Galloanserae

Mounted skeleton of Gastornis gigantea, copyright Vince Smith.

Belongs within: Aves.
Contains: Anseres, Galliformes.

The Galloanserae are a clade of birds uniting the waterfowl (Anseriformes) and gamefowl (Galliformes). The clade is supported by molecular data as well as by morphological characters including presence of a sessile basipterygoid processes, long, blade-like retroarticular processes on the mandible, and a derived morphology of the quadrate (Mayr 2009).

As well as the ducks and geese, the Anseriformes include the screamers (Anhimidae) of South America. Screamers have a short curved bill, soft downy feathers on the relatively small head and short neck, and two large, sharp spurs on the forward edge of each wing. Their toes mostly lack webbing (Austin 1961). Anseriformes have one of the better fossil records among birds, including the giant flightless Gastornithidae of the Palaeogene Holarctic.

Stem-group relatives of the Galliformes include the Gallinuloididae, known from well-preserved skeletons from the early Eocene of Europe and North America. The Paraortygidae and Quercymegapodiidae are known from more fragmentary remains from the late Eocene and Oligocene of Europe (Mayr 2009).

<==Galloanserae [Galloanseres, Galloanserimorphae] PB15
    |--Anseriformes [Anatiformes, Anserimorphae] HK08
    |    |  i. s.: Aminornis exavatus Ameghino 1899 M09
    |    |--Gastornithidae [Diatrymidae, Gastornithiformes] RS01
    |    |    |--Zhongyuanus xichuanensis Hou 1980 M09
    |    |    `--Gastornis Hébert 1855 M05 (see below for synonymy)
    |    |         |--*G. parisiensis Hébert 1855 M02 [incl. G. edwardsi Lemoine 1878 M09, G. klaasseni Newton 1886 M09]
    |    |         |--G. ajax (Shufeldt 1913) [=Diatryma ajax] M02
    |    |         |--G. geiselensis (Fischer 1978) [=Diatryma geiselensis] M09
    |    |         |--G. gigantea (Cope 1876) [=*Diatryma giganteus] M02
    |    |         |--G. minor Lemoine 1878 M09 [=Remiornis minor M02; incl. G. russeli Martin 1992 M09]
    |    |         |--G. regens (Marsh 1894) M09 [=*Barornis regens M02, Diatryma regens M09]
    |    |         |--G. sarasini (Schaub 1929) [=Diatryma sarasini] M02
    |    |         |--‘Diatryma’ steini (Matthew & Granger 1917) M07
    |    |         `--‘*Omorhamphus’ storchii Sinclair 1928 M02
    |    `--+--Anseres CT05
    |       `--Anhimidae [Anhimae, Palamedaeidae, Palamedeidae] CT05
    |            |--Chaunoides antiquus Alvarenga 1999 M09
    |            |--Anhima Brisson 1760 [incl. Palamedaea Möhring 1752 (pre-Linnean), Palamedea Linné 1766] B94
    |            |    `--A. cornuta C04 [=Palamedea cornuta SS66]
    |            |--Loxornis Ameghino 1894 M09, A94
    |            |    `--*L. clivus Ameghino 1895 A94, M09
    |            `--Chauna CT05
    |                 |--C. chavaria S66
    |                 |--C. derbiana Gray 1845 M66 [incl. C. nigricollis Sclater 1864 S66, M66]
    |                 `--C. torquata (Oken 1816) ME04
    `--Pangalliformes C04
         |  i. s.: Austinornis Clarke 2004 C04
         |           `--*A. lentus (Marsh 1877) [=Graculavus lentus, Ichthyornis lentus] C04
         |         Amitabha Gulas-Wroblewski & Wroblewski 2003 MW04
         |           `--A. urbsinterdictensis Gulas-Wroblewski & Wroblewski 2003 MW04
         |         Argillipes Harrison & Walker 1977 M05, M02
         |           |--*A. aurorum Harrison & Walker 1977 M02
         |           |--A. magnus Harrison & Walker 1979 M02
         |           `--A. paralectoris Harrison & Walker 1977 [incl. Paraortygoides radagasti Dyke & Gulas 2002] M05
         |         Palaeonossax senectus Wetmore 1956 M09
         |--Gallinuloididae [Gallinuloidinae] M09
         |    |--Gallinuloides Eastman 1900 MW04
         |    |    `--G. wyomingensis Eastman 1900 MW04
         |    `--Paraortygoides Mayr 2000 MW04
         |         `--*P. messelensis Mayr 2000 M02
         `--+--Paraortygidae M09
            |    |--Archaealectrornis sibleyi Crowe & Short 1992 M09
            |    |--Pirortyx Brodkorb 1964 M09, M02
            |    |      `--*P. major (Gaillard 1939) [=Palaeortyx major] M02
            |    |--Procrax Tordoff & Macdonald 1957 M09, MW04
            |    |    `--P. brevipes Tordoff & Macdonald 1957 M09
            |    |--Paraortyx Gaillard 1908 M02
            |    |    |--*P. lorteti Gaillard 1908 (see below for synonymy) M02
            |    |    `--P. brancoi Gaillard 1908 M02
            |    `--Taoperdix Milne-Edwards 1869 M09, M02
            |         |--*T. pessieti (Gervais 1862) [=Tetrao pessieti] M02
            |         `--T. miocaena Ballmann 1969 M02
            `--+--Galliformes M09
               `--Quercymegapodiidae [Quercymegapodiinae] MW04
                    |--Taubacrex Alvarenga 1988 M02
                    |    `--T. granivora Alvarenga 1988 M09
                    |--Ludiortyx Brodkorb 1964 M05, M02 [incl. Eortyx Brodkorb 1967 M02]
                    |    `--L. hoffmanni (Gervais 1852) (see below for synonymy) M02
                    |--Quercymegapodius Mourer-Chauviré 1992 M02
                    |    |--*Q. depereti (Gaillard 1908) [=Palaeocryptonyx depereti, Pirortyx depereti] M02
                    |    `--Q. brodkorbi Mourer-Chauviré 1992 M09
                    `--Ameripodius Alvarenga 1995 M02
                         |--*A. silvasantosi Alvarenga 1995 M02
                         `--A. alexis Mourer-Chauviré 2000 M02

