Melanopsidae

Melanopsis costata, copyright Panayotis Ovalis.

Belongs within: Cerithiimorpha.

The Melanopsidae are a group of freshwater snails with a disjunct distribution in the western Palaearctic and New Zealand. They have an ovate or elongate conical shell that is smooth or ornamented with nodulose ribs. Though modern species are only found in fresh water, fossil representatives may have inhabited brackish or shallow marine waters (Tracey et al. 1993).

<==Melanopsidae [Melanopidae, Melanopsinae]
    |--Megalonoda reussi (Hörnes 1856) TTE93
    |--Amphimelania Fischer 1885 [Amphimelaniidae, Amphimelaniinae] BR05
    |    `--*A. holandrii (Pfeiffer 1828) [=Melania holandrii] BR17
    |--Fagotia Bourguignat 1884 [Fagotiinae] BR05
    |    `--*F. esperi (Férussac 1823) [=Melanopsis esperi] BR17
    `--Melanopsis Férussac 1807 BR05
         |  i. s.: M. americana G88
         |         M. buccinoidea (Olivier 1804) [=Melania buccinoidea] BR17
         |         M. etrusca PB27
         |         M. impressa Krauss 1852 GK02
         |         M. jordanica PB27
         |         M. kleini E99
         |         M. laevigata E99
         |         M. narzolina E99
         |           |--M. n. narzolina E99
         |           `--M. n. gigantea E99
         |         M. praerosa (Linnaeus 1767) [=Buccinum praerosum] BR17
         |         M. requenensis E99
         |         M. variabilis C63
         |--*M. (Melanopsis) costata (Olivier 1804) [=Melania costata] BR17
         |    |--M. c. costata C63
         |    `--M. c. turcica C63
         |--M. (Pakaurangia Finlay 1926) F26
         |    |--M. (*P.) waitaraensis Marwick 1926 [=Zemelanopsis (*P.) waitaraensis] F26
         |    `--‘Zemelanopsis’ (P.) zelandicus (Marshall 1918) [=Coptochetus zelandicus] F26
         `--M. (Zemelanopsis Finlay 1927) P61
              |--M. (*Z.) trifasciata Gray 1843 P61
              `--M. (Z.) pomahaka (Hutton 1873) H86, F26 [=Ancillaria pomahaka F26]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BR05] Bouchet, P., & J.-P. Rocroi. 2005. Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families. Malacologia 47 (1–2): 1–397.

[BR17] Bouchet, P., J.-P. Rocroi, B. Hausdorf, A. Kaim, Y. Kano, A. Nützel, P. Parkhaev, M. Schrödl & E. E. Strong. 2017. Revised classification, nomenclator and typification of gastropod and monoplacophoran families. Malacologia 61 (1–2): 1–526.

[C63] Curtin, T. J. 1963. Snails from Turkey, Crete and Greece. Nautilus 76 (4): 132–135.

[E99] Esu, D. 1999. Contribution to the knowledge of Neogene climate changes in western and central Europe by means of non-marine molluscs. In: J. Agustí, L. Rook & P. Andrews (eds) The Evolution of Neogene Terrestrial Ecosystems in Europe pp. 328–354. Cambridge University Press.

[F26] Finlay, H. J. 1926. A further commentary on New Zealand molluscan systematics. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 320–485.

[G88] Gray, J. 1988. Evolution of the freshwater ecosystem: the fossil record. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 62: 1–214.

[GK02] Gründel, J., & T. Kowalke. 2002. Palaeorissoinidae, a new family of marine and brackish water Rissooidea (Gastropoda, Littorinimorpha). Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie Abhandlungen 226 (1): 43–57.

[H86] Hutton, F. W. 1886. The Mollusca of the Pareora and Oamaru systems of New Zealand. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, series 2, 1 (1): 205–237.

[PB27] Pilsbry, H. A., & J. Bequaert. 1927. The aquatic mollusks of the Belgian Congo, with a geographical and ecological account of Congo malacology. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 53 (2): 69–602, pls 10–77.

[P61] Powell, A. W. B. 1961. Shells of New Zealand: An illustrated handbook 4^th ed. Whitcombe and Tombs Limited: Christchurch.

[TTE93] Tracey, S., J. A. Todd & D. H. Erwin. 1993. Mollusca: Gastropoda. In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 131–167. Chapman & Hall: London.

Last updated: 24 February 2022.

Zeacolpus

Zeacolpus blacki, copyright Te Papa Tongarewa.

Belongs within: Turritellidae.

Zeacolpus is a predominantly New Zealand genus of turritellid gastropods (with Z. bartoni known from the Eocene of Western Australia) characterised by a paucispiral apex of one whorl and a sculpture of spiral cords (Finlay 1927a).

<==Zeacolpus Finlay 1926 [Zeacolpini] P61
    |  i. s.: Z. abscisus [=Turritella abscisa] F27a
    |         Z. albolapis (Finlay 1924) F27a [=Turritella albolapis F27a, T. concava Hutton 1877 (preoc.) F27b]
    |         Z. bartoni Darragh & Kendrick 2008 DK08
    |         Z. lornensis (Marwick 1926) [=Turritella lornensis] F27a
    |         Z. semiconcavus [=Turritella semiconcava] F27a
    |--*Z. (Zeacolpus) vittatus (Hutton 1873) P61 [=Turritella vittata P61; incl. T. carlottae Watson 1881 F27a]
    `--Z. (Stiracolpus Finlay 1926) P61
         |--Z. (*S.) symmetricus (Hutton 1873) P61 [=Turritella symmetrica P61; incl. T. chordata F27a]
         |--Z. (S.) ahiparanus (Powell 1927) P61 [=Turritella (Zeacolpus) ahiparana BC01]
         |--Z. (S.) ascensus Marwick 1957 P61
         |--‘Stiracolpus’ atkinsoni [=Turritella atkinsoni] F27a
         |--Z. (S.) blacki Marwick 1957 P61
         |--Z. (S.) delli Marwick 1957 P61
         |--‘Stiracolpus’ godeffroyanus [=Turritella godeffroyana] F27a
         |--‘Stiracolpus’ kanieriensis (Harris 1897) F27a (see below for synonymy)
         |--Z. (S.) knoxi Marwick 1957 P61
         |    |--Z. k. knoxi P61
         |    `--Z. k. tardior Marwick 1957 P61
         |--Z. (S.) maorius (Powell 1940) [=Gazameda maoria] P61
         |--Z. (S.) mixtus Finlay 1930 P61
         |--Z. (S.) pagoda (Reeve 1849) P61 [=Turritella pagoda F27a]
         |    |--Z. p. pagoda P61 [incl. T. fulminata F27a, Zeacolpus fulminatus P61]
         |    `--Z. p. powelli Marwick 1957 P61
         |--‘Stiracolpus’ smithianus [=Turritella smithiana] F27a
         `--‘Stiracolpus’ waikopiroensis (Suter 1917) [=Turritella waikopiroensis] F27a

‘Stiracolpus’ kanieriensis (Harris 1897) F27a [=Turritella kanieriensis F27a, T. (Zaria) tricincta Hutton 1873 nec Borson 1820 nec Morris 1845 F27b]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BC01] Boyko, C. B., & J. R. Cordeiro. 2001. Catalog of Recent type specimens in the Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History. V. Mollusca, part 2 (class Gastropoda [exclusive of Opisthobranchia and Pulmonata], with supplements to Gastropoda [Opisthobranchia], and Bivalvia). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 262: 1–170.

