Plecotus

Brown long-eared bat Plecotus auritus, copyright Dragiša Savić.

Belongs within: Vespertilioninae.

Plecotus, the long-eared bats, is a Holarctic genus of bats with a narrow rostrum and ears much longer than wide (Miller 1907).

Characters (from Miller 1907): Dental formula i2/3, c1/1, pm2/3, m3/3, total 36. Upper incisors well devoloped, each with a distinct secondary cusp, the inner tooth much smaller than the outer, and separated from canine by a space about equal to its diameter; lower incisors subequal, trifid, the crowns increasing in size from first to third, and forming a continuous, strongly convex row between canines. Upper canines rather small and weak, but not peouliar in form; lower canine with cingulum produced into a distinct though small anterior basal cusp. Cheek teeth normal, though rather small; anterior upper premolar (pm²) in contact with canine, but separated from large premolar (pm⁴) by a narrow space; posterior premolar with distinct though small inner cusp; upper molars short on inner side, the spaces between the crowns unusually large; m¹ and m² with no trace of hypocone; m³ with crown area about half that of m², its metacone and third commissure small but distinct; lower molars with all the cusps present and well developed, the protoconid noticeably higher than the hypoconid. Skull with large, elongate and rounded braincase, but with rostrum slender and reduced, its upper surface convex in lateral view; lachrymal ridges well developed (subgenus Plecotus) or lachrymal region smoothly rounded (Corynorhinus); audital bullae large, rounded, their greatest diameter equal to about three times the distance between them. Ears very large, much longer than head, joined across forehead; nostrils opening upward, their orifice continued backward by a slit-like prolongation.

<==Plecotus Geoffroy 1813 [incl. Macrotus Leach 1816 (n. n.) non Gray 1843] M07
    |  i. s.: P. austriacus IT07
    |         P. mexicanus (Allen 1916) MB86
    |         P. rafinesquei Lesson 1827 [=Corynorhinus rafinesquei] K92
    |         P. taivanus IT07
    |         P. teneriffae IT07
    |--*P. (Plecotus) auritus (Linnaeus 1758) M07, K92 [=Vespertilio auritus M07]
    `--P. (Corynorhinus Allen 1865) G69, M07 (see below for synonymy)
         |--P. (*C.) macrotis M07
         `--P. (C.) townsendii Cooper 1837 G69, K92
              |--P. t. townsendii MB86
              |--P. t. australis (Handley 1955) MB86
              |--P. t. ingens BP87
              `--P. t. virginianus BP87

Nomen nudum: Macrotus europaeus Leach 1816 M07

Plecotus (Corynorhinus Allen 1865) G69, M07 [=Corynorhynchus Peters 1865 M07; incl. Synotus Allen 1864 non Keyserling & Blasius 1839 M07]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BP87] Burton, J. A., & B. Pearson. 1987. Collins Guide to the Rare Mammals of the World. Collins: London.

[G69] Goodwin, G. G. 1969. Mammals from the State of Oaxaca, Mexico, in the American Museum of Natural History. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 141 (1): 1–269, 40 pls.

[IT07] Isaac, N. J. B., S. T. Turvey, B. Collen, C. Waterman & J. E. M. Baillie. 2007. Mammals on the EDGE: conservation priorities based on threat and phylogeny. PloS One 2 (3): e296.

[K92] Klompen, J. S. H. 1992. Phylogenetic relationships in the mite family Sarcoptidae (Acari: Astigmata). Miscellaneous Publications, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan 180: i–vi, 1–154.

[MB86] Matson, J. O., & R. H. Baker. 1986. Mammals of Zacatecas. Special Publications, Museum of Texas Tech University 24: 1–88.

[M07] Miller, G. S., Jr. 1907. The families and genera of bats. Smithsonian Institution, United States National Museum, Bulletin 57: i–xvii, 1–282, pl. I–XIV.

Mormoopidae

Parnell's moustached bat Pteronotus parnellii, copyright Brock Fenton.

Belongs within: Noctilionoidea.

The Mormoopidae, moustached bats and ghost-faced bats, are family of bats found in tropical and subtropical parts of the New World, characterised by complex outgrowths of the lower lip that take the place of the nose leaf found in other bat groups.

Characters (from Miller 1907): Teeth normal; humerus without secondary articulation with scapula, the tubercles short, rising scarcely above level of head, epitrochlea small, hardly more than base to large spinous process; muzzle without nose leaf; lower lip with plate-like outgrowths.

<==Mormoopidae (see below for synonymy)
    |--Mormoops Leach 1821 [incl. Aello Leach 1821] M07
    |    |--*M. blainvillii M07
    |    |--‘*Aello’ cuvieri M07
    |    |--M. magna Silva Taboada 1974 AC98
    |    `--M. megalophylla Peters 1864 MB86
    `--Pteronotus Gray 1838 K92, C57 (see below for synonymy)
         |--*P. davyi Gray 1838 [=Chilonycteris davyi, Dermonotus davyi] C57
         |    |--P. d. davyi MB86
         |    `--P. d. fulvus (Thomas 1892) MB86 [incl. P. suapurensis calvus Goodwin 1958 G69]
         |--P. gymnonotus (Wagner 1843) K06, C57 (see below for synonymy)
         |--P. macleayii (Gray 1839) K92 [=*Chilonycteris macleayii C57; incl. Lobostoma cinnamomeum G66]
         |--P. parnellii MB86 [=*Phyllodia parnellii M07]
         |    |--P. p. parnellii MB86
         |    `--P. p. mexicanus (Miller 1902) MB86 [=P. rubiginosa mexicana G69]
         |--P. personata (Wagner 1843) G69, C57 [=Chilonycteris personata C57, Chylonycteris personatus C57]
         |    |--P. p. personatus G69
         |    `--P. p. psilotis (Dobson 1878) G69, C57 [=Chilonycteris psilotis C57]
         |--P. pristinus Silva Taboada 1974 AC98
         |--P. quadridens IT07
         `--P. rubiginosa (Wagner 1843) G69, C57 [=Chilonycteris rubiginosus C57, C. rubiginosa G69]
              |--P. r. rubiginosa G69
              `--P. r. fusca (Allen 1911) G69, C57 [=Chilonycteris rubiginosa fusca C57]

Mormoopidae [Chilonycteriinae, Chilonycterinae, Lobostomidae, Lobostominae, Mormopes, Mormophidae, Mormopida, Mormopidae, Mormopinae, Mormopini, Mormopsina, Phyllodiana] ST01

Pteronotus Gray 1838 K92, C57 [incl. Chilonycteris Gray 1839 G69, C57, Dermonotus Gill 1901 C57, Lobostoma Gundlach 1840 C57, Phyllodia Gray 1843 C57]

Pteronotus gymnonotus (Wagner 1843) K06, C57 [=Chilonycteris gymnonotus C57; incl. Dermonotus suapurensis Allen 1904 C57, Pteronotus suapurensis K06]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[AC98] Alcover, J. A., X. Campillo, M. Macias & A. Sans. 1998. Mammal species of the world: additional data on insular mammals. American Museum Novitates 3248: 1–29.

[C57] Cabrera, A. 1957. Catalogo de los mamiferos de America del Sur. I (Metatheria—Unguiculata—Carnivora). Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales “Bernardino Rivadavia” e Instituto Nacional de Investigacion de Las Ciencias Naturales, Ciencias Zoológicas 4 (1): 1–307.

[G69] Goodwin, G. G. 1969. Mammals from the State of Oaxaca, Mexico, in the American Museum of Natural History. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 141 (1): 1–269, 40 pls.

[G66] Gray, J. E. 1866. Notice of the examination of the type specimen of Aëllo cuvieri of Leach. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 147–148.