Gastornis Hébert 1855 M05 [incl. Barornis Marsh 1894 M02, Diatryma Cope 1876 M09, M05, Omorhamphus Sinclair 1928 M02]

Ludiortyx hoffmanni (Gervais 1852) [=Tringa hoffmanni, *Eortyx hoffmanni, Palaeortyx hoffmanni; incl. P. blanchardi Milne-Edwards 1869, *Ludiortyx blanchardi] M02

*Paraortyx lorteti Gaillard 1908 [incl. Palaeortyx cayluxensis Milne-Edwards 1892 non Lydekker 1891, Par. cayluxensis, Pal. gaillardi Lambrecht 1933, Ludiortyx gaillardi, Paraortyx gaillardi] M02

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A94] Ameghino, F. 1894. Sur les oiseaux fossiles de Patagonie et la aune mammalogique des couches a Pyrotherium. Boletín del Instituto Geográfico Argentino 15 (11-12): 501–602.

Austin, O. L., Jr. 1961. Birds of the World: A survey of the twenty-seven orders and one hundred and fifty-five families. Paul Hamlyn: London.

[B94] Bock, W. J. 1994. History and nomenclature of avian family-group names. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 222: 1–281.

[C04] Clarke, J. A. 2004. Morphology, phylogenetic taxonomy, and systematics of Ichthyornis and Apatornis (Avialae: Ornithurae). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 286: 1–179.

[CT05] Clarke, J. A., C. P. Tambussi, J. I. Noriega, G. M. Erickson & R. A. Ketcham. 2005. Definitive fossil evidence for the extant avian radiation in the Cretaceous. Nature 433: 305–308.

[HK08] Hackett, S. J., R. T. Kimball, S. Reddy, R. C. K. Bowie, E. L. Braun, M. J. Braun, J. L. Chojnowski, W. A. Cox, K.-L. Han, J. Harshman, C. J. Huddleston, B. D. Marks, K. J. Miglia, W. S. Moore, F. H. Sheldon, D. W. Steadman, C. C. Witt & T. Yuri. 2008. A phylogenomic study of birds reveals their evolutionary history. Science 320: 1763–1768.

[M05] Mayr, G. 2005. The Paleogene fossil record of birds in Europe. Biological Reviews 80: 515–542.

[M07] Mayr, G. 2007. The birds from the Paleocene fissure filling of Walbeck (Germany). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 27 (2): 394–408.

[M09] Mayr, G. 2009. Paleogene Fossil Birds. Springer.

[ME04] Mayr, G., & P. G. P. Ericson. 2004. Evidence for a sister group relationship between the Madagascan mesites (Mesitornithidae) and the cuckoos (Cuculidae). Senckenbergiana Biologica 84 (1–2): 1–17.

[MW04] Mayr, G., & I. Weidig. 2004. The Early Eocene bird Gallinuloides wyomingensis—a stem group representative of Galliformes. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 49 (2): 211–217.

[M02] Mlíkovský, J. 2002. Cenozoic Birds of the World. Part 1: Europe. Ninox Press: Praha.

[M66] Moore, T. J. 1866. On the habitat of the Derbyan crested screamer (Chauna derbiana, G. R. Gray). Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 368–369.

[PB15] Prum, R. O., J. S. Berv, A. Dornburg, D. J. Field, J. P. Townsend, E. M. Lemmon & A. R. Lemmon. 2015. A comprehensive phylogeny of birds (Aves) using targeted next-generation DNA sequencing. Nature 526: 569–573.

[RS01] Rasmussen, D. T., E. L. Simons, F. Hertel & A. Judd. 2001. Hindlimb of a giant terrestrial bird from the Upper Eocene, Fayum, Egypt. Palaeontology 44 (2): 325–337.

[S66] Sclater, P. L. 1866. Note on Chauna nigricollis. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 369–370.

[SS66] Sclater, P. L., & O. Salvin. 1866. Catalogue of birds collected by Mr. E. Bartlett on the River Uyacali, Eastern Peru, with notes and descriptions of new species. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 175–201.

Columbigallina

Common ground-dove Columbigallina passerina, copyright Alan Vernon.

Belongs within: Columbidae.

Columbigallina is a Neotropical genus of small ground-doves, currently usually treated as a synonym of Columbina.

<==Columbigallina
    |--C. buckleyi T62
    |--C. cruziana T62
    |--C. minuta T62
    |--C. passerina T62
    |    |--C. p. passerina T62
    |    |--C. p. bahamensis T62
    |    |--C. p. insularis T62
    |    |--C. p. nigrirostris T62
    |    `--C. p. portoricensis T62
    `--C. talpacoti T62
         |--C. t. talpacoti T62
         |--C. t. caucae T62
         |--C. t. eluta T62
         `--C. t. rufipennis T62

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[T62] Tendeiro, J. 1962. Estudos sobre malófagos: revisão monográfica do género Columbicola Ewing (Ischnocera, Philopteridae). Memórias da Junta de Investigações do Ultramar, ser. 2, 32: 7–460.

Tinamidae

Small-billed tinamou Crypturellus parvirostris, copyright Dario Sanches.

Belongs within: Aves.

The Tinamidae, tinamous, are superficially partridge-like birds found in South America. They are the only living flighted members of the palaeognath clade. Tinamous are small to medium-sized, plump terrestrial birds with short, strong legs and a rudimentary tail (Internet Bird Collection).