[DK08] Darragh, T. A., & G. W. Kendrick. 2008. Silicified Eocene molluscs from the Lower Murchison district, Southern Carnarvon Basin, Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum 24 (3): 217–246.

[F27a] Finlay, H. J. 1927a. A further commentary on New Zealand molluscan systematics. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 320–485.

[F27b] Finlay, H. J. 1927b. New specific names for austral Mollusca. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 488–533.

[P61] Powell, A. W. B. 1961. Shells of New Zealand: An illustrated handbook 4^th ed. Whitcombe and Tombs Limited: Christchurch.

Fossarinae

Zeradina corrugata, from Hedley (1904).

Belongs within: Cerithiimorpha.

The Fossarinae are a group of small marine snails whose shells usually have a large body whorl, open umbilicus and strong spiral sculpture.

See also: In which I am defeated by shells.

<==Fossarinae [Fossaridae]
    |--Carinorbis dalli (Whitfield 1894) P12
    |--Iselica Dall 1918 [=Isapis Adams 1853 non Westwood 1851] O27
    |    |--*I. anomala [=Fossarus anomala, Isapis anomala] O27
    |    |--I. fenestrata (Carpenter 1864) [=Isapis fenestrata] O27
    |    |--I. obtusa Carpenter 1864 O27 [=Isapis obtusa C64]
    |    |    |--I. o. obtusa O27
    |    |    `--I. o. laxa Dall 1919 O27
    |    `--‘Isapis’ ovoidea C64
    |--Fossarus Philippi 1841 [=Fossar Gray 1847] BR05
    |    |--*F. adansoni Philippi 1841 BR17
    |    |--F. ambiguus (Linnaeus 1758) [incl. F. orbignyi var. tridentata Usticke 1959] BC01
    |    |--F. angiolus Dall 1919 O27
    |    |--F. aupouria Powell 1937 P61
    |    |--F. brumalis Hedley 1907 H09
    |    |--F. cereus Watson 1880 H09
    |    |--F. costatus O27
    |    |--F. maoria Powell 1937 P61
    |    |--F. parcipictus C64
    |    `--F. purus C64
    |--Halotapada RH65
    `--Zeradina Finlay 1927 P61
         |  i. s.: Z. obliquicostata (Marshall & Murdoch 1920) TTE93
         |--Z. (Zeradina) P61
         |    |--*Z. (Z.) ovata (Odhner 1924) [=Fossarus ovatus] P61
         |    |--Z. (Z.) concinna (Marshall & Murdoch 1921) [=Couthouyia concinna] F27
         |    |--Z. (Z.) costellata (Hutton 1885) [=Aclis costellata] F27
         |    |--Z. (Z.) exilis (Murdoch 1900) [=Lacuna exilis] F27
         |    |--Z. (Z.) odhneri Powell 1927 P61
         |    `--Z. (Z.) producta (Odhner 1924) P61 [=Fossarus productus F27]
         `--Z. (Radinista Finlay 1927) P61
              |--Z. (*R.) corrugata (Hedley 1904) [=Couthouyia corrugata] P61
              `--Z. (R.) scalarina Powell 1940 P61

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BR05] Bouchet, P., & J.-P. Rocroi. 2005. Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families. Malacologia 47 (1–2): 1–397.

[BR17] Bouchet, P., J.-P. Rocroi, B. Hausdorf, A. Kaim, Y. Kano, A. Nützel, P. Parkhaev, M. Schrödl & E. E. Strong. 2017. Revised classification, nomenclator and typification of gastropod and monoplacophoran families. Malacologia 61 (1–2): 1–526.

[BC01] Boyko, C. B., & J. R. Cordeiro. 2001. Catalog of Recent type specimens in the Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History. V. Mollusca, part 2 (class Gastropoda [exclusive of Opisthobranchia and Pulmonata], with supplements to Gastropoda [Opisthobranchia], and Bivalvia). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 262: 1–170.

[C64] Carpenter, P. P. 1864. Supplementary report on the present state of our knowledge with regard to the Mollusca of the west coast of North America. Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science 33: 517–686.

[F27] Finlay, H. J. 1927. A further commentary on New Zealand molluscan systematics. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 320–485.

[H09] Hedley, C. 1909. The Marine Fauna of Queensland: Address by the President of Section D. Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science: Brisbane.

[O27] Oldroyd, I. S. 1927. The Marine Shells of the West Coast of North America vol. 2 pt 3. Stanford University Press: Stanford University (California).

[P12] Petuch, E. J. 2012. Miocene asteroid impacts: proposed effects on the biogeography and extinction patterns of eastern North American gastropods. In: Talent, J. A. (ed.) Earth and Life: Global biodiversity, extinction intervals and biogeographic perturbations through time pp. 967–981. Springer.

[P61] Powell, A. W. B. 1961. Shells of New Zealand: An illustrated handbook 4^th ed. Whitcombe and Tombs Limited: Christchurch.

[RH65] Robertson, R., & T. Habe. 1965. Alexania replaces Habea. Nautilus 78 (4): 140–141.

[TTE93] Tracey, S., J. A. Todd & D. H. Erwin. 1993. Mollusca: Gastropoda. In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 131–167. Chapman & Hall: London.

Cerithiimorpha

Rhinoclavis vertagus, copyright Andrew Butko.

Belongs within: Gastropoda.
Contains: Palaeostylinae, Melanopsidae, Procerithiidae, Alabina, Hemisinidae, Pachychilidae, Pickworthiidae, Modulidae, Campaniloidea, Turritellidae, Siliquariidae, Batillariidae, Pleuroceridae, Potamididae, Paludomidae, Thiaridae, Fossarinae, Litiopidae, Diastomatidae, Zaclys, Clava, Bittium, Cerithium.

