Petrophile

Prickly conesticks Petrophile sessilis, copyright Casliber.

Belongs within: Proteaceae.

Petrophile, conebushes, is an Australian genus of erect shrubs with deeply divided, often spiny leaves and cone-like inflorescences.

<==Petrophile
    |--P. acicularis GK00
    |--P. circinata G04
    |--P. divaricata GK00
    |--P. glauca G04
    |--P. heterophylla LK00
    |--P. longifolia GK00
    |--P. media GK00
    |--P. rigida OS04
    |--P. seminuda OS04
    |--P. serruriae RL05
    |--P. sessilis C08
    |--P. squamata OS04
    `--P. striata OS04

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[C08] Cambage, R. H. 1908. Notes on the native flora of New South Wales. Part VI. Deepwater to Torrington and Emmaville. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 33 (1): 45–65, pls 1–2.

[G04] Gibson, N. 2004. Flora and vegetation of the Eastern Goldfields Ranges: part 7. Middle and South Ironcap, Digger Rock and Hatter Hill. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 87 (2): 49–62.

[GK00] Gibson, N., & G. J. Keighery. 2000. Flora and vegetation of the Byenup-Muir reserve system, south-west Western Australia. CALMScience 3 (3): 323–402.

[LK00] Lowrie, A., & K. F. Kenneally. 2000. Three new species of Stylidium (Stylidiaceae) from south-west Western Australia. Nuytsia 13: 293–302.

[OS04] Obbens, F. J., & L. W. Sage. 2004. Vegetation and flora of a diverse upland remnant of the Western Australian wheatbelt (Nature Reserve A21064). Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 87 (1): 19–28.

[RL05] Rafferty, C., & B. B. Lamont. 2005. Selective feeding by macropods on vegetation regenerating following fire. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 88 (4): 155–165.

Anisotome

Anisotome latifolia, copyright Elizabeth Huang.

Belongs within: Apiaceae.

Anisotome is an Australasian genus of aromatic tufted herbs.

Characters (from Allan 1961): Small to large tufted herbs, sometimes rhizomatous, mostly glabrous or nearly so, aromatic; latex mostly copious. Stock usually well-developed, often multicipital, produced into stout deeply descending taproot. Umbels usually compound, rays usually many; involucral bracts various. Calyx-teeth very small, or obsolete; petals usually white, occasionally pinkish to mauve or reddish, incurved; stamens incurved. Fruit usually ± narrow-oblong in outline; mericarps usually distinctly compressed, with usually 5 sub-equal very narrowly winged ribs. Vittae usually 1 per furrow and 2 on commissural face.

<==Anisotome Hooker 1844 [incl. Calosciadium Endlicher ex Walp. 1840] A61
    |--A. acutifolia (Kirk) Cockayne 1919 [=Ligusticum acutifolium Kirk 1891, Aciphylla acutifolia Cockayne 1909] A61
    |--A. antipoda Hooker 1844 A61 (see below for synonymy) A61
    |--A. aromatica Hooker 1852 [=Ligusticum aromaticum Hooker 1864] W96
    |    |--a. a. var. aromatica A61
    |    |--A. a. var. dissecta Allan 1961 non A. dissecta (Kirk) Cheesem. 1925 A61
    |    |--A. a. var. flabellifolia (Simpson) Allan 1961 [=A. flabellifolia Simpson 1952] A61
    |    |--A. a. var. incisa (Kirk) Cheesem. 1925 A61 (see below for synonymy)
    |    |--A. a. var. lanuginosa (Kirk) Cheesem. 1925 [=Ligusticum aromaticum var. lanuginosum Kirk 1899] A61
    |    |--A. a. var. major Allan 1961 A61
    |    |--A. a. var. obtusa Allan 1961 A61
    |    `--A. a. var. pinnatisecta Allan 1961 A61
    |--A. brevistylis (Hooker) Poppelwell 1915 [=Ligusticum brevistyle Hooker 1864] A61
    |--A. capillifolia (Cheesem.) Cockayne 1919 [=Ligusticum capillifolium Cheesem. 1915] A61
    |--A. carnosula (Hooker) Cockayne & Laing 1911 [=Ligusticum carnosulum Hooker 1864] A61
    |--A. deltoidea Cheesem. 1925 [=Ligusticum deltoideum Cheesem. 1882] A61
    |--A. diversifolia (Cheeseman) Cockayne 1912 [=Ligusticum diversifolium Cheeseman 1906] A61
    |--A. enysii (Kirk) Laing 1912 [=Ligusticum enysii Kirk 1877] A61
    |--A. filifolia (Hooker) Cockayne & Laing 1911 [=Ligusticum filifolium Hooker 1864; incl. L. patulum Kirk 1899] A61
    |--A. flabellata (Kirk) Cockayne ex Crosby Smith 1914 (see below for synonymy) A61
    |--A. haastii (Muell. ex Hooker) Cockayne & Laing 1911 [=Ligusticum haastii Muell. ex Hooker 1864] A61
    |--A. imbricata (Hooker) Cockayne 1921 [=Ligusticum imbricatum Hooker 1864] A61
    |    |--A. i. var. imbricata W91
    |    `--A. i. var. prostrata W91
    |--A. intermedia Hooker 1853 [=Ligusticum intermedium; incl. L. intermedium var. oblongifolium Kirk 1899] A61
    |--A. latifolia Hooker 1844 (see below for synonymy) A61
    |--A. lyallii Hooker 1853 [=Ligusticum lyallii Hooker 1864] A61
    |--‘Ligusticum’ ovatum Wolff 1911 (n. d.) A61
    |--‘Ligusticum’ petraeum Cheeseman 1919 (n. d.) A61
    `--A. pilifera (Hooker) Cockayne & Laing 1911 (see below for synonymy) A61

Anisotome antipoda Hooker 1844 A61 [=Calosciadium antipodum Endl. ex Walp. 1850 A61, Gingidium antipodum C06, Ligusticum antipodum Homb. & Jacq. ex Decne 1853 A61]

Anisotome aromatica var. incisa (Kirk) Cheesem. 1925 A61 [=Ligusticum incisum Kirk 1899 A61, L. aromaticum var. incisum C06]

Anisotome flabellata (Kirk) Cockayne ex Crosby Smith 1914 [=Ligusticum flabellatum Kirk 1899, Aciphylla flabellata Cockayne 1909] A61

Anisotome latifolia Hooker 1844 [=Calosciadium latifolium (Hooker) Endl. ex Walp. 1850, Ligusticum latifolium Hooker 1864; incl. L. latifolium var. angustatum Kirk 1899] A61

Anisotome pilifera (Hooker) Cockayne & Laing 1911 [=Ligusticum piliferum Hooker 1864; incl. L. piliferum var. pinnatifidum Kirk 1899, Anisotome pilifera var. pinnatifida] A61

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A61] Allan, H. H. 1961. Flora of New Zealand vol. 1. Indigenous Tracheophyta: Psilopsida, Lycopsida, Filicopsida, Gymnospermae, Dicotyledones. R. E. Owen, Government Printer: Wellington (New Zealand).

[C06] Cheeseman, T. F. 1906. Manual of the New Zealand Flora. John Mackay, Government Printer: Wellington.

[W96] Webb, C. J. 1996. A rose by any other name: two problems of scent in the naming and typification of New Zealand plants. New Zealand Journal of Botany 34: 281–283.

[W91] Williams, P. A. 1991. Subalpine and alpine vegetation of granite ranges in western Nelson, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Botany 29: 317–330.