[IT07] Isaac, N. J. B., S. T. Turvey, B. Collen, C. Waterman & J. E. M. Baillie. 2007. Mammals on the EDGE: conservation priorities based on threat and phylogeny. PloS One 2 (3): e296.

[K92] Klompen, J. S. H. 1992. Phylogenetic relationships in the mite family Sarcoptidae (Acari: Astigmata). Miscellaneous Publications, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan 180: i–vi, 1–154.

[K06] Kwiecinski, G. G. 2006. Phyllostomus discolor. Mammalian Species 801: 1–11.

[MB86] Matson, J. O. & R. H. Baker. 1986. Mammals of Zacatecas. Special Publications, Museum of Texas Tech University 24: 1–88.

[M07] Miller, G. S., Jr. 1907. The families and genera of bats. Smithsonian Institution, United States National Museum, Bulletin 57: i–xvii, 1–282, pl. I–XIV.

Perognathinae

Silky pocket mouse Perognathus flavus, copyright Bob Beatson.

Belongs within: Heteromyidae.

The Perognathinae, pocket mice, are two genera Perognathus and Chaetodipus (sometimes united in a single genus) of small mouse-like heteromyid rodents found in arid regions of western North America. Their relationship is supported by biochemical data (Hafner & Hafner 1983).

<==Perognathinae HH83
    |--Chaetodipus Merriam 1889 HH83
    |    |--*C. spinatus [=Perognathus spinatus] HH83
    |    |--C. anthonyi Osgood 1900 [=Perognathus anthonyi] HH83
    |    |--C. arenarius Merriam 1894 [=Perognathus arenarius] HH83
    |    |--C. artus [=Perognathus artus] HH83
    |    |--C. baileyi [=Perognathus baileyi] HH83
    |    |--C. californicus [=Perognathus californicus] HH83
    |    |--C. dalquesti Roth 1976 [=Perognathus dalquesti] HH83
    |    |--C. fallax Merriam 1889 [=Perognathus fallax] HH83
    |    |--C. formosus (Merriam 1889) [=Perognathus formosus] HH83
    |    |--C. goldmani [=Perognathus goldmani] HH83
    |    |--C. hispidus [=Perognathus (Chaetodipus) hispidus] HH83
    |    |    |--C. h. hispidus MB86
    |    |    |--‘Perognathus’ h. spilotus Merriam 1899 B75
    |    |    `--‘Perognathus’ h. zacatecae Osgood 1900 MB86
    |    |--C. intermedius [=Perognathus intermedius] HH83
    |    |--C. lineatus Dalquest 1951 [=Perognathus lineatus] HH83
    |    |--C. nelsoni (Merriam 1894) HH83, MB86 [=Perognathus nelsoni HH83]
    |    |--C. penicillatus [=Perognathus penicillatus] HH83
    |    |    |--C. p. penicillatus MB86
    |    |    `--‘Perognathus’ p. eremicus Mearns 1898 MB86
    |    `--C. pernix [=Perognathus pernix] HH83
    `--Perognathus Wied-Neuwied 1839 HH83
         |--P. alticola IT07
         |--P. amplus IT07
         |--P. fasciatus MH03
         |--P. flavescens MH03
         |    |--P. f. flavescens B75
         |    `--P. f. perniger Osgood 1904 B75
         |--P. flavus MH03
         |    |--P. f. flavus MB86
         |    |--P. f. medius Baker 1954 MB86
         |    |--P. f. pallescens Baker 1954 MB86
         |    `--P. f. parviceps Baker 1954 MB86
         |--P. gidleyi MH03
         |--P. inornatus IT07
         |--P. longimembris HH83
         |    |--P. l. longimembris HD37
         |    `--P. l. panamintinus HD37
         |--P. merriami NB83
         |    |--P. m. merriami NB83
         |    `--P. m. gilvus NB83
         |--P. parvus HH83
         |    |--P. p. parvus HD37
         |    `--P. p. olivaceus HD37
         |--P. pearlettensis MH03
         `--P. xanthanotus IT07

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B75] Bowles, J. B. 1975. Distribution and biogeography of mammals of Iowa. Special Publications, The Museum, Texas Tech University 9: 1–184.

[HH83] Hafner, J. C., & M. S. Hafner. 1983. Evolutionary relationships of heteromyid rodents. In Biology of Desert Rodents. Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs 7: 3–29.

[HD37] Hall, E. R., & S. D. Durrant. 1937. A new kangaroo mouse (Microdipodops) of Utah and Nevada. Journal of Mammalogy 18 (3): 357–359.

[IT07] Isaac, N. J. B., S. T. Turvey, B. Collen, C. Waterman & J. E. M. Baillie. 2007. Mammals on the EDGE: conservation priorities based on threat and phylogeny. PloS One 2 (3): e296.

[MH03] Martin, R. A., R. T. Hurt, J. G. Honey & P. Peláez-Campomanes. 2003. Late Pliocene and Early Pleistocene rodents fom the northern Borchers Badlands (Meade County, Kansas), with comments on the Blancan-Irvingtonian boundary in the Meade Basin. Journal of Paleontology 77 (5): 985–1001.

[MB86] Matson, J. O. & R. H. Baker. 1986. Mammals of Zacatecas. Special Publications, Museum of Texas Tech University 24: 1–88.

[NB83] Nikolai, J. C. & D. M. Bramble. 1983. Morphological structure and function in desert heteromyid rodents. Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs 7: 44–64.

Geomyidae

Variable pocket gopher Orthogeomys heterodus, copyright INBio.

Belongs within: Castorimorpha.
Contains: Thomomys, Geomys.

The Geomyidae, pocket gophers, are a group of burrowing rodents found in North and Central America. They share the presence of externally opening, fur-lined cheek pouches with the related kangaroo rats and pocket mice of the Heteromyidae, but are distinguished by their adaptions for a fossorial lifestyle (Hafner & Hafner 1983).

<==Geomyidae
    |  i. s.: ‘Sorex’ mexicanus Kerr 1792 HH83
    |         Dikkomys B74
    |         Heterogeomys hispidus G69
    |           |--H. h. hispidus G69
    |           |--H. h. isthmicus G69
    |           |--H. h. tehuantepecus G69
    |           `--H. h. torridus G69
    |         Gregorymys MJ11
    |--Entoptychus MJ11 [Entoptychinae HH83]
    |--Pleurolicus MJ11 [Pleurolicinae HH83]
    `--Geomyinae HH83
         |--Parapliosaccomys HH83
         `--+--Thomomys GE05
            `--+--Geomys GE05
               `--+--Zygogeomys trichopus GE05
                  |--Orthogeomys GE05
                  |    |  i. s.: O. cuniculus G69
                  |    |         O. dariensis IT07
                  |    |         O. (Orthogeomys) grandis HH83
                  |    |           |--O. g. grandis G69
                  |    |           |--O. g. alleni G69
                  |    |           |--O. g. alvarezi Schaldach 1966 G69
                  |    |           |--O. g. carbo G69
                  |    |           |--O. g. felipensis G69
                  |    |           |--O. g. nelsoni G69
                  |    |           `--O. g. scalops G69
                  |    |         O. lanius IT07
                  |    |         O. matagalpae IT07
                  |    |         O. thaeleri IT07
                  |    |--O. hispidus GE05
                  |    `--+--+--O. cavator GE05
                  |       |  `--O. underwoodi GE05
                  |       `--+--O. cherriei GE05
                  |          `--O. (Macrogeomys) heterodus GE05, HH83
                  `--+--Cratogeomys GE05
                     |    |--C. castanops GE05
                     |    `--C. merriami GE05
                     `--Pappogeomys GE05
                          |--P. alcorni IT07
                          |--P. bulleri GE05
                          |--P. castanops MB86
                          |    |--P. c. castanops MB86
                          |    |--P. c. goldmani (Merriam 1895) MB86
                          |    |--P. c. rubellus (Nelson & Goldman 1934) MB86
                          |    |--P. c. subnubilus (Nelson & Goldman 1934) MB86
                          |    `--P. c. surculus Russell 1968 MB86
                          |--P. fumosus IT07
                          |--P. gymnurus HH83
                          |--P. merriami IT07
                          |--P. neglectus IT07
                          |--P. tylorhinus IT07
                          `--P. zinseri IT07

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B74] Bugge, J. 1974. The cephalic arterial system in insectivores, primates, rodents and lagomorphs, with special reference to the systematic classification. Acta Anatomica 87 (Suppl 62): 1–160.