<==Tinamidae [Crypturi, Crypturidae, Dromaeomorphae, Pantinamidae, Tinami, Tinamiformes]
    |  i. s.: Nothocercus JT12
    |           |--N. bonapartei JT12
    |           |--N. julius JT12
    |           `--N. nigrocapillus JT12
    |         Taoniscus nanus JT12
    |         Crypturus soui S18
    |           |--C. s. soui S18
    |           `--C. s. modestus S18
    |--+--+--Eudromia Geoffroy St.-Hilaire 1832 JT12, B94 [Eudromiidae]
    |  |  |    |--E. elegans HK08
    |  |  |    `--E. formosa JT12
    |  |  `--Tinamotis Vigors 1837 JT12, B94 [Tinamotidae, Tinamotididae]
    |  |       |--T. ingoufi JT12
    |  |       `--T. pentlandii JT12
    |  `--+--Nothura JT12
    |     |    |--N. boraquira M03
    |     |    |--N. chacoensis JT12
    |     |    |--N. darwinii C04
    |     |    |--N. maculosa ZJM03
    |     |    `--N. minor JT12
    |     `--Nothoprocta JT12
    |          |  i. s.: N. ornata JT12
    |          |         N. pentlandii JT12
    |          |         N. taczanowskii JT12
    |          |--+--N. cinerascens BKB15
    |          |  `--Rhynchotus Spix 1825 BKB15, B94 [Rhynchotidae]
    |          |       |--R. maculicollis JT12
    |          |       `--R. rufescens M03
    |          `--+--N. curvirostris O93
    |             |--N. perdicaria BKB15
    |             |    |--N. p. perdicaria L81
    |             |    `--N. p. sanborni L81
    |             `--‘Tinamus’ tao BKB15
    `--+--Tinamus Hermann 1783 JT12, B94 [incl. Cryptura Illiger 1811 B94]
       |    |--T. castaneiceps S18
       |    |--T. guttatus HK08
       |    |--T. major (Gmelin 1789) [=Tetrao major] C04
       |    |--T. osgoodi JT12
       |    |--T. robustus [=T. major robustus] T62
       |    `--T. solitarius M03
       `--Crypturellus JT12
            |  i. s.: C. atrocapillus JT12
            |         C. bartletti JT12
            |         C. berlepschi JT12
            |         C. boucardi ZJM03
            |         C. brevirostris JT12
            |         C. casiquiare JT12
            |         C. cinereus JT12
            |         C. cinnamomeus M03
            |         C. duidae JT12
            |         C. erythropus JT12
            |         C. kerriae JT12
            |         C. noctivagus C04
            |         C. ptaritepui JT12
            |         C. transfasciatus JT12
            |--C. soui BKB15
            `--+--+--C. strigulosus BKB15
               |  `--C. undulatus BKB15
               `--+--+--C. obsoletus BKB15
                  |  `--C. tataupa JT12
                  `--+--C. parvirostris BKB15
                     `--C. variegatus BKB15

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B94] Bock, W. J. 1994. History and nomenclature of avian family-group names. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 222: 1–281.

[BKB15] Burleigh, J. G., R. T. Kimball & E. L. Braun. 2015. Building the avian tree of life using a large-scale, sparse supermatrix. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 84: 53–63.

[C04] Clarke, J. A. 2004. Morphology, phylogenetic taxonomy, and systematics of Ichthyornis and Apatornis (Avialae: Ornithurae). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 286: 1–179.

[HK08] Hackett, S. J., R. T. Kimball, S. Reddy, R. C. K. Bowie, E. L. Braun, M. J. Braun, J. L. Chojnowski, W. A. Cox, K.-L. Han, J. Harshman, C. J. Huddleston, B. D. Marks, K. J. Miglia, W. S. Moore, F. H. Sheldon, D. W. Steadman, C. C. Witt & T. Yuri. 2008. A phylogenomic study of birds reveals their evolutionary history. Science 320: 1763–1768.

[JT12] Jetz, W., G. H. Thomas, J. B. Joy, K. Hartmann & A. Ø. Mooers. 2012. The global diversity of birds in space and time. Nature 491: 444–448.

[L81] Long, J. L. 1981. Introduced Birds of the World: The worldwide history, distribution and influence of birds introduced to new environments. Reed: Sydney.

[M03] Mayr, G. 2003. The phylogenetic affinities of the shoebill (Balaeniceps rex). Journal für Ornithologie 144: 157–175.

[O93] O'Hara, R. J. 1993. Systematic generalization, historical fate, and the species problem. Systematic Biology 42 (3): 231–246.

[S18] Stone, W. 1918. Birds of the Panama Canal Zone, with special reference to a collection made by Mr. Lindsey L. Jewel. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 70: 239–280.

[T62] Tendeiro, J. 1962. Estudos sobre malófagos: Revisão monográfica do género Columbicola Ewing (Ischnocera, Philopteridae). Memórias da Junta de Investigações do Ultramar, ser. 2, 32: 7–460.

[ZJM03] Zeffer, A., L. C. Johansson & Å. Marmebro. 2003. Functional correlation between habitat use and leg morphology in birds (Aves). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 79: 461–484.

Furnariidae

Rufous horneros Furnarius rufus, photographed by Dario Sanches.

Belongs within: Furnarioidea.
Contains: Geositta, Dendrocolaptinae, Automolus, Philydor, Cinclodes, Leptasthenura, Phacellodomus, Asthenes, Synallaxeinae.

The Furnariidae are a family of mostly grey to brown insectivorous birds found in Central and South America. They often have short rounded wings, strong legs and feet, and relatively long tails in which the feather shafts may be strengthened (Internet Bird Collection). They are often referred to as 'ovenbirds', in reference to the oven-like mud nests built by the horneros Furnarius, but other furnariid genera build different nest types. The leaftossers of the genus Sclerurus are primarily terrestrial birds that get their vernacular name from their manner of foraging among leaf litter.