Aciphylla

Spaniard Aciphylla squarrosa, copyright Krzysztof Golik.

Belongs within: Apiaceae.

Aciphylla, spaniards, is an Australasian genus of alpine plants with a tufted or tussock-like growth form and often spiky leaves.

Characters (from Allan 1961): Glabrous very small to very large perennial herbs with stout, often multicipital stocks and slender to very stout, deeply descending taproots; rarely rhizomatous. Leaves usually all basal, mostly compound, with close-set imbricated sheaths (dead sheaths often long remaining as an investiture). Lamina petiolate or not, usually pinnate to decompound; leaflets mostly rigid and pungent-pointed. Flowers mostly unisexual, plants mostly dioecious; inflorescence of compound bracted umbels arranged along an elongate extension of the central stem (section Aciphylla) or on spreading peduncles at apex of stem (section Paniculatae). Umbels of male plants ususlly laxer than those of females. Calyx-teeth minute to obsolete; petals white to yellowish, incurved, small; stylopodia male depressed, of female erect. Fruit narrow-oblong in outline; mericarp ribs 5-4-3, winged; vittae 1-3 per furrow, 2-5 commissural.

<==Aciphylla Forster & Forster 1776 A61
    |--A. sect. Aciphylla [=A. sect. Elongatae Allan 1961 (nom. inv.)] A61
    |    |--*A. squarrosa Forster & Forster 1776 A61 (see below for synonymy)
    |    |--A. anomala Allan 1961 A61
    |    |--A. aurea Oliver 1956 A61
    |    |--A. colensoi Hooker 1864 [incl. A. colensoi var. conspicua Kirk 1899] A61
    |    |--A. crenulata Armst. 1879 [=A. lyallii var. crenulata Cheesem. 1906] A61
    |    |--A. ferox Oliver 1956 A61
    |    |--A. flexuosa Oliver 1956 A61
    |    |--A. glaucescens Oliver 1956 [incl. A. squarrosa var. flaccida Kirk 1899] A61
    |    |--A. gracilis Oliver 1956 A61
    |    |--A. hectori Buchan. 1882 [incl. A. poppelwellii var. major Petrie 1921, A. poppelwellii Petrie 1921] A61
    |    |--A. hookeri Kirk 1899 A61
    |    |--A. horrida Oliver 1956 A61
    |    |--A. indurata Cheesem. 1915 A61
    |    |--A. inermis Oliver 1956 A61
    |    |--A. intermedia Petrie 1912 A61
    |    |--A. kirkii Buchan. 1887 A61
    |    |--A. latibracteata Oliver 1956 A61
    |    |--A. lyallii Hooker 1864 [incl. A. cuthbertiana Petrie 1915, A. montana Armstrong 1872] A61
    |    |--A. pinnatifida Petrie 1911 A61
    |    |--A. scott-thomsonii Cockayne & Allan 1927 [incl. A. colensoi var. maxima Kirk 1899] A61
    |    |--A. subflabellata Oliver 1956 A61
    |    |--A. takahea Oliver 1956 A61
    |    |--A. townsonii Cheeseman 1906 A61
    |    |--A. traillii Kirk 1884 A61
    |    |    |--A. t. var. traillii A61
    |    |    `--A. t. var. cartilaginea (Petrie) Cheesem. 1925 [=A. cartilaginea Petrie 1915] A61
    |    |--A. traversii (Muell.) Hooker 1867 [=Gingidium traversii Muell. 1864] A61
    |    |--A. trifoliolata Petrie 1916 A61
    |    `--A. verticillata Oliver 1956 [incl. A. hectori Cheesem. 1925 non Buchan. 1882] A61
    `--A. sect. Paniculatae Allan 1961 A61
         |--A. (sect. *P.) spedenii Cheesem. 1913 A61
         |--A. congesta Cheesem. 1915 A61
         |--A. crosby-smithii Petrie 1915 A61
         |--A. dissecta (Kirk) Oliver 1956 (see below for synonymy) A61
         |--A. divisa Cheesem. 1923 A61
         |--A. dobsonii Hooker 1864 A61
         |--A. leighii Allan 1939 A61
         |--A. monroi Hooker 1855 A61 [=Gingidium monroi C06]
         |--A. multisecta Cheesem. 1915 A61
         |--A. polita (Kirk) Cheesem. 1906 [=Ligusticum politum Kirk 1899] A61
         |--A. similis Cheesem. 1915 A61
         `--A. simplex Petrie 1890 A61

Aciphylla dissecta (Kirk) Oliver 1956 [=Ligusticum dissectum Kirk 1899, Anisotome dissecta (Kirk) Cheesem. 1925] A61

*Aciphylla squarrosa Forster & Forster 1776 A61 [=Gingidium squarrosum C06; incl. Ligusticum aciphylla C06, A. squarrosa var. angustifolia Hooker 1853 A61, A. squarrosa var. latifolia Hooker 1853 A61]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A61] Allan, H. H. 1961. Flora of New Zealand vol. 1. Indigenous Tracheophyta: Psilopsida, Lycopsida, Filicopsida, Gymnospermae, Dicotyledones. R. E. Owen, Government Printer: Wellington (New Zealand).

[C06] Cheeseman, T. F. 1906. Manual of the New Zealand Flora. John Mackay, Government Printer: Wellington.

Conosperminae

Synaphea petiolaris, from Esperance Wildflowers.

Belongs within: Proteaceae.

The Conosperminae are a group of proteaceous plants found in Australia, primarily in the south-west corner.

Characters (from Flora of Australia): Leaves entire to ±pinnate. Inflorescence of 1–many short, dense spikes. Flowers weakly or (more commonly) strongly zygomorphic, bisexual; tepal bases connate. One anther and 2 half-anthers abortive; loculi of adjacent anthers cohering in bud. Hypogynous glands absent. Style variously modified but pollen presenter absent. Fruit a nut, often with long hairs. n = 11.

<==Conosperminae
    |--Conospermum B06
    |    |--C. brownii G04
    |    |--C. capitatum GK00
    |    |--C. ericifolium H87a
    |    |--C. flexuosum GK00
    |    |    |--C. f. ssp. flexuosum GK00
    |    |    `--C. f. ssp. laevigatum GK00
    |    |--C. longifolium H87a
    |    |    |--C. l. var. longifolium H87b
    |    |    `--C. l. var. angustifolium H87b
    |    |--C. stoechadis OS04
    |    |    |--C. s. ssp. stoechadis OS04
    |    |    `--C. s. ssp. sclerophyllum OS04
    |    `--C. taxifolium C08
    `--Synaphea B06
         |--S. aephynsa B06
         |--S. damopsis B06
         |--S. decumbens B06
         |--S. endothrix B06
         |--S. favosa GK00
         |--S. interioris OS04
         |--S. lesueurensis B06
         |--S. oulopha B06
         |--S. panhesya B06
         |--S. petiolaris SB04
         |--S. quartzitica B06
         |--S. recurva B06
         |--S. reticulata GK00
         |--S. spinulosa B06
         |    |--S. s. ssp. spinulosa B06
         |    `--S. s. ssp. borealis B06
         `--S. xela Butcher 2006 B06

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B06] Butcher, R. 2006. Synaphea xela (Proteaceae: Conosperminae), a new species from the Jurien-Eneabba area of south-west Western Australia. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 89 (3): 123–127.

[C08] Cambage, R. H. 1908. Notes on the native flora of New South Wales. Part VI. Deepwater to Torrington and Emmaville. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 33 (1): 45–65, pls 1–2.

