 1852) TN03
                    `--+--‘Tetrastemma’ wilsoni Coe 1943 TN03
                       `--Oerstedia TN03 [incl. Oerstediella G02, Paroerstedia G02]
                            |--O. dorsalis PH06
                            |--O. tenuicollis (Kirsteuer 1963) [=Oerstediella tenuicollis] G02
                            |--O. venusta Iwata 1954 TN03
                            `--O. zebra (Chernyshev 1993) TN03

Nomen nudum: Tetrastemma flavidum var. lactaeum Caullery & Mesnil 1901 K92

*Antiponemertes novaezealandiae (Dendy 1895) [=Geonemertes novaezealandiae, G. novaezelandiae (l. c.), G. novozelandiae (l. c.), Antipodonemertes (l. c.) novaezealandiae] G02

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[G02] Gibson, R. 2002. The Invertebrate Fauna of New Zealand: Nemertea (ribbon worms). NIWA Biodiversity Memoir 118. National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research: Wellington.

[K86] Kirsteuer, E. 1986. Nemertina. In Stygofauna Mundi: A Faunistic, Distributional, and Ecological Synthesis of the World Fauna inhabiting Subterranean Waters (including the Marine Interstitial) (L. Botosaneanu, ed.) pp. 72-75. E. J. Brill / Dr. W. Backhuys: Leiden.

[K92] Kozloff, E. N. 1992. The genera of the phylum Orthonectida. Cahiers de Biologie Marine 33: 377-406.

[PH06] Passamaneck, Y., & K. M. Halanych. 2006. Lophotrochozoan phylogeny assessed with LSU and SSU data: Evidence of lophophorate polyphyly. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 40 (1): 20-28.

[TN03] Thollesson, M., & J. L. Norenburg. 2003. Ribbon worm relationships: A phylogeny of the phylum Nemertea. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B – Biological Sciences 270: 407-415.

Mutelidae

Spatha rubens, from here.

Belongs within: Mollusca.

The Mutelidae are a family of freshwater clams found from the Cretaceous to the present day, characterised by a greatly reduced dentition in the hinge.

Characters (from Cox et al. 1969): Shell mostly unsculptured; beaks smooth or faintly corrugated, without well-defined remains of embryonic shell; hinge with cardinals only or edentulous, few with secondary taxodont dentition; nacre soft, richly tinted, pallial line rarely with slight posterior sinus. Labial palps large, anal and superanal openings not separated; mantle generally closed behind into separate branchial and anal siphons; marsupium occupying inner gills; lasidium larva composed of three segments, median one bearing single shell.

<==Mutelidae
    |--Castalia cordata A66a
    |--Leila A66a
    |    |--L. blainvilliana A66a
    |    `--L. gigantea A66a
    |--Triquetra A66a
    |    |--T. corrugata A66a
    |    `--T. obliqua A66a
    `--Spatha A66b
         |--S. baikii Adams 1866 A66b
         `--S. rubens A66b

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A66a] Adams, H. 1866a. List of land and freshwater shells collected by Mr. E. Bartlett on the Upper Amazons, and on the River Ucayali, eastern Peru, with descriptions of new species. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 440-445.

[A66b] Adams, H. 1866b. Descriptions of six new species of shells, and note on Opisthostoma de-Crespignii. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 445-447.

Cox, L. R., N. D. Newell et al. 1969. Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt N. Bivalvia vol. 1. The Geological Society of America, Inc. and The University of Kansas.

Daonella

Specimen of Daonella, from here.

Belongs within: Bivalvia.

Daonella was a genus of exceedingly flat scallops found worldwide during the Triassic.

See also: Triassic, glorious Triassic.

Characters (from Cox et al. 1969): Lacking delimited anterior wings; adductor scar subcentral, touched tangentially by 2 internal ridges diverging from the beak.