Furnariidae [Furnariinae, Philydorinae, Scleruridae, Sclerurinae, Synallaxeidae, Upucerthiidae]
    |--+--Geositta JT12
    |  `--Sclerurus Swainson 1827 JT12, B94
    |       |  i. s.: S. caudacutus JT12
    |       |         S. rufigularis JT12
    |       |--S. mexicanus JT12
    |       `--+--S. guatemalensis JT12
    |          `--+--S. albigularis BKB15
    |             `--S. scansor JT12
    `--+--Dendrocolaptinae JT12
       `--+--Xenops Illiger 1811 JT12, B94 [Xenopinae]
          |    |--X. approximans SS66a
          |    |--X. genibarbis S18
          |    |    |--X. g. genibarbis S18
          |    |    `--X. g. mexicanus S18
          |    |--X. heterurus SS66b
          |    |--X. minutus A61
          |    |--X. rutilans JT12
          |    `--X. tenuirostris JT12
          `--+--+--‘Xenops’ milleri JT12
             |  `--+--Pygarrhichas Burmeister 1837 JT12, B94 [Pygarrhichadinae]
             |     |    `--P. albogularis JT12
             |     `--Ochetorhynchus JT12
             |          |--O. melanurus BKB15
             |          `--+--O. andaecola JT12
             |             `--+--O. phoenicurus JT12
             |                `--O. ruficaudus JT12
             `--+--Berlepschia rikeri BKB15
                `--+--+--+--Anabazenops dorsalis BKB15
                   |  |  `--+--+--‘Philydor’ ruficaudatum JT12
                   |  |     |  `--+--Automolus BKB15
                   |  |     |     `--+--Clibanornis dendrocolaptoides JT12
                   |  |     |        `--+--‘Automolus’ rubiginosus JT12
                   |  |     |           `--Hylocryptus JT12
                   |  |     |                |--H. erythrocephalus JT12
                   |  |     |                `--H. rectirostris JT12
                   |  |     `--+--Ancistrops BKB15
                   |  |        |    |--A. lineaticeps SS66b
                   |  |        |    `--A. strigilatus JT12
                   |  |        `--+--Philydor BKB15
                   |  |           `--+--+--Anabazenops fuscus BKB15
                   |  |              |  `--Megaxenops parnaguae BKB15
                   |  |              `--+--‘Philydor’ lichtensteini BKB15
                   |  |                 `--+--Anabacerthia BKB15
                   |  |                    |    |--A. amaurotis JT12
                   |  |                    |    |--A. striaticollis JT12
                   |  |                    |    `--A. variegaticeps JT12
                   |  |                    `--+--Simoxenops JT12
                   |  |                       |    |--S. striatua JT12
                   |  |                       |    `--S. ucayalae JT12
                   |  |                       `--Syndactyla JT12
                   |  |                            |--S. dimidiata JT12
                   |  |                            |--S. guttulata JT12
                   |  |                            |--S. ruficollis JT12
                   |  |                            |--S. rufosuperciliata JT12
                   |  |                            `--S. subalaris JT12
                   |  `--+--+--Pseudocolaptes Reichenbach 1853 BKB15, B94 [Pseudocolaptinae]
                   |     |  |    |--P. boissonneautii JT12
                   |     |  |    |--P. johnsoni JT12
                   |     |  |    `--P. lawrencii JT12
                   |     |  `--+--Premnornis guttuligera JT12
                   |     |     `--Tarphonomus JT12
                   |     |          |--T. certhioides JT12
                   |     |          `--T. harterti JT12
                   |     `--+--+--Furnarius Vieillot 1816 BKB15, B94
                   |        |  |    |  i. s.: F. cinnamomeus JT12
                   |        |  |    |         F. longirostris JT12
                   |        |  |    |         F. minor SS66a
                   |        |  |    |         F. torridus Sclater & Salvin 1866 SS66a
                   |        |  |    |--F. leucopus BKB15
                   |        |  |    `--+--F. figulus BKB15
                   |        |  |       `--+--F. cristatus BKB15
                   |        |  |          `--F. rufus JT12
                   |        |  `--+--Lochmias nematura BKB15
                   |        |     `--+--Limnornis curvirostris JT12
                   |        |        `--Phleocryptes melanops JT12
                   |        `--+--Geocerthia serrana BKB15 [=Upucerthia serrana JT12]
                   |           `--+--Cinclodes JT12
                   |              `--Upucerthia Geoffroy St.-Hilaire 1832 JT12, B94 [Upucerthiinae]
                   |                   |  i. s.: U. saturatior JT12
                   |                   |--+--U. albigula JT12
                   |                   |  `--U. dumetaria Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire JT12, MW91
                   |                   `--+--U. jelskii JT12
                   |                      `--U. validirostris JT12
                   `--+--+--Premnoplex BKB15
                      |  |    |--P. brunnescens JT12
                      |  |    `--P. tatei JT12
                      |  `--Margarornis Reichenbach 1853 JT12, B94 [Margarornithinae]
                      |       |  i. s.: M. stellatus JT12
                      |       |--M. rubiginosus JT12
                      |       `--+--M. bellulus JT12
                      |          `--M. squamiger JT12
                      `--+--Aphrastura BKB15
                         |    |--A. masafuerae (Philippi & Landbeck 1866) HRS06
                         |    `--A. spinicauda N10
                         `--+--Leptasthenura BKB15
                            `--+--Phacellodomus BKB15
                               `--+--+--Hellmayrea gularis BKB15
                                  |  `--+--Coryphistera alaudina JT12
                                  |     `--Anumbius annumbi JT12
                                  `--+--Asthenes BKB15
                                     `--Synallaxeinae BKB15

Furnariidae incertae sedis:
  Leptoxyura cinnamomea SS66a
  Dendrornis SS66a
    |--D. palliata SS66a
    `--D. rostripallens SS66a
  Cichlocolaptes leucophrus JT12
  Geobamon rufipennis S66
  Geobates Swainson 1838 S66
    |--G. poecilopterus Maximilian 1830 (see below for synonymy) S66
    `--‘Anthus’ fuscus (n. d.) S66
  Schizoeaca JT12
    |--S. coryi JT12
    |--S. fuliginosa JT12
    |--S. griseomurina JT12
    |--S. palpebralis JT12
    |--S. perijana JT12
    `--S. vilcabambae JT12

Geobates poecilopterus Maximilian 1830 [=Anthus poecilopterus; incl. *Geobates brevicauda Swainson 1838, Geositta brevicauda] S66

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A61] Austin, O. L., Jr. 1961. Birds of the World: A survey of the twenty-seven orders and one hundred and fifty-five families. Paul Hamlyn: London.

[B94] Bock, W. J. 1994. History and nomenclature of avian family-group names. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 222: 1–281.