[G04] Gibson, N. 2004. Flora and vegetation of the Eastern Goldfields Ranges: part 7. Middle and South Ironcap, Digger Rock and Hatter Hill. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 87 (2): 49–62.

[GK00] Gibson, N., & G. J. Keighery. 2000. Flora and vegetation of the Byenup-Muir reserve system, south-west Western Australia. CALMScience 3 (3): 323–402.

[H87a] Haviland, E. 1887a. Flowering seasons of Australian plants. No. I—List of plants indigenous in the neighbourhood of Sydney, flowering during July. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, series 2, 1 (4): 1049–1051.

[H87b] Haviland, E. 1887b. Flowering seasons of Australian plants. No. II. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, series 2, 1 (4): 1103–1104.

[OS04] Obbens, F. J., & L. W. Sage. 2004. Vegetation and flora of a diverse upland remnant of the Western Australian wheatbelt (Nature Reserve A21064). Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 87 (1): 19–28.

[SB04] Sage, L. W., P. A. Blankendaal, A. Moylett & K. Agar. 2004. The occurrence and impact of Phytophthora cinnamomi in the central-western Avon Wheatbelt bioregion of Western Australia. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 87 (1): 15–18.

Medicago

Bur medick Medicago minima, from here.

Belongs within: Fabeae.

Medicago, medicks, is a genus of mostly herbaceous legumes native to Eurasia and Africa.

Characters (from Flora of China): Annual or perennial herbs, rarely shrubs. Leaves pinnately 3-foliolate; stipules adnate to petiole at base; leaflets denticulate, lat­eral veins running out into teeth. Racemes axillary, flowers crowded into heads; bracts small and caducous. Calyx 5-toothed, sub­equal. Petals free from staminal tube; standard oblong to obovate, usually reflexed; wings and keel with hooked appendages involved in explosive tripping mechanism for pollination. Stamens diadelphous; filaments not dilated, apical portion of staminal column arched; anthers uniform. Ovary sessile or shortly stipitate; ovules numerous; style subulate; stigma subcapitate, oblique. Legume compressed, coiled, curved, or straight, surface reticulate, sometimes armed with spines. Seed small, reniform, smooth or rough.

<==Medicago
    |--M. aculeata TG88
    |--M. arabica TG88
    |--M. coronata PT98
    |--M. disciformis PT98
    |--M. falcata O88
    |--M. hispida AGF98
    |--M. intertexta C55
    |--M. laciniata TG88
    |--M. littoralis TG88
    |--M. lupulina O88
    |--M. maculata C55
    |--M. marina C74
    |--M. minima PT98
    |--M. monspeliaca PT98
    |--M. nigra C55
    |--M. orbicularis PT98
    |--M. polymorpha PT98
    |--M. rugosa PT98
    |--M. sativa RM03
    |--M. scutellata TG88
    |--M. sylvestris C55
    |--M. tornata TG88
    |--M. truncatula RM03
    `--M. tuberculata PT98

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[AGF98] Abd El-Ghani, M. M., & A. G. Fahmy. 1998. Composition of and changes in the spontaneous flora of Feiran Oasis, S Sinai, Egypt, in the last 60 years. Willdenowia 28: 123–134.

[C55] Candolle, A. de. 1855. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 1. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[C74] Coineau, Y. 1974. Éléments pour une monographie morphologique, écologique et biologique des Caeculidae (Acariens). Mémoires du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, nouvelle série, Série A, Zoologie 81: 1–299, 24 pls.

[O88] Ohba, H. 1988. The alpine flora of the Nepal Himalayas: an introductory note. In: Ohba, H., & S. B. Malla (eds) The Himalayan Plants vol. 1. The University Museum, University of Tokyo, Bulletin 31: 19–46.

[PT98] Panitsa, M., & D. Tzanoudakis. 1998. Contribution to the study of the Greek flora: flora and vegetation of the E Aegean islands Agathonisi and Pharmakonisi. Willdenowia 28: 95–116.

[RM03] Radutoiu, S., L. H. Madsen, E. B. Madsen, H. H. Felle, Y. Umehara, M. Grønlund, S. Sato, Y. Nakamura, S. Tabata, N. Sandal & J. Stougaard. 2003. Plant recognition of symbiotic bacteria requires two LysM receptor-like kinases. Nature 425: 585–592.

[TG88] Tepfer, D., A. Goldmann, N. Pamboukdjian, M. Maille, A. Lepingle, D. Chevalier, J. Dénarié & C. Rosenberg. 1988. A plasmid of Rhizobium meliloti 41 encodes catabolism of two compounds from root exudate of Calystegium sepium. Journal of Bacteriology 170 (3): 1153–1161.

Plumbaginaceae

Thrift Armeria alpina, copyright Meneerke bloem.

Belongs within: Caryophyllales.

The Plumbaginaceae are a cosmopolitan group of mostly herbaceous plants that are most diverse in maritime areas.

Characters (from N. R. Morin): Herbs or shrubs (rarely lianas), perennial or, rarely, annual; taprooted or rhizomatous. Stems woody stocks, acaulescent, or erect to prostrate, nodes swollen; indument of simple hairs, capitate glands that may secrete water or calcium salts, or multicelled glandlike structures. Leaves often basal, alternate, spiralled; stipules absent; petiole present or absent; blade linear to broadly obovate, ovate, or round, margins entire or lobed. Inflorescences terminal or axillary cymes, panicles, racemes, or corymbs, or solitary heads; bracts herbaceous, scarious, sometimes absent; involucral bracteoles (epicalyces) immediately subtending calyces usually present. Pedicels absent or present (short). Flowers bisexual, radially symmetric; perianth and androecium hypogynous; sepals persistent in mature fruits, 5, connate into 5- or 10-ribbed tube, mostly dry and membranous, sometimes petaloid, toothed or with distinct simple or lobed limbs; petals 5, nearly distinct, connate at bases or for most of their length (corolla salverform); blade clawed or claw absent, margins entire; corona absent; stamens 5; filaments adnate to bases of petals or free; ovary superior, 1-locular, placentation basal; ovules 1 per ovary, anatropous, bitegmic, crassinucellate; styles 1 with apically lobed stigma, or 5, each with linear stigma. Fruits utricles, achenes, or capsules. Seeds 1, embryo straight, endosperm present or absent.

<==Plumbaginaceae [Plumbaginales]
    |--Ceratostigma ulicinum O88
    |--Acantholimon ulicinum SL06
    |--Muellerolimon salicorniaceum KM08
    |--Aegialitis [Aegialitidoideae] T00
    |    `--A. annulata H09
    |--Statice M55 [Staticoideae T00]
    |    |--S. minutiflora M55
    |    |--S. plantaginea C55
    |    `--C. virgata C74
    |--Plumbago [Plumbaginoideae] K02
    |    |--P. auriculata K02
    |    |--P. pearsonii CV06
    |    |--P. wissii CV06
    |    `--P. zeylanica BB07
    |--Limonium CV06
    |    |--L. dyeri CV06
    |    |--L. graecum PT98
    |    |--L. narbonense PT98
    |    |--L. sinuatum PT01
    |    `--L. virgatum PT98
    `--Armeria NFFAR01
         |--A. alpina [=A. maritima ssp. alpina] NFFAR01
         |--A. bigerrensis NFFAR01
         |--A. bourgaei NFFAR01
         |--A. cantabrica NFFAR01
         |--A. chilensis D03
         |    |--A. c. var. chilensis D03
         |    `--A. c. var. magellanica D03
         |--A. colorata NFFAR01
         |--A. filicaulis NFFAR01
         |    |--A. f. ssp. filicaulis NFFAR01
         |    |    |--A. f. ssp. f. var. filicaulis NFFAR01
         |    |    `--A. f. ssp. f. var. minor NFFAR01
         |    `--A. f. ssp. nevadensis NFFAR01
         |--A. maritima G60
         |--A. pubinervis NFFAR01
         |--A. rothmaleri NFFAR01
         |--A. ruscinonensis C74
         |--A. splendens NFFAR01
         |--A. transmontana NFFAR01
         |--A. trianoi Nieto Feliner in Nieto Feliner, Fuertes Aguilar & Rosselló 2001 NFFAR01
         `--A. villosa NFFAR01
              |--A. v. ssp. villosa NFFAR01
              |--A. v. ssp. bernisii NFFAR01
              |--A. v. ssp. carratracensis NFFAR01
              `--A. v. ssp. longiaristata NFFAR01

