Melongenidae

Florida crown conch Melongena corona, copyright Andrea Westmoreland.

Belongs within: Muricoidea.

The Melongenidae, crown conches, are a group of large, solid-shelled neogastropods similar in appearance to large whelks.

<==Melongenidae [Cassidulina, Cassidulinae]
    |--Echinofulgur Olsson & Harbison 1953 [Echinofulgurinae] BR05
    `--Melongeninae BR05
         |--Heligmotoma Mayer-Eymar 1896 [Heligmotomidae] BR05
         |--Volema Röding 1798 [Volemidae] BR05
         |    `--V. cornuta [=Galeodes (Volema) cornuta] H62
         |--‘Galeodes’ Röding 1798 non Olivier 1791 BR05
         |    |--G. cochlidium (Linnaeus 1758) [=Murex cochlidium] H09
         |    `--G. pricei (Smith 1887) [=Fusus pricei] H09
         `--Melongena Schumacher 1817 [incl. Cassidulus Gray 1854 nec Lamarck 1801 nec Berthold 1827] BR05
              |--M. (Rexmela) bispinosa (Philippi 1844) P89
              |--M. corona C59
              |    |--M. c. corona BC01
              |    `--M. c. johnstonei Clench & Turner 1956 BC01
              |--M. lainei (Basterot 1825) GK02
              |--M. patula ZLK11
              |--M. perponderosa Martin 1919 [=M. (Pugilina) ponderosa (Martin 1895) non Trophon ponderosum] F27
              |--M. (Pugilina) ponderosa [=Trophon ponderosum] F27
              `--M. sprucecreekensis Tucker 1994 BC01

Melongenidae incertae sedis:
  Volegalea Iredale 1938 WG71
    `--V. wardiana Iredale 1938 WG71
  Rhombopsis Gardner 1916 [=Neptunella Meek 1864 non Gray 1854] P66
    `--*R. newberryi (Meek & Hayden 1857) [=Fusus newberryi, *Neptunella newberryi] P66
  Bruclarkia P66
    `--‘Fusus’ corpulentus Conrad 1849 [=Priscofusus corpulentus] P66
  Hemifusus ZLK11
    |--H. colosseus ZLK11
    |--H. ternatanus ZLK11
    `--H. tuba ZLK11

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BR05] Bouchet, P., & J.-P. Rocroi. 2005. Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families. Malacologia 47 (1–2): 1–397.

[BC01] Boyko, C. B., & J. R. Cordeiro. 2001. Catalog of Recent type specimens in the Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History. V. Mollusca, part 2 (class Gastropoda [exclusive of Opisthobranchia and Pulmonata], with supplements to Gastropoda [Opisthobranchia], and Bivalvia). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 262: 1–170.

[C59] Caldwell, D. K. 1959. Notes on the crown conch, Melongena corona. Nautilus 72 (4): 117–122.

[F27] Finlay, H. J. 1927. New specific names for austral Mollusca. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 488–533.

[GK02] Gründel, J., & T. Kowalke. 2002. Palaeorissoinidae, a new family of marine and brackish water Rissooidea (Gastropoda, Littorinimorpha). Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie Abhandlungen 226 (1): 43–57.

[H62] Häntzschel, W. 1962. Trace fossils and problematica. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt W. Miscellanea: Conodonts, Conoidal Shells of Uncertain Affinities, Worms, Trace Fossils and Problematica pp. W177–W245. Geological Society of America, and University of Kansas Press.

[H09] Hedley, C. 1909. The Marine Fauna of Queensland: Address by the President of Section D. Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science: Brisbane.

[P89] Petuch, E. J. 1989. New species of Malea (Gastropoda: Tonnidae) from the Pleistocene of southern Florida. Nautilus 103 (3): 92–95.

[P66] Powell, A. W. B. 1966. The molluscan families Speightiidae and Turridae: an evaluation of the valid taxa, both Recent and fossil, with lists of characteristic species. Bulletin of the Auckland Institute and Museum 5: 1–184, pls 1–23.

[WG71] Wilson, B. R., & K. Gillett. 1971. Australian Shells: illustrating and describing 600 species of marine gastropods found in Australian waters. A. H. & A. W. Reed: Sydney.

[ZLK11] Zou, S., Q. Li & L. Kong. 2011. Additional gene data and increased sampling give new insights into the phylogenetic relationships of Neogastropoda, within the caenogastropod phylogenetic framework. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 61: 425–435.

Zoila

Zoila friendii, copyright S. & A. Nappo.

Belongs within: Cypraeidae.

Zoila is a genus of medium- to large-sized cowries currently restricted to coasts of Australia, though fossils indicate a wider distribution in the western Pacific in the past. Members of this genus are direct developers, without a planktonic larval stage (Meyer 2003).

<==Zoila Jousseaume 1884 [Zoilinae] BR05
    |  i. s.: Z. gigas (McCoy 1867) [=Cypraea (Zoila) gigas] WG71
    |         Z. mariellae M03
    |         Z. perlae M03
    |--Z. marginata Gaskoin 1849 M03 [=Cypraea (Zoila) marginata WG71]
    |--Z. rosselli Cotton 1948 M03 [=Cypraea (Zoila) rosselli WG71]
    |--Z. venusta Sowerby 1846 M03 [=Cypraea (Zoila) venusta WG71; incl. C. catei Schilder 1963 WG71]
    |    |--Z. v. venusta BC01
    |    `--Z. v. episema (Iredale 1939) BC01 (see below for synonymy)
    `--+--Z. decipiens Smith 1880 M03 [=Cypraea (Zoila) decipiens WG71]
       |--Z. eludens Raybaudi 1991 M03
       `--+--Z. friendii Gray 1831 M03 [=Cypraea (Zoila) friendii WG71; incl. C. friendii f. contraria WG71]
          |    |--Z. f. friendii MG-H11
          |    |--Z. f. jeaniana Cate 1968 MG-H11 [=Cypraea friendii f. jeaniana WG71]
          |    |--Z. ‘jenaiana’ sherylae Raybaudi 1990 M03
          |    `--Z. f. vercoi Schilder 1930 MG-H11 [=Cypraea friendii f. vercoi WG71]
          `--Z. thersites Gaskoin 1849 [=Cypraea (Zoila) friendii thersites] M03

Zoila venusta episema (Iredale 1939) BC01 [=Cypraea venusta episema WG71; incl. Z. venusta sorrentensis Schilder 1963 BC01, C. venusta sorrentensis WG71]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BR05] Bouchet, P., & J.-P. Rocroi. 2005. Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families. Malacologia 47 (1-2): 1-397.

[BC01] Boyko, C. B. & J. R. Cordeiro. 2001. Catalog of Recent type specimens in the Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History. V. Mollusca, part 2 (class Gastropoda [exclusive of Opisthobranchia and Pulmonata], with supplements to Gastropoda [Opisthobranchia], and Bivalvia). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 262: 1-170.

[MG-H11] McEnnulty, F. R., K. L. Gowlett-Holmes, A. Williams, F. Althaus, J. Fromont, G. C. B. Poore, T. D. O’Hara, L. Marsh, P. Kott, S. Slack-Smith, P. Alderslade & M. V. Kitahara. 2011. The deepwater megabenthic invertebrates on the western continental margin of Australia (100–1100 m depths): composition, distribution and novelty. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 80: 1-191.

[M03] Meyer, C. P. 2003. Molecular systematics of cowries (Gastropoda: Cypraeidae) and diversification patterns in the tropics. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 79: 401-459.

[WG71] Wilson, B. R., & K. Gillett. 1971. Australian Shells: illustrating and describing 600 species of marine gastropods found in Australian waters. A. H. & A. W. Reed: Sydney.

Euspira

Pale northern moon snail Euspira pallida, copyright Kwansei Shell Database.

Belongs within: Naticidae.

Euspira is a genus of moon snails found living in cooler waters.

<==Euspira Agassiz 1838 [Euspiridae, Euspirinae] BR05
    |--‘Natica’ labellata Lamarck 1804 [incl. N. glaucinoides Sowerby 1812, *Euspira glaucinoides] S98
    |--E. acosmita (Dall 1919) [=Polinices (Euspira) acosmitus] O27
    |--E. algida (Gould 1848) [=Natica algida, Polinices (Euspira) algida] O27
    |--E. barrierensis (Marwick 1924) [=Uber (Euspira) barrierensis] F27a
    |--E. canonica (Dall 1919) [=Polinices (Euspira) canonicus] O27
    |--E. caurina (Gould 1847) [=Natica caurina, Polinices (Euspira) caurinus] O27
    |--E. draconis (Dall 1903) [=Polinices (Euspira) draconis] O27
    |--E. edgari Finlay 1927 [=N. levis Smith 1896 non N. laevis Weerth 1884] F27b
    |--E. eyrensis Finlay 1927 (see below for synonymy) F27b
    |--E. gronlandica (Beck in Moller 1842) [=Polinices (Euspira) gronlandicus] O27
    |--E. monterona (Dall 1919) [=Polinices (Euspira) monteronus] O27
    |--E. pallida (Broderip & Sowerby 1829) [=Polinices (Euspira) pallida] O27
    |--E. pila (Pilsbury 1911) V89
    |--E. plicispira (Kuroda 1961) MG-H11
    |--E. politiana (Dall 1919) [=Polinices (Euspira) politianus] O27
    `--E. selwyniana (Wilckens 1922) [=Natica selwyniana, Lunatia selwyniana; incl. N. ingrata Wilckens 1922] S98

Euspira eyrensis Finlay 1927 [=Natica variabilis Moore 1870 non Reeve 1855; incl. N. lineata Etheridge 1872 non Bolten 1798] F27b

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BR05] Bouchet, P., & J.-P. Rocroi. 2005. Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families. Malacologia 47 (1–2): 1–397.