The Cerithiimorpha are a large assemblage of aquatic (both marine and freshwater) gastropods, combining the modern Cerithioidea, Campaniloidea and their fossil relatives. They have typically have turriform, often heavily sculptured shells with determinate growth, an anterior canal, and a spiral sculptured operculum (Simone 2011). The Late Palaeozoic Palaeostylidae may represent the stem group of the clade.

<==Cerithiimorpha NB00
    |--Palaeostylidae [Palaeostyloidea] PC08
    |    |--Palaeostylinae BR05
    |    |--‘Austronema’ Bandel 2002 non Cobb 1914 [Austronematinae] BR05
    |    |    `--*A. elegantissimum (Yoo 1988) BR17 [=Loxonema elegantissima BR17, Streptacis elegantissima B02]
    |    `--Platyconcha Longstaff 1933 [Platyconchinae] BR05
    |         `--*P. dunlopiana Longstaff 1933 KC60
    `--Cerithioidea (see below for synonymy) PC08
         |  i. s.: Brachytrema Morris & Lycett 1851 [Brachytrematidae, Brachytrematinae, Brachytremidae] BR05
         |           |  i. s.: B. labiosum Deslongchamps 1866 TTE93
         |           |         B. lamberti Cossmann 1913 TTE93
         |           |         B. superbum Zittel 1873 TTE93
         |           |--*B. (Brachytrema) buvignieri Morris & Lycett 1850 BR17
         |           `--B. (Petersia) TTE93
         |                |--B. (P.) costatum (Gemmellaro 1870) TTE93
         |                |--B. (P.) curtum (Zittel 1873) TTE93
         |                |--‘Petersia’ medicinensis Cragin 1894 PH90
         |                `--B. (P.) victrix (Zittel 1873) TTE93
         |         Cassiopidae BR05
         |           |--Paraglauconia Douville 1921 TTE93
         |           |--‘Pseudomesalia’ Douvillé 1916 non Ganglbauer 1900 BR17, BR05 [Pseudomesaliidae]
         |           |    `--*P. deserti Douvillé 1916 BR17
         |           `--Cassiope Coquand 1865 [=Glauconia Stoliczka 1868 non Gray 1845; Cassiopinae, Glauconiidae] BR05
         |                |--*C. kefersteinii (Münster 1844) [=Cerithium kefersteinii, *Glauconia kefersteinii] BR17
         |                `--C. whitfieldi White 1874 W77
         |         Diala Adams 1861 [Dialidae, Dialinae] BR05
         |           |--*D. varia Adams 1861 O27, BD86 [=Alaba varia O27]
         |           |--D. acuta Carpenter 1864 O27
         |           |--D. electrina C64
         |           |--D. exilis Tryon 1866 O27
         |           |--D. mamillata [=Odostomia mamillata; incl. Cingula paupercula] C64
         |           |--D. marmorea Carpenter 1864 O27
         |           |--D. martensii Issel 1869 H09
         |           `--D. monile P95
         |         Eustomatidae [Eustomidae] BR05
         |           |--Diatinostoma euterpe (d’Orbigny 1852) TTE93
         |           |--Eustoma Piette 1855 non Salisbury 1806 (ICBN) BR05
         |           |    `--*E. tuberculosa Piette 1855 BR17
         |           `--Ditretus TTE93
         |                |--D. colloti Cossmann 1913 TTE93
         |                `--D. nodosostriatus (Peters 1865) TTE93
         |         Ladinulidae PC08
         |           |--Ladinula Bandel 1992 [Ladinulinae] BR05
         |           |    `--*L. campana Bandel 1992 BR17
         |           `--Kosmopleura Gründel 2003 BR05 [Kosmopleurinae BR17]
         |                `--*K. hoelderi Gründel 2003 BR17
         |         Maoraxis Bandel, Gründel & Maxwell 2000 [Maoraxidae] BR05
         |           `--*M. kieli Bandel, Gründel & Maxwell 2000 BR17
         |         Melanopsidae BR05
         |         Popenella Bandel 1992 BR05 [Popenellidae PC08]
         |           `--*P. nodosa (Zardini 1980) [=Trachoecus nodosus] BR17
         |         Procerithiidae PC08
         |         Prostylifer Koken 1889 BR05 [Prostyliferidae PC08]
         |           `--*P. paludinaris (Münster 1841) [=Melania paludinaris] BR17
         |         Propupaspiridae BR05
         |           |--Propupaspira Pan & Erwin 2002 BR05
         |           |    `--*P. eleganta Pan & Erwin 2002 PE02
         |           `--Eosinocerithium Nützel, Pan & Erwin 2002 NPE02
         |                `--*E. reticulatum Nützel, Pan & Erwin 2002 NPE02
         |         Scaliolidae [Obtortionidae] BR05
         |           |--Alabina BR17
         |           |--Finella Adams 1860 BR17, BR05 [Finellidae, Finellinae]
         |           |    |--*F. pupoides Adams 1860 BR17
         |           |    `--F. dubia (Orbigny 1842) S11 (see below for synonymy)
         |           |--Sandbergeria Bosquet 1861 TTE93, H77
         |           |    |--S. antecedens (Stoliczka 1867) TTE93
         |           |    `--S. crispicans (Stoliczka 1867) TTE93
         |           |--Obtortio Hedley 1899 [Obtortionidae] BR05
         |           |    |--*O. pyrrhacme (Melvill & Standen 1896) [=Rissoa pyrrhacme] BR17
         |           |    |--O. fulva (Watson 1886) [=Alaba fulva] H09
         |           |    `--O. striata (Watson 1886) [=Alaba striata] H09
         |           `--Scaliola Adams 1860 [Scaliolinae, Scaliolini] BR05
         |                |--*S. bella Adams 1860 BR17
         |                |--S. arenosa Adams 1862 H09
         |                |--S. caledonica Crosse 1870 H09
         |                `--S. elata Issel 1869 BD86
         |         Juramelanatria Bandel 2006 [Juramelanatriidae] BR17
         |           `--*J. rugosa (Dunker 1843) [=Melania rugosa, Procerithium (Rhabdocolpus) rugosus] B91
         |         Hemisinidae BR17
         |         Pachychilidae BR17
         |         Pickworthiidae BR17
         |         Semisulcospiridae [Semisulcospirinae] BR17
         |           |--Semisulcospira Boettger 1886 BR05
         |           |    `--*S. libertina (Gould 1859) [=Melania libertina] BR17
         |           `--Juga Adams & Adams 1854 [Jugidae, Juginae] BR05
         |                |--*J. silicula [=Elimia silicula] B63
         |                `--J. plicefera PM89
         |         Rhabdocolpus Cossmann 1906 B91
         |           `--R. (Infacerithium) klebyensis Gründel 1974 GK02
         |--Modulidae S11
         `--+--+--Campaniloidea S11
            |  `--+--Turritellidae S11
            |     `--Siliquariidae S11
            `--+--Batillariidae S11
               `--+--Pleuroceridae S11
                  `--+--Potamididae S11
                     `--+--+--+--Paludomidae M04
                        |  |  `--Thiaridae S11
                        |  `--Planaxidae [Pianaridae, Planaxina] S11
                        |       |  i. s.: Hinea Gray 1847 P61
                        |       |           |--*H. mollis [=Planaxis mollis] P61
                        |       |           `--H. braziliana (Lamarck 1822) P61 (see below for synonymy)
                        |       |         Supplanaxis nucleus (Bruguière 1789) S11
                        |       |         Styliferina Adams 1860 C64, BR05 [Styliferinidae]
                        |       |           |--*S. goniochila Adams 1860 BR17 [=Alaba goniochila H09]
                        |       |           `--S. turrita Carpenter 1864 C64