<==Daonella Mojsisovics 1874 S04
    |  i. s.: D. desecata (Schafhäutl 1863) [=Posidonomya desecata] S04
    |         D. frami Kittl 1907 S04
    |         D. pichleri Mojsisovics 1874 [incl. D. obliqua, D. pauli Kittl 1912] S04
    |--D. (Pichlerella) latecostata Kittl 1912 S04
    `--D. (Arzelella Turculet 1972) S04
         |--D. (A.) aperta Kittl 1912 S04
         |--D. (A.) bulogensis Kittl 1912 [incl. D. bulogensis var. multistriata Kittl 1912] S04
         |--D. (A.) buseri Jurkovsek 1983 S04
         |--D. (A.) cassiana Mojsisovics 1874 [=Halobia cassiana, D. kittli Krumbeck 1924] S04
         |--D. (A.) indica Bittner 1899 S04
         |--D. (A.) lilintana Boehm 1907 S04
         |--D. (A.) novoguineana Skwarko 1973 S04
         |--D. (A.) parthanensis (Schafhäutl 1863) (n. d.) [=Posidonomya parthanensis, Halobia parthanensis] S04
         |--D. (A.) paucicostata Tornquist 1901 S04
         |--D. (A.) ramovsi Jurkovsek 1983 S04
         |--D. (A.) reticulata Mojsisovics 1874 S04
         |--D. (A.) sakawana Mojsisovics 1888 S04
         |--D. (A.) slovenica Jurkovsek 1983 S04
         |--D. (A.) taramellii Mojsisovics 1874 [=Halobia taramellii; incl. D. imperialis Kittl 1912] S04
         `--D. (A.) tyrolensis Mojsisovics 1874 (see below for synonymy) S04

Daonella (Arzelella) tyrolensis Mojsisovics 1874 [incl. D. anastasiui Kittl 1908, D. arzelensis Kittl 1912, D. badiotica Mojsisovics 1874, D. loczyi Kittl 1912, D. marmoladae Scandone & de Capoa Bonardi 1966, D. spitiensis Bittner 1899, D. tripartita Kittl 1912] S04

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

Cox, L. R., N. D. Newell et al. 1969. Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt N. Bivalvia vol. 1. The Geological Society of America, Inc. and The University of Kansas.

[S04] Schatz, W. 2004. Revision of the subgenus Daonella (Arzelella) (Halobiidae; Middle Triassic). Journal of Paleontology 78 (2): 300-316.

Arcopagia

Arcopagia scobinata, from here.

Belongs within: Bivalvia.

Arcopagia is a genus of infaunal bivalves found from the Eocene to the present day.

Characters (from Cox et al. 1969): Rounded, somewhat inflated, concentrically ridged, with 2 laterals in right valve; pallial sinus deep, rounded, not confluent.

<==Arcopagia
    |--A. angulata (Linnaeus 1767) [=Tellina angulata] H09
    |--A. carnicolor (Hanley 1846) [=Tellina carnicolor] H09
    |--A. casta (Hanley 1844) [=Tellina casta] H09
    |--A. elegantissima (Smith 1885) [=Tellina elegantissima] H09
    |--A. fabrefacta (Pilsbry 1904) [=Tellina fabrefacta] H09
    |--A. ovata (Bolten 1798) [=Tellina ovata] H09
    |--A. pinguis (Hanley 1844) [=Tellina pinguis] H09
    |--A. robusta (Hanley 1844) [=Tellina robusta] H09
    |--A. savignyi (Adams 1870) [=Tellina savignyi] H09
    |--A. scobinata (Linnaeus 1758) [=Tellina scobinata] H09
    `--A. tessellata (Deshayes 1855) [=Tellina tessellata] H09

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

Cox, L. R., N. D. Newell et al. 1969. Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt N. Bivalvia vol. 2. The Geological Society of America, Inc. and The University of Kansas.

[H09] Hedley, C. 1909. The Marine Fauna of Queensland: Address by the President of Section D. Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science: Brisbane.

Epioblasma

Specimen of the tubercled blossom pearly mussel Epioblasma torulosa torulosa, now believed extinct, photographed by Peter Maas.

Belongs within: Bivalvia.

Epioblasma is a genus of North American freshwater mussels, most of which are now severely endangered, several recently becoming extinct.

Characters (from Smith 2001): Shell usually less than 60 mm in length, posterior half sulcate or with one or two radiating ridges, sometimes with fine wrinkles or costae; sexual dimorphism strongly pronounced; mantle of female in front of inhalant aperture forming a broad thick lobe, inner edge papillate.