[F27a] Finlay, H. J. 1927a. A further commentary on New Zealand molluscan systematics. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 320–485.

[F27b] Finlay, H. J. 1927b. New specific names for austral Mollusca. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 488–533.

[MG-H11] McEnnulty, F. R., K. L. Gowlett-Holmes, A. Williams, F. Althaus, J. Fromont, G. C. B. Poore, T. D. O’Hara, L. Marsh, P. Kott, S. Slack-Smith, P. Alderslade & M. V. Kitahara. 2011. The deepwater megabenthic invertebrates on the western continental margin of Australia (100–1100 m depths): composition, distribution and novelty. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 80: 1–191.

[O27] Oldroyd, I. S. 1927. The Marine Shells of the West Coast of North America vol. II pt. III. Stanford University Press: Stanford University (California).

[S98] Stilwell, J. D. 1998. Late Cretaceous Mollusca from the Chatham Islands, New Zealand. Alcheringa 22 (1): 29–85.

[V89] Vermeij, G. J. 1989. Habitat and form of Crepidula grandis in Japan, with comments on habitat specialization in calyptraeid gastropods. Nautilus 103 (3): 89–91.

Harpidae

Madras harp Harpa davidus, copyright H. Zell.

Belongs within: Siphonogastropoda.

The Harpidae, harp shells, are a group of predatory gastropods with usually colourfully patterned, polished shells bearing strong axial ribs.

Characters (from Wilson & Gillett 1971): Shell usually shiny, strikingly coloured and patterned, sculptured with strong axial ribs more highly polished than remainder of shell. Anterior siphon canal a deep, wide notch; columella lacking folds; operculum absent. Respiratory siphon and eye stalks long; foos broad with front end greatly expanded laterally to form wide, flat, muscular organ.

Harpidae
    |--Cryptochorda Mörch 1858 [Cryptochordidae, Cryptochordinae] BR05
    |--Eocithara Fischer 1883 WG71
    |--Austroharpa Finlay 1931 WG71
    |    |--A. exquisita Iredale 1931 WG71
    |    |--A. punctata Verco 1906 WG71
    |    `--A. wilsoni Rehder 1973 MG-H11
    |--Morum Röding 1798 [Moruminae] BR05
    |    |  i. s.: M. vicdani Emerson 1995 BC01
    |    `--M. (Oniscidia Mörch 1852) [incl. Cancellomorum Emerson & Old 1963] BC01
    |         |--M. (O.) joelgreenei Emerson 1981 BC01
    |         |--M. (O.) macdonaldi Emerson 1981 BC01
    |         |--M. (O.) matthewsi Emerson 1967 [=M. (Cancellomorum) matthewsi] BC01
    |         |--M. (O.) ninomiyai Emerson 1986 BC01
    |         `--M. (O.) veleroae Emerson 1968 [=M. (Cancellomorum) veleroae] BC01
    `--Harpa Röding 1798 [Harpinae] BR05
         |--*H. harpa Linnaeus 1758 [incl. H. nobilis Röding 1798] WG71
         |--H. amouretta Röding 1798 [incl. H. minor Lamarck 1816] WG71
         |--H. articularis Lamarck 1822 WG71
         |--H. davidus Röding 1798 WG71
         |--H. goodwini Rehder 1993 BC01
         |--H. gracilis Broderip & Sowerby 1829 WG71
         |--H. kajiyamai Habe & Kosuge 1970 PK11
         |--H. major Röding 1798 WG71
         |--H. neozelanica [=Eocithara neozelanica] A27
         `--H. ventricosa H04

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A27] Allan, R. S. 1927. The geology and palaeontology of the Lower Waihao Basin, south Canterbury, New Zealand. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 265–309.

[BR05] Bouchet, P., & J.-P. Rocroi. 2005. Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families. Malacologia 47 (1–2): 1–397.

[BC01] Boyko, C. B., & J. R. Cordeiro. 2001. Catalog of Recent type specimens in the Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History. V. Mollusca, part 2 (class Gastropoda [exclusive of Opisthobranchia and Pulmonata], with supplements to Gastropoda [Opisthobranchia], and Bivalvia). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 262: 1–170.

[H04] Haeckel, E. 1899–1904. Kunstformen der Natur. Bibliographisches Institut: Leipzig und Wien.

[MG-H11] McEnnulty, F. R., K. L. Gowlett-Holmes, A. Williams, F. Althaus, J. Fromont, G. C. B. Poore, T. D. O’Hara, L. Marsh, P. Kott, S. Slack-Smith, P. Alderslade & M. V. Kitahara. 2011. The deepwater megabenthic invertebrates on the western continental margin of Australia (100–1100 m depths): composition, distribution and novelty. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 80: 1–191.

[PK11] Puillandre, N., Y. I. Kantor, A. Sysoev, A. Couloux, C. Meyer, T. Rawlings, J. A. Todd & P. Bouchet. 2011. The dragon tamed? A molecular phylogeny of the Conoidea (Gastropoda). Journal of Molluscan Studies 77: 259–272.

[WG71] Wilson, B. R., & K. Gillett. 1971. Australian Shells: illustrating and describing 600 species of marine gastropods found in Australian waters. A. H. & A. W. Reed: Sydney.

Amoria

Damon's volute Amoria damoni, photographed by Jan Delsing.

Belongs within: Muricoidea.

Amoria is a genus of volutes found around Australia and southern Indonesia. Members of this genus have a smooth, conical protoconch, a solid, glossy, fusiform shell and an elongate aperture with four distinct columellar plicae.

<==Amoria Gray 1855 [Amoriana, Amoriides, Amoriini] BR05
    |--A. canaliculata McCoy 1869 WG71
    |--A. damoni Gray 1864 WG71
    |    |--A. d. damoni [incl. A. reticulata Reeve 1844] WG71
    |    |--A. d. keatsiana Ludbrook 1953 WG71
    |    `--A. d. reevei Sowerby 1864 WG71
    |--A. dampieria Weaver 1960 WG71
    |--A. diamantina Wilson 1972 MG-H11
    |--A. ellioti Sowerby 1864 WG71
    |--A. exoptanda Reeve 1849 WG71
    |--A. grayi Ludbrook 1953 MG-H11
    |--A. guttata McMichael 1964 WG71
    |--A. jamrachi Gray 1864 WG71
    |--A. macandrewi Sowerby 1887 WG71
    |--A. maculata Swainson 1822 [incl. A. caroli Iredale 1924] WG71
    |--A. praetexta Reeve 1849 WG71
    |--A. spenceriana WG71
    |--A. turneri Gray in Griffith & Pidgeon 1834 WG71
    `--A. volva Gmelin 1791 WG71

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BR05] Bouchet, P., & J.-P. Rocroi. 2005. Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families. Malacologia 47 (1–2): 1–397.

[MG-H11] McEnnulty, F. R., K. L. Gowlett-Holmes, A. Williams, F. Althaus, J. Fromont, G. C. B. Poore, T. D. O’Hara, L. Marsh, P. Kott, S. Slack-Smith, P. Alderslade & M. V. Kitahara. 2011. The deepwater megabenthic invertebrates on the western continental margin of Australia (100–1100 m depths): composition, distribution and novelty. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 80: 1–191.

[WG71] Wilson, B. R., & K. Gillett. 1971. Australian Shells: illustrating and describing 600 species of marine gastropods found in Australian waters. A. H. & A. W. Reed: Sydney.

Antiplanes

Antiplanes catalinae, copyright Peter Egerton.

Belongs within: Conoidea.

Antiplanes is a genus of conoid gastropods found in moderate to deep waters of the North Pacific (Powell 1966).

See also: A whole new twist on things, or just shifting back and forth?

Characters (from Powell 1966): Shell dextral or sinistral, often rather large, up to 55 mm, with tall narrow spire of rounded whorls and relatively short, flexed, unnotched or weakly notched anterior canal. Protoconch small, smooth, paucispiral and globular with asymmetric inrolled tip. Adult sculpture of more or less well developed spiral striations, or weak sigmoid growth threads with obscure spireal on base; whole surface covered by thick periostracum. Sinus moderately deep, broadly open, extending from suture to below periphery, with apex of sinus immediately above greatest peripheral convexity. Operculum leaf-shaped or claw-shaped with terminal nucleus. Radula with vestigial central tooth, and pair of wishbone-shaped marginals with distal basal limb severed.