                        |       |--Fossarinae BR05
                        |       `--Planaxis Lamarck 1822 [Planaxinae] BR05
                        |            |--*P. sulcatus (Born 1778) [=Buccinum sulcatum] BR17
                        |            |--P. africana Adegoke 1977 TTE93
                        |            |--P. nigritella C64
                        |            |--P. nucleus G79
                        |            |--P. planicostata C64
                        |            |--P. punctostriatus Smith 1872 (see below for synonymy) BD86
                        |            |--P. simplex Mahmoud 1956 TTE93
                        |            `--P. zonatus Adams 1853 H09
                        `--+--+--Litiopidae S11
                           |  `--Diastomatidae S11
                           `--Cerithiidae [Cerithiadae] S11
                                |  i. s.: Agapibittium greveniense GK02
                                |         Specula Finlay 1927 P61
                                |           |--*S. styliformis (Suter 1908) [=Cerithiopsis styliformis] P61
                                |           |--S. canaliculata (Suter 1908) P61 [=Cerithidea canaliculata F27a]
                                |           |--S. dissimilis (Suter 1908) P61 [=Seila dissimilis F27a]
                                |           |--S. mamilla [=Cerithiopsis mamilla] F27a
                                |           |--S. marginata (Suter 1908) P61 [=Cerithidea marginata F27a]
                                |           |--S. odhneri Powell 1927 P61
                                |           |--S. retifera (Suter 1908) P61 (see below for synonymy)
                                |           `--S. turbonilloides [=Cerithiopsis turbonilloides] F27a
                                |         Fastigiella carinata F27a
                                |         Zaclys P61
                                |         Seilarex Iredale 1924 F27a
                                |           `--*S. attenuata [=Seila attenuata] F27a
                                |         Taxonia Finlay 1927 F27a
                                |           `--*T. suteri (Marwick 1924) [=Ataxocerithium suteri] F27a
                                |         Zefallacia Finlay 1927 F27a
                                |           `--*Z. australis (Suter 1919) [=Fastigiella australis] F27a
                                |         Clava F27b
                                |         Hebeseila Finlay 1927 P61
                                |           |--*H. bulbosa (Suter 1908) [=Seila bulbosa] P61
                                |           |--H. halligani [=Seila halligani] F27a
                                |           `--H. huttoni (Suter 1915) [=Seila huttoni] F27a
                                |         Zeacumantus Finlay 1927 P61
                                |           |--*Z. subcarinatus (Sowerby 1885) P61 (see below for synonymy)
                                |           |--Z. diemenensis [=Pyrazus diemenensis] F27a
                                |           |--Z. lutulentus (Kiener 1842) P61 (see below for synonymy)
                                |           |--Z. perplexus (Marshall & Murdoch 1919) [=Ataxocerithium perplexum] F27a
                                |           `--Z. tirangiensis (Marwick 1926) [=Cerithidea tirangiensis] F27a
                                |         Hypotrochus monachus M54
                                |         Pseudovertagus (Pseudovertagus) clava (Gmelin 1791) PC08, BC01 (see below for synonymy)
                                |         Mendax Finlay 1927 P61
                                |           |--*M. trizonalis (Odhner 1924) P61 (see below for synonymy)
                                |           |--M. attenuatispira Powell 1937 P61
                                |           |--M. duplicarinata Powell 1940 P61
                                |           |--M. nucleoproducta Dell 1956 P61
                                |           `--M. stiria (Webster 1906) P61 (see below for synonymy)
                                |         Socienna Finlay 1927 P61
                                |           |--*S. apicicostata P61 (see below for synonymy)
                                |           |--S. aureola Powell 1933 P61
                                |           |--S. elegantula (Powell 1930) P61
                                |           |--S. exaltatus (Powell 1930) P61
                                |           `--S. maoria Finlay 1930 P61
                                |         Sundaya Oliver 1915 P61
                                |           |--*S. exquisita P61
                                |           |--S. campbellica Powell 1955 P61
                                |           `--S. tuberculata Powell 1927 P61
                                |         Lyroseila Finlay 1928 P61
                                |           `--*L. chathamensis (Suter 1908) P61 (see below for synonymy)
                                |         Tasmalira Dell 1956 P61
                                |           `--*T. wellingtonensis Dell 1956 P61
                                |         Exechocirsus subpustulosus Pčhelintzev 1953 TTE93
                                |         Serratocerithium TTE93
                                |--Bittium BR17
                                |--Argyropeza Melvill & Standen 1901 BR05 [Argyropezinae BR17]
                                |    |--*A. divina Melvill & Standen 1901 BR17
                                |    `--A. schepmaniana Melville 1912 TTE93
                                |--Uchauxia Cossmann 1906 [Uchauxiinae] BR17
                                |    |--*U. peregrinorsum (d’Orbigny 1843) [=Cerithium peregrinorsum] BR17
                                |    `--U. wisei Abbass 1973 TTE93
                                `--Cerithiinae BR05
                                     |--Cerithium S11
                                     |--Colina Adams & Adams 1854 [Colininae, Collininae] BR05
                                     |    |--*C. macrostoma (Hinds 1844) [=Cerithium macrostoma] BR17
                                     |    `--C. gracilis Adams 1866 A66
                                     `--Rhinoclavis Swainson 1840 [Rhinoclavinae] BR05
                                          |--*R. vertagus (Linnaeus 1767) BR17 [=Murex vertagus BR17, Clava vertaga H09]
                                          |--R. articulata (Adams & Reeve 1850) BW09
                                          |--R. aspera (Linnaeus 1758) BW09
                                          |--R. bituberculatum Sowerby 1865 WG71
                                          |--R. brettinghami Cernohorsky 1974 BW09
                                          |--R. fasciatus (Bruguiere 1792) BW09
                                          |--R. gemmata C64
                                          |--R. kochi (Philippi 1848) BD86
                                          `--R. sinensis (Gmelin 1791) BW09