[G69] Goodwin, G. G. 1969. Mammals from the State of Oaxaca, Mexico, in the American Museum of Natural History. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 141 (1): 1–269, 40 pls.

[GE05] Grimaldi, D., & M. S. Engel. 2005. Evolution of the Insects. Cambridge University Press: New York.

[HH83] Hafner, J. C., & M. S. Hafner. 1983. Evolutionary relationships of heteromyid rodents. In Biology of Desert Rodents. Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs 7: 3–29.

[IT07] Isaac, N. J. B., S. T. Turvey, B. Collen, C. Waterman & J. E. M. Baillie. 2007. Mammals on the EDGE: conservation priorities based on threat and phylogeny. PloS One 2 (3): e296.

[MB86] Matson, J. O. & R. H. Baker. 1986. Mammals of Zacatecas. Special Publications, Museum of Texas Tech University 24: 1–88.

[MJ11] Meredith, R. W., J. E. Janečka, J. Gatesy, O. A. Ryder, C. A. Fisher, E. C. Teeling, A. Goodbla, E. Eizirik, T. L. L. Simão, T. Stadler, D. L. Rabosky, R. L. Honeycutt, J. J. Flynn, C. M. Ingram, C. Steiner, T. L. Williams, T. J. Robinson, A. Burk-Herrick, M. Westerman, N. A. Ayoub, M. S. Springer & W. J. Murphy. 2011. Impacts of the Cretaceous terrestrial revolution and KPg extinction on mammal diversification. Science 334: 521–524.

Oryzomys

Coues' rice rat Oryzomys couesi, copyright Paulina Arias Caballero de Miguel.

Belongs within: Cricetidae.

Oryzomys, the rice rats, are a genus of semiaquatic rodents found in southern North and South America. Members of this genus have short and coarse fur, relatively long tails and broad hind feet (Goodwin 1969).

<==Oryzomys
    |--O. (Oryzomys) G69
    |    |--O. (O.) alfaroi G69
    |    |    |--O. a. alfaroi G69
    |    |    |--O. a. chapmani G69
    |    |    |--O. a. gloriaensis G69
    |    |    |--O. a. guerrerensis G69
    |    |    `--O. a. palatinus G69
    |    |--O. (O.) caudatus [=G. alfaroi caudatus] G69
    |    |--O. (O.) couesi G69
    |    |    |--O. c. couesi G69
    |    |    |--O. c. aztecus G69
    |    |    `--O. c. mexicanus G69
    |    `--O. (O.) melanotis G69
    |         |--O. m. melanotis G69
    |         `--O. m. rostratus G69
    `--O. (Oligoryzomys) G69
         |--‘Oligoryzomys’ andinus IT07
         |--‘Oligoryzomys’ arenalis IT07
         |--‘Oligoryzomys’ chacoensis IT07
         |--‘Oligoryzomys’ delticola IT07
         |--‘Oligoryzomys’ destructor IT07
         |--‘Oligoryzomys’ eliurus IT07
         |--‘Oligoryzomys’ flavescens IT07
         |--O. (O.) fulvescens G69
         |    |--O. f. fulvescens G69
         |    |--O. f. lenis G69
         |    `--O. f. pacificus G69
         |--‘Oligoryzomys’ griseolus IT07
         |--‘Oligoryzomys’ longicaudatus IT07
         |--‘Oligoryzomys’ magellanicus IT07
         |--‘Oligoryzomys’ microtis IT07
         |--‘Oligoryzomys’ nigripes IT07
         |--‘Oligoryzomys’ vegetus IT07
         `--O. (O.) victus Thomas 1898 IT07, AC98

Oryzomys incertae sedis:
  O. albigularis IT07
  O. aphrastus BP87
  O. argentatus BP87
  O. auriventer IT07
  O. balneator IT07
  O. bauri BP87
  O. bolivaris IT07
  O. buccinatus IT07
  O. capito IT07
  O. cozumelae BP87
  O. devius IT07
  O. dimidiatus IT07
  O. emmonsae LMZ05
  O. fernandinae BP87
  O. galapagoensis IT07
  O. gorgasi IT07
  O. hammondi IT07
  O. intectus IT07
  O. intermedius IT07
  O. keaysi IT07
  O. kelloggi IT07
  O. lamia IT07
  O. legatus IT07
  O. levipes IT07
  O. macconnelli PCS05
  O. megacephalus PCS05
  O. narboroughi BP87
  O. nelsoni BP87
  O. nitidus PCS05
  O. oniscus IT07
  O. palustris IT07
  O. peninsulae BP87
  O. polius IT07
  O. ratticeps IT07
  O. rhabdops IT07
  O. saturatior IT07
  O. subflavus IT07
  O. talamancae IT07
  O. xantheolus IT07
  O. yunganus IT07

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[AC98] Alcover, J. A., X. Campillo, M. Macias & A. Sans. 1998. Mammal species of the world: additional data on insular mammals. American Museum Novitates 3248: 1–29.

[BP87] Burton, J. A., & B. Pearson. 1987. Collins Guide to the Rare Mammals of the World. Collins: London.

[G69] Goodwin, G. G. 1969. Mammals from the State of Oaxaca, Mexico, in the American Museum of Natural History. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 141 (1): 1–269, 40 pls.

[IT07] Isaac, N. J. B., S. T. Turvey, B. Collen, C. Waterman & J. E. M. Baillie. 2007. Mammals on the EDGE: conservation priorities based on threat and phylogeny. PloS One 2 (3): e296.

[LMZ05] Lambert, T. D., J. R. Malcolm & B. L. Zimmerman. 2005. Variation in small mammal species richness by trap height and trap type in southeastern Amazonia. Journal of Mammalogy 86 (5): 982–990.

[PCS05] Percequillo, A. R., A. P. Carmignotto & M. J. de J. Silva. 2005. A new species of Neusticomys (Ichthyomyini, Sigmodontinae) from central Brazilian Amazonia. Journal of Mammalogy 86 (5): 873–880.

Neotoma

Bushy-tailed woodrat Neotoma cinerea, from here.

Belongs within: Neotominae.

Neotoma, the woodrats or pack rats, are a genus of rodents found in North America. Members of this genus are relatively large, with conspicuously hairy and elongate tails (Goodwin 1969).