[BKB15] Burleigh, J. G., R. T. Kimball & E. L. Braun. 2015. Building the avian tree of life using a large-scale, sparse supermatrix. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 84: 53–63.

[HRS06] Hahn, I., U. Römer & R. P. Schlatter. 2006. Population numbers and status of land birds of the Juan Fernández Archipelago, Chile (Aves: Falconiformes, Columbiformes, Strigiformes, Caprimulgiformes, Passeriformes). Senckenbergiana Biologica 86 (1): 109–125.

[JT12] Jetz, W., G. H. Thomas, J. B. Joy, K. Hartmann & A. Ø. Mooers. 2012. The global diversity of birds in space and time. Nature 491: 444–448.

[MW91] Millener, P. R., & T. H. Worthy. 1991. Contributions to New Zealand’s late Quaternary avifauna. II: Dendroscansor decurvirostris, a new genus and species of wren (Aves: Acanthisittidae). Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 21: 179–200.

[N10] Naish, D. 2010. Tetrapod Zoology: Book One. CFZ Press: Bideford (UK).

[S66] Sclater, P. L. 1866. Notes on the genus Geobates of Swainson. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 204–205.

[SS66a] Sclater, P. L., & O. Salvin. 1866a. Catalogue of birds collected by Mr. E. Bartlett on the River Uyacali, Eastern Peru, with notes and descriptions of new species. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 175–201.

[SS66b] Sclater, P. L., & O. Salvin. 1866b. On some additions to the catalogue of birds collected by Mr. E. Bartlett on the River Ucayali. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 566–567.

[S18] Stone, W. 1918. Birds of the Panama Canal Zone, with special reference to a collection made by Mr. Lindsey L. Jewel. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 70: 239–280.

Macropygia

Ruddy cuckoo dove Macropygia emiliana, photographed by Johannes Pfleiderer.

Belongs within: Columbidae.

Macropygia, the cuckoo doves, is a genus of pigeons found in southern Asia and Australasia. Members of this genus have brown plumage, usually more boldly barred in the females, and long, graduated tails.

<==Macropygia Swainson 1837 [Macropygiinae] B94
    |--M. amboinensis J06
    |    |--M. a. amboinensis J06
    |    |--M. a. albiceps J06
    |    |--M. a. quinkan M03
    |    |--M. a. robinsoni M03
    |    `--M. a. sanghirensis R02
    |--M. emiliana JT12
    |--M. mackinlayi JT12
    |--M. magna JT12
    |--M. nigrirostris JT12
    |--M. phasianella T62 [=M. amboinensis phasianella M03]
    |--M. ruficeps T62
    |    |--M. r. ruficeps T62
    |    `--M. r. assimilis T62
    |--M. rufipennis JT12
    |--M. tenuirostris JT12 [=M. phasianella tenuirostris T62]
    `--M. unchall T62
         |--M. u. unchall T62
         `--M. u. tusalia T62

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B94] Bock, W. J. 1994. History and nomenclature of avian family-group names. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 222: 1-281.

[JT12] Jetz, W., G. H. Thomas, J. B. Joy, K. Hartmann & A. Ø. Mooers. 2012. The global diversity of birds in space and time. Nature 491: 444-448.

[J06] Johnstone, R. E. 2006. The birds of Gag Island, Western Papuan islands, Indonesia. Records of the Western Australian Museum 23 (2): 115-132.

[M03] Morcombe, M. 2003. Field Guide to Australian Birds, 2^nd ed. Steve Parish Publishing.

[R02] Riley, J. 2002. Population sizes and the status of endemic and restricted-range bird species on Sangihe Island, Indonesia. Bird Conservation International 12: 53-78.

[T62] Tendeiro, J. 1962. Estudos sobre malófagos: Revisão monográfica do género Columbicola Ewing (Ischnocera, Philopteridae). Memórias da Junta de Investigações do Ultramar, ser. 2, 32: 7-460.

Ducula

Purple-tailed imperial pigeon Ducula rufigaster, photographed by Markus Lagerqvist.

Belongs within: Treroninae.

Ducula, the imperial pigeons, is a genus of large fruit-eating pigeons found in south-east Asia, tropical Australasia and Oceania. Most species are brightly but softly coloured in such shades as pink, grey or white, often with iridescent greens or blues in such places as the wings and tail. Some species, such as the Pacific imperial pigeon Ducula pacifica and the red-knobbed imperial pigeon D. rubricera, have prominently swollen ceres forming a knob at the base of the bill.

<==Ducula Hodgson 1836 (see below for synonymy) B94
    |--D. zoeae JT12
    `--+--D. rufigaster JT12
       |    |--D. r. rufigaster T62
       |    |--D. r. obiensis T62
       |    `--D. r. uropygialis T62
       `--+--+--D. melanochroa JT12
          |  `--+--D. bicolor JT12
          |     `--D. pinon JT12 [=Carpophaga pinon T62]
          |          |--D. p. pinon T62
          |          |--D. p. jobiensis T62
          |          |--D. p. rubiensis T62
          |          `--D. p. salvadori T62
          `--+--D. pistrinaria JT12
             |    |--D. p. pistrinaria T62
             |    |--D. p. postrema T62
             |    |--D. p. rhodinolaema T62
             |    `--D. p. vanwyckii T62
             `--+--D. aenea JT12 [=Carpophaga aenea T62]
                |    |--D. a. aenea T62
                |    |--D. a. chalybura T62
                |    |--D. a. consobrina T62
                |    |--D. a. fugaensis T62
                |    |--D. a. mista T62
                |    |--D. a. nicobarica T62
                |    |--D. a. palawanensis T62
                |    |--D. a. paulina T62
                |    |--D. a. pulchella T62
                |    |--D. a. pusilla T62
                |    |--D. a. sulana T62
                |    `--D. a. sylvatica T62
                `--+--D. pacifica JT12
                   |    |--D. p. pacifica T62
                   |    |--D. p. intensitincta T62
                   |    |--D. p. microcera T62 [=Carpophaga microcera B66]
                   |    `--D. p. tarrali T62
                   `--D. rubricera JT12