Cerithiimorpha incertae sedis:
  Canterburyella Bandel, Gründel & Maxwell 2000 BR05 [Canterburyellidae BR17]
    `--*C. pacifica Bandel, Gründel & Maxwell 2000 BR17
  Cryptaulacidae BR17
    |--Exelissa Piette 1861 [Exelissinae] BR17
    |    `--*E. strangulata (d’Archiac 1843) [=Cerithium strangulatum] BR17
    `--Cryptaulax Tate 1869 [Cryptaulacinae, Cryptaulinae] BR05
         |--‘Procerithium’ protortile Cox 1965 (see below for synonymy) BR17
         `--C. bellayensis GK02
  Lucmeria Gründel 2005 [Lucmeriidae] BR17
    `--*L. angulosa Gründel 2005 BR17
  Probittium Bandel 2006 [Probittiidae, Probittiinae] BR17
    `--*P. madegascariense Bandel 2006 BR17
  Zardinellopsis Bandel 2006 [Zardinellopsidae] BR17
    `--*Z. misurina (Bandel 1992) [=Popenella misurina] BR17

Cerithioidea [Cerithiacea, Cerithiarida, Cerithiiformes, Cerithiomorpha, Entomostoma, Entomostomata, Melanopsoidea, Multispirida, Papillia, Planaxoidea] PC08

Finella dubia (Orbigny 1842) S11 [incl. Bittiolum cerithioides f. warmkeana Usticke 1969 BC01, Bittium cerithioides warmkeana BC01]

Hinea braziliana (Lamarck 1822) P61 [=Buccinum brasilianum H09, Planaxis brazilianus F27a]

*Lyroseila chathamensis (Suter 1908) P61 [=Seila chathamensis P61, Hebeseila chathamensis F27a; incl. S. cochleata Suter 1908 F27a]

Mendax stiria (Webster 1906) P61 [=Newtoniella stiria F27a, Specula (Mendax) stiria F27a]

*Mendax trizonalis (Odhner 1924) P61 [=Cerithiopsis trizonalis P61, Specula (*Mendax) trizonalis F27a]

Planaxis punctostriatus Smith 1872 [incl. P. lineolatus Gould 1849 non Risso 1826] BD86

‘Procerithium’ protortile Cox 1965 [incl. Cerithium tortile Hébert & Eudes-Deslongchamps 1842, *Cryptaulax tortilis] BR17

Pseudovertagus (Pseudovertagus) clava (Gmelin 1791) PC08, BC01 [incl. Cerithium magnum Jay 1836 BC01]

*Socienna apicicostata P61 [=Cerithiopsis apicicostata P61, Specula (*Socienna) apicicostata F27a]

Specula retifera (Suter 1908) P61 [=Bittium retiferum F27a, Cerithidea retifera F27a]

Zeacumantus lutulentus (Kiener 1842) P61 [=Cerithium lutulentum F27a; incl. Cerithidea bicarinata Gray 1843 F27a]

*Zeacumantus subcarinatus (Sowerby 1885) P61 [=Cerithidea subcarinata P61; incl. C. tricarinata F27a]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A66] Adams, H. 1866. Descriptions of a new genus and a new species of mollusks. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 150–151.

[B63] Baker, H. B. 1963. Paludomidae (Pleuroceridae). Nautilus 77 (1): 34–35.

[B91] Bandel, K. 1991. Gastropods from brackish and fresh water of the Jurassic–Cretaceous transition (a systematic reevaluation). Berliner Geowissenschaftliche Abhandlungen, Reihe A 134: 9–55.

[B02] Bandel, K. 2002. About Heterostropha (Gastropoda) from the Carboniferous and Permian. Mitteilungen des Geologisch-Paläontologischen Institutes der Universität Hamburg 86: 45–80.

[BD86] Barash, A., & Z. Danin. 1986. Further additions to the knowledge of Indo-Pacific Mollusca in the Mediterranean Sea (Lessepsian migrants). Spixiana 9 (2): 117–141.

[BR05] Bouchet, P., & J.-P. Rocroi. 2005. Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families. Malacologia 47 (1–2): 1–397.

[BR17] Bouchet, P., J.-P. Rocroi, B. Hausdorf, A. Kaim, Y. Kano, A. Nützel, P. Parkhaev, M. Schrödl & E. E. Strong. 2017. Revised classification, nomenclator and typification of gastropod and monoplacophoran families. Malacologia 61 (1–2): 1–526.

[BC01] Boyko, C. B., & J. R. Cordeiro. 2001. Catalog of Recent type specimens in the Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History. V. Mollusca, part 2 (class Gastropoda [exclusive of Opisthobranchia and Pulmonata], with supplements to Gastropoda [Opisthobranchia], and Bivalvia). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 262: 1–170.

[BW09] Bryce, C., & C. Whisson. 2009. The macromolluscs of Mermaid (Rowley Shoals), Scott and Seringapatam Reefs, Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 77: 177–208.

[C64] Carpenter, P. P. 1864. Supplementary report on the present state of our knowledge with regard to the Mollusca of the west coast of North America. Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science 33: 517–686.

[F27a] Finlay, H. J. 1927a. A further commentary on New Zealand molluscan systematics. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 320–485.

[F27b] Finlay, H. J. 1927b. New specific names for austral Mollusca. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 488–533.

[GK02] Gründel, J., & T. Kowalke. 2002. Palaeorissoinidae, a new family of marine and brackish water Rissooidea (Gastropoda, Littorinimorpha). Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie Abhandlungen 226 (1): 43–57.

[G79] Guppy, R. J. L. 1879. First sketch of a marine invertebrate fauna of the Gulf of Paria and its neighbourhood. Part I.—Mollusca. Journal of Conchology 2: 151–172.

[H09] Hedley, C. 1909. The Marine Fauna of Queensland: Address by the President of Section D. Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science: Brisbane.

[H77] Houbrick, R. S. 1977. Reevaluation and new description of the genus Bittium (Cerithiidae). Veliger 20 (2): 101–106.

[KC60] Knight, J. B., L. R. Cox, A. M. Keen, R. L. Batten, E. L. Yochelson & R. Robertson. 1960. Gastropoda: systematic descriptions. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt I. Mollusca 1: Mollusca—General Features, Scaphopoda, Amphineura, Monoplacophora, Gastropoda—General Features, Archaeogastropoda and some (mainly Paleozoic) Caenogastropoda and Opisthobranchia pp. I169–I331. Geological Society of America, and University of Kansas Press.

[M54] Macpherson, J. H. 1954. Molluscs (sea shells and snails). In: Willis, J. M. (ed.) The Archipelago of the Recherche pp. 55–63. Australian Geographical Society: Melbourne.