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BB07] Baishya, A. K., & P. J. Bora. 2007. Cross community ethno-medico botany of Dibru-Saikhowa Biosphere Reserve, Assam. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 49 (1–4): 121–154.

[C55] Candolle, A. de. 1855. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 1. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[C74] Coineau, Y. 1974. Éléments pour une monographie morphologique, écologique et biologique des Caeculidae (Acariens). Mémoires du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, nouvelle série, Série A, Zoologie 81: 1–299, 224 pls.

[CV06] Craven, P., & P. Vorster. 2006. Patterns of plant diversity and endemism in Namibia. Bothalia 36 (2): 175–189.

[D03] Dusén, P. 1903. The vegetation of western Patagonia. In: Scott, W. B. (ed.) Reports of the Princeton University Expeditions to Patagonia, 1896–1899 vol. 8. Botany pp. 1–34. The University: Princeton (New Jersey).

[G60] Gillham, M. E. 1960. Vegetation of Little Brother Island, Cook Strait, in relation to spray-bearing winds, soil salinity, and pH. Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand 88 (3): 405–424.

[H09] Hedley, C. 1909. The Marine Fauna of Queensland: Address by the President of Section D. Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science: Brisbane.

[KM08] Keighery, G. J., & W. Muir. 2008. Vegetation and vascular flora of Faure Island, Shark Bay, Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 75: 11–19.

[K02] Krüger, M. 2002. Revision of the Afrotropical Ennominae of the Drepanogynis group IV: the genus Drepanogynis Guenée (Lepidoptera: Geometridae). Transvaal Museum Monograph 13: 1–220.

[M55] Mertens, R. 1955. Die Mauereidechsen der Liparischen Inseln, gesammelt von Dr. Antonino Trischitta. Senckenbergiana Biologica 36 (1–2): 25–40.

[NFFAR01] Nieto Feliner, G., J. Fuertes Aguilar & J. A. Rosselló. 2001. A new species of Armeria (Plumbaginaceae) from southern Spain with molecular and morphometric evidence on its origin. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 135 (1): 71–84.

[O88] Ohba, H. 1988. The alpine flora of the Nepal Himalayas: an introductory note. In: Ohba, H., & S. B. Malla (eds) The Himalayan Plants vol. 1. The University Museum, University of Tokyo, Bulletin 31: 19–46.

[PT98] Panitsa, M., & D. Tzanoudakis. 1998. Contribution to the study of the Greek flora: flora and vegetation of the E Aegean islands Agathonisi and Pharmakonisi. Willdenowia 28: 95–116.

[PT01] Pemberton, L. M. S., S.-L. Tsai, P. H. Lovell & P. J. Harris. 2001. Epidermal patterning in seedling roots of eudicotyledons. Annals of Botany 87: 649–654.

[SL06] Schulz, H.-J., & P. Lymberakis. 2006. First contribution to the knowledge of the Collembola fauna of the White Mountains (Lefká Óri) in west Crete (Insecta, Collembola, Isotomidae). Senckenbergiana Biologica 86 (2): 229–234.

[T00] Thorne, R. F. 2000. The classification and geography of the flowering plants: dicotyledons of the class Angiospermae (subclasses Magnoliidae, Ranunculidae, Caryophyllidae, Dilleniidae, Rosidae, Asteridae, and Lamiidae). The Botanical Review 66: 441–647.

Meconopsis

Blue poppy Meconopsis grandis, copyright Kenpei.

Belongs within: Papaveraceae.

Meconopsis is a genus of large-flowered herbs found primarily in the Sino-Himalayan region.

Characters (from Flora of China): Herbs, monocarpic or perennial, yellow lactiferous. Taproot distinct in monocarpic species, plump, extended or napiform thickened, accompanied by fibrous roots, or fibrous. Stems, when present, branched or not, bristly, setose, pubescent, or glabrous. Leaves cauline and basal or all basal and forming a rosette; rosette leaves persistent in winter or dying away to a resting bud or buds; blade entire, serrate, or pinnatifid to pinnate, glabrous to bristly; basal leaves and lower cauline leaves usually petiolate; upper cauline leaves shortly petiolate or sessile, sometimes amplexicaul. Inflorescence a raceme, panicle, or pseudoumbel, with uppermost flower opening first, or flowers solitary, then often on basal scapes. Flowers large, often bowl- or saucer-shaped. Sepals 2, very rarely 3 or 4 in terminal flowers, caducous. Petals 4-10, occasionally more, blue, purple, pink, red, or yellow, rarely white. Stamens numerous; filaments mostly linear, rarely dilated in lower part. Ovary nearly spherical, ovoid, or obovoid to narrowly terete, 1-loculed, with 3 or more carpels, containing numerous ovules; styles distinct, usually short, sometimes almost absent, regularly stout or basally expanding into a disk covering top of ovary; stigmas free or united, capitate or clavate. Capsule nearly spherical, ovoid, obovoid, or elliptic to cylindrical, spiny, setose, pubescent, or glabrous, 3-12(-18)-valvate; segments slightly lobed or divided to 1/3 length or more from apex to base. Seeds many, ovoid, reniform, falcate-oblong, or oblong, smooth or longitudinally concave, without a caruncle.

<==Meconopsis
    |--M. bella O88
    |--M. dhwojii O88
    |--M. discigera O88
    |--M. gracilipes O88
    |--M. grandis O88
    |--M. horridula O88
    |--M. lyrata O88
    |--M. napaulensis O88
    |--M. paniculata O88
    |--M. regia O88
    |--M. simplicifolia O88
    `--M. taylorii O88

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[O88] Ohba, H. 1988. The alpine flora of the Nepal Himalayas: an introductory note. In: Ohba, H., & S. B. Malla (eds) The Himalayan Plants vol. 1. The University Museum, University of Tokyo, Bulletin 31: 19–46.

Corydalis

Fumewort Corydalis solida, copyright Bernd Haynold.

Belongs within: Papaveraceae.

Corydalis is a genus of soft-leaved herbs found primarily in temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere.

Characters (from Flora of China): Herbs, annual, biennial, or perennial, soft, juicy, usually glabrous. Leaves usually alternate, pinnately or ternately divided. Inflorescence a simple bracteate raceme (occasionally compound with cymose or racemose partial inflorescences). Flowers blue, purple, orange, yellow, or white. Sepals petaloid, usually dentate. Corolla zygomorphic; upper petal spurred. Stamens 2 (i.e., filaments of each triplet completely fused); median upper stamen with a nectariferous appendage at base frequently fused to spur for a shorter or longer portion. Stigma variable. Fruit a usually many-seeded capsule with persistent style. Seeds black, usually with whitish elaiosomes.