<==Neotoma
    |--N. cinerea RC06
    |    |--N. c. cinerea M-PV-G01
    |    `--N. c. acraia (Elliot 1904) M-PV-G01
    `--+--N. leucodon Merriam 1894 RC06, MB86 [=N. albigula leucodon MB86]
       `--N. mexicana Baird 1855 RC06, MB86
            |--N. m. mexicana MB86
            |--N. m. isthmica G69
            |--N. m. parvidens G69
            |--N. m. picta G69
            |--N. m. tenuicauda Merriam 1892 MB86
            `--N. m. tropicalis G69

Neotoma incertae sedis:
  N. albigula Hartley 1894 M-PV-G01
  N. angustapalata IT07
  N. anthonyi IT07
  N. bryanti IT07
  N. bunkeri IT07
  N. chrysomelas IT07
  N. floridana MHL03
    |--N. f. floridana BP87
    `--N. f. smalli BP87
  N. fuscipes IT07
  N. goldmani Merriam 1903 MB86
  N. lepida Thomas 1893 M-PV-G01
    |--N. l. lepida H42
    |--N. l. devia H42
    |--N. l. felipensis H42
    |--N. l. gilva H42
    |--N. l. grinnelli Hall 1942 H42
    |--N. l. latirostra MBJ83
    |--N. l. monstrabilis H42
    `--N. l. nevadensis H42
  N. martinensis IT07
  N. micropus IT07
  N. nelsoni IT07
  N. ozarkensis MHL03
  N. palatina Goldman 1905 MB86
  N. phenax IT07
  N. stephensi IT07
  N. taylori MH03
  N. varia IT07

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BP87] Burton, J. A., & B. Pearson. 1987. Collins Guide to the Rare Mammals of the World. Collins: London.

[G69] Goodwin, G. G. 1969. Mammals from the State of Oaxaca, Mexico, in the American Museum of Natural History. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 141 (1): 1–269, 40 pls.

[H42] Hall, E. R. 1942. A new race of wood rat (Neotoma lepida). University of California Publications in Zoology 46 (5): 369–370.

[IT07] Isaac, N. J. B., S. T. Turvey, B. Collen, C. Waterman & J. E. M. Baillie. 2007. Mammals on the EDGE: conservation priorities based on threat and phylogeny. PloS One 2 (3): e296.

[MH03] Martin, R. A., R. T. Hurt, J. G. Honey & P. Peláez-Campomanes. 2003. Late Pliocene and Early Pleistocene rodents fom the northern Borchers Badlands (Meade County, Kansas), with comments on the Blancan-Irvingtonian boundary in the Meade Basin. Journal of Paleontology 77 (5): 985–1001.

[MB86] Matson, J. O. & R. H. Baker. 1986. Mammals of Zacatecas. Special Publications, Museum of Texas Tech University 24: 1–88.

[MHL03] Meng, J., Y. Hu & C. Li. 2003. The osteology of Rhombomylus (Mammalia, Glires): Implications for phylogeny and evolution of Glires. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 275: 1–247.

[M-PV-G01] Montiel-Parra, G., G. A. Villegas-Guzman, M. Vargas & O. J. Polaco. 2001. Mites associated with nests of Neotoma albigula Hartley, 1894 (Rodentia: Muridae) in Durango, México. In: Halliday, R. B., D. E. Walter, H. C. Proctor, R. A. Norton & M. J. Colloff (eds) Acarology: Proceedings of the 10^th International Congress pp. 586–593. CSIRO Publishing: Melbourne.

[MBJ83] Munger, J. C., M. A. Bowers & W. T. Jones. 1983. Desert rodent populations: factors affecting abundance, distribution, and genetic structure. Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs 7: 91–116.

[RC06] Reeder, S. A., D. S. Carroll, C. W. Edwards, C. W. Kilpatrick & R. D. Bradley. 2006. Neotomine-peromyscine rodent systematics based on combined analyses of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA sequences. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 40 (1): 251–258.

Peromyscus (Peromyscus) maniculatus

North American deer mouse Peromyscus maniculatus, copyright J. N. Stuart.

Belongs within: Peromyscus.

The North American deer mouse Peromyscus maniculatus is a variable species found over the greater part of North America.

See also: The gordian mouse.

Characters (from Animal Diversity Web): Body round and slender; size small, typically 119 to 222 mm long, weighing between 10 and 24 grams; tail length variable, ranging from 45 mm to 105 mm. Woodland forms typically larger with larger tails and feet than prairie forms. Coloration grayish to reddish brown with white underparts. Fur short, soft, dense. Nose pointed; eyes large, black, beady; ears large with little fur. Vibrissae long and prominent. Forelimbs shorter than hind limbs; hind feet 22 mm or less. Tail finely-haired, bicolored, the darker top half and lighter bottom sharply differentiated. Dental formula 1/1 0/0 0/0 3/3; molars low-crowned, cuspidate; third upper molar less wide than first two.

<==Peromyscus (Peromyscus) maniculatus
    |--P. m. maniculatus CZ75
    |--P. m. algidus CZ75
    |--P. m. artemisiae CZ75
    |--P. m. austerus CZ75
    |--P. m. bairdii (Hoy & Kennicott 1857) [=Mus bairdii] B75
    |--P. m. blandus Osgood 1904 MB86
    |--P. m. borealis CZ75
    |--P. m. fulvus G69
    |--P. m. gambeli CZ75
    |--P. m. gracilis CZ75
    |--P. m. keeni J68
    |--P. m. labecula Elliot 1903 MB86
    |--P. m. luteus CZ75
    |--P. m. macrorhinus CZ75
    |--P. m. nebrascensis (Coues in Coues & Allen 1877) [=Hesperomys sonoriensis var. nebrascensis] J61
    |--P. m. oreas CZ75
    |--P. m. osgoodi CZ75
    |--P. m. ozarkiarum CZ75
    |--P. m. pallescens CZ75
    |--P. m. prevostensis J68
    `--P. m. sonoriensis HD37

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B75] Bowles, J. B. 1975. Distribution and biogeography of mammals of Iowa. Special Publications, The Museum, Texas Tech University 9: 1–184.

[CZ75] Caire, W. & E. G. Zimmerman. 1975. Chromosomal and morphological variation and circular overlap in the deer mouse, Peromyscus maniculatus, in Texas and Oklahoma. Systematic Zoology 24 (1): 89–95.

[G69] Goodwin, G. G. 1969. Mammals from the State of Oaxaca, Mexico, in the American Museum of Natural History. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 141 (1): 1–269, 40 pls.

[HD37] Hall, E. R., & S. D. Durrant. 1937. A new kangaroo mouse (Microdipodops) of Utah and Nevada. Journal of Mammalogy 18 (3): 357–359.

[J68] Johnson, M. L. 1968. Application of blood protein electrophoretic studies to problems in mammalian taxonomy. Systematic Zoology 17 (1): 23–30.

[J61] Jones, J. K., Jr. 1961. A syntype of Peromyscus maniculatus nebrascensis (Coues). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 74: 101–104.

[MB86] Matson, J. O. & R. H. Baker. 1986. Mammals of Zacatecas. Special Publications, Museum of Texas Tech University 24: 1–88.

Tylomyinae

Watson's climbing rat Tylomys watsoni, copyright D. H. Janzen.

Belongs within: Cricetidae.

The Tylomyinae, climbing rats and vesper rats, are a group of arboreal rodents found in Mexico and Central America.

Characters (from Animal Diversity Web): Medium to large-sized; 95 to 255 mm in length; tail 85 to 250 mm in length, tail usually slightly longer body; weight 29 to 280 grams. Fur short or long; cinnamon, buff, tawny, gray, russet, or brown above, white below. Ears nearly naked, short or long. Whiskers long and black. Eyes quite large, sometimes each surrounded by a dark ring. Tail either covered with long hairs and tufted at tip, or nearly naked. Hind feet modified for climbing. Two pairs of mammae present in the inguinal region. Molars brachydont, cuspidate, with major cusps lying opposite one another; cheek teeth bearing well-developed mesolophs and mesolophids; second upper molar with four roots; third lower molar relatively large with a crown pattern like that of the second lower molar. Interorbital region cuneate, with prominant supraorbital shelves continuing posteriorly as pronounced temporal ridges. Interparietal bone large, contacting the squamosal, to which the tegmen tympani are united. Zygomatic plates narrow, usually without a dorsal notch. Alisphenoid strut present; subsquamosal fenestra absent; postglenoid foramen quite small. Mesopterygoid fossa usually completely ossified; parapterygoid fossa shallow and slender. Sphenopalatine vacuities, if present, tiny slits. First rib attaching to only first thoracic vertebra. Humerus with entepicondylar foramen. Calcaneum with wide, proximally-positioned trochlear process. Stomach single-chambered; gall bladder absent. Caecum long and complex. Glans penis wide and short (though longer than baculum), with large, well-spaced spines.