[M04] Michel, E. 2004. Vinundu, a new genus of gastropod (Cerithioidea: ‘Thiaridae’) with two species of Lake Tanganyika, East Africa, and its molecular phylogenetic relationships. Journal of Molluscan Studies 70: 1–19.

[NB00] Nützel, A., & K. Bandel. 2000. Goniasmidae and Orthonemidae: two new families of the Palaeozoic Caenogastropoda (Mollusca, Gastropoda). Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie—Monatshefte 2000 (9): 557–569.

[NPE02] Nützel, A., Pan H.-Z. & D. H. Erwin. 2002. New taxa and some taxonomic changes of a latest Permian Gastropod fauna from south China. Documenta Naturae 145: 1–10.

[O27] Oldroyd, I. S. 1927. The Marine Shells of the West Coast of North America vol. 2 pt 3. Stanford University Press: Stanford University (California).

[PE02] Pan, H.-Z., & D. H. Erwin. 2002. Gastropods from the Permian of Guangxi and Yunnan Provinces, south China. Journal of Paleontology 76 (Memoir 56): 1–49.

[PM89] Payne, B. S., A. C. Miller, P. D. Hartfield & R. F. McMahon. 1989. Variation in size demography of lotic populations of Corbicula fluminea (Müller). Nautilus 103 (2): 78–82.

[PH90] Petit, R. E., & M. G. Harasewych. 1990. Catalogue of the superfamily Cancellarioidea Forbes and Hanley, 1851 (Gastropoda: Prosobranchia). Nautilus 103 (Suppl. 1): 1–69.

[P95] Ponder, W. F. 1995. Book review: Australian Marine Shells. Prosobranch Gastropods. Parts 1 and 2. Molluscan Research 16: 97–102.

[PC08] Ponder, W. F., D. J. Colgan, J. M. Healy, A. Nützel, L. R. L. Simone & E. E. Strong. 2008. Caenogastropoda. In: Ponder, W. F., & D. L. Lindberg (eds) Phylogeny and Evolution of the Mollusca pp. 331–383. University of California Press: Berkeley.

[P61] Powell, A. W. B. 1961. Shells of New Zealand: An illustrated handbook 4^th ed. Whitcombe and Tombs Limited: Christchurch.

[S11] Simone, L. R. L. 2011. Phylogeny of the Caenogastropoda (Mollusca), based on comparative morphology. Arquivos de Zoologia 42 (4): 161–323.

[TTE93] Tracey, S., J. A. Todd & D. H. Erwin. 1993. Mollusca: Gastropoda. In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 131–167. Chapman & Hall: London.

[W77] White, C. A. 1877. Report upon the invertebrate fossils collected in portions of Nevada, Utah, Colorado, New Mexico, and Arizona, by parties of the expeditions of 1871, 1872, 1873, and 1874. U.S. Geographical Surveys West of the One Hundredth Meridian 4 (1): 1–219, pls 1–21.

[WG71] Wilson, B. R., & K. Gillett. 1971. Australian Shells: illustrating and describing 600 species of marine gastropods found in Australian waters. A. H. & A. W. Reed: Sydney.

Last updated: 14 September 2021.

Pleuroceridae

Pleurocera acuta, from the United States Geological Survey.

Belongs within: Cerithiimorpha.

The Pleuroceridae are a group of freshwater gastropods with robust shells found in eastern North America. Members of the genus Pleurocera have high-spired shells of several whorls whereas Leptoxis shells are more inflated with only a few whorls.

<==Pleuroceridae [Pleuroceratidae, Pleurocerinae]
    |--Io fluviatilis (Say 1825) [incl. I. brevis Anthony 1860] BC01
    |--Triasamnicola G88
    |--Madagasikara Köhler & Glaubrecht 2010 BR17
    |--Anculosa Say 1821 [=Anculotus Say 1825, Ancylotus Herrmannsen 1846] BR05
    |--Pleurocera Rafinesque 1818 BR17
    |    |--*P. acuta Blainville 1824 BR17 [=Oxytrema acuta B63, Pleurocerus acutus B63]
    |    |--P. canaliculata B68
    |    |--P. elevatum W79
    |    |--P. neglectum W79
    |    `--P. subulare W79
    |--Ceriphasia Swainson 1840 [Ceraphasiinae, Ceriphasiidae, Ceriphasiinae] BR05
    |    `--*C. sulcata Swainson 1840 BR17
    |--Strepoma Haldeman 1863 [Strepomatidae, Strepomatinae] BR05
    |    `--*S. canaliculata (Say 1821) [=Melania canaliculata] BR17
    |--Ellipstoma Rafinesque 1818 (nom. rej.) [Ellipstomatidae, Ellipstomidae] BR05
    |    `--*E. gibbosa Rafinesque 1818 BR17
    |--Leptoxis Rafinesque 1818 BR17, B63 [incl. Anaplocamus Dall 1896 BR17; Anaplocamidae, Ancyloti]
    |    `--L. dilatata (Conrad 1835) [=Melania dilatata, Anculosa dilatata; incl. *Anaplocamus borealis Dall 1896] BR17
    |--Lithasiopsis BC01
    |    |--L. hinkleyi Pilsbry 1910 BC01
    |    `--L. mexicanus Pilsbry 1910 BC01
    |--Doryssa S11
    |    |--D. ipupiara Simone 2001 S11
    |    `--+--D. atra (Bruguière 1792) S11
    |       `--D. macapa (Moricand 1856) S11
    |--Gyrotoma Shuttleworth 1845 BR05 (see below for synonymy)
    |    |--*G. ovoidea Shuttleworth 1845 BR17
    |    |--‘Schizostoma’ cylindracea Mighels 1844 (n. d.) J49
    |    `--G. incisum Lea 1924 [incl. Schizostoma curta Mighels 1844] J49
    `--Lithasia Haldeman 1840 B63
         |--L. hubrichti Clench 1965 C65
         |--L. obovata B68
         `--L. verrucosa C65

Nomen nudum: Apella scissura Mighels in Anthony 1843 J49

Gyrotoma Shuttleworth 1845 BR05 [incl. Apella Mighels in Anthony 1843 (nom. inv.) J49, Schizostoma Lea 1843 nec Bronn 1835 nec Schlaeter 1838 J49; Gyrotominae]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B63] Baker, H. B. 1963. Paludomidae (Pleuroceridae). Nautilus 77 (1): 34–35.

[B68] Bickel, D. 1968. Goniobasis curreyana lyoni, a pleurocerid snail of west-central Kentucky. Nautilus 82 (1): 13–18.