<==Corydalis
    |--C. alburyi O88
    |--C. ambigua T03
    |--C. cashmeriana O88
    |--C. casimiriana O88
    |--C. chaerophylla O88
    |--C. chasmophila O88
    |--C. clavibracteata O88
    |--C. elegans O88
    |--C. flaccida O88
    |--C. gerdae O88
    |--C. govaniana O88
    |--C. hamata O88
    |--C. hendersonii O88
    |--C. hookeri O88
    |--C. juncea O88
    |--C. lathyroides O88
    |--C. latiflora O88
    |--C. longipes O88
    |--C. lutea C55
    |--C. megacalyx O88
    |--C. meifolia O88
    |    |--C. m. var. meifolia O88
    |    `--C. m. var. sikkimensis O88
    |--C. nana O88
    |--C. pachypoda O88
    |--C. polygalina O88
    |--C. pseudojuncea O88
    |--C. solida C55
    |--C. staintonii O88
    |--C. stricta O88
    |--C. sykesii O88
    `--C. trifoliata O88

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[C55] Candolle, A. de. 1855. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 2. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[O88] Ohba, H. 1988. The alpine flora of the Nepal Himalayas: an introductory note. In: Ohba, H., & S. B. Malla (eds) The Himalayan Plants vol. 1. The University Museum, University of Tokyo, Bulletin 31: 19–46.

[T03] Tsurusaki, N. 2003. Phenology and biology of harvestmen in and near Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan, with some taxonomical notes on Nelima suzukii n. sp. and allies (Arachnida: Opiliones). Acta Arachnologica 52: 5–24.

Aconitum

Monk's-hood Aconitum napellus, copyright Bernd Haynold.

Belongs within: Ranunculaceae.

Aconitum, the aconites, is a diverse genus of often highly toxic herbs found in temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere.

Characters (from Flora of China): Herbs perennial or pseudoannual, rarely annual, with taproots or 2 to several caudices. Stem erect or twining. Leaves simple or compound, cauline ones alternate, sometimes all basal, palmately divided, rarely undivided. Inflorescence usually racemose. Pedicel with 2 bracteoles. Flowers bisexual, zygomorphic. Sepals 5, petaloid, purple, blue, or yellow; lower sepals 2, narrowly lanceolate or oblong, small; lateral sepals 2, suborbicular; upper sepal falcate, navicular, galeate to cylindric. Petals 2, clawed; limb usually with lip and spur, secretory tissue usually at limb apex, rarely abaxial. Staminodes usually absent. Stamens numerous; anthers ellipsoid-globose. Carpels 3–5(–13); style short, persistent.

<==Aconitum
    |--A. alpino-nepalense O88
    |--A. amplexicaule O88
    |--A. angulatum O88
    |--A. anthora C55
    |--A. bhutanicum Kadota 1988 K88
    |--A. coreanum WB03
    |--A. dhwojii O88
    |--A. gammiei O88
    |--A. gymnandrum K88
    |--A. heterophylloides O88
    |    |--A. h. var. heterophylloides O88
    |    `--A. h. var. leucanthum O88
    |--A. heterophyllum K88
    |--A. hookeri O88
    |--A. japonicum K88
    |--A. laciniatum O88
    |--A. napellus C55
    |--A. naviculare O88
    |    |--A. n. var. naviculare O88
    |    `--A. n. var. leiocarpum O88
    |--A. nepalense O88
    |--A. novoluridum O88
    |--A. orochryseum O88
    |--A. pulchellum O88
    |--A. rotundifolium Kar. & Kir. 1842 (see below for synonymy) K88
    |--A. senanense K88
    |--A. spicatum O88
    |--A. staintonii O88
    |--A. tamuranum O88
    |--A. tanguticum (Maximowicz) Stapf 1905 (see below for synonymy) K88
    `--A. violaceum O88

Aconitum rotundifolium Kar. & Kir. 1842 [=A. napellus var. rotundifolium (Kar. & Kir.) Hooker & Thoms. 1872; incl. A. rotundifolium ssp. iliense Worosch. 1945, A. rotundifolium var. obtusilobum Tamura 1960, A. tianshanicum Ost. Sacken & Ruprecht 1896] K88

Aconitum tanguticum (Maximowicz) Stapf 1905 [=A. rotundifolium var. tanguticum Maximowicz 1889; incl. A. popovii Steinb. & Schisch. ex Sipliv. 1974, A. tanguticum var. trichocarpum Hand.-Mazz. 1939] K88

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[C55] Candolle, A. de. 1855. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 1. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[K88] Kadota, Y. 1988. Aconitum bhutanicum (Ranunculaceae), a new species from Bhutan. In: Ohba, H., & S. B. Malla (eds) The Himalayan Plants vol. 1. The University Museum, University of Tokyo, Bulletin 31: 211–216.

[O88] Ohba, H. 1988. The alpine flora of the Nepal Himalayas: an introductory note. In: Ohba, H., & S. B. Malla (eds) The Himalayan Plants vol. 1. The University Museum, University of Tokyo, Bulletin 31: 19–46.

[WB03] Wang, Q.-M., F.-Y. Bai, J.-H. Zhao & J.-H. Jia. 2003. Bensingtonia changbaiensis sp. nov. and Bensingtonia sorbi sp. nov., novel ballistoconidium-forming yeast species from plant leaves. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 53: 2085–2089.

Rhodiola

Himalayan rhodiola Rhodiola himalensis, copyright Thingnam Girija.

Belongs within: Crassulaceae.

Rhodiola is a genus of perennial, fleshy herbs found in high altitudes and frigid regions of the Northern Hemisphere.

Characters (from Flora of China): Herbs perennial, with some dimorphism. Rhizome a fleshy caudex, thick or slender, apex usually at or slightly above ground level. Caudex leaves present, usually reduced and scalelike, but sometimes with well-developed leaf blade. Flowering stems one to many, arising from axils of caudex leaves, annual, simple, leafy; dried remains of old stems sometimes persisting. Stem leaves usually alternate, occasionally verticillate or opposite, simple, fleshy. Inflorescences terminal, a simply or compoundly corymbiform or dichotomous cyme, less often 1-flowered, rarely a helicoid cyme or with additional axillary inflorescences arising from distal leaf axils, usually bracteate and pedunculate. Flowers usually bisexual, sometimes unisexual. Calyx (3 or)4- or 5(or 6)-parted. Petals ± free, as many as sepals. Stamens in 2 series, usually 2 × as many as petals; antepetalous stamens adnate to basal part of petals; anthers mostly purple before anthesis, later turning yellow, basifixed or less often dorsifixed, 2-loculed. Nectar scales linear, oblong, suborbicular, or quadrangular. Ovary superior; carpels as many as petals. Follicles few to many seeded.

<==Rhodiola
    |--R. amabilis O88
    |--R. bupleuroides O88
    |    |--R. b. var. bupleuroides KO88
    |    `--R. b. var. parva KO88
    |--R. calliantha O88
    |--R. coccinea O88
    |--R. crenulata O88
    |--R. cretinii O88
    |--R. discolor O88
    |--R. fastigiata O88
    |--R. heterodonta O88
    |--R. himalensis O88
    |    |--R. h. ssp. himalensis O88
    |    `--R. h. ssp. bouvieri O88
    |--R. humilis O88
    |--R. imbricata O88
    |--R. lobulata O88
    |--R. nepalica O88
    |--R. pamiroalaica O88
    |--R. prainii O88
    |--R. purpureoviridis O88
    |    |--R. p. ssp. purpureoviridis O88
    |    `--R. p. ssp. phariensis O88
    |--R. smithii O88
    `--R. wallichiana O88

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[KO88] Kikuchi, T., & H. Ohba. 1988. Preliminary study of alpine vegetation of the Himalayas, with special reference to the small-scale distribution patterns of plant communities. In: Ohba, H., & S. B. Malla (eds) The Himalayan Plants vol. 1. The University Museum, University of Tokyo, Bulletin 31: 47–70.