<==Antiplanes Dall 1902 [incl. Rectiplanes Bartsch 1944, Rectisulcus Habe 1958] BK11
    |--*A. voyi (Gabb 1866) P66 (see below for synonymy)
    |--A. abarbarea Dall 1919 O27
    |--A. agamedea Dall 1919 O27
    |--A. amphitrite Dall 1919 O27
    |    |--A. a. amphitrite O27
    |    `--A. a. beroe Dall 1919 O27
    |--A. antigone Dall 1919 O27
    |--A. beringi Aurivillius 1885 O27
    |--A. bulimoides Dall 1919 O27
    |--A. catalinae (Raymond 1904) [=Pleurotoma (A.) catalinae] O27
    |--A. contraria (Yokoyama 1928) [=Pleurotoma contraria] P66
    |--A. diaulax (Dall 1908) [=Turris diaulax] O27
    |--A. hyperia Dall 1919 O27
    |--A. inflatus (Otuka 1949) [=Surcula (Typhlomangelia) kazusensis inflatus, A. (Rectiplanes) inflatus] P66
    |--A. isaotakii (Habe 1958) [=Rectiplanes (Rectisulcus) isaotakii] P66
    |--A. kamchatica Dall 1919 P66
    |--A. kawamurai (Habe 1958) [=Rectiplanes kawamurai] P66
    |--A. kazusensis (Otuka 1949) [=Surcula (Typhlomangelia) kazusensis, A. (Rectiplanes) kazusensis] P66
    |--A. litus Dall 1919 O27
    |--A. macfarlandi Berry 1847 [=A. (Rectiplanes) macfarlandi] P66
    |--A. major Bartsch 1944 P66
    |--A. motojimai (Habe 1958) [=Rectiplanes (*Rectisulcus) motojimai] P66
    |--A. muirensis Clark & Arnold 1923 [=A. (Rectiplanes) muirensis] P66
    |--A. rotula Dall 1919 [=Pleurotoma smithi Arnold 1903 non Forbes 1840, A. smithi] O27
    |--A. sanctiioannis (Smith 1875) (see below for synonymy) P66
    |--A. santarosana (Dall 1902) [=Pleurotoma (Antiplanes) santarosana, A. (*Rectiplanes) santarosana] P66
    |--A. thalaea Dall 1902 P66 [=Pleurotoma (Antiplanes) thalaea O27, A. (Rectiplanes) thalaea P66]
    |--A. vinosa (Dall 1874) [=Pleurotoma vinosa] O27
    `--A. willeti Berry 1953 [=A. (Rectiplanes) willeti] P66

Antiplanes sanctiioannis (Smith 1875) [=Pleurotoma sanctiioannis, A. (Rectiplanes) sanctiioannis; incl. P. sadoensis Yokoyama 1926, Antiplanes yessoensis Dall 1925] P66

*Antiplanes voyi (Gabb 1866) P66 [=Pleurotoma voyi P66; incl. P. (Surcula) perversa Gabb 1865 non Philippi 1847 P66, Antiplanes perversa O27]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BK11] Bouchet, P., Y. I. Kantor, A. Sysoev & N. Puillandre. 2011. A new operational classification of the Conoidea (Gastropoda). Journal of Molluscan Studies 77: 273–308.

[O27] Oldroyd, I. S. 1927. The Marine Shells of the West Coast of North America vol. II pt I. Stanford University Press: Stanford University (California).

[P66] Powell, A. W. B. 1966. The molluscan families Speightiidae and Turridae: an evaluation of the valid taxa, both Recent and fossil, with lists of characteristic species. Bulletin of the Auckland Institute and Museum 5: 1–184, pls 1–23.

Sveltia

Sveltia lyrata, copyright Hectonichus.

Belongs within: Cancellariidae.

Sveltia is a genus of nutmeg snails known from tropical and temperate regions of the Atlantic and eastern Pacific.

Characters (from Petit & Harasewych 2011): Shell biconical with moderately high spire and widely spaced axial ribs with an open spine at the shoulder; aperture broad; peristome flared; narrow pseudoumbilicus present.

<==Sveltia Jousseaume 1887 PH90
    |--*S. varricosa (Brocchi 1814) (see below for synonymy) PH90
    |--S. aturensis Peyrot 1928 PH90
    |--S. burdigalensis Peyrot 1928 PH90
    |--S. calcarata [incl. S. calcarata mut. basisulcata Peyrot 1928] PH90
    |--S. castexi Peyrot 1928 PH90
    |--S. colpodes Cossmann 1899 [incl. S. colpodes var. densestriata Peyrot 1928] PH90
    |--S. gliberti Janssen 1984 PH90
    |--S. inermis [incl. S. inermis mut. gallica Peyrot 1928] PH90
    |--S. lesbarritzensis Vergneau-Saubade 1968 PH90
    |--S. lyrata (Brocchi 1814) (see below for synonymy) PH90
    |--S. morgani Cossmann 1903 PH90
    |--S. multistriata Ravn 1939 PH90
    |--S. pyrenaica Peyrot 1928 PH90
    |--S. salbriacensis Peyrot 1928 PH90
    |--S. spinulosa (Brocchi 1814) (see below for synonymy) PH90
    |--S. tenuiplicata Wrigley 1935 PH90
    |--S. tournoueri Peyrot 1928 PH90
    `--S. tribulus (Brocchi 1814) (see below for synonymy) PH90

Sveltia lyrata (Brocchi 1814) [=Voluta lyrata, Cancellaria lirata (l. c.) non Conrad 1865, C. lyrata; incl. C. lyrata var. badensis Sacco 1894, C. lyrata var. biperspinosa Sacco 1894, C. lyrata var. dertoconvexula Sacco 1894, C. lyrata var. dertoconvexulata (l. c.), C. lyrata var. dertocostatissima Sacco 1894, C. miocaenica (l. c.) non Cossmann 1913, C. lyrata var. miocenica Sacco 1894 non C. miocenica Sacco 1894, Sveltia lyrata var. parvicarinata Kautsky 1925, C. lyrata var. taurangulosa Sacco 1894, C. lyrata var. taurangolosa, C. lyrata var. taurinia Bellardi 1841 non C. varricosa var. taurinia Bellardi 1841, C. lyrata var. taurobispinosa Sacco 1894, C. turricula Lamarck 1822] PH90

Sveltia spinulosa (Brocchi 1814) [=Voluta spinulosa, Cancellaria spinulosa, C. spinosula (l. c.); incl. C. spinulosa var. subspinulosa Wood 1872, Murex volutanus Risso 1826] PH90

Sveltia tribulus (Brocchi 1814) [=Voluta tribulus, Cancellaria tribulus, C. tributus (l. c.); incl. C. tribulus var. costicillatissima Sacco 1894, C. tribulus var. latefasciata Sacco 1894, C. tribulus var. perscalaris Sacco 1894] PH90

*Sveltia varricosa (Brocchi 1814) [=Voluta varricosa, Cancellaria varicosa (l. c.), S. varicosa (l. c.); incl. C. varicosa var. apenninensis Sacco 1894, S. varicosa mut. bearnensis Peyrot 1928, C. varicosa var. bicosticillata Sacco 1894, C. varicosa var. convexosimplex Sacco 1894, C. varicosa var. dertosuturata Sacco 1894, C. varicosa var. miocenica Sacco 1894 nec C. miocenica Sacco 1894 nec C. lyrata var. miocenica Sacco 1894, Sveltia varicosa mut. paucicostata Peyrot 1928, C. varicosa var. simplicior Sacco 1894, C. varicosa var. tauroaspina Sacco 1894] PH90

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

Petit, R. E., & M. G. Harasewych. 1990. Catalogue of the superfamily Cancellarioidea Forbes and Hanley, 1851 (Gastropoda: Prosobranchia). Nautilus Supplement 1: 1–69.

Petit, R. E., & M. G. Harasewych. 2011. A new Sveltia (Gastropoda: Cancellariidae) from off Guadeloupe, French West Indies. Nautilus 125 (2): 72–74.

Olivella

Olivella altatae, copyright Femorale.

Belongs within: Muricoidea.

Olivella, the dwarf olives, is a genus of predatory marine gastropods similar to the olives of the family Olividae, but with a more produced spire and a large, thin, horny operculum (Oldroyd 1927).

Characters (from Oldroyd 1927): Shell polished, small; spire produced, acute, suture canaliculated; aperture narrow behind, enlarged anteriorly; columella plicated in front, callous posteriorly. Operculum horny, thin, half ovate, with apical nucleus.

<==Olivella Swainson 1831 [Olivellidae, Olivellina, Olivellinae] BR05
    |--O. (Olivella) BC01
    |    |--*O. (O.) undatella O27
    |    |--O. (O.) adelae Olsson 1956 BC01
    |    |--O. (O.) altatae Burch & Campbell 1963 BC01
    |    `--O. (O.) sphoni Burch & Campbell 1963 BC01
    `--O. (Dactylidella) cymatilis Berry 1963 BC01

Olivella incertae sedis:
  O. biplicata Sowerby 1825 O27
    |--O. b. biplicata O27
    |--O. b. angelina Oldroyd 1921 O27
    |--O. b. fucana Oldroyd 1921 O27
    |--O. b. lapillus Vanatta 1915 O27
    `--O. b. parva Oldroyd 1920 O27
  O. boetica Carpenter 1863 O27
    |--O. b. boetica O27
    |--O. b. diegensis Oldroyd 1921 O27
    `--O. b. mexicana Oldroyd 1921 O27
  O. lata C60
  O. nympha Adams & Angas 1863 H09
  O. pedroana Conrad 1855 O27
  O. porteri Dall 1910 O27
  O. stegeri Olsson 1956 BC01
  O. volutella ZLK11

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BR05] Bouchet, P., & J.-P. Rocroi. 2005. Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families. Malacologia 47 (1–2): 1–397.

