Belongs within: Pterygota.
Contains: Hypoperlina, Strephocladina, Psocoptera, Hemiptera, Thysanoptera.
The Paraneoptera are a group of insects characterised by a tendency to an elongate head, due to the enlargement of the postclypeus. The Middle Carboniferous to Permian Hypoperlida were regarded by Rasnitsyn (2002b) as stem-paraneopterans, citing the presence of a maxilla with detached, rod-like lacinia as a synapomorphy for this clade. Many hypoperlidans, however, are only known from wings.
Characters (from Grimaldi & Engel 2005): Postclypeus large, with large cibarial dilator muscles; labial palps reduced or lost; asymmetrical mandibles; maxillary laciniae slender, long, detached from stipes, independently movable; legs with three or fewer tarsomeres; winged forms usually with abdominal trichobothria; ganglia in abdomen fused into one large mass; cerci lost.
<==Paraneoptera [Cimiciformes, Hypoperlidea]
|--Hypoperlida R02b
| | i. s.: Rhynomaloptila R02b
| | Rhipidioptera R02b
| | Psoroptera R02b
| | Homoeodictyon elongatum R02b, R02a
| |--Hypoperlina R02b
| |--Strephocladina R02b
| `--Perielytron mirabile R02b
|--Miomoptera [Palaeomanteida, Palaeomanteidea] GE05
| | i. s.: Saaromioptera R02d
| |--Metropator R02b [Metropatoridae GE05]
| | `--M. pusillus R02b
| |--Archaemiopteridae R02d
| | |--Archemioptera R02d
| | `--Eodelopterum priscum GE05
| |--Palaeomantiscidae R02d
| | |--Palaeomantina pentamera R02d
| | `--Sellardiopsis [incl. Palaeomantisca] R02d
| | `--S. conspicua [incl. Palaeomantisca lata] R02d
| |--Permosialidae [Perloblattidae, Tologopteridae] GE05
| | |--Permonka R02d
| | `--Permosialis [incl. Sarbalopterodes, Tologoptera] R02d
| | |--P. asiatica R02d
| | `--P. belmontensis Riek 1968 F71
| `--Palaeomanteidae R02d
| |--Epimastax soyanensis R02d
| |--Delopterum [incl. Miomatoneurella, Stephanomioptera] R02d
| | `--D. rasnitsyni R02d
| `--Palaeomantis Handlirsch 1904 (see below for synonymy) R02d
| |--*P. schmidti R02d
| `--P. aestivus R02d
`--+--Permopsocida [Permopsocina] GE05
| |--Permopsocidae GE05
| |--Archipsyllidae R02c
| `--Psocidiidae [Dichentomidae] GE05
| |--Eopsylla R02c
| |--Dichentomum R02c
| `--Parapsocidium uralicum R02c
`--+--+--Montanuraliidae N02
| `--+--Psocoptera GE05
| `--Sojanopus Novokshonov 2002 [Sojanoperidae] N02
| `--*S. festivum Novokshonov 2002 N02
`--Condylognatha GE05
|--Hemiptera GE05
`--Thripida Z02
|--Thysanoptera GE05
`--Lophioneuridae [Lophioneurida, Lophioneurina] GE05
| i. s.: Vitriala Z02
| Psococicadellopsis Z02
| Surijokocypha Z02
|--Zoropsocinae Z02
| |--Tschekardus hispidus Z02
| |--Zoropsocoides Z02
| `--Zoropsocus GE05
| |--Z. itschetuensis GE05
| `--Z. stanleyi Davis 1942 F71
`--Lophioneurinae Z02
|--Cyphoneura Z02
|--Cyphoneurodes patriciae Z02, PL12
|--Lophioneura ustulata Tillyard 1921 Z02, F71
|--Austrocypha abrupta Z02, F71
|--Undacypha [incl. Edgariekia Jell & Duncan 1986; Edgariekiidae] Z02
|--Jantardachus perfectus Z02
|--Burmacypha longicornis Z02
`--Lophiocypha Z02
|--L. maxima Davis 1942 F71
|--L. permiana F71
`--L. stanleyi F71
Palaeomantis Handlirsch 1904 [incl. Miomatoneura Martynov 1927, Permodelopterum Kukalová 1963, Permonia Kukalová 1963, Permonikia Kukalová 1963, Perunopterum Kukalová 1963] R02d
*Type species of generic name indicated
REFERENCES
[F71] Fletcher, H. O. 1971. Catalogue of type specimens of fossils in the Australian Museum, Sydney. Australian Museum Memoir 13: 1-167.
[GE05] Grimaldi, D., & M. S. Engel. 2005. Evolution of the Insects. Cambridge University Press: New York.
[N02] Novokshonov, V. G. 2002. New enigmatic insects (Insecta: Hypoperlidea?: Sojanoperidae) from the Upper Permian of northern Russia. Paleontologicheskii Zhurnal 2002 (1): 51-53 (transl. Paleontological Journal 36 (1): 48-49).
[PL12] Peñalver, E., C. C. Labandeira, E. Barrón, X. Delclòs, P. Nel, A. Nel, P. Tafforeau & C. Soriano. 2012. Thrips pollination of Mesozoic gymnosperms. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 109 (22): 8623-8628.
[R02a] Rasnitsyn, A. P. 2002a. Subclass Scarabaeona Laicharting, 1781. The winged insects (=Pterygota Lang, 1888). In History of Insects (A. P. Rasnitsyn & D. L. J. Quicke, eds) pp. 75-83. Kluwer Academic Publishers: Dordrecht.
[R02b] Rasnitsyn, A. P. 2002b. Cohors Cimiciformes Laicharting, 1781. In History of Insects (A. P. Rasnitsyn & D. L. J. Quicke, eds) pp. 104-115. Kluwer Academic Publishers: Dordrecht.
[R02c] Rasnitsyn, A. P. 2002c. Superorder Psocidea Leach, 1815. In History of Insects (A. P. Rasnitsyn & D. L. J. Quicke, eds) pp. 125-133. Kluwer Academic Publishers: Dordrecht.
[R02d] Rasnitsyn, A. P. 2002d. Cohors Scarabaeiformes Laicharting, 1781. The holometabolans (=Holometabola Burmeister, 1835, =Endopterygota Sharp, 1899, =Oligoneoptera Martynov, 1938). In History of Insects (A. P. Rasnitsyn & D. L. J. Quicke, eds) pp. 157-164. Kluwer Academic Publishers: Dordrecht.
[Z02] Zherikhin, V. V. 2002. Order Thripida Fallen, 1914. (=Thysanoptera Haliday, 1836) The thrips. In History of Insects (A. P. Rasnitsyn & D. L. J. Quicke, eds) pp. 133-143. Kluwer Academic Publishers: Dordrecht.
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