[O88] Ohba, H. 1988. The alpine flora of the Nepal Himalayas: an introductory note. In: Ohba, H., & S. B. Malla (eds) The Himalayan Plants vol. 1. The University Museum, University of Tokyo, Bulletin 31: 19-46.

Melianthales

Bersama abyssinica, from Flora of Zimbabwe.

Belongs within: Malvidae.

The Melianthales are a group of trees and shrubs with bird-pollinated flowers found in sub-Saharan Africa.

Characters (from Doweld 2001): Flower hermaphroditic, irregular; calyx 5-partite; four or five petals; four or five stamens, alternate with petals; filaments thick; anthers bilocular, dorsifixed, dehiscing via introrse slits; disc placed between petals and stamens, hippocrepiform, incompletely annular; ovary 4-5-locular; ovules 2-5, biseriate, ascending; capsule dorsihiscent or dorsilaterihiscent; seeds arillate or exarillate, with copious albumen, with embryonic axil straight.

<==Melianthales [Bersamoideae, Melianthoideae]
    |--Melianthus Tournefort 1694 [incl. Diplerisma Planchon 1851; Melianthaceae] D01
    |    |--M. comosus D01
    |    `--M. major D01
    `--Bersama Fresenius 1837 [incl. Natalia Hochstetter 1841; Bersamaceae] D01
         |--B. abyssinica D01
         |--B. lucens D01
         |--B. stayneri D01
         |--B. swynnertonii D01
         |--B. transvaalensis D01
         `--B. tysoniana D01

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[D01] Doweld, A. B. 2001. The systematic relevance of fruit and seed structure in Bersama and Melianthus (Melianthaceae). Plant Systematics and Evolution 227: 75–103.

Mangifera

Mango Mangifera indica, copyright Fpalli.

Belongs within: Anacardiaceae.

Mangifera is a genus of trees found primarily in lowland rainforest in tropical Asia, including the mango Mangifera indica and related species.

Characters (from Flora of China): Evergreen trees, andro-monoecious with functionally staminate and bisexual flowers in same inflorescence. Leaves petiolate, simple; leaf blade margin entire. Inflorescence a terminal pleiothyrsoid. Flowers small, 4- or 5-merous, with imbricate aestivation. Sepals sometimes united at base. Petals with 1-5 prominent veins adaxially. Stamens 5, free or united with disk basally, usually 1(or 2) noticeably larger. Disk of 5 separate extrastaminal glands. Ovary glabrous, 1-locular, 1-ovulate; style 1, terminal. Fruit drupaceous; mesocarp fleshy or fibrous; endocarp thick and bony, compressed. Embryo 1 to several by polyembryony.

<==Mangifera [=M. subg. Mangifera] YH02
    |  i. s.: M. altissima YH02
    |         M. caesia YH02
    |         M. kemanga YH02
    |         M. pajang YH02
    |         M. zeylanica YH02
    |--M. macrocarpa [=M. (subg. Limus sect. Perennis) macrocarpa] YH02
    |--M. sect. Rawa YH02
    |    |--M. griffithii YH02
    |    `--+--M. gracilipes YH02
    |       `--M. sect. Euantherae YH02
    |            |--M. caloneura YH02
    |            `--M. pentandra YH02
    `--+--M. cochinchinensis [=M. (sect. Euantherae) cochinchinensis] YH02
       |--M. subg. Limus sect. Perennis YH02
       |    |--M. foetida YH02
       |    `--M. odorata YH02 [M. foetida × M. indica KTG03]
       `--M. sect. Mangifera YH02
            |--+--M. flava YH02
            |  `--M. (sect. Marchandora) gedebe YH02
            `--+--M. oblongifolia YH02
               `--+--M. indica YH02
                  |--M. laurina YH02
                  `--M. sylvatica YH02

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[KTG03] Kiew, R., L. L. Teo & Y. Y. Gan. 2003. Assessment of the hybrid status of some Malesian plants using Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism. Telopea 10 (1): 225–233.

[YH02] Yonemori, K., C. Honsho, S. Kanzaki, W. Eiadthong & A. Sugiura. 2002. Phylogenetic relationships of Mangifera species revealed by ITS sequences of nuclear ribosomal DNA and a possibility of their hybrid origin. Plant Systematics and Evolution 231: 59–75.

Trifolium section Eulagopus

Red clover Trifolium pratense, copyright H. Zell.

Belongs within: Trifolium.

The section Eulagopus of the genus Trifolium is a group of clovers characterised by multiflorate infrutescences with all flowers equal and fertile, erect peduncles, and non-bracteate flowers (Basto Folque 1949).

<==Trifolium sect. Eulagopus
    |--T. subsect. Eutriphylum BF49
    |    |--T. angustifolium Linnaeus 1753 BF49
    |    |--T. cherleri BF49
    |    |--T. diffusum BF49
    |    |--T. hirtum BF49
    |    |--T. incarnatum Linnaeus 1753 BF49
    |    |--T. lappaceum Linnaeus 1753 BF49
    |    |    |--T. l. f. lappaceum BF49
    |    |    `--T. l. f. arrectisectum BF49
    |    |--T. leucanthum BF49
    |    |--T. maritimum BF49
    |    |--T. medium Linnaeus 1755 BF49
    |    |--T. ochroleucum Hudson 1762 BF49
    |    |--T. pratense Linnaeus 1753 BF49
    |    |    |  i. s.: T. p. f. sativum BF49
    |    |    |         T. p. f. villosum BF49
    |    |    |--T. p. var. pratense BF49
    |    |    `--T. p. var. nivale BF49
    |    |         |--T. p. var. n. f. nivale BF49
    |    |         `--T. p. var. n. f. lutescens BF49
    |    |--T. squarrosum Linnaeus 1753 BF49
    |    `--T. stellatum Linnaeus 1753 BF49
    |--T. (subsect. Lagopodioidea) lagopus BF49
    |--T. subsect. Lagopodium BF49
    |    |--T. arvense Linnaeus 1753 BF49
    |    |    |--T. a. f. arvense BF49
    |    |    |--T. a. f. agrestinum BF49
    |    |    `--T. a. f. brittingeri BF49
    |    |--T. bocconei BF49
    |    |--T. ligusticum [incl. T. arrectisectum Brotero 1816] BF49
    |    |--T. phleoides BF49
    |    |    |--T. p. ssp. phleoides BF49
    |    |    `--T. p. ssp. gemellum BF49
    |    `--T. scabrum Linnaeus 1753 BF49
    `--T. (subsect. Stenosemium) striatum Linnaeus 1753 BF49
         |--T. s. ssp. striatum BF49
         |--T. s. ssp. genuinum BF49
         |    |--T. s. ssp. g. var. genuinum BF49
         |    |--T. s. ssp. g. var. brevidens BF49
         |    |--T. s. ssp. g. var. nanum BF49
         |    `--T. s. ssp. g. var. spinescens BF49
         `--T. s. ssp. tenuiflorum BF49

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BF49] Basto Folque, N. A. P. de. 1949. Subsídios para o estudo do género Trifolium L. em Portugal. Melhoramento 1 (2): 11–120, est. I–XXIII.