[BR05] Bouchet, P., & J.-P. Rocroi. 2005. Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families. Malacologia 47 (1–2): 1–397.

[BR17] Bouchet, P., J.-P. Rocroi, B. Hausdorf, A. Kaim, Y. Kano, A. Nützel, P. Parkhaev, M. Schrödl & E. E. Strong. 2017. Revised classification, nomenclator and typification of gastropod and monoplacophoran families. Malacologia 61 (1–2): 1–526.

[BC01] Boyko, C. B., & J. R. Cordeiro. 2001. Catalog of Recent type specimens in the Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History. V. Mollusca, part 2 (class Gastropoda [exclusive of Opisthobranchia and Pulmonata], with supplements to Gastropoda [Opisthobranchia], and Bivalvia). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 262: 1–170.

[C65] Clench, W. J. 1965. A new species of Lithasia from Mississippi. Nautilus 79 (1): 30–33.

[G88] Gray, J. 1988. Evolution of the freshwater ecosystem: the fossil record. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 62: 1–214.

[J49] Johnson, R. I. 1949. Jesse Wedgwood Mighels with a bibliography and a catalogue of his species. Occasional Papers on Mollusks 1 (14): 213–231.

[S11] Simone, L. R. L. 2011. Phylogeny of the Caenogastropoda (Mollusca), based on comparative morphology. Arquivos de Zoologia 42 (4): 161–323.

[W79] Walker, B. 1879. Catalogue of the shell-bearing Mollusca of Michigan. Journal of Conchology 2: 325–337.

Last updated: 24 February 2022.

Turritellidae

Florida worm snail Vermicularia knorri, copyright James St. John.

Belongs within: Cerithiimorpha.
Contains: Turritella, Zeacolpus, Tachyrhynchus.

The Turritellidae are a group of high-spired marine gastropods. They are generally sessile, feeding by filtering particles from the water column. Members of the subfamily Vermiculariinae become loose or disjointed in later whorls. Vermiculariines are otherwise similar to members of the Turritellinae and have sometimes been included within that subfamily. Fossils have been assigned to the Turritellidae going back as far as the Lower Devonian (Knight et al. 1960).

Characters (from Knight et al. 1960): High-spired, with 8 to 20 or more whorls, spiral ornament commonly conspicuous; shallow labral sinus usually culminating at or above mid-whorl with upper limb extending farther adaperturally than lower; siphonal notch or canal wanting.

<==Turritellidae [Turritellacea, Turritellae, Turritellea, Turritellimorpha, Turritelloidei]
    |--Orectospira Dall 1925 [Orectospiridae, Orectospirinae] BR05
    |    `--*O. babelica (Dall 1907) [=Basilissa babelica] BR17
    |--Pareora Marwick 1931 [Pareoridae, Pareorinae] BR05
    |    `--*P. striolata (Hutton 1885) [=Eglisia striolata] BR17
    |--Protoma Baird 1870 [Protominae] BR05
    |    `--*P. knockeri Baird 1870 BR17
    |--Omalaxis Deshayes 1832 BR05 [=Homalaxis Fischer 1885 BR05; Homalaxinae, Omalaxidae, Omalaxinae BR17]
    |    |--*O. disjuncta (Lamarck 1804) [=Solarium disjunctum] BR17
    |    |--O. cresnensis (Morlet 1888) TTE93
    |    |--O. deshayesi (Michaud in Deshayes 1863) TTE93
    |    |--O. disjunctus ((Lamarck 1804) TTE93
    |    |--O. laudunensis (Defrance 1828) TTE93
    |    |--O. meridionalis F27a
    |    `--O. radiata Hedley 1907 H09
    |--Turritellinae BR05
    |    |--Turritella S11
    |    |--Zeacolpus BR05
    |    |--Tachyrhynchus BR05
    |    |--Zaria Gray 1842 [Zariana, Zariinae] BR05
    |    |    `--*Z. duplicata (Linnaeus 1767) [=Turbo duplicatus] BR17
    |    `--Archimediella Sacco 1895 [Archimediellidae, Archimedielloidea] BR05
    |         |--*A. archimedis (Brongniart 1823) [=Turritella archimedis] BR17
    |         `--A. dirkhartogensis Garrard 1972 MG-H11
    `--Vermicularia Lamarck 1799 non Tode 1790 (ICBN) [Vermiculariidae, Vermiculariinae] BR05
         |--*V. lumbricalis (Linnaeus 1758) BR17 [=Serpula lumbricalis BR17, Turbo (Vermicularia) lumbricalis G20]
         |--V. caperata H08
         |--V. eburnea Reeve 1842 O27
         |--V. fewkesii B56
         |--V. frisbeyae McLean 1970 PP78
         |--V. hedleyi Finlay 1927 [=V. nodosa Hedley 1907 non Kaunhowen 1897] F27b
         |--V. knorri (Deshayes 1843) HC79
         |--V. maxima (Sowerby 1825) [=Serpula maxima] H09
         |--V. novaehollandiae H09
         |--V. ophioides Marshall & Murdoch 1921 F27a
         |--‘Siphonium’ planatum Suter 1913 F27a
         `--V. quoyi (Adams & Adams 1854) [=Cladopoda quoyi] H09

Turritellidae incertae sedis:
  Glyptozaria Iredale 1924 F27a
    `--*G. opulenta [=Turritella opulenta] F27a
  Platycolpus Donald 1900 F27a
    |--*P. quadratus [=Turritella quadrata, Colpospira (*Platycolpus) quadrata] F27a
    `--P. guillaumei [=Colpospira guillaumei] F27a
  Maoricolpus Finlay 1927 P61
    |--*M. roseus (Quoy & Gaimard 1834) P61 (see below for synonymy)
    |    |--M. r. roseus P61
    |    `--M. r. manukauensis Powell 1931 P61
    |--M. cavershamensis (Harris 1897) F27a (see below for synonymy)
    |--M. finlayi Powell 1940 P61
    `--M. murrayanus [=Turritella murrayana] F27a
  Colpospira Donald 1900 F27a
    |--*C. runcinata [=Turritella runcinata; incl. T. accisa] F27a
    |--C. cordismei [=Turritella cordismei] F27a
    |--C. platyspira (Tenison-Woods 1878) F27a, F71 [=Turritella platyspira F27a]
    `--C. sinuata [=Turritella sinuata] F27a
  Gazameda Iredale 1924 F27a
    |--*G. gunnii [=Turritella gunnii] F27a
    |--G. acricula [=Turritella acricula] F27a
    |--G. iredalei Finlay 1927 [=Turritella clathrata Kiener 1843 non Deshayes 1833] F27b
    `--G. tasmanica [=Turritella tasmanica; incl. T. subsquamosa] F27a
  Ctenocolpus Iredale 1925 F27a
    |--*C. australis [=Turritella australis] F27a
    |    |--C. a. australis F27a
    |    `--C. a. diffidens Iredale 1925 F27a
    |--C. pagodula [=Turritella pagodula] F27a
    `--C. warburtoni [=Turritella warburtoni] F27a
  Spirocolpus Finlay 1927 F27a
    |--*S. waihaoensis (Marwick 1924) [=Turritella waihaoensis] F27a
    |--S. aldingae (Tate 1882) DK08 [=Turritella aldingae F27a]
    |--S. conspicabilis (Tate 1924) [=Turritella conspicabilis] F27a
    |--S. rudis (Marshall 1919) [=Turritella rudis] F27a
    |--S. tophina (Marwick 1926) [=Turritella tophina] F27a
    `--S. tristira (Tate 1924) [=Turritella tristira] F27a
  Callispira Nelson 1947 KC60
    `--*C. quinquecostata Nelson 1947 KC60
  Torcula murryana H86
  Haustator polonicus Schröder 1995 NB00
  Calvertitella Petuch 1988 P12
    `--C. indenta (Conrad 1841) P12
  Mariacolpus Petuch 1988 P12
    `--M. plebeia (Say 1824) P12
  Torquesia TTE93
    |--T. dupiniana (Orbigny 1842) TTE93
    `--T. tamra (Abbass 1962) TTE93
  Mesalia C64
    |--M. brevialis PP64
    |--M. lactea C64
    `--M. striolata A27