[BC01] Boyko, C. B., & J. R. Cordeiro. 2001. Catalog of Recent type specimens in the Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History. V. Mollusca, part 2 (class Gastropoda [exclusive of Opisthobranchia and Pulmonata], with supplements to Gastropoda [Opisthobranchia], and Bivalvia). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 262: 1–170.

[C60] Cox, L. R. 1960. Gastropoda: general characteristics of Gastropoda. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt I. Mollusca 1: Mollusca—General Features, Scaphopoda, Amphineura, Monoplacophora, Gastropoda—General Features, Archaeogastropoda and some (mainly Paleozoic) Caenogastropoda and Opisthobranchia pp. I84–I169. Geological Society of America, and University of Kansas Press.

[H09] Hedley, C. 1909. The Marine Fauna of Queensland: Address by the President of Section D. Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science: Brisbane.

[O27] Oldroyd, I. S. 1927. The Marine Shells of the West Coast of North America vol. II pt I. Stanford University Press: Stanford University (California).

[ZLK11] Zou, S., Q. Li & L. Kong. 2011. Additional gene data and increased sampling give new insights into the phylogenetic relationships of Neogastropoda, within the caenogastropod phylogenetic framework. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 61: 425–435.

Engina

Engina alveolata, copyright G. & Ph. Poppe.

Belongs within: Buccinidae.

Engina is a genus of tropical marine gastropods with a sharp-spired, ovate shell bearing prominent nodulous ribs.

Characters (from Oldroyd 1927): Shell ovate-conic; spire shapr, with longitudinal nodulous ribs, decussated by revolving lines; aperture narrow, with several oblique plications in front; outer lip rather thick, inflected or callous in middle, crenulated within.

<==Engina Gray 1839 [Engininae] BR05
    |--E. alveolata (Kiener 1836) [=Purpura alveolata] F27
    |--E. anaxeres (Kiener 1836) [=Purpura anaxeres] H09
    |--E. bonasia (von Martens 1880) BW09
    |--E. carbonaria Reeve 1846 O27
    |--E. concinna (Reeve 1846) [=Ricinula concinna] H09
    |--E. curtisiana (Smith 1884) BW09
    |--E. lauta (Reeve 1846) [=Ricinula lauta] H09
    |--E. lineata (Reeve 1846) [=Ricinula lineata] H09
    |--E. mendicaria (Linnaeus 1758) [=Voluta mendicaria] H09
    |--E. philippiii (Cossmann 1899) [=Sveltella philippii, Cancellaria parva Philippi 1860 non Lea 1833] PH90
    |--E. reevei Tryon 1883 H09
    |--E. ryalli Rolán & Fernandes 1995 BC01
    |--E. siderea (Reeve 1846) [=Ricinula siderea] H09
    |--E. trifasciata (Reeve 1846) [=Ricinula trifasciata] H09
    |--E. turbinella (Kiener 1834) [incl. E. tubinella var. cruzana Usticke 1959] BC01
    `--E. zatricum Melvill 1893 BW09

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BR05] Bouchet, P., & J.-P. Rocroi. 2005. Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families. Malacologia 47 (1–2): 1–397.

[BC01] Boyko, C. B., & J. R. Cordeiro. 2001. Catalog of Recent type specimens in the Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History. V. Mollusca, part 2 (class Gastropoda [exclusive of Opisthobranchia and Pulmonata], with supplements to Gastropoda [Opisthobranchia], and Bivalvia). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 262: 1–170.

[BW09] Bryce, C., & C. Whisson. 2009. The macromolluscs of Mermaid (Rowley Shoals), Scott and Seringapatam Reefs, Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 77: 177–208.

[F27] Finlay, H. J. 1927. New specific names for austral Mollusca. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 488–533.

[H09] Hedley, C. 1909. The Marine Fauna of Queensland: Address by the President of Section D. Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science: Brisbane.

[O27] Oldroyd, I. S. 1927. The Marine Shells of the West Coast of North America vol. II pt I. Stanford University Press: Stanford University (California).

[PH90] Petit, R. E. & M. G. Harasewych. 1990. Catalogue of the superfamily Cancellarioidea Forbes and Hanley, 1851 (Gastropoda: Prosobranchia). Nautilus Supplement 1: 1–69.

Colus (Aulacofusus)

Colus esychus, copyright Jacksonville Shell Club.

Belongs within: Colini.

The subgenus Aulacofusus of the genus Colus is a group of whelks found in cold waters of the Northern Hemisphere.

Characters (from Kosyan & Kantor 2013): Shell elongated-fusiform, medium-sized, sculptured by wide spiral cords (from 6 to 16 on the penultimate whorl); axial sculpture represented only by incremental growth lines. Last whorl about two-thirds of shell length, with well-defined, moderately long, straight or slightly curved to left siphonal canal. Aperture not high, less than half of shell length; operculum oval with terminal nucleus. Central tooth of radula consisting of wide rectangular plate with normally three short thick sharp cusps, of which intermediate one the longest. Lateral teeth bearing three cusps with the shortest intermediate one; teeth rows not overlapping. Proboscis very long (length sometimes more than shell height), several times coiled within thin-walled rhynchodaeum; buccal mass is 4-5 times shorter than proboscis length. Salivary glands large, not fusing beneath rhynchodaeum; salivary ducts thick-walled, with additional external layer of longitudinal muscle fibres. Stomach large as compared to proboscis, narrow, with extremely long posterior mixing area, comprising half of stomach length.

Colus (Aulacofusus Dall 1918) O27
    |--C. (A.) acosmius Dall 1891 O27
    |--C. (A.) barbarinus Dall 1919 O27
    |--C. (A.) bristolensis Dall 1919 O27
    |--C. (A.) calameus Dall 1907 O27
    |--C. (A.) calathus Dall 1919 O27
    |--C. (A.) capponius Dall 1919 O27
    |--C. (A.) esychus Dall 1907 O27
    |--C. (A.) halidonus Dall 1919 O27
    |--C. (A.) herendeeni Dall 1902 O27
    |--C. (A.) nobilis Dall 1919 O27
    |--C. (A.) ombronius Dall 1919 O27
    |--C. (A.) periscelidus Dall 1891 O27
    |--C. (A.) roseus (Dall 1877) [=Chrysodomus roseus] O27
    |--C. (A.) sapius Dall 1919 O27
    `--C. (A.) spitsbergensis (Reeve 1855) [=Buccinofusus spitsbergensis] O27

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

Kosyan, A. R., & Y. I. Kantor. 2013. Revision of the genus Aulacofusus Dall, 1918 (Gastropoda: Buccinidae). Ruthenica 23 (1): 1–33.

[O27] Oldroyd, I. S. 1927. The Marine Shells of the West Coast of North America vol. II pt I. Stanford University Press: Stanford University (California).

Chrysodomus (Chrysodomus)

Chrysodomus phoeniceus, from Oldroyd (1927).

Belongs within: Colini.

Chrysodomus is a genus of whelks found in the northern Atlantic and Pacific Oceans (Oldroyd 1927).

Characters (from Oldroyd 1927): Shell large, short-fusiform, smooth or spirally sculptured, sometimes with rude axial ribbing or nodosities or varix-like sharp laminae; outer coat of shell subtranslucent, inner layer with darker, usually purplish tint, periostracum inconspicuous and dehiscent; last whorl longer than spire, with wide aperture, outer lip in adult flaring or subreflected, not thickened; pillar flexuous, smooth; labrum without callosities or lirae; inner side of outer lip without liration; canal rather long, wide, open, flexuous.

Chrysodomus Swainson 1840 (Chrysodomus) O27
    |--*C. (C.) antiquus [=Murex antiquus] O27
    |--C. (C.) amiantus Dall 1889 O27
    |--C. (C.) borealis Philippi 1850 O27
    |--C. (C.) insularis Dall 1894 O27
    |--C. (C.) ithius Dall 1919 O27
    |--C. (C.) liratus Martyn 1784 O27
    |--C. (C.) nuceus Dall 1919 O27
    |--C. (C.) oncodes Dall 1907 O27
    |--C. (C.) phoeniceus Dall 1891 O27
    |--C. (C.) pribiloffensis Dall 1919 O27
    |--C. (C.) saturus [=Buccinum saturum] O27
    |    |--C. s. saturus O27
    |    |--C. s. beringianus Middendorff 1847 O27
    |    |--C. s. communis Middendorff 1848 O27
    |    |--C. s. elatior Middendorff 1848 O27
    |    `--C. s. tabularis Dall 1919 O27
    |--C. (C.) smirnius Dall 1919 O27
    |--C. (C.) solutus Hermann 1781 O27
    `--C. (C.) vinosus Dall 1919 O27

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[O27] Oldroyd, I. S. 1927. The Marine Shells of the West Coast of North America vol. II pt I. Stanford University Press: Stanford University (California).