Trifolium section Euamoria

White clover Trifolium repens, copyright Forest & Kim Starr.

Belongs within: Trifolium.

The section Euamoria of the genus Trifolium is a group of clovers characterised by the absence of an involucral bract around each inflorescence and entire stipules (Basto Folque 1949).

Characters (from Basto Folque 1949): Inflorescence without involucral bract. Flowers bracteate; calyx with 10 nerves, not intumescent-vesicular after anthesis; petals white or pink. Stipules entire.

<==Trifolium sect. Euamoria
    |--T. subsect. Amoria BF49
    |    |--T. cernuum Brotero 1816 BF49
    |    |    |--T. c. f. typicum BF49
    |    |    `--T. c. f. intermedium BF49
    |    |--T. isthmocarpum Brotero 1816 BF49
    |    |--T. michelianum Savi 1911 BF49
    |    |--T. nigrescens BF49
    |    |    |--T. n. f. nigrescens BF49
    |    |    `--T. n. f. gracile BF49
    |    |--T. parviflorum BF49
    |    `--T. repens BF49
    |         |--T. r. var. repens BF49
    |         |--T. r. var. giganteum BF49
    |         `--T. r. var. microphyllum BF49
    `--T. subsect. Micranthemum BF49
         |--T. glomeratum BF49
         `--T. suffocatum BF49

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BF49] Basto Folque, N. A. P. de. 1949. Subsídios para o estudo do género Trifolium L. em Portugal. Melhoramento 1 (2): 11–120, est. I–XXIII.

Pisum

Garden pea Pisum sativum, copyright Rasbak.

Belongs within: Fabeae.

Pisum is a small genus of herbaceous legumes, native to the Mediterranean region. It is most notable for including the widely grown Pisum sativum, the garden pea.

Characters (from Flora of China): Herbs annual or perennial. Stem often climbing by means of tendrils, terete, glabrous. Leaves paripinnate with rachis termi­nating in a tendril; stipules leaflike, cordate, larger than leaflets (to 10 cm); leaflets 1-3-paired, ovate to elliptic, margin entire or den­tate. Inflorescence a 1- to many-flowered raceme. Calyx campanulate; teeth more or less leaf-like, at least 2 teeth less than twice as long as tube. Corolla white or otherwise colored; standard obovate. Stamens diadelphous; staminal tube not oblique at apex; filaments distally slightly dilated. Ovary subsessile; ovules many; style curved inward, distally dilated and margin recurved forming a laterally com­pressed body, longitudinally grooved, hairy on upper side. Legume long elliptic, inflated, apex acute. Seeds many, spheroid.

<==Pisum
    |--P. arvense D37
    |--P. fulvum LR-S01
    |--P. humile D37
    `--P. sativum LR-S01
         |--P. s. ssp. sativum LR-S01
         |--P. s. ssp. abyssinicum LR-S01
         |--P. s. ssp. elatius LR-S01
         |--P. s. ssp. jomardii LR-S01
         |--P. s. ssp. nepalensis LR-S01
         |--P. s. ssp. syriacum LR-S01
         |--P. s. ssp. thebicum LR-S01
         `--P. s. ssp. transcaucasicum LR-S01

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[D37] Dobzhansky, T. 1937. Genetics and the Origin of Species. Columbia University Press: New York.

[LR-S01] Liu, A., & T. J. Ridsdill-Smith. 2001. Comparison of feeding damage by redlegged earth mite Halotydeus destructor (Tucker) (Acari: Penthaleidae) to different grain legume species as an indicator of potentially resistant lines. In: Halliday, R. B., D. E. Walter, H. C. Proctor, R. A. Norton & M. J. Colloff (eds) Acarology: Proceedings of the 10^th International Congress pp. 295–299. CSIRO Publishing: Melbourne.

Crataegus

Common hawthorn Crataegus monogyna, copyright Jean-Pol Grandmont.

Belongs within: Rosaceae.

Crataegus, the hawthorns, is a diverse genus of often thorny shrubs and small trees found in northern temperate regions.

Characters (from Flora of China): Shrubs, subshrubs, or small trees, deciduous, rarely evergreen, armed, rarely unarmed; buds ovoid or subglobose. Leaves simple, stipulate, venation craspedodromous, margin serrate and lobed or partite, rarely entire. Inflorescences corymbose, sometimes flowers solitary. Hypanthium campanulate. Sepals 5. Petals 5, white, rarely pinkish. Stamens 5–25; carpels 1–5, connate, but free apically. Ovary inferior or semi-inferior, with 2 ovules per locule, but one rudimentary. Fruit a pome, with persistent sepals at apex; carpels bony when mature, each locule with 1 seed; seed erect, cotyledons plano-convex.

<==Crataegus
    |--C. coccinea Linnaeus 1753 [incl. C. pedicellata Sargent 1901] PCM03
    |--C. cordata [=Mespilus cordata] PCM03
    |--C. dodgei PCM03
    |--C. holmesiana PCM03
    |--C. intricata PCM03
    |--C. laciniata R-CT01
    |--C. laevigata TG88
    |--C. magniflora PCM03
    |--C. maximowiczii [incl. C. sanguinea] LO98
    |--C. mollis PCM03
    |--C. monogyna BH02
    |--C. nigra PCM03
    |--C. oxyacantha C55
    |--C. phaenopyrum PCM03
    `--C. pringlei PCM03

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BH02] Bell, J. R., A. J. Haughton, N. D. Boatman & A. Wilcox. 2002. Do incremental increases of the herbicide glyphosate have indirect consequences for spider communities? Journal of Arachnology 30 (2): 288–297.

[C55] Candolle, A. de. 1855. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 2. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[LO98] Lack, H. W., & H. Ohba. 1998. Die Xylothek des Chikusai Kato. Willdenowia 28: 263–276.

[PCM03] Phipps, J. B., S. Cafferty & J. A. Macklin. 2003. Lectotypification of Crataegus coccinea L. and its conspecificity with C. pedicellata Sarg. (Rosaceae). Taxon 52: 337–338.

[R-CT01] Ragusa-di Chiara, S., & H. Tsolakis. 2001. Phytoseiid faunas of natural and agricultural ecosystems in Sicily. In: Halliday, R. B., D. E. Walter, H. C. Proctor, R. A. Norton & M. J. Colloff (eds) Acarology: Proceedings of the 10^th International Congress pp. 522–529. CSIRO Publishing: Melbourne.

[TG88] Tepfer, D., A. Goldmann, N. Pamboukdjian, M. Maille, A. Lepingle, D. Chevalier, J. Dénarié & C. Rosenberg. 1988. A plasmid of Rhizobium meliloti 41 encodes catabolism of two compounds from root exudate of Calystegium sepium. Journal of Bacteriology 170 (3): 1153–1161.

Atriplex section Arenariae

Atriplex elegans, from World Botanical.

Belongs within: Atriplex.

The subsection Arenariae in the genus Atriplex is a group of erect or procumbent herbs found in North America.

Characters (from Flores Olvera 2003): Erect, spreading or prostrate annuals to perennials. Leaves alternate, sessile to sub-petiolate; blades ovate, elliptic to linear; margin entire, sinuate to dentate; base attenuate, acute, cuneate to rounded. Staminate inflorescences terminal, spicate to paniculate. Fruiting bracteoles 1–7 per axil, sessile to subsessile, 1–3-nerved to tuberculate; margine entire or with 3–39 teeth from the base or the middle, usually the terminal tooth longer than the laterals; apex rounded to triangular.