Maoricolpus cavershamensis (Harris 1897) F27a [=Turritella cavershamensis F27a, T. gigantea Hutton 1873 (preoc.) F27b]

*Maoricolpus roseus (Quoy & Gaimard 1834) P61 [=Turritella rosea P61; incl. T. difficilis Suter 1908 nec d’Orbigny 1842 nec Zekeli 1852 F27b]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A27] Allan, R. S. 1927. The geology and palaeontology of the Lower Waihao Basin, south Canterbury, New Zealand. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 265–309.

[B56] Berry, S. S. 1956. Mollusca dredged by the Orca off the Santa Barbara Islands, California, in 1951. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 46 (5): 150–157.

[BR05] Bouchet, P., & J.-P. Rocroi. 2005. Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families. Malacologia 47 (1–2): 1–397.

[BR17] Bouchet, P., J.-P. Rocroi, B. Hausdorf, A. Kaim, Y. Kano, A. Nützel, P. Parkhaev, M. Schrödl & E. E. Strong. 2017. Revised classification, nomenclator and typification of gastropod and monoplacophoran families. Malacologia 61 (1–2): 1–526.

[C64] Carpenter, P. P. 1864. Supplementary report on the present state of our knowledge with regard to the Mollusca of the west coast of North America. Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science 33: 517–686.

[DK08] Darragh, T. A., & G. W. Kendrick. 2008. Silicified Eocene molluscs from the Lower Murchison district, Southern Carnarvon Basin, Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum 24 (3): 217–246.

[F27a] Finlay, H. J. 1927a. A further commentary on New Zealand molluscan systematics. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 320–485.

[F27b] Finlay, H. J. 1927b. New specific names for austral Mollusca. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 488–533.

[F71] Fletcher, H. O. 1971. Catalogue of type specimens of fossils in the Australian Museum, Sydney. Australian Museum Memoir 13: 1–167.

[G20] Goldfuss, G. A. 1820. Handbuch der Naturgeschichte vol. 3. Handbuch der Zoologie pt 1. Johann Leonhard Schrag: Nürnberg.

[H08] Hedley, C. 1908. Studies on Australian Mollusca. Part X. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 33: 456–489, pls 7–10.

[H09] Hedley, C. 1909. The Marine Fauna of Queensland: Address by the President of Section D. Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science: Brisbane.

[HC79] Huff, J. A., & S. P. Cobb. 1979. Penaeoid and sergestoid shrimps (Crustacea: Decapoda). Memoirs of the Hourglass Cruises 5 (4): 1–101.

[H86] Hutton, F. W. 1886. Notes on some Australian Tertiary fossils. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, series 2, 1 (2): 481–482.

[KC60] Knight, J. B., L. R. Cox, A. M. Keen, R. L. Batten, E. L. Yochelson & R. Robertson. 1960. Gastropoda: systematic descriptions. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt I. Mollusca 1: Mollusca—General Features, Scaphopoda, Amphineura, Monoplacophora, Gastropoda—General Features, Archaeogastropoda and some (mainly Paleozoic) Caenogastropoda and Opisthobranchia pp. I169–I331. Geological Society of America, and University of Kansas Press.

[MG-H11] McEnnulty, F. R., K. L. Gowlett-Holmes, A. Williams, F. Althaus, J. Fromont, G. C. B. Poore, T. D. O’Hara, L. Marsh, P. Kott, S. Slack-Smith, P. Alderslade & M. V. Kitahara. 2011. The deepwater megabenthic invertebrates on the western continental margin of Australia (100–1100 m depths): composition, distribution and novelty. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 80: 1–191.

[NB00] Nützel, A., & K. Bandel. 2000. Goniasmidae and Orthonemidae: two new families of the Palaeozoic Caenogastropoda (Mollusca, Gastropoda). Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie—Monatshefte 2000 (9): 557–569.

[O27] Oldroyd, I. S. 1927. The Marine Shells of the West Coast of North America vol. 2 pt 3. Stanford University Press: Stanford University (California).

[PP64] Peres, J. M., & J. Picard. 1964. Nouveau manuel de bionomie benthique de la mer Mediterranee. Recueil des Travaux de la Station Marine d'Endoume, Bulletin 31 (27): 5–137.

[P12] Petuch, E. J. 2012. Miocene asteroid impacts: proposed effects on the biogeography and extinction patterns of eastern North American gastropods. In: Talent, J. A. (ed.) Earth and Life: Global biodiversity, extinction intervals and biogeographic perturbations through time pp. 967–981. Springer.

[PP78] Poorman, F. L., & L. H. Poorman. 1978. Additional molluscan records from Bahía de Los Angeles, Baja California Norte. Veliger 20 (4): 369–374.

[P61] Powell, A. W. B. 1961. Shells of New Zealand: An illustrated handbook 4^th ed. Whitcombe and Tombs Limited: Christchurch.

[S11] Simone, L. R. L. 2011. Phylogeny of the Caenogastropoda (Mollusca), based on comparative morphology. Arquivos de Zoologia 42 (4): 161–323.

[TTE93] Tracey, S., J. A. Todd & D. H. Erwin. 1993. Mollusca: Gastropoda. In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 131–167. Chapman & Hall: London.

Last updated: 14 September 2021.