Volutopsius

Volutopsius fragilis, copyright Jacksonville Shell Club.

Belongs within: Buccinidae.

Volutopsius is a genus of whelks found in boreal and Arctic oceans (Oldroyd 1927).

Characters (from Oldroyd 1927): Shell large, frequently rude or irregular, with last whorl largest, covered by thin, inconspicuous, more or less dehiscent periostracum; spire short, blunt, beginning with relatively large, smooth, bulbous nucleus; sculpture variable, smooth, spirally striate or with indistinct wave-like, axially directed prominences or with feeble axial ribs; aperture ample; canal short, wide, hardly differentiated. Operculum short-ovate or rounded-quadrate, nucleus at right anterior corner.

<==Volutopsius Mörch 1857 [Volutopsiinae, Volutopsiini] BR05
    |--*V. largillierti [=Fusus largillierti] O27
    |--V. attenuatus Dall 1874 O27
    |--V. beringi Middendorff 1846 O27
    |    |--V. b. beringi O27
    |    `--V. b. kobelti Dall 1902 O27
    |--V. callorhinus Dall 1877 O27
    |    |--V. c. callorhinus O27
    |    `--V. c. stejnegeri Dall 1884 O27
    |--V. castaneus Mörch 1858 O27
    |--V. filosus Dall 1919 O27
    |--V. fragilis Dall 1891 O27
    |--V. melonis Dall 1891 O27
    |--V. middendorffii (Dall 1891) [=Strombella middendorffii] O27
    |--V. regularis Dall 1878 [=Volutopsis beringi regularis] O27
    |--V. rotundus Dall 1919 O27
    |--V. simplex Dall 1907 O27
    |--V. stefanssoni Dall 1919 O27
    `--V. trophonius Dall 1902 O27

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BR05] Bouchet, P., & J.-P. Rocroi. 2005. Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families. Malacologia 47 (1–2): 1–397.

[O27] Oldroyd, I. S. 1927. The Marine Shells of the West Coast of North America vol. II pt I. Stanford University Press: Stanford University (California).

Scaphella

Juno's volutes Scaphella junonia, copyright Tropic~7.

Belongs within: Muricoidea.

Scaphella is a genus of large volutes in which the terminal nucleus of the spire is very small, pointed and oblique (Oldroyd 1927).

Scaphella Swainson 1832 BR05
    |--*S. junonia (Lamarck 1804) F27b, BC01 (see below for synonymy)
    |--S. arnheimi Rivers 1891 [=Voluta arnheimi] O27
    |--S. canaliculata (McCoy 1869) [=Voluta canaliculata] H09
    |--S. contoyensis Emerson & Old 1979 BC01
    |--S. ellipsoidea F27b
    |--S. flavicans (Gmelin 1791) [=Voluta flavicans] H09
    |--S. macginnorum García & Emerson 1987 BC01
    |--S. macrocephala Finlay 1927 [=Voluta capitata Tate 1889 non Perry 1811] F27b
    |--S. maculata Swainson 1822 H09
    |--S. magnifica (Chemnitz 1795) [=Voluta magnifica] H09
    |--S. marmorata (Swainson 1822) [=Voluta marmorata] H09
    |--S. nivosa (Lamarck 1804) [=Voluta nivosa] H09
    |--S. perplicata (Hedley 1902) [=Voluta perplicata] H09
    |--S. pulchra (Sowerby 1825) [=Voluta pulchra] H09
    |--S. punctata (Swainson 1823) [=Voluta punctata] H09
    |--S. ruckeri (Crosse 1867) [=Voluta ruckeri] H09
    |--S. rutila (Broderip 1825) [=Voluta rutila] H09
    |--S. spenceriana (Gatliff 1908) [=Voluta spenceriana] H09
    |--S. studeri (Martens 1897) [=Voluta studeri] H09
    |--S. undulata F27a
    |--S. volva (Gmelin 1791) [=Voluta volva] H09
    `--S. zebra (Leach 1814) [=Voluta zebra] H09

*Scaphella junonia (Lamarck 1804) F27b, BC01 [=Voluta junonia F27b; incl. S. junonia butleri Clench 1953 BC01, S. junonia johnstoneae Clench 1953 BC01]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BR05] Bouchet, P., & J.-P. Rocroi. 2005. Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families. Malacologia 47 (1–2): 1–397.

[BC01] Boyko, C. B., & J. R. Cordeiro. 2001. Catalog of Recent type specimens in the Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History. V. Mollusca, part 2 (class Gastropoda [exclusive of Opisthobranchia and Pulmonata], with supplements to Gastropoda [Opisthobranchia], and Bivalvia). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 262: 1–170.

[F27a] Finlay, H. J. 1927a. A further commentary on New Zealand molluscan systematics. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 320–485.

[F27b] Finlay, H. J. 1927b. New specific names for austral Mollusca. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 488–533.

[H09] Hedley, C. 1909. The Marine Fauna of Queensland: Address by the President of Section D. Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science: Brisbane.

[O27] Oldroyd, I. S. 1927. The Marine Shells of the West Coast of North America vol. II pt I. Stanford University Press: Stanford University (California).

Campaniloidea

Globularia fluctuata, from here.

Belongs within: Sorbeoconcha.

The Campaniloidea are a group of marine gastropods united by sperm morphology, with members having a euspermatozoon containing seven or eight stright mitochondria, accompanied by a dense segmented sheath. They also share a simple larval shell morphology (Ponder et al. 2008). The Campaniloidea are largely relictual in the modern fauna, with Campanilidae and Ampullinidae each being represented by only a single surviving species, together with the living genus Plesiotrochus.

<==Campaniloidea
    |--Trypanaxis Cossmann 1889 [Trypanaxidae, Trypanaxinae] BR05
    |--Plesiotrochus Fischer 1878 [Plesiotrochidae] BR05
    |    |--‘Tectarius’ luteus Gould 1861 R89
    |    `--P. pagodiformis Hedley 1907 H09
    |--Campanilidae BR05
    |    |--Gymnocerithium Cossmann 1906 [Gymnocerithiidae] BR05
    |    |    `--*G. collegiale (Zittel 1873) [=Cerithium collegiale] S98
    |    |--Campanile Bayle in Fischer 1884 [Campanilinae] BR05
    |    |    `--C. symbolicum Iredale 1917 WG71
    |    `--Diozoptyxis Cossmann 1896 [Diozoptyxidae, Diozoptyxinae, Diozoptyxisinae] BR05
    |         `--*D. monilifera [=Nerinea monilifera] BR05
    `--Ampullinidae [Ampullinoidea, Ampullospiridae] BR05
         |--Amaurellina Bayle in Fischer 1885 [Amaurellinidae] BR05
         |--Ampullospira Harris 1897 [Ampullospirinae] BR05
         |--Gyrodes Conrad 1860 [Gyrodeidae, Gyrodesacea, Gyrodinae] BR05
         |--Ampullina Bowdich 1822 [Ampullininae] BR05
         |    `--A. apora (Watson 1881) F27
         |--Globularia Swainson 1840 [Globulariidae, Globulariinae] BR05
         |    `--G. fluctuata (Sowerby 1825) [incl. Natica imperforata Jay 1836] BC01
         `--Pseudamaura Fischer 1885 [Pseudamauridae, Pseudamaurinidae] BR05
              |--P. globosa (Ahlburg 1906) NE02
              |--P. gregaria (v. Schlotheim 1822) NE02
              |--P. reflecta Etheridge 1902 F71
              `--P. variablis F71

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BR05] Bouchet, P., J.-P. Rocroi, J. Frýda, B. Hausdorf, W. Ponder, Á. Valdés & A. Warén. 2005. Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families. Malacologia 47 (1-2): 1-397.

[BC01] Boyko, C. B. & J. R. Cordeiro. 2001. Catalog of Recent type specimens in the Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History. V. Mollusca, part 2 (class Gastropoda [exclusive of Opisthobranchia and Pulmonata], with supplements to Gastropoda [Opisthobranchia], and Bivalvia). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 262: 1-170.

[F27] Finlay, H. J. 1927. A further commentary on New Zealand molluscan systematics. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 320-485.

[F71] Fletcher, H. O. 1971. Catalogue of type specimens of fossils in the Australian Museum, Sydney. Australian Museum Memoir 13: 1-167.

[H09] Hedley, C. 1909. The Marine Fauna of Queensland: Address by the President of Section D. Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science: Brisbane.

[NE02] Nützel, A. & D. H. Erwin. 2002. Battenizyga, a new Early Triassic gastropod genus with a discussion of the caenogastropod evolution at the Permian/Triassic boundary. Paläontologische Zeitschrift 76 (1): 21-27.

Ponder, W. F., D. J. Colgan, J. M. Healy, A. Nützel, L. R. L. Simone & E. E. Strong (2008). Caenogastropoda. In: Ponder, W. F., & D. L. Lindberg (eds) Phylogeny and Evolution of the Mollusca, pp. 331-383. University of California Press: Berkeley.