Ducula incertae sedis:
  D. aurorae JT12
  D. badia [=Carpophaga badia] T62
    |--D. b. badia T62
    |--D. b. capistrata T62
    |--D. b. cuprea T62
    |--D. b. griseicapilla Walden 1875 T62, S89 [=Carpophaga griseicapilla S89]
    |--D. b. insignis T62
    `--D. b. obscurata T62
  D. bakeri JT12
  D. basilica JT12 [=D. rufigaster basilica T62]
  D. brenchleyi JT12
  D. carola JT12
  D. chalconota T62
    |--D. c. chalconota T62
    `--D. c. smaragdina T62
  D. cineracea JT12
  D. concinna T62
    |--D. c. concinna T62
    |--D. c. aru T62
    `--D. c. intermedia T62
  D. finschii JT12
  D. forsteni T62
  D. galeata JT12
  D. goliath T62
  D. lacernulata T62
    |--D. l. lacernulata T62
    |--D. l. sasakensis T62
    `--D. l. williami T62
  D. latrans T62
  D. luctuosa T62
  D. mindorensis FP64
  D. mullerii JT12
  D. myristicivora J06
  D. oceanica T62
    |--D. o. oceanica T62
    |--D. o. monacha T62
    |--D. o. ratakensis T62
    |--D. o. teraokai T62
    `--D. o. townsendi T62
  D. perspicillata [=Carpophaga perspicillata] T62
    |--D. p. perspicillata T62
    `--D. p. neglecta T62
  D. pickeringii T62
    |--D. p. pickeringii T62
    |--D. p. langhornei T62
    `--D. p. palmasensis T62
  D. poliocephala JT12
  D. radiata JT12
  D. rosacea T62
    |--D. r. rosacea T62
    `--D. r. zamydra T62
  D. spilorrhoa (Gray 1858) JT12, WS48 [=Carpophaga spilorrhoa WS48, Myristicivora spilorrhoa WS48]
  D. subflavescens JT12
  D. whartoni M03 [=D. rosacea whartoni L81]

Ducula Hodgson 1836 [incl. Carpophaga Selby 1835, Muscadivores Gray 1855, Myristicivora Reichenbach 1853, Zonoenas Reichenbach 1853; Carpophaginae, Duculinae, Muscadivorinae, Myristicivorinae, Zonoenadinae] B94

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B66] Bartlett, A. D. 1866. Notes on the breeding of several species of birds in the Society's gardens during the year 1865. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 76–79.

[B94] Bock, W. J. 1994. History and nomenclature of avian family-group names. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 222: 1–281.

[FP64] Fisher, J., & R. T. Peterson. 1964. The World of Birds: A comprehensive guide to general ornithology. Macdonald: London.

[JT12] Jetz, W., G. H. Thomas, J. B. Joy, K. Hartmann & A. Ø. Mooers. 2012. The global diversity of birds in space and time. Nature 491: 444–448.

[J06] Johnstone, R. E. 2006. The birds of Gag Island, Western Papuan islands, Indonesia. Records of the Western Australian Museum 23 (2): 115–132.

[L81] Long, J. L. 1981. Introduced Birds of the World: The worldwide history, distribution and influence of birds introduced to new environments. Reed: Sydney.

[M03] Morcombe, M. 2003. Field Guide to Australian Birds 2^nd ed. Steve Parish Publishing.

[S89] Salvadori, T. 1889. Viaggio di Leonardo Fea nella Birmania e nelle regioni vicine. XIX.—Uccelli raccolti nei Monti Carin a nord-est di Tounghoo, nel Pegù presso Rangoon e Tounghoo e nel Tenasserim presso Malewoon. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, Serie 2a 7: 369–438.

[T62] Tendeiro, J. 1962. Estudos sobre malófagos: Revisão monográfica do género Columbicola Ewing (Ischnocera, Philopteridae). Memórias da Junta de Investigações do Ultramar, ser. 2, 32: 7–460.

[WS48] Whittell, H. M., & D. L. Serventy. 1948. A systematic list of the birds of Western Australia. Public Library, Museum and Art Gallery of Western Australia, Special Publication 1: 1–126.

Menurae

Superb lyrebird Menura novaehollandiae, photographed by Fir002.

Belongs within: Passeriformes.

The Menurae include two genera of Australian birds, the lyrebirds Menura and the scrub-birds Atrichornis. Members of this clade have three pairs of intrinsic syringeal muscles (Ericson et al. 2002).

<==Menurae
    |--Atrichornis Stejneger 1885 [incl. Atrichia Gould 1844 non Schrank 1803; Atrichiidae, Atrichornithidae] B94
    |    |--A. clamosus (Gould 1844) [=Atrichia clamosa; incl. Atrichornis clamosa campbelli Mathews 1916] WS48
    |    `--A. rufescens (Ramsay 1866) M03, R66 [=Atrichia rufescens R66]
    |         |--A. r. rufescens FP64
    |         |--A. r. ferrieri HSS13
    |         `--A. r. jacksoni FP64
    `--Menura Latham 1828 [Menuridae] B94
         |--M. alberti EC02
         |--M. novaehollandiae EC02
         |    |--M. n. novaehollandiae M03
         |    |--M. n. edwardi M03
         |    `--M. n. victoriae M03
         |--M. superba T62
         `--M. tyawanoides EC02

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B94] Bock, W. J. 1994. History and nomenclature of avian family-group names. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 222: 1-281.

[EC02] Ericson, P. G. P., L. Christidis, M. Irestedt & J. A. Norman. 2002. Systematic affinities of the lyrebirds (Passeriformes: Menura), with a novel classification of the major groups of passerine birds. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 25: 53-62.

[FP64] Fisher, J., & R. T. Peterson. 1964. The World of Birds: A comprehensive guide to general ornithology. Macdonald: London.

[HSS13] Hirschfeld, E., A. Swash & R. Still. 2013. The World's Rarest Birds. Princeton University Press: Princeton (New Jersey).

[M03] Morcombe, M. 2003. Field Guide to Australian Birds, 2^nd ed. Steve Parish Publishing.