<==Epioblasma
    |--E. florentina [=Dysnomia florentina] USDI77
    |    |--E. f. florentina USDI77
    |    `--E. f. curtisi [=Dysnomia florentina curtisi] USDI77
    |--E. sampsoni [=Dysnomia sampsoni] USDI77
    |--E. sulcata [=Dysnomia sulcata] USDI77
    |    |--E. s. sulcata USDI77
    |    `--E. s. delicata [=Dysnomia sulcata delicata; incl. E. perobliqua] USDI77
    |--E. torulosa [=Dysnomia torulosa] USDI77
    |    |--E. t. torulosa USDI77
    |    `--E. t. gubernaculum [=Dysnomia torulosa gubernaculum] USDI77
    `--E. turgidula [=Dysnomia turgidula] USDI77

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

Smith, D. G. 2001. Pennak's Freshwater Invertebrates of the United States: Porifera to Crustacea, 4th edition. John Wiley and Sones.

[USDI77] USDI (United States Department of the Interior). 1977. Endangered and threatened wildlife and plants - republication of list of species. Federal Register 42: 36420-36431.

Hippuritacea

11 cm high rudist, probably Hippurites socialis, from here.

Belongs within: Heterodonta.

The Hippuritacea, commonly known as rudists, were a group of highly derived bivalves found from the Upper Jurassic to the Upper Cretaceous. Their overall form became tubular, coiled or conical, with one valve often attached to their substrate. Many species were colonial, forming significant reefs.

Characters (from Cox et al. 1969): Inequivalve bivalves, most commonly attached to substrate by either right or left valve, but in rare instances free; solitary or gregarious. Hinge with two teeth and one socket in free valve and two sockets and one tooth in attached valve, except in Diceras in which right valve invariably has two teeth and left valve only one. Two adductor muscles present, inserted directly on shell wall or on projecting myophores.

<==Hippuritacea [Hippuritoida]
    |  i. s.: Eodiceras perversum S79
    |         Hippuritella toucasi S79
    |         Megalodon S79
    |         Diceras S79
    |         Monopleura S79
    |           |--M. marcida S79
    |           `--M. urgonensis S79
    |         Requienia ammonia S79
    |         Toucasia texana S79
    |         Titanosarcolites S79
    |--Hippuritidae D-DP03
    |    |--Barrettia multilirata S79
    |    |--Vaccinites S79
    |    |    |--V. giganteus S79
    |    |    `--V. gosaviensis S79
    |    `--Hippurites Lamarck 1801 D-DP03
    |         |--H. bioculata Lamarck 1801 D-DP03
    |         |--H. lapeirousei Goldfuss 1840 D-DP03
    |         |--H. socialis S79
    |         `--H. turgidus Roland du Roquan 1841 D-DP03
    |--Radiolitidae D-DP03
    |    |--Biradiolites S79
    |    |--Eoradiolites S79
    |    |    |--E. davidsoni S02
    |    |    `--E. katzeri HS02
    |    |--Sauvagesia S79
    |    |    |--S. tellensis HS02
    |    |    `--S. texana S02
    |    `--Radiolites Lamarck 1801 [Radiolitidae] D-DP03
    |         |--*R. angeiodes [=Ostracites angeiodes] D-DP03
    |         |--R. abraensis S02
    |         |--R. costata S02
    |         `--R. sauvagesii [=Hippurites sauvagesii] D-DP03
    `--Caprinidae S02
         |  i. s.: Ichthyosarcolites [incl. Caprinella] S02
         |           `--I. anguis Roemer 1888 (n. d.) [=Caprinula anguis, Caprinuloidea anguis] S02
         |         Sphaerucaprina S02
         |           |--S. seafieldensis Chubb 1967 S02
         |           `--S. whitei Boehm 1898 [=Caprinuloidea whitei, Mexicaprina whitei] S02
         |         Caprinuloidea S02
         |           |--C. felixi (Boehm 1898) [=Sphaerucaprina felixi] S02
         |           |--C. lenki (Boehm 1898) [=Sphaerucaprina lenki] S02
         |           |--C. multitubifera Palmer 1928 S02
         |           `--C. perfecta Palmer 1928 (see below for synonymy) S02
         |         Planocaprina trapezoides Palmer 1928 S02
         |         Jalpania queretana Alencáster & Aguilar-Pérez 1995 S02
         |         Guzzyella S02
         |           |--G. acuminata Alencáster 1998 S02
         |           `--G. bisulcata Alencáster 1998 S02
         |         Muelleriedia boesei Alencáster 1998 S02
         |         *Caprinula boissyi S02
         |--Caprina d’Orbigny 1822 [Caprininae] S02
         |    |--*C. adversa S02
         |    |--C. aguilloni S02
         |    |--C. choffati HS02
         |    |--C. crassifibra Roemer 1849 (n. d.) (see below for synonymy) S02
         |    |--C. guadelupae Roemer 1849 (n. d.) (see below for synonymy) S02
         |    `--C. planata Conrad 1855 (n. d.) (see below for synonymy) S02
         `--Coalcomaninae S02
              |  i. s.: ‘Caprina’ occidentalis Conrad 1855 (n. d.) (see below for synonymy) S02
              |--Coalcomana ramosa (Boehm 1898) [=Caprina ramosa; incl. Co. texana Whitney 1952] S02
              |--Retha tulae S02
              |--Amphitricoelus waringi S02
              |--Kimbleia Coogan 1973 S02
              |    |--*K. capacis Coogan 1973 S02
              |    `--K. albrittoni (Perkins 1961) [=Caprinuloidea albrittoni] S02
              |--Texicaprina Coogan 1973 S02
              |    |--*T. vivari (Palmer 1928) (see below for synonymy) S02
              |    |--T. kugleri (Bouwman 1937) [=Sabinia kugleri] S02
              |    `--T. orbiculata (Palmer 1928) [=Sabinia orbiculata] S02
              `--Mexicaprina Coogan 1973 S02
                   |--*M. cornuta Coogan 1973 S02
                   |--M. minuta Coogan 1973 S02
                   `--M. quadrata Alencáster & Oviedo-García 1998 S02