<==Tylomyinae [Tylomyini]
    |--Ototylomys phyllotis RC06
    |--Otonyctomys hatti RC06, IT07
    |--Nyctomys sumichrasti RC06, G69
    |    |--N. s. sumichrasti G69
    |    |--N. s. colimensis G69
    |    `--N. s. pallidulus G69
    `--Tylomys RC06
         |--T. bullaris G69
         |--T. fulviventer IT07
         |--T. mirae IT07
         |--T. nudicaudus RC06
         |    |--T. n. nudicaudus G69
         |    |--T. n. gymnurus G69
         |    |--T. n. microdon G69
         |    |--T. n. tumbalensis G69
         |    `--T. n. villai Schaldach 1966 [=T. n. villae] G69
         |--T. panamensis IT07
         `--T. watsoni IT07

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[G69] Goodwin, G. G. 1969. Mammals from the State of Oaxaca, Mexico, in the American Museum of Natural History. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 141 (1): 1–269, 40 pls.

[IT07] Isaac, N. J. B., S. T. Turvey, B. Collen, C. Waterman & J. E. M. Baillie. 2007. Mammals on the EDGE: conservation priorities based on threat and phylogeny. PloS One 2 (3): e296.

[RC06] Reeder, S. A., D. S. Carroll, C. W. Edwards, C. W. Kilpatrick & R. D. Bradley. 2006. Neotomine-peromyscine rodent systematics based on combined analyses of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA sequences. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 40 (1): 251–258.

Apodemus

Yellow-necked mouse Apodemus flavicollis, copyright James Lindsey.

Belongs within: Muridae.

Apodemus, the field mice, is a genus of small, soft-furred mice found in the temperate Palaearctic, where they are the most common small rodents in fields and broadleaf forests.

See also: Taxon of the Week: Apodemus (no Pliers).

<==Apodemus
    |--A. agrarius (Pallas 1771) K92
    |--A. alpicola IT07
    |--A. argenteus IT07
    |--A. arianus IT07
    |--A. chevrieri IT07
    |--A. draco IT07
    |--A. flavicollis (Melchior 1834) K92
    |--A. fulvipectus IT07
    |--A. gurkha IT07
    |--A. hermonensis IT07
    |--A. hyrcanicus IT07
    |--A. jeanteti Michaux 1967 P04
    |--A. latronum IT07
    |--A. miyakensis Imaizumi 1969 I92
    |--A. mystacinus IT07
    |--A. peninsulae I92
    |    |--A. p. peninsulae I92
    |    `--A. p. giliacus (Thomas 1907) I92
    |--A. ponticus IT07
    |--A. rusiges IT07
    |--A. semotus IT07
    |--A. speciosus Temminck 1845 M76
    |    |--A. s. speciosus MN91
    |    `--A. s. ainu MN91
    |--A. sylvaticus (Linnaeus 1758) K92
    |    |--A. s. sylvaticus KK54
    |    |--A. s. dichrurus (Rafinesque-Schmaltz 1814) KK54
    |    `--A. s. krkensis BP87
    |--A. uralensis IT07
    `--A. wardi IT07

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BP87] Burton, J. A., & B. Pearson. 1987. Collins Guide to the Rare Mammals of the World. Collins: London.

[IT07] Isaac, N. J. B., S. T. Turvey, B. Collen, C. Waterman & J. E. M. Baillie. 2007. Mammals on the EDGE: conservation priorities based on threat and phylogeny. PloS One 2 (3): e296.

[I92] Iwahashi, J. (ed.) 1992. Reddo Deeta Animaruzu: a pictorial of Japanese fauna facing extinction. JICC: Tokyo.

[KK54] Klemmer, K., & H. E. Krampitz. 1954. Zur Kenntnis der Säugetierfauna Siziliens. Senckenbergiana Biologica 35 (3-4): 121-135.

[K92] Klompen, J. S. H. 1992. Phylogenetic relationships in the mite family Sarcoptidae (Acari: Astigmata). Miscellaneous Publications, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan 180: i-vi, 1-154.

[M76] Masui, M. 1976. Nihon no Doobutsu. Kogakukan: Tokyo.

[MN91] Miyamoto, K., M. Nakao, N. Sato & M. Mori. 1991. Isolation of Lyme borreliosis spirochaetes from tick vectors and feral rodents in Japan. In Dusbábek, F. & V. Bukva (eds) Modern Acarology: Proceedings of the VIII International Congress of Acarology, held in České Budĕjovice, Czechoslovakia, 6–11 August 1990 vol. 1 pp. 125-132. SPB Academic Publishing: The Hague.

[P04] Popov, V. V. 2004. Pliocene small mammals (Mammalia, Lipotyphla, Chiroptera, Lagomorpha, Rodentia) from Muselievo (north Bulgaria). Geodiversitas 26 (3): 403-491.

Suinamorpha

Collared peccary Dicotyles tajacu, photographed by Colin Burnett.

Belongs within: Artiodactyla.
Contains: Listriodontinae, Suinae, Sanitheriinae, Hyotherium.

The Suinamorpha unites the pigs (Suidae) and the peccaries (Tayassuidae). Members of this clade have an elongate, mobile, cartilaginous snout with a flattened terminal area around the nostrils (Cooke & Wilkinson 1978). In the modern fauna, the Suidae are native to the Old World while the Tayassuidae are restricted to the New World, but the fossil record indicates that Tayassuidae were previously present in the Old World from the Oligocene to Pliocene. Modern peccaries are generally sociable animals, though the chacoan peccary Catagonus wagneri forms only small groups of up to ten individuals. The white-lipped peccary Tayassu pecari, in contrast, can form herds of over 100 individuals.