[R89] Reid, D. G. 1989. Systematic revision of the Recent species of Peasiella Nevill, 1885 (Gastropoda: Littorinidae), with notes on the fossil species. Nautilus 103 (2): 43-69.

[S98] Stilwell, J. D. 1998. Late Cretaceous Mollusca from the Chatham Islands, New Zealand. Alcheringa 22 (1): 29-85.

[WG71] Wilson, B. R., & K. Gillett. 1971. Australian Shells: illustrating and describing 600 species of marine gastropods found in Australian waters. A. H. & A. W. Reed: Sydney.

Mitra

Episcopal mitre Mitra mitra, copyright J. C. Schou.

Belongs within: Mitridae.

Mitra, the mitres, is a genus of predatory gastropods with an elongate proboscis, specialised for feeding on burrowing worms. Both their scientific and vernacular names refer to their resemblence to the mitre (pointed hat) worn by ecclesiastical figures.

See also: The bishop's Mitra.

Characters (from Oldroyd 1927): Shell fusiform, thick; spire elevated, acute at apex; aperture small, narrow, notched in front; columella obliquely plicate; outer lip thickened, smooth internally.

<==Mitra Lamarck 1798 BR05
    |--*M. episcopalis O27
    |--M. acuminata Swainson 1824 BW09
    |--M. amabilis Reeve 1845 H09
    |--M. amanda Reeve 1845 H09
    |--M. ambigua Swainson 1829 BW09
    |--M. antonelli Dohrn 1860 H09
    |--M. arenosa Lamarck 1811 H09
    |--M. armillata Reeve 1845 H09
    |--M. aurantia (Gmelin 1791) [=Voluta aurantia] H09
    |--M. aurora BW09
    |    |--M. a. aurora BW09
    |    `--M. a. floridula Sowerby 1874 BW09
    |--M. australis M54
    |--M. avenacea Reeve 1845 H09
    |--M. badia P95
    |--M. bernhardina Bolten 1798 H09
    |--M. caffra (Linnaeus 1758) [=Voluta caffra] H09
    |--M. caliginosa O27
    |--M. cancellata Bolten 1798 F27b
    |--M. ‘cancellata’ Swainson 1821 non Bolten 1798 F27b
    |--M. capricornea Hedley 1907 H09
    |--M. carbonaria F27a
    |--M. cardinalis Gmelin 1791 WG71
    |--M. catalinae Dall 1919 [=Strigatella (Atrimitra) catalinae] O27
    |--M. chrysalis Reeve 1844 BW09
    |--M. chrysostoma Broderip 1836 BW09
    |--M. circula Kiener 1839 H09
    |--M. clathrata Defrance 1824 F27b
    |--M. ‘clathrata’ Reeve 1844 non Defrance 1824 F27b
    |--M. ‘clathrata’ Reuss 1845 nec Defrance 1824 nec Reeve 1844 F27b
    |--M. coccinea F66
    |--M. coffea Schubert & Wagner 1829 [incl. M. thaanumiana Pilsbry 1921] BC01
    |--M. crassa Swainson 1822 H09
    |--M. crenifera Lamarck 1811 H09
    |--M. cruentata (Gmelin 1791) [=Voluta cruentata] H09
    |--M. cucumerina Lamarck 1811 BW09
    |--M. curvilirata Sowerby 1874 H09
    |--M. decurtata Reeve 1844 BW09
    |--M. delicata Adams 1853 H09
    |--M. deshayesii Reeve 1844 H09
    |--M. dichroa Adams 1853 H09
    |--M. diegensis Dall 1919 [=Strigatella (Atrimitra) diegensis] O27
    |--M. duplilirata Reeve 1845 H09
    |--M. ebenus [incl. M. ebenus var. uniplicatus Wood 1872] F27b
    |--M. elatior Finlay 1924 F27a
    |--M. eremitarum Roiling 1798 BW09
    |--M. eusulcata Finlay 1924 F27a
    |--M. exilis Reeve 1845 F27b
    |--M. ferruginea Lamarck 1811 BW09
    |--M. filaris (Linne 1771) [=Voluta filaris] H09
    |--M. formosa Adams 1853 H09
    |--M. fragra Quoy & Gaimard 1833 H09
    |--M. fultoni O27
    |--M. gilbertsoni (Cate 1968) [=Pterygia gilbertsoni] BC01
    |--M. glabra F27a
    |--M. granatina Lamarck 1811 H09
    |--M. hastata Sowerby 1874 H09
    |--M. hebes Reeve 1845 H09
    |--M. hectori Hutton 1904 F27a
    |--M. hedleyi Murdoch 1905 F27a
    |--M. idae Melvill 1893 O27 [incl. M. semiusta Berry 1957 BC01]
    |    |--M. i. idae O27
    |    `--M. i. montereyensis Berry 1920 O27
    |--M. imperialis Roiling 1798 BW09
    |--M. interlirata Reeve 1844 H09
    |--M. jukesii Adams 1853 H09
    |--M. lens O27
    |--M. leucodesma Reeve 1844 H09
    |--M. ligata Adams 1853 F27b
    |--M. limosa Martyn 1786 H09
    |--M. litterata Lamarck 1811 BW09
    |--M. longispira Sowerby 1874 H09
    |--M. lowei Dall 1903 O27
    |--M. lubens Reeve 1845 H09
    |--M. lucida Reeve 1845 H09
    |--M. luctuosa (Adams 1853) BW09
    |--M. lugubris Swainson 1822 WG71
    |--M. maoria Finlay 1927 F27a
    |--M. michaui Crosse & Fischer 1864 H09
    |--M. mitra (Linnaeus 1758) BW09 [=Voluta mitra H09]
    |--M. modesta Reeve 1845 H09
    |--M. multisulcata Harris 1897 F27b
    |--M. nodulosa Gmelin 1791 [incl. M. nodulosa pallida Usticke 1959 non M. pallida Adams 1851] BC01
    |--M. obeliscus Reeve 1844 H09
    |--M. othone Tenison-Woods 1879 F71
    |--M. papalis Linnaeus 1758 WG71
    |--M. patriarchalis (Gmelin 1791) [=Voluta patriarchalis] H09
    |--M. paupercula (Linnaeus 1758) BW09
    |--M. peasei Dohrn 1860 H09
    |--M. plicaria (Linnaeus 1758) [=Voluta plicaria] H09
    |--M. porphyritica Reeve 1844 H09
    |--M. procissa Reeve 1844 H09
    |--M. pura Adams 1853 H09
    |--M. ralphi Cossmann 1900 (see below for synonymy) F27b
    |--M. reticulata Adams 1853 H09
    |--M. retusa Lamarck 1811 BW09
    |--M. rhodia M54
    |--M. rotundilirata Reeve 1844 H09
    |--M. rubritincta Reeve 1844 BW09
    |--M. rufescens Adams 1853 H09
    |--M. rugosa (Gmelin 1791) [=Voluta rugosa] H09
    |--M. ruppeli F27b
    |--M. sanguisuga (Linnaeus 1758) [=Voluta sanguisuga] H09
    |--M. scabricula (Linne 1767) [=Voluta scabricula] H09
    |--M. sculptilis Reeve 1845 H09
    |--M. scutulata (Gmelin 1791) [=Voluta scutulata] H09
    |--M. semilaevis Edwards 1849 F27b
    |--M. sigillata Azuma 1965 Q89
    |--M. solida Reeve 1844 H09
    |--M. stictica (Link 1807) BW09
    |--M. subdivisa (Bolten 1798) [=Vexillum subdivisum] H09
    |--M. subruppeli Finlay 1927 [=M. multisulcata Sowerby 1914 non Harris 1897] F27b
    |--M. suturata Reeve 1845 H09
    |--M. tabanula Lamarck 1811 H09
    |--M. taeniata Lamarck 1811 H09
    |--M. tatei Angas 1879 F27b
    |--M. ticaonica Reeve 1844 WG71
    |--M. variabilis Reeve 1844 WG71
    |--M. variegata (Gmelin 1791) [=Voluta variegata] H09
    |--M. vermiculata Martyn 1786 H09
    |--M. vexillum Reeve 1844 BW09
    |--M. vulpecula (Linnaeus 1758) [=Voluta vulpecula] H09
    `--M. zephyrina Sowerby 1874 H09

Mitra ralphi Cossmann 1900 [=M. semilaevis Tate 1889 non Edwards 1849, M. tatei Cossmann 1899 non Angas 1879, Costellaria tatei, Turricula tatei] F27b

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BR05] Bouchet, P., & J.-P. Rocroi. 2005. Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families. Malacologia 47 (1–2): 1–397.

[BC01] Boyko, C. B. & J. R. Cordeiro. 2001. Catalog of Recent type specimens in the Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History. V. Mollusca, part 2 (class Gastropoda [exclusive of Opisthobranchia and Pulmonata], with supplements to Gastropoda [Opisthobranchia], and Bivalvia). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 262: 1–170.