[R66] Ramsay, E. P. 1866. Description of a new species of Atrichia from the Richmond River, New South Wales. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 438-439.

[T62] Tendeiro, J. 1962. Estudos sobre malófagos: Revisão monográfica do género Columbicola Ewing (Ischnocera, Philopteridae). Memórias da Junta de Investigações do Ultramar, ser. 2, 32: 7-460.

[WS48] Whittell, H. M. & D. L. Serventy. 1948. A systematic list of the birds of Western Australia. Public Library, Museum and Art Gallery of Western Australia, Special Publication 1: 1-126.

Platycercini

Mallee ringneck Barnardius barnardi, photographed by Tom Tarrant.

Belongs within: Psittacidae.
Contains: Cyanoramphus, Platycercus.

The Platycercini include the broad-tailed parrots, a group of small to medium-sized, long-tailed parrots found in the Australasian region. With the exception of the basal genera Neopsephotus and Neophema, members of this group share a derived hypotarsal morphology in which the tendons of musculus flexor perforans digiti III and musculi flexores perforati digitorum III et IV are situated in a deep sulcus (Mayr & Göhlich 2004).

Platycercini [Platycercinae]
    |  i. s.: Geopsittacus Gould 1861 MG04, B94 [Geopsittacini]
    |           `--G. occidentalis Gould 1861 WS48
    |--+--Neopsephotus bourkii JT12
    |  `--Neophema Salvadori 1891 JT12, B94 [Neophemini]
    |       |  i. s.: N. bourkii (Gould 1841) [=Euphema bourkii] WS48
    |       |--N. chrysostoma JT12
    |       `--+--N. elegans (Gould 1837) JT12, WS48 (see below for synonymy)
    |          `--+--N. splendida (Gould 1841) JT12, WS48 [=Euphema splendida WS48]
    |             `--+--N. petrophila (Gould 1840) JT12, WS48 [=Euphema petrophila WS48]
    |                |    |--N. p. petrophila RN72
    |                |    `--N. p. zietzi RN72
    |                `--+--N. chrysogaster JT12
    |                   `--N. pulchella JT12
    `--+--+--Lathamus Lesson 1830 JT12, B94 [Lathamini]
       |  |    `--L. discolor M03
       |  `--+--+--Cyanoramphus JT12
       |     |  `--Eunymphicus JT12
       |     |       |--E. cornutus MG04
       |     |       `--E. uvaeensis JT12 [=E. cornutus uvaeensis RN72]
       |     `--Prosopeia JT12
       |          |--P. personata RN72
       |          |--P. splendens JT12 [=P. tabuensis splendens RN72]
       |          `--P. tabuensis RN72
       |               |--P. t. tabuensis RN72
       |               |--P. t. koroensis RN72
       |               `--P. t. taviunensis RN72
       `--+--Northiella haematogaster (Gould 1837) JT12, WS48 (see below for synonymy)
          |    |--N. h. haematogaster M03
          |    |--N. h. haematorrhous M03 [=Psephotus haematogaster haematorrhous RN72]
          |    |--N. h. narethae (White 1921) M03, RN72 [=Psephotus haematogaster narethae RN72]
          |    `--N. h. pallescens M03 [=Psephotus haematogaster pallescens RN72]
          `--+--Barnardius JT12
             |    |--B. barnardi OMC87
             |    |    |--B. b. barnardi OMC87 [=B. zonarius barnardi M03]
             |    |    |--B. b. augustus RN72
             |    |    |--B. b. macgillivrayi OMC87 [=B. zonarius macgillivrayi M03]
             |    |    `--B. b. whitei OMC87
             |    `--B. zonarius (Shaw 1805) [=Psittacus zonarius] WS48
             |         |--B. z. zonarius
             |         |--B. z. dundasi (Mathews 1912) (see below for synonymy) WS48
             |         |--B. z. occidentalis (North 1893) (see below for synonymy) WS48
             |         `--B. z. semitorquatus (Quoy & Gaimard 1830) [=Psittacus semitorquatus] WS48
             `--+--Platycercus JT12
                `--Psephotus JT12
                     |  i. s.: P. chrysopterygius M03
                     |         P. pulcherrimus M03
                     |--+--P. dissimilis JT12 [=P. chrysopterygius dissimilis RN72]
                     |  `--P. haematonotus JT12
                     |       |--P. h. haematonotus RN72
                     |       `--P. h. caeruleus Condon 1941 RN72
                     `--+--P. varius Clark 1910 JT12, WS48 (see below for synonymy)
                        `--Purpureicephalus spurius (Kuhl 1820) JT12, WS48 (see below for synonymy)

Barnardius zonarius dundasi (Mathews 1912) [=Platycercus zonarius dundasi; incl. B. zonarius woolundra Mathews 1919] WS48

Barnardius zonarius occidentalis (North 1893) [=Platycercus occidentalis; incl. P. zonarius connectens Mathews 1912] WS48

Neophema elegans (Gould 1837) JT12, WS48 [=Nanodes elegans WS48; incl. Psephotus elegans carteri Mathews 1912 WS48, Neophema elegans carteri M03]

Northiella haematogaster (Gould 1837) JT12, WS48 [=Platycercus haematogaster WS48, Psephotus haematogaster OMC87]

Psephotus varius Clark 1910 JT12, WS48 [=Psittacus multicolor Kuhl 1820 (preoc.) WS48; incl. Pse. varius exsul Mathews 1912 WS48]

Purpureicephalus spurius (Kuhl 1820) JT12, WS48 [=Psittacus spurius WS48; incl. Pu. spurius carteri Mathews 1915 WS48, Platycercus pileatus Vigors 1830 WS48, Psittacus (Platycercus) purpureocephalus Quoy & Gaimard 1830 WS48, Pl. rufifrons Lesson 1830 WS48]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B94] Bock, W. J. 1994. History and nomenclature of avian family-group names. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 222: 1-281.

[JT12] Jetz, W., G. H. Thomas, J. B. Joy, K. Hartmann & A. Ø. Mooers. 2012. The global diversity of birds in space and time. Nature 491: 444-448.