Suinamorpha [Doliochoerinae, Suina, Suoidea]
    |  i. s.: Kenyasus namaquensis P02
    |         Eocenchoerus MJ11
    |--Suidae CW78
    |    |  i. s.: Nguruwe kijivium MJ11, P02
    |    |--Xenohyus venitor BLB05
    |    `--+--+--Listriodontinae CW78
    |       |  `--Suinae CW78
    |       `--+--Sanitheriinae CW78
    |          |--Hyotheriinae CW78
    |          |    |--Hyotherium CW78
    |          |    |--Chleuastochoerus stehlini CW78, DW04
    |          |    |--Propalaeochoerus Stehlin 1899 CW78
    |          |    |    `--*P. leptodon Stehlin 1899 CW78
    |          |    `--Palaeochoerus Pomel 1846 BLB05, CW78
    |          `--Tetraconodontinae CW78
    |               |--Tetraconodon Falconer 1868 CW78
    |               |--Conohyus Pilgrim 1926 CW78
    |               |--Sivachoerus Pilgrim 1926 CW78
    |               `--Nyanzachoerus Leakey 1958 CW78
    |                    |  i. s.: ‘Sivachoerus’ giganteus Tobien 1936 CW78
    |                    |--N. devauxi (Arambourg 1968) [=Propotamochoerus devauxi] CW78
    |                    `--+--+--N. syrticus (Leonardi 1952) (n. d.) [=Sivachoerus syrticus] CW78
    |                       |  `--N. tulotos Cooke & Ewer 1972 CW78
    |                       `--+--+--*N. kanamensis Leakey 1958 CW78
    |                          |  `--N. pattersoni Cooke & Ewer 1972 CW78
    |                          `--+--N. jaegeri Coppens 1971 [incl. N. plicatus Cooke & Ewer 1972] CW78
    |                             `--Notochoerus Broom 1925 [incl. Gerontochoerus Leakey 1943] CW78
    |                                  |--N. euilus (Hopwood 1926) [=Hylochoerus euilus, Gerontochoerus euilus] CW78
    |                                  `--+--*N. capensis Broom 1925 CW78
    |                                     `--N. scotti (Leakey 1943) [=*Gerontochoerus scotti] CW78
    `--Tayassuidae [Dicotylidae] JJ84
         |  i. s.: Platygonus condoni W69
         |         Desmathyus W69
         |         Hesperhys W69
         |         Prosthennops niobrarensis W69
         |         Mylohyus W69
         |           |--M. fossilis [=Dicotyles fossilis; incl. D. lenis] W69
         |           `--M. pennsylvanicus GD61
         |         Pecarichoerus CW78
         |           |--P. africanus Hendey 1976 CW78
         |           `--P. orientalis CW78
         |         Dyseohyus Stock 1937 W69
         |           |--*D. fricki Stock 1937 W69
         |           `--D. stirtoni Woodburne 1969 W69
         |--Cynorca Cope 1867 MJ11, W69
         |    |--*C. proterva Cope 1867 [=Squalodon protervus] W69
         |    |--C. hesperia (Marsh 1871) [=Dicotyles hesperius, Chaenohyus hesperius, Tayassu hesperius] W69
         |    |--C. occidentale Woodburne 1969 W69
         |    `--C. sociale (Marsh 1875) (see below for synonymy) W69
         |--Doliochoerus quercyi BLB05
         `--+--Catagonus Ameghino 1904 BLB05, N10
            |    `--C. wagneri (Rusconi 1930) [=Platygonus carlesi wagneri] N10
            `--+--Tayassu Fischer 1814 N10
               |    `--T. pecari Link 1795 W69
               |        |--T. p. pecari G69
               |        `--T. p. ringens G69
               `--Dicotyles Cuvier 1817 N10 [=Pecari Reichenbach 1835 BLB05, N10]
                    |--D. labiatus C77
                    |--D. tajacu (Linnaeus 1758) W69 (see below for synonymy)
                    |    |--D. t. tajacu MB86
                    |    |--‘Tayassu tajacu’ angulatus MB86
                    |    |--‘Tayassu tajacu’ crassus G69
                    |    |--‘Tayassu tajacu’ humeralis G69
                    |    |--‘Tayassu tajacu’ nelsoni G69
                    |    `--‘Tayassu tajacu’ sonoriensis (Mearns 1897) MB86
                    `--D. traunmulleri W69

Inorganic: Tayassu albirostris minilorientalis Okamura 1987 O87
           Tayassu tayacu minilorientalus Okamura 1987 O87

Cynorca sociale (Marsh 1875) [=Thinohyus socialis, T. (Bothrolabis) socialis, Palaeochoerus socialis, Perchoerus socialis] W69

Dicotyles tajacu (Linnaeus 1758) W69 [=Sus tajacu W69, Pecari tajacu N10, Tayassu tajacu N10; incl. D. torquatus Cuvier 1817 W69]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BLB05] Boisserie, J.-R., F. Lihoreau & M. Brunet. 2005. The position of Hippopotamidae within Cetartiodactyla. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 102 (5): 1537–1541.

[CW78] Cooke, H. B. S., & A. F. Wilkinson. 1978. Suidae and Tayassuidae. In: Maglio, V. J., & H. B. S. Cooke (eds) Evolution of African Mammals pp. 435–482. Harvard University Press: Cambridge (Massachusetts).

[C77] Cope, E. D. 1877. Report upon the extinct Vertebrata obtained in New Mexico by parties of the expedition of 1874. Geographical Surveys West of the One Hundredth Meridian 4 (2): i–iv, 1–370.

[DW04] Deng T., Wang X., Ni X. & Liu L. 2004. Sequence of the Cenozoic mammalian faunas of the Linxia Basin in Gansu, China. Acta Geologica Sinica (English Edition) 78 (1): 8–14.

[G69] Goodwin, G. G. 1969. Mammals from the State of Oaxaca, Mexico, in the American Museum of Natural History. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 141 (1): 1–269, 40 pls.

[GD61] Guilday, J. E. & J. K. Doutt. 1961. The collared lemming (Dicrostonyx) from the Pennsylvania Pleistocene. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 74: 249–250.

[JJ84] Janis, C., & P. J. Jarman. 1984. The hoofed mammals. In: Macdonald, D., (ed.) All the World’s Animals: Hoofed Mammals pp. 28–39. Torstar Books: New York.

[MB86] Matson, J. O. & R. H. Baker. 1986. Mammals of Zacatecas. Special Publications, Museum of Texas Tech University 24: 1–88.

[MJ11] Meredith, R. W., J. E. Janečka, J. Gatesy, O. A. Ryder, C. A. Fisher, E. C. Teeling, A. Goodbla, E. Eizirik, T. L. L. Simão, T. Stadler, D. L. Rabosky, R. L. Honeycutt, J. J. Flynn, C. M. Ingram, C. Steiner, T. L. Williams, T. J. Robinson, A. Burk-Herrick, M. Westerman, N. A. Ayoub, M. S. Springer & W. J. Murphy. 2011. Impacts of the Cretaceous terrestrial revolution and KPg extinction on mammal diversification. Science 334: 521–524.

[N10] Naish, D. 2010. Tetrapod Zoology: Book One. CFZ Press: Bideford (UK).

[O87] Okamura, C. 1987. New facts: Homo and all Vertebrata were born simultaneously in the former Paleozoic in Japan. Original Report of the Okamura Fossil Laboratory 15: 347–573.

[P02] Pickford, M. 2002. Early Miocene grassland ecosystem at Bukwa, Mount Elgon, Uganda. Comptes Rendus Palevol 1: 213–219.

[W69] Woodburne, M. O. 1969. Systematics, biogeography, and evolution of Cynorca and Dyseohyus (Tayassuidae). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 141 (2): 271–356.

Felis

European wild cat Felis silvestris, photographed by Aconcagua.

Belongs within: Felidae.

The genus Felis has been used in the past to refer to the majority of the small cats (if not all cats), but recent authors have tended to restrict it to a smaller group of species closely related to, and similar in appearance to, the domestic cat F. catus.

<==Felis
    |  i. s.: F. attica JE06
    |         F. euptilura Elliot 1871 I92
    |         F. iriomotensis K84
    |         F. jubata T66
    |         F. leopardus T66
    |         F. lunensis ME05
    |         F. rexroadensis V91
    |         F. teilhardi DW04
    |         F. vorohuensis V91
    |--F. (Felis) S78
    |    |  i. s.: F. ornata N10
    |    |--F. (F.) chaus JE06
    |    `--+--F. (Microfelis) nigripes S78, JE06
    |       `--+--F. (F.) margarita JE06
    |          |    |--F. m. margarita BP87
    |          |    `--F. m. scheffeli BP87
    |          `--+--+--F. bieti JE06
    |             |  `--F. (F.) libyca JE06 [=F. silvestris lybica K84]
    |             `--+--F. catus JE06 [=F. silvestris catus K84]
    |                `--F. silvestris (Schreber 1775) JE06, HRS06
    `--F. (Sivafelis) obscura S78

Inorganic: Felis chaus protominilorientalis Okamura 1987 O87

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BP87] Burton, J. A., & B. Pearson. 1987. Collins Guide to the Rare Mammals of the World. Collins: London.

[DW04] Deng T., Wang X., Ni X. & Liu L. 2004. Sequence of the Cenozoic mammalian faunas of the Linxia Basin in Gansu, China. Acta Geologica Sinica (English Edition) 78 (1): 8-14.