[BW09] Bryce, C., & C. Whisson. 2009. The macromolluscs of Mermaid (Rowley Shoals), Scott and Seringapatam Reefs, Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 77: 177–208.

[F27a] Finlay, H. J. 1927a. A further commentary on New Zealand molluscan systematics. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 320–485.

[F27b] Finlay, H. J. 1927b. New specific names for austral Mollusca. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 488–533.

[F71] Fletcher, H. O. 1971. Catalogue of type specimens of fossils in the Australian Museum, Sydney. Australian Museum Memoir 13: 1–167.

[F66] Fraser, L. 1866. Communication of a list of mollusks collected by R. Swinhoe, Esq., in Formosa. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 146.

[H09] Hedley, C. 1909. The Marine Fauna of Queensland: Address by the President of Section D. Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science: Brisbane.

[M54] Macpherson, J. H. 1954. Molluscs (sea shells and snails). In: Willis, J. M. (ed.) The Archipelago of the Recherche pp. 55–63. Australian Geographical Society: Melbourne.

[O27] Oldroyd, I. S. 1927. The Marine Shells of the West Coast of North America vol. II pt I. Stanford University Press: Stanford University (California).

[P95] Ponder, W. F. 1995. Book review: Australian Marine Shells. Prosobranch Gastropods. Parts 1 and 2. Molluscan Research 16: 97–102.

[Q89] Quinn, J. F., Jr. 1989. Pleioptygmatidae, a new family of mitriform gastropods (Prosobranchia: Neogastropoda). Nautilus 103 (1): 13–19.

[WG71] Wilson, B. R., & K. Gillett. 1971. Australian Shells: illustrating and describing 600 species of marine gastropods found in Australian waters. A. H. & A. W. Reed: Sydney.

Nassa

Sertum rock shell Nassa serta, copyright Jan Delsing.

Belongs within: Rapaninae.

Nassa is a genus of marine gastropods found in the tropical Indo-Pacific, living under stones and coral in intertidal and shallow sublittoral waters. The western Pacific N. serta bears strongly beaded spiral ribs on the shell (Wilson & Gillett 1971).

Characters (from Wilson & Gillett 1971): Ovate, spire moderately high. Whorls rounded. Anterior canal broad, posterior canal not notched into lip but formed behind large opposing denticles on parietal wall and outer lip.

<==Nassa Röding 1798 [incl. Iopas Adams & Adams 1853] RD75
    |--N. serta (Bruguière 1789) WG71 (see below for synonymy)
    |--N. ambigua C64
    |--N. antillarum G79
    |--N. collaria C64
    |--N. complanata [incl. N. scabriuscula, N. wilsoni] C64
    |--N. corniculum D56
    |--N. corpulenta C64
    |--N. elegans Sowerby 1824 M79b
    |--N. fossata M79b (see below for synonymy)
    |--N. francoindica Martin 1919 [=N. ovum Cossmann 1902 (preoc.)] F27
    |--N. francolina (Bruguière 1789) WG71
    |--N. gemmulata F66
    |--N. gibberula PP64
    |--N. incisa [=Clathurella incisa; incl. C. cingulata] H86a
    |--N. incrassata [=Buccinum incrassatum; incl. B. ascanias, B. coccinella, B. macula] J64
    |--N. insculpta Carpenter 1864 C64
    |--N. intermedia [=Alectrion suturalis dunkeri Suter 1908] F26
    |--N. jhoni BBB-S95
    |--N. lunata C64
    |--N. luteostoma H15
    |--N. marginulata [incl. N. australis Adams 1853, N. marginulata var. hepatica] H08
    |--N. mendica [=N. (Tritia) mendica; incl. N. gibbesii, N. interstriata Conrad 1855, N. woodwardi Fbs. 1850] C64
    |--N. moreleti Crosse 1868 M79b
    |--N. nodocincta C64
    |--N. obsoleta D56
    |--N. olivacea F66
    |--N. pagodus [incl. N. acuta, N. canescens, N. decussata] C64
    |--N. panamensis [incl. N. exilis] C64
    |--N. pedroana Conrad 1855 C64
    |--N. perpinguis C64
    |--N. pygmaea PP64
    |--N. reticulata (Linnaeus 1758) CS77, L58 [=Buccinum reticulatum J64]
    |--N. scabriuscula C64
    |--N. stimpsoniana C64
    |--N. taenia F66
    |--N. tatei Tenison-Woods 1878 F71 [incl. N. socialis H86b]
    |--N. tegula C64
    |--N. thersites F66
    |--N. trifasciata [incl. N. rutilans, N. unicolora, N. unicolorata] M79a
    |--N. trivittata C64
    `--N. versicolor [incl. N. crebristriata, N. proxima, N. striata] C64

Nassa fossata M79b [=Buccinum fossatum C64, Tritia fossata M79b; incl. Buccinum elegans Rve. 1842 C64, Nassa elegans non Sowerby 1824 C64, Taphon elegans M79b]

Nassa serta (Bruguière 1789) WG71 [=Buccinum sertum RD75, *Iopas sertum RD75, Purpura sertum RD75; incl. *Nassa picta Röding 1798 RD75]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BBB-S95] Boubezari, K., G. Bitar & D. Bellan-Santini. 1995. Structure et organisation de trois moulières (Mytilus galloprovincialis et Perna perna) de la région d’Alger. Mésogée 54: 63–72.

[C64] Carpenter, P. P. 1864. Supplementary report on the present state of our knowledge with regard to the Mollusca of the west coast of North America. Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science 33: 517–686.

[CS77] Cramp, S., & K. E. L. Simmons (eds) 1977. Handbook of the Birds of Europe, the Middle East and North Africa: The Birds of the Western Palaearctic vol. 1. Ostrich to Ducks. Oxford University Press: Oxford.

[D56] Dawes, B. 1956. The Trematoda with special reference to British and other European forms. University Press: Cambridge.

[F26] Finlay, H. J. 1926. A further commentary on New Zealand molluscan systematics. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 320–485.

[F27] Finlay, H. J. 1927. New specific names for austral Mollusca. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 488–533.

[F71] Fletcher, H. O. 1971. Catalogue of type specimens of fossils in the Australian Museum, Sydney. Australian Museum Memoir 13: 1–167.

[F66] Fraser, L. 1866. Communication of a list of mollusks collected by R. Swinhoe, Esq., in Formosa. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 146.

[G79] Guppy, R. J. L. 1879. First sketch of a marine invertebrate fauna of the Gulf of Paria and its neighbourhood. Part I.—Mollusca. Journal of Conchology 2: 151–172.

[H08] Hedley, C. 1908. Studies on Australian Mollusca. Part X. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 33: 456–489, pls 7–10.

[H15] Hedley, C. 1915. Presidential address. Journal and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New South Wales 49 (1): 1–77, pls 1–7.

[H86a] Hutton, F. W. 1886a. The Mollusca of the Pareora and Oamaru systems of New Zealand. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, series 2, 1 (1): 205–237.

[H86b] Hutton, F. W. 1886b. Notes on some Australian Tertiary fossils. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, series 2, 1 (2): 481–482.

[J64] Jeffreys, J. G. 1864. The Upper Tertiary fossils at Uddevalla, in Sweden. Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science 33 (Notices and Abstracts): 73–79.

[L58] Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Laurentii Salvii: Holmiae.

[M79a] Marrat, F. P. 1879a. Nassa trifasciata, Gmelin. Journal of Conchology 2: 78.

[M79b] Marrat, F. P. 1879b. Note on Nassa elegans, Sow. Journal of Conchology 2: 78–79.

[PP64] Peres, J. M., & J. Picard. 1964. Nouveau manuel de bionomie benthique de la mer Mediterranee. Recueil des Travaux de la Station Marine d'Endoume, Bulletin 31 (27): 5–137.

[RD75] Radwin, G. E., & A. D’Attilio. 1975. A catalogue of muricacean generic taxa. Transactions of the San Diego Society of Natural History 17 (20): 279–292.

[WG71] Wilson, B. R., & K. Gillett. 1971. Australian Shells: illustrating and describing 600 species of marine gastropods found in Australian waters. A. H. & A. W. Reed: Sydney.

Last updated: 18 December 2021.

Plocezyga

The Lower Permian Plocezyga (Hyphantozyga) matanensis, from Pan & Erwin (2002).

Belongs within: Caenogastropoda.

Plocezyga was a Lower Carboniferous to Middle Permian genus of high-spired gastropods. Originally included in the genus Hemizyga, the genera had to be separated after it was established that the type species of Hemizyga was not representative of the majority of species in that genus (Hoare & Sturgeon 1980a, b). Plocezyga is a member of the family Pseudozygopleuridae which is distinguished by the form of the protoconch: smooth on the first 1.5 whorls, followed by collabral ornament on the second to fourth walls, with the ornamented whorls slightly swollen (Knight et al. 1960).

Characters (from Knight et al. 1960): Conch with both collabral and spiral ornament; labral sinus very shallow or absent.