Caprina crassifibra Roemer 1849 (n. d.) [=Caprinula crassifibra, Caprinuloidea crassifibra, Ichthyosarcolites crassifibra] S02

Caprina guadelupae Roemer 1849 (n. d.) [=Caprinula guadelupae, Caprinuloidea guadelupae, Ichthyosarcolites guadelupae] S02

‘Caprina’ occidentalis Conrad 1855 (n. d.) [=Caprinula occidentalis, Caprinuloidea occidentalis, Ichthyosarcolites occidentalis, Kimbleia occidentalis] S02

Caprina planata Conrad 1855 (n. d.) [=Caprinula planata, Caprinuloidea planata, Ichthyosarcolites planata] S02

Caprinuloidea perfecta Palmer 1928 [incl. C. bisulcata Palmer 1928, C. costata Palmer 1928, C. perfecta gracilis Palmer 1928, C. septata Palmer 1928] S02

Texicaprina vivari (Palmer 1928) [=Sabinia vivari; incl. S. totiseptata Palmer 1928, Texicaprina totiseptata] S02

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

Cox, L. R., N. D. Newell et al. 1969. Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt N. Bivalvia vol. 2. The Geological Society of America, Inc. and The University of Kansas.

[D-DP03] Durand-Delga, M., & J. Philip. 2003. Le rôle précurseur de Philippe Picot de Lapeyrouse, naturaliste toulousain du Siècle des lumières, dans la paléontologie des rudistes. Comptes Rendus Palevol 2: 181-196.

[HS02] Höfling, R., & R. W. Scott. 2002. Early and Mid-Cretaceous buildups. SEPM Special Publication 72: 521-548.

[S02] Scott, R. W. 2002. Albian caprinid rudists from Texas re-evaluated. Journal of Paleontology 76 (3): 408-423.

[S79] Skelton, P. W. 1979. Gregariousness and proto-cooperation in rudists (Bivalvia). In Biology and Systematics of Colonial Organisms (G. Larwood & B. R. Rosen, eds) pp. 257-279. Academic Press: London.