[HRS06] Hahn, I., U. Römer & R. P. Schlatter. 2006. Population numbers and status of land birds of the Juan Fernández Archipelago, Chile (Aves: Falconiformes, Columbiformes, Strigiformes, Caprimulgiformes, Passeriformes). Senckenbergiana Biologica 86 (1): 109-125.

[I92] Iwahashi, J. (ed.) 1992. Reddo Deeta Animaruzu: a pictorial of Japanese fauna facing extinction. JICC: Tokyo.

[JE06] Johnson, W. E., E. Eizirik, J. Pecon-Slattery, W. J. Murphy, A. Antunes, E. Teeling & S. J. O’Brien. 2006. The Late Miocene radiation of modern Felidae: A genetic assessment. Science 311: 73-77.

[K84] Kerby, G. 1984. Small cats. In All the World’s Animals: Carnivores (D. Macdonald, ed.) pp. 42-45. Torstar Books Inc.: New York.

[ME05] Moullé, P.-E., A. Echassoux, F. Lacombat, E. Desclaux & S. Bailon. 2005. L’environnement animal des premiers habitants de l’Europe méditerranéenne: les grands mammifères contemporains de l’homme du Vallonnet, données taxonomiques et biostratigraphiques pour la deuxième moitie du Pléistocène inférieur. BAR International Series 1364: 105-113.

[N10] Naish, D. 2010. Tetrapod Zoology: Book One. CFZ Press: Bideford (UK).

[O87] Okamura, C. 1987. New facts: Homo and all Vertebrata were born simultaneously in the former Paleozoic in Japan. Original Report of the Okamura Fossil Laboratory 15: 347-573.

[S78] Savage, R. J. G. 1978. Carnivora. In Evolution of African Mammals (V. J. Maglio & H. B. S. Cooke, eds) pp. 249-267. Harvard University Press: Cambridge (Massachusetts).

[T66] Tristram, H. B. 1866. Report on the mammals of Palestine. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 84-93.

[V91] Valkenburgh, B. van. 1991. Iterative evolution of hypercarnivory in canids (Mammalia: Carnivora): evolutionary interactions among sympatric predators. Paleobiology 17 (4): 340-362.

Cetacea

Skeletal reconstruction of Rodhocetus kasrani, from Gingerich et al. (2001).

Belongs within: Cetartiodactyla.
Contains: Basilosauridae, Mysticeti, Odontoceti.

The Cetacea includes the whales and dolphins. Modern cetaceans are strictly aquatic, with the external hindlimbs lost and the forelimbs modified into flippers. Fossil cetaceans of the stem-group, however, include amphibious forms with all limbs well developed. The most basal cetaceans, such as Pakicetus, were primarily terrestrial (Thewissen et al. 2001).

<==Cetacea [Archaeoceti, Pakicetidae, Pakicetinae]
    |  i. s.: Himalayacetus Bajpai & Gingerich 1998 G03
    |         Ichthyolestes Dehm & Oettingen-Spielberg 1958 G03
    |           `--I. pinfoldi TW01
    |         Prionodelphis rovereti Frenguelli 1922 BDR85
    |--Nalacetus Thewissen & Hussain 1998 GO01, G03
    |    `--N. ratimitus O98
    `--+--Pakicetus Gingerich & Russell 1981 GO01, G03
       |    |--P. attocki (West 1980) [=Protocetus attocki] N10
       |    `--P. inachus Gingerich & Russell 1981 N10
       `--+--Ambulocetidae G03
          |    |--Gandakasia Dehm & Oettingen-Spielberg 1958 G03
          |    |    `--G. potens N10
          |    `--Ambulocetus Thewissen et al. 1994 GO01, G03
          |         `--A. natans GH01
          `--+--Remingtonocetidae GO01
             |    |  i. s.: ‘Protocetus’ harudiensis Sahni & Mishra 1972 N10
             |    |         ‘Protocetus’ sloani Sahni & Mishra 1972 N10
             |    |--Andrewsiphius Sahni & Mishra 1975 G03
             |    |    |--A. kutchensis Sahni & Mishra 1972 N10
             |    |    `--A. minor Sahni & Mishra 1972 N10
             |    |--Remingtonocetus Kumar & Sahni 1986 G03
             |    |--Dalanistes Gingerich et al. 1995 G03
             |    |--Attockicetus Thewissen & Hussain 2000 G03
             |    `--Kutchicetus minimus TW01, N10
             `--+--+--Basilosauridae GO01
                |  `--Autoceta GS03
                |       |--Mysticeti GS03
                |       `--Odontoceti GS03
                `--Protocetidae GO01
                     |--Babiacetus Trivedy & Satsangi 1984 G03
                     |--Gaviacetus Gingerich et al. 1995 G03
                     |--Takracetus Gingerich et al. 1995 G03
                     |--Natchitochia Uhen 1998 G03
                     |--Qaisracetus Gingerich et al. 2001 G03
                     |--Artiocetus Gingerich, ul Haq et al. 2001 GH01
                     |    `--*A. clavis Gingerich, ul Haq et al. 2001 GH01
                     |--Protocetus Fraas 1904 BM78
                     |    `--*P. atavus Fraas 1904 BM78, G92
                     |--Eocetus Fraas 1904 [incl. Mesocetus Fraas 1904 nec van Beneden 1880 nec Moreno 1892] BM78
                     |    `--*E. schweinfurthi (Fraas 1904) BM78, G92 [=Mesocetus schweinfurthi G92]
                     |--Pappocetus Andrews 1920 BM78
                     |    `--*P. lugardi Andrews 1920 BM78
                     |--Indocetus Sahni & Mishra 1975 G03
                     |    `--I. ramani Sahni & Mishra 1975 BM78
                     |--Georgiacetus Hulbert et al. 1998 G03
                     |    `--G. vogtlensis GS03
                     `--Rodhocetus Gingerich, Raza et al. 1994 GH01
                          |--*R. kasranii GH01
                          `--R. balochistanensis Gingerich, ul Haq et al. 2001 GH01

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BDR85] Barnes, L. G., D. P. Domning & C. E. Ray. 1985. Status of studies on fossil marine mammals. Marine Mammal Science 1 (1): 15-53.

[BM78] Barnes, L. G., & E. Mitchell. 1978. Cetacea. In Evolution of African Mammals (V. J. Maglio & H. B. S. Cooke, eds) pp. 582-602. Harvard University Press: Cambridge (Massachusetts).

[GO01] Gatesy, J., & M. A. O’Leary. 2001. Deciphering whale origins with molecules and fossils. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 16 (10): 562-570.

[GS03] Geisler, J. H., & A. E. Sanders. 2003. Morphological evidence for the phylogeny of Cetacea. Journal of Mammalian Evolution 10 (1-2): 23-129.

[G92] Gingerich, P. D. 1992. Marine mammals (Cetacea and Sirenia) from the Eocene of Gebel Mokattam and Fayum, Egypt: Stratigraphy, age, and paleoenvironments. University of Michigan Papers on Paleontology 30: i-ix, 1-84.

[G03] Gingerich, P. D. 2003. Land-to-sea transition in early whales: Evolution of Eocene Archaeoceti (Cetacea) in relation to skeletal proportions and locomotion of living semiaquatic mammals. Paleobiology 29 (3): 429-454.

[GH01] Gingerich, P. D., M. ul Haq, I. S. Zalmout, I. H. Khan & M. S. Malkani. 2001. Origin of whales from early artiodactyls: Hands and feet of Eocene Protocetidae from Pakistan. Science 293: 2239-2242.

[N10] Naish, D. 2010. Tetrapod Zoology: Book One. CFZ Press: Bideford (UK).