<==Ploceozyga Hoare & Sturgeon 1980 PE02
    |--P. (Hyphantozyga Knight 1930) PE02
    |    |--P. (*H.) gracilis (Knight 1930) [=Hemizyga (Hyphantozyga) gracilis] PE02
    |    |--P. (H.) fenestrata (Hoare & Sturgeon 1980) [=Gamigyza (H.) fenestrata] PE02
    |    `--P. (H.) matanensis (Pan & Yu 1993) [=Hemizyga (Hyphantozyga) matanensis] PE02
    `--P. (Plocezyga Knight 1930) PE02
         |--P. (P.) cancellata (Mark 1912) PE02
         |--P. (P.) delicata Hoare & Sturgeon 1980 PE02
         |--P. (P.) lineata Hoare & Sturgeon 1980 PE02
         |--P. (P.) ornatissima Hoare & Sturgeon 1980 PE02
         |--P. (P.) varica Pan & Erwin 2002 PE02
         `--P. (P.) yunnanensis Pan & Erwin 2002 PE02

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

Hoare, R. D., & M. T. Sturgeon. 1980a. The Pennsylvanian pseudozygopleurid gastropod genus Gamizyga n.gen. from Ohio and West Virginia. Journal of Paleontology 54 (1): 159-187.

Hoare, R. D., & M. T. Sturgeon. 1980b. Gamizyga: a correction. Journal of Paleontology 54 (5): 1101.

Knight, J. B., R. L. Batten, E. L. Yochelson & L. R. Cox. 1960. Supplement: Paleozoic and some Mesozoic Caenogastropoda and Opisthobranchia. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt I. Mollusca 1. Mollusca—General Features. Scaphopoda. Amphineura. Monoplacophora. Gastropoda—General Features. Archaeogastropoda and some (mainly Paleozoic) Caenogastropoda and Opisthobranchia pp. I310-I331. Geological Society of America, Inc. and University of Kansas Press.

[PE02] Pan, H.-Z., & D. H. Erwin. 2002. Gastropods from the Permian of Guangxi and Yunnan Provinces, south China. Journal of Paleontology 76 (Memoir 56): 1-49.

Loxonematoidea

Reconstruction of Medfrazyga clauticae (Palaeozygopleuridae, late Early Devonian) from Frýda & Blodgett (2004).

Falls within: Ptenoglossa.

The Loxonematoidea is a superfamily of gastropods with extremely tall, narrow spires. Gastropods ranging in age from the Silurian to the present day (the deep-sea families Provannidae and Abyssochrysidae) have been assigned to the Loxonematoidea by various authors. However, the Silurian and Devonian loxonematoids of the families Loxonematidae and Palaeozygopleuridae differ in their protoconch morphology from later taxa and it has been suggested that the later families are not closely related to the true loxonematoids but are convergent forms. The phylogenetic position of the Loxonematoidea is similarly debatable: features of the more recent families suggest relationships with the Caenogastropoda, but the simple protoconch of the earlier 'true' loxonematoids may indicate a more basal position outside the caenogastropod-heterobranch-neritimorph clade (Frýda & Blodgett 2004).

The Loxonematidae are mostly relatively large gastropods known from the Middle Ordovician to Lower Carboniferous, with a median sinus in the labrum and mostly collabral ornamentation. The Palaeozygopleuridae are smaller gastropods from the Devonian and Lower Carboniferous, with the labral sinus shallow or absent (Knight et al. 1960).

Characteristics (from Frýda & Blodgett 2004, for Loxonematidae and Palaeozygopleuridae only): Slender, high-spired shells. Large protoconch with less than one whorl, lacking a true larval shell.

Loxonematoidea [Stylogastropoda]
    |  i. s.: Spiromphalus PE02
    |         Nodoloxonema Blodgett, Frýda & Racheboeuf 1999 FB04
    |           `--*N. plusquelleci Blodgett, Frýda & Racheboeuf 1999 FB04
    |--Spirostylus Kittl 1894 [Spirostylidae, Spirostylinidae] TE01
    |    |--*S. subcolumnaris (Münster 1841) [=Melania subcolumnaris] TE01
    |    `--S. linctus (Böhm 1895) [=Omphaloptycha lincta; incl. O. porrecta Böhm 1895] TE01
    |--Polygyrina Koken 1892 KC60 [Polygyrinidae BR05]
    |    |--*P. lommelii (Münster 1841) [=Turritella lommelii] KC60
    |    |--P. depressa Wang in Wang & Xi 1980 NE02
    |    |--P. gracilior (Schauroth 1855) NE02
    |    |--P. sichuanensis Pan 1982 NE02
    |    `--P. venusta Yu & Wang in Wang & Xi 1980 NE02
    |--Palaeozygopleuridae [Palaeozygopleurinae] BR05
    |    |--Pragozyga Frýda 1999 FB04
    |    |    `--*P. costata Frýda 1999 FB04
    |    |--Medfrazyga Frýda & Blodgett 2004 FB04
    |    |    `--*M. clauticae Frýda & Blodgett 2004 FB04
    |    |--Devonozyga Horny 1955 KC60
    |    |    `--*D. perneri Horny 1955 KC60
    |    `--Palaeozygopleura Horný 1955 BR05
    |         |  i. s.: P. chlupaci Frýda 1993 FB04
    |         |--*P. (Palaeozygopleura) alinae (Perner 1907) [=Zygopleura alinae] FB04
    |         |--P. (Bohemozyga Frýda & Bandel 1997) FB04
    |         |--P. (Bojozyga Horný 1955) FB04
    |         |--P. (Palaeozyga Horný 1955) FB04
    |         |    `--P. (*P.) bohemica FB04
    |         `--P. (Rhenozyga Frýda 2000) FB04
    |              |--P. (*R.) retrostriatum (Kirchner 1915) [=Loxonema retrostriatum] FB04
    |              |--P. (R.) machenryi Cook 1997 FB04
    |              `--P. (R.) reifenstuhli Frýda & Blodgett 2004 FB04
    `--Loxonematidae [Loxonematinae, Omospiridae, Omospirinae] BR05
         |--Holopella M’Coy 1851 [Holopellidae] BR05
         |--Katoptychia Perner 1907 FB04 [=Cataptychia Cossmann 1909 KC60]
         |    `--*K. alba Perner 1907 KC60
         |--Stylonema Perner 1907 FB04
         |    `--*S. potens (Perner 1907) [=Loxonema (*Stylonema) potens] KC60
         |--Omospira Ulrich in Ulrich & Scofield 1897 BR05
         |    `--*O. laticincta Ulrich in Ulrich & Scofield 1897 KC60
         |--Hypselentoma Weller 1929 KC60
         |    `--*H. perhumerosa (Meek 1872) [=Pleurotomaria perhumerosa] KC60
         |--Sisenna Koken 1896 KC60
         |    `--*S. turbinata (Hörnes 1855) [=Pleurotomaria turbinata] KC60
         |--Girvania Longstaff 1924 KC60
         |    `--*G. excavata Longstaff 1924 KC60
         |--Spiroecus Longstaff 1924 KC60
         |    `--*S. girvanensis Longstaff 1924 KC60
         |--Aulacostrepsis Perner 1907 KC60
         |    `--*A. simplex Perner 1907 KC60
         `--Loxonema Phillips 1841 BR05 [incl. Rhabdostropha Donald 1905 KC60]
              |--*L. sinuosum (Sowerby 1839) [=Terebra sinuosa] KC60
              |--L. anglicum F71
              |--L. babbindoonensis Etheridge 1907 F71
              `--L. lamellosum F71

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BR05] Bouchet, P., J.-P. Rocroi, J. Frýda, B. Hausdorf, W. Ponder, Á. Valdés & A. Warén. 2005. Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families. Malacologia 47 (1-2): 1-397.

[F71] Fletcher, H. O. 1971. Catalogue of type specimens of fossils in the Australian Museum, Sydney. Australian Museum Memoir 13: 1-167.

[FB04] Frýda, J., & R. B. Blodgett. 2004. New Emsian (Late Early Devonian) gastropods from Limestone Mountain, Medfra B-4 quadrangle, west-central Alaska (Farewell Terrane), and their paleobiogeographic affinities and evolutionary significance. Journal of Paleontology 78 (1): 111-132.

[KC60] Knight, J. B., L. R. Cox, A. M. Keen, R. L. Batten, E. L. Yochelson & R. Robertson. 1960. Gastropoda: systematic descriptions. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt I. Mollusca 1: Mollusca—General Features, Scaphopoda, Amphineura, Monoplacophora, Gastropoda—General Features, Archaeogastropoda and some (mainly Paleozoic) Caenogastropoda and Opisthobranchia, pp. I169-I331. Geological Society of America, and University of Kansas Press.

[NE01] Nützel, A. & D. H. Erwin. 2002. Battenizyga, a new Early Triassic gastropod genus with a discussion of the caenogastropod evolution at the Permian/Triassic boundary. Paläontologische Zeitschrift 76 (1): 21-27.

[PE02] Pan, H.-Z., & D. H. Erwin. 2002. Gastropods from the Permian of Guangxi and Yunnan Provinces, south China. Journal of Paleontology 76 (Memoir 56): 1-49.

[TE01] Tong, J., & D. H. Erwin. 2001. Triassic gastropods of the southern Qinling Mountains, China. Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology 92: 1-47.