<==Atriplex subsect. Arenariae (Standley) Welsh 2000 FO03
    |--A. (subsect. *Arenariae) arenaria Nuttall 1818 FO03
    |--A. abata Johnston 1940 FO03
    |--A. confinis Standley 1916 FO03
    |--A. coronata Watson 1874 FO03
    |--A. coulteri (Moquin-Tandon) Dietrich 1852 FO03
    |--A. elegans (Moquin-Tandon) Dietrich 1852 FO03
    |--A. fasciculata Watson 1882 FO03
    |--A. fructiculosa Jeps. 1892 FO03
    |--A. linifolia von Humboldt & Bonpland ex von Willdenow 1806 FO03
    |--A. muricata von Humboldt & Bonpland ex von Willdenow 1806 FO03
    |--A. pacifica Nelson 1904 FO03
    |--A. pentandra (von Jacquin) Standley 1916 FO03
    |--A. pueblensis Standley 1916 FO03
    |--A. serenana Nelson ex Abrams 1904 FO03
    |--A. tampicensis Standley 1916 FO03
    |--A. texana Watson 1874 FO03
    |--A. thornberi (Jones) Standley 1916 FO03
    |--A. valdesii Flores Olvera 1994 FO03
    `--A. wrightii Watson 1874 FO03

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[FO03] Flores Olvera, H. 2003. Classification of North American species of Atriplex section Obione (Chenopodiaceae) based on numerical taxonomic analysis. Taxon 52: 247–260.

Androsace

Androsace chamaejasme, copyright Denis Barthel.

Belongs within: Primulales.

Androsace is a mostly boreal and alpine genus of plants found in Eurasia and North America.

Characters (from Flora of North America): Herbs usually annual or perennial, rarely biennial, sometimes cushion- or mat-forming, rarely slightly succulent. Rhizomes absent; roots fibrous or a slender taproot. Stems ascending, simple. Leaves in single or multiple basal rosettes, simple; petiole absent or obscure, slightly winged; blade lanceolate to spatulate or cuneate, base attenuate, cuneate, or truncate, margins entire or moderately dentate, apex acute to obtuse (often dentate), surfaces usually hairy, hairs grayish white, simple or forked. Scapes 1-25. Inflorescences umbels, 2-20-flowered, involucrate; bracts 1-10. Pedicels absent or erect to arcuate, elongating with age. Flowers homostylous; sepals 5, green, calyx broadly campanulate to subglobose or hemispheric, ± 5-angled, not keeled, glabrous, pilose, or puberulent, lobes shorter than tube; petals 5, white, sometimes fading to pink in age [pink to shades of red], corolla campanulate to salverform, tube yellow, ± inflated, lobes shorter than tube, apex emarginate to entire; stamens included; filaments indistinct, very short; anthers not connivent. Capsules globose to subglobose, valvate, dehiscent nearly to base. Seeds usually 3-4 in perennial species, 20-50+ in annual species, brown, 4-angled to somewhat trigonous, reticulate to almost smooth. x = 10.

<==Androsace
    |--A. chamaejasme C55
    |--A. delavayi O88
    |--A. globifera O88
    |--A. hookeriana O88
    |--A. imbricata C55
    |--A. lactea C55
    |--A. lehmannii O88
    |--A. muscoidea O88
    |    |--A. m. f. muscoidea O88
    |    `--A. m. f. longiscapa O88
    |--A. nortonii O88
    |--A. obtusifolia C55
    |--A. sarmentosa O88
    |--A. strigillosa O88
    |--A. tapete O88
    |--A. villosa C55
    `--A. zambalensis O88

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[C55] Candolle, A. de. 1855. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 1. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[O88] Ohba, H. 1988. The alpine flora of the Nepal Himalayas: an introductory note. In: Ohba, H., & S. B. Malla (eds) The Himalayan Plants vol. 1. The University Museum, University of Tokyo, Bulletin 31: 19–46.

Monotropoideae

Umbellate wintergreen Chimaphila umbellata, copyright Christian Fischer.

Belongs within: Ericaceae.

The Monotropoideae are a Holarctic clade of herbaceous plants. Members of the tribes Pterosporeae and Monotropeae lack chlorophyll, acquiring nutrients through parasitism on soil fungi (Kron et al. 2002).

Characters (from Kron et al. 2002): Echlorophyllous mycotrophic herbs usually blackening on drying, stems annual, with spiral, entire, sessile, non-differentiated leaves convolute in bud. Pith homogeneous. Leaf epidermal cells not lignified, fibres not associated with midrib. Indumentum none, rarely with multicellular, obscurely glandular, hairs. Inflorescence terminal, racemose or flower single, terminal; bracts present, bracteoles none, basal or apical; calyx articulated with pedicel or not. Flowers (4-)5(-6)-merous, actinomorphic. Calyx lobes small, more or less persistent; corolla sympetalous or polypetalous, campanulate or tubular, or perianth uniseriate, more or less tubular, parts free, basally saccate, glabrous or with hairs adaxially. Stamens 10, the filaments not dilated basally, straight, glabrous or with short hairs; anther dehiscing by terminal pores or more or less elongated slits, inverting just before anthesis, appendages uncommon, small, smooth, paired, at anther-filament junction, or anthers hippocrepiform, dehiscing by slits, appendages none, surface usually smooth, endothecium at most poorly developed, pollen monadinous. Ovary (4-)5(-8)-locular, with axile to parietal placentation and many ovules per locule, superior; style usually impressed, little longer than ovary; stigma barely expanded, rarely lobed. Fruit a loculicidal capsule, berry or irregularly dehiscent; seeds with isodiametric cells moderately to massively thickened on inner surfaces, or tailed, with moderately elongated and unthickened cells; embryo minute, undifferentiated, with <30 cells; n = 8, 13, 26, 32 (x = 8, 13?).

<==Monotropoideae [Pyroloideae]
    |  i. s.: Andresia H03
    |--Pterosporeae KJ02
    |    |--Pterospora andromeda KJ02
    |    `--Sarcodes sanguinea KJ02
    |--Pyroleae [Pyrolaceae] KJ02
    |    |--Moneses uniflora KJ02
    |    |--Orthilia secunda KJ02
    |    |--Pyrola KJ02
    |    |    |--P. picta KJ02
    |    |    `--P. rotundifolia KJ02
    |    `--Chimaphila KJ02
    |         |--C. maculata KJ02
    |         |--C. menziesii KJ02
    |         `--C. umbellata KJ02
    `--Monotropeae [Monotropaceae] KJ02
         |--Allotropa virgata KJ02
         |--Hemitomes congestum KJ02
         |--Monotropsis odorata KJ02
         |--Pityopus californicus KJ02
         |--Pleuricospora fimbriolata KJ02
         |--Cheilotheca KJ02
         |--Hypopitys KJ02
         |--Monotropastrum KJ02
         `--Monotropa KJ02
              |--M. hypopithys KJ02
              `--M. uniflora KJ02

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[H03] Heads, M. 2003. Ericaceae in Malesia: vicariance biogeography, terrane tectonics and ecology. Telopea 10 (1): 311–449.

[KJ02] Kron, K. A., W. S. Judd, P. F. Stevens, D. M. Crayn, A. A. Anderberg, P. A. Gadek, C. J. Quinn & J. L. Luteyn. 2002. Phylogenetic classification of Ericaceae: molecular and morphological evidence. Botanical Review 68: 335–423.