[O98] O’Leary, M. A. 1998. Phylogenetic and morphometric reassessment of the dental evidence for a mesonychian and cetacean clade. In The Emergence of Whales (J. G. M. Thewissen, ed.) pp. 133-161. Plenum Press: New York.

[TW01] Thewissen, J. G. M., E. M. Williams, L. J. Roe & S. T. Hussain. 2001. Skeletons of terrestrial cetaceans and the relationship of whales to artiodactyls. Nature 413: 277-281.

Caviomorpha

Sierra del Tontal chinchilla rat Abrocoma schistacea, photographed by Ana Julia Sandoval.

Belongs within: Hystricognathiformes.
Contains: Chinchillidae, Octodontidae, Ctenomys, Echimyidae, Capromys, Erethizontidae, Cavioidea.

The Caviomorpha are a clade uniting the Neotropical hystricomorph rodents, supported by molecular analysis (e.g. Meredith et al. 2011). They are mostly restricted to South America and the Caribbean islands, with only a single species, the porcupine Erethizon dorsatum, found in North America. Molecular data support a division between the porcupines (Erethizontidae) and Cavioidea on one side, and the Chinchilloidea and Octodontoidea on the other (Meredith et al. 2011). The position of the Abrocomidae, chinchilla rats, within the latter clade has been the subject of some debate: whereas molecular data support a more traditional position for them with the Octodontoidea, Glanz & Anderson (1990) noted a number of morphological features such as a narrowed rostrum suggesting a more direct relationship to the Chinchillidae.

<==Caviomorpha GA90
    |  i. s.: Elasmodontomys [Heptaxodontidae] GA90
    |           `--E. obliquus FS01
    |         Eobranisamys romeropittmanae SS09
    |         Branisamys luribayensis SS09
    |--+--Chinchilloidea MJ11
    |  |    |--Chinchillidae MJ11
    |  |    `--Dinomyidae MJ11
    |  |         |--Dinomys branickii IT07
    |  |         |--Olenopsis MJ11
    |  |         `--Scleromys MJ11
    |  `--Octodontoidea MJ11
    |       |--Abrocomidae [Abrocominae] MJ11
    |       |    |--Protabrocoma Kraglievich 1927 GA90
    |       |    |--Cuscomys ashaninka Emmons 1999 N10
    |       |    `--Abrocoma Waterhouse 1837 [=Habrocoma Wagner 1842] GA90
    |       |         |--*A. bennettii GA90
    |       |         |    |--A. b. bennetti GA90
    |       |         |    `--A. b. murrayi GA90
    |       |         |--A. antiqua GA90
    |       |         |--A. boliviensis Glanz & Anderson 1990 GA90
    |       |         |--A. budini N10
    |       |         |--A. cinerea GA90
    |       |         |--A. famatina N10
    |       |         |--A. oblativa GA90 [=Cuscomys oblativus N10]
    |       |         |--A. schistacea N10
    |       |         |--A. uspallata Braun & Mares 2002 N10
    |       |         `--A. vaccarum N10
    |       `--+--+--Octodontidae MJ11
    |          |  `--Ctenomyidae [Ctenomyinae] MJ11
    |          |       |--Ctenomys MJ11
    |          |       |--Xenodontomys MJ11
    |          |       `--Palaeoctodon MJ11
    |          `--+--+--Echimyidae MJ11
    |             |  `--Myocastor MHL03 [Myocastoridae MJ11]
    |             |       `--M. coypus (Molina 1782) [=Mus coypus] B75
    |             `--Capromyidae MJ11
    |                  |--Capromys GA90
    |                  |--Isolobodon IT07
    |                  |    |--I. montanus FS01
    |                  |    `--I. portoricensis IT07
    |                  |--Geocapromys GA90
    |                  |    |--G. brownii IT07
    |                  |    |--G. columbianus FS01
    |                  |    |--G. ingrahami IT07
    |                  |    |--G. megas AC98
    |                  |    |--G. pleistoceniscus AC98
    |                  |    `--G. thoracatus FS01
    |                  |--Mesocapromys IT07
    |                  |    |--M. angelcabrerai IT07
    |                  |    |--M. auritus IT07
    |                  |    |--M. barbouri Varona & Arredondo 1979 AC98
    |                  |    |--M. beatrizae Varona & Arredondo 1979 AC98
    |                  |    |--M. delicatus Varona & Arredondo 1979 AC98
    |                  |    |--M. gracilis Varona & Arredondo 1979 AC98
    |                  |    |--M. kraglievichi Varona & Arredondo 1979 AC98
    |                  |    |--M. minimus Varona & Arredondo 1979 AC98
    |                  |    |--M. nanus IT07
    |                  |    |--M. sanfelipensis IT07
    |                  |    `--M. silvai Varona & Arredondo 1979 AC98
    |                  |--Plagiodontia GA90
    |                  |    |--P. aedium IT07
    |                  |    |--P. araeum FS01
    |                  |    |--P. hylaeum BP87
    |                  |    |--P. ipnaeum FS01
    |                  |    `--P. velozi FS01
    |                  `--Mysateles IT07
    |                       |--M. garridoi IT07
    |                       |--M. gundlachi IT07
    |                       |--M. jaumei Varona & Arredondo 1979 AC98
    |                       |--M. melanurus IT07
    |                       |--M. meridionalis IT07
    |                       `--M. prehensilis IT07
    `--+--+--+--Incamys MHL03
       |  |  `--Neoreomys MHL03
       |  `--+--Protosteiromys B74
       |     `--Erethizontidae MJ11
       `--Cavioidea MHL03

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[AC98] Alcover, J. A., X. Campillo, M. Macias & A. Sans. 1998. Mammal species of the world: additional data on insular mammals. American Museum Novitates 3248: 1–29.

[B75] Bowles, J. B. 1975. Distribution and biogeography of mammals of Iowa. Special Publications, The Museum, Texas Tech University 9: 1–184.

[B74] Bugge, J. 1974. The cephalic arterial system in insectivores, primates, rodents and lagomorphs, with special reference to the systematic classification. Acta Anatomica 87 (Suppl 62): 1–160.

[BP87] Burton, J. A., & B. Pearson. 1987. Collins Guide to the Rare Mammals of the World. Collins: London.

[FS01] Flannery, T. & P. Schouten. 2001. A Gap in Nature: Discovering the World’s Extinct Animals. Text Publishing: Melbourne.

[GA90] Glanz, W. E., & S. Anderson. 1990. Notes on Bolivian mammals. 7. A new species of Abrocoma (Rodentia) and relationships of the Abrocomidae. American Museum Novitates 2991: 1–32.

[IT07] Isaac, N. J. B., S. T. Turvey, B. Collen, C. Waterman & J. E. M. Baillie. 2007. Mammals on the EDGE: conservation priorities based on threat and phylogeny. PloS One 2 (3): e296.

[MHL03] Meng, J., Y. Hu & C. Li. 2003. The osteology of Rhombomylus (Mammalia, Glires): Implications for phylogeny and evolution of Glires. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 275: 1–247.

[MJ11] Meredith, R. W., J. E. Janečka, J. Gatesy, O. A. Ryder, C. A. Fisher, E. C. Teeling, A. Goodbla, E. Eizirik, T. L. L. Simão, T. Stadler, D. L. Rabosky, R. L. Honeycutt, J. J. Flynn, C. M. Ingram, C. Steiner, T. L. Williams, T. J. Robinson, A. Burk-Herrick, M. Westerman, N. A. Ayoub, M. S. Springer & W. J. Murphy. 2011. Impacts of the Cretaceous terrestrial revolution and KPg extinction on mammal diversification. Science 334: 521–524.

[N10] Naish, D. 2010. Tetrapod Zoology: Book One. CFZ Press: Bideford (UK).