[MG04] Mayr, G., & U. B. Göhlich. 2004. A new parrot from the Miocene of Germany, with comments on the variation of hypotarsus morphology in some Psittaciformes. Belgian Journal of Zoology 134: 476-54.

[M03] Morcombe, M. 2003. Field Guide to Australian Birds, 2^nd ed. Steve Parish Publishing.

[OMC87] Ovenden, J. R., A. G. Mackinlay & R. H. Crozier. 1987. Systematics and mitochondrial genome evolution of Australian rosellas (Aves: Platycercidae). Molecular Biology and Evolution 4 (5): 526-543.

[RN72] Rutgers, A., & K. A. Norris (eds.) 1972. Encyclopaedia of Aviculture vol. 2. Blandford Press: London.

[WS48] Whittell, H. M. & D. L. Serventy. 1948. A systematic list of the birds of Western Australia. Public Library, Museum and Art Gallery of Western Australia, Special Publication 1: 1-126.

Centropus

Greater coucal Centropus sinensis, photographed by Michael van der Linde.

Belongs within: Cuculidae.

Centropus includes the coucals, medium-sized to large, mostly terrestrial cuckoos found in the Old World tropics. Coucals build bulky domed nests on or near the ground, and the males often provide the majority of parental care.

Characters (from Austin 1961): Mostly dark; 12 to 30 inches in length; feathering stiff and sparse on head, neck and breast. Bill stout, down-curved; wings short, rounded; tail long, rounded; legs long, heavy; hind toe with long, sharp, straight claw, as long as or longer than the toe itself.

<==Centropus Illiger 1811 (see below for synonymy) B94
    |  i. s.: C. andamanensis JT12
    |         C. madagascariensis [incl. C. lafresnayi, C. tolu] S66
    |         C. mechowi JT12
    |         C. nigricans RN72
    |         C. rufipennis B66
    |         C. spilopterus JT12
    |--+--C. milo JT12
    |  `--+--C. ateralbus JT12
    |     `--+--C. chalybeus JT12
    |        `--C. menbeki JT12
    `--+--+--C. melanops JT12
       |  `--+--C. rectunguis JT12
       |     `--C. steerii JT12
       `--+--+--C. chlororhynchus JT12
          |  `--C. unirufus JT12
          `--+--C. celebensis JT12
             `--+--+--+--C. anselli JT12
                |  |  `--C. leucogaster JT12
                |  |       |--C. l. leucogaster RN72
                |  |       |--C. l. efulenensis RN72
                |  |       `--C. l. neumanni RN72
                |  `--+--C. senegalensis JT12
                |     |    |--C. s. senegalensis RN72
                |     |    |--C. s. aegyptis RN72
                |     |    |--C. s. flecki RN72
                |     |    `--C. s. incertus RN72
                |     `--+--C. monachus Rüppell 1837 JT12, S05
                |        |    |--C. m. monachus RN72
                |        |    `--C. m. occidentalis RN72
                |        `--+--C. cupreicaudus JT12
                |           `--C. superciliosus JT12
                |                |--C. s. superciliosus RN72
                |                |--C. s. burchellii RN72
                |                |--C. s. loandae RN72
                |                `--C. s. sokotrae RN72
                `--+--+--C. nigrorufus JT12
                   |  `--C. sinensis JT12
                   `--+--+--C. grillii JT12
                      |  |    |--C. g. grillii RN72
                      |  |    |--C. g. caeruleiceps RN72
                      |  |    `--C. g. wahlbergi RN72
                      |  `--+--C. bengalensis JT12
                      |     |    |--C. b. bengalensis RN72
                      |     |    |--C. b. javanensis RN72
                      |     |    |--C. b. lignator RN72
                      |     |    |--C. b. medius RN72
                      |     |    `--C. b. sarasinorum RN72
                      |     `--C. viridis JT12
                      `--+--C. toulou JT12
                         `--+--C. goliath JT12
                            `--+--C. violaceus JT12
                               `--+--C. bernsteini JT12
                                  |    |--C. b. bernsteini RN72
                                  |    `--C. b. manam RN72
                                  `--C. phasianinus (Latham 1801) JT12, WS48 [=Cuculus phasianinus WS48]
                                       |--C. p. phasianinus WS48(see below for synonymy)
                                       `--C. p. thierfelderi M03

Centropus Illiger 1811 [incl. Nisus Möhring 1752 (pre-Linnean) non Lacépède 1799, Polophilus Leach 1814; Centropodidae, Centropodinae] B94

Centropus phasianinus phasianinus (Latham 1801) WS48 [incl. Polophilus phasianinus highami Mathews 1922 WS48, C. phasianinus highami M03, C. melanurus Gould 1847 WS48, C. phasianinus melanurus M03]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

Austin, O. L., Jr. 1961. Birds of the World: A survey of the twenty-seven orders and one hundred and fifty-five families. Paul Hamlyn: London.

[B94] Bock, W. J. 1994. History and nomenclature of avian family-group names. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 222: 1-281.

[B66] Bulger, G. E. 1866. List of birds observed at Wellington, Neilgherry Hills, about 6000 feet above the level of the sea, during the months of April and May, 1866. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 568-571.

[JT12] Jetz, W., G. H. Thomas, J. B. Joy, K. Hartmann & A. Ø. Mooers. 2012. The global diversity of birds in space and time. Nature 491: 444-448.

[M03] Morcombe, M. 2003. Field Guide to Australian Birds, 2^nd ed. Steve Parish Publishing.

[RN72] Rutgers, A., & K. A. Norris (eds.) 1972. Encyclopaedia of Aviculture vol. 2. Blandford Press: London.

[S66] Schlegel, H. 1866. Communication from, on mammals and birds collected in Madagascar. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 419-426.

[S05] Steinheimer, F. D. 2005. Eduard Rüppel’s avian types at the Natural History Museum, Tring (Aves). Senckenbergiana Biologica 85 (2): 233-264.

[WS48] Whittell, H. M. & D. L. Serventy. 1948. A systematic list of the birds of Western Australia. Public Library, Museum and Art Gallery of Western Australia, Special Publication 1: 1-126.