Crocus

Spring crocus Crocus vernus, copyright Franz Xaver.

Belongs within: Iridaceae.

Crocus is a genus of low-growing herbs in which flowers arise at ground level with a subterranean ovary (Healy & Edgar 1980).

Characters (from Healy & Edgar 1980): Low-growing, more or less inconspicuous; flowers arising singly, one to several from a corm, at first stalkless and ovary subterranean; perianth-tube long, funnel-shaped, perianth lobes more or less spreading.

<==Crocus
    |--C. angustifolius V09
    |--C. cancellatus PT98
    |    |--C. c. ssp. cancellatus PT98
    |    `--C. c. ssp. mazziariacus PT98
    |--C. chrysanthus V09
    |--C. cyprius D30
    |--C. flavus HE80
    |--C. multifidus Ramond 1800 R00
    |--C. nudiflorus V09
    |--C. sativus C55
    |--C. speciosus V09
    |--C. × stellaris [C. angustifolius × C. flavus] V09
    |--C. susianus KSM06
    |--C. tommasinianus V09
    `--C. vernus V09

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[C55] Candolle, A. de. 1855. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 2. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[D30] Druce, G. C. 1930. Account of a botanical tour in Cyprus. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of London 141: 50–52.

[HE80] Healy, A. J., & E. Edgar. 1980. Flora of New Zealand vol. 3. Adventive cyperaceous, petalous and spathaceous monocotyledons. P. D. Hasselberg, Government Printer: Wellington (New Zealand).

[KSM06] King, R. C., W. D. Stansfield & P. K. Mulligan. 2006. A Dictionary of Genetics 7^th ed. Oxford University Press.

[PT98] Panitsa, M., & D. Tzanoudakis. 1998. Contribution to the study of the Greek flora: flora and vegetation of the E Aegean islands Agathonisi and Pharmakonisi. Willdenowia 28: 95–116.

[R00] Ramond, C. 1800. Plantes inédites des Hautes-Pyrénées. Bulletin des Sciences, par la Societé Philomathique de Paris 2 (41): 129–133.

[V09] Verdcourt, B. (ed.) 2009. Additions to the wild fauna and flora of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. XXVI. Miscellaneous records. Kew Bulletin 64 (1): 183–194.

Iris

Yellow flag iris Iris pseudacorus, copyright James St. John.

Belongs within: Iridaceae.

Iris is a genus of monocotyledons found primarily in northern temperate regions, bearing showy flowers with petal-like style branches (Hickman 1993).

Characters (from Hickman 1993): Perennial; rhizome creeping or more or less tuber-like. Inflorescence with flowers 1-many. Flowers with perianth parts clawed, sepals (wider, spreading or reflexed) unlike petals (generally narrower, erect); style branches more or less petal-like, arching over stamens, each with flat, scale-like stigma on surface facing stamen, just below generally 2-lobed tip (crest). Seeds compressed, pitted.

<==Iris [Irideae]
    |--I. sect. Californicae H93
    |    |--I. bracteata H93
    |    |--I. chrysophylla H93
    |    |--I. douglasiana [incl. I. douglasiana var. altissima, I. douglasiana var. oregonensis] H93
    |    |--I. fernaldii H93
    |    |--I. hartwegii H93
    |    |    |--I. h. ssp. hartwegii H93
    |    |    |--I. h. ssp. australis H93
    |    |    |--I. h. ssp. columbiana H93
    |    |    `--I. h. ssp. pinetorum H93
    |    |--I. innominata H93
    |    |--I. macrosiphon H93
    |    |--I. munzii H93
    |    |--I. purdyi H93
    |    |--I. tenax H93
    |    |    |--I. t. ssp. tenax H93
    |    |    `--I. t. ssp. klamathensis H93
    |    `--I. tenuissima H93
    |         |--I. t. ssp. tenuissima H93
    |         `--I. t. ssp. purdyiformis H93
    `--I. sect. Longipetalae H93
         |--I. longipetala H93
         |--I. missouriensis H93
         `--I. pseudacorus Linnaeus 1753 H93, HE80

Iris incertae sedis:
  I. cristata V72
  I. decora O88
  I. florentina BW64
  I. foetidissima Linnaeus 1753 HE80
  I. fulva D51
  I. germanica Linnaeus 1753 HE80
  I. goniocarpa O88
  I. hexagona L03
    |--I. h. var. hexagona D51
    `--I. h. var. gigantocaerulea D51
  I. kemaonensis O88
  I. lacustris V72
  I. laevigata HE80
  I. monnieri HE80
  I. × monspur [I. monnieri × I. spuria] CA26
  I. orientalis Miller 1768 HE80
  I. pumila V72
  I. × robusta [I. versicolor × I. virginica] V72
  I. ruthenica H09
  I. setosa D37
    |--I. s. var. setosa D37
    `--I. s. var. interior D37
  I. sibirica JK80
  I. spuria Linnaeus 1753 HE80
  I. susiana HE80
  I. tectorum BW64
  I. tuberosa C55
  I. versicolor D37
  I. virginica D37
    |--I. v. var. versicolor V72
    `--I. v. var. shrevei V72
  I. xiphioides C55

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BW64] Booth, C., & J. M. Waterston. 1964. Fusarium redolens. C.M.I. Descriptions of Pathogenic Fungi and Bacteria 27.

[C55] Candolle, A. de. 1855. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 2. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[CA26] Cockayne, L., & H. H. Allan. 1926. The present taxonomic status of the New Zealand species of Hebe. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 11–47.

[D37] Dobzhansky, T. 1937. Genetics and the Origin of Species. Columbia University Press: New York.

[D51] Dobzhansky, T. 1951. Genetics and the Origin of Species 3^rd ed. Columbia University Press: New York.

[HE80] Healy, A. J., & E. Edgar. 1980. Flora of New Zealand vol. 3. Adventive cyperaceous, petalous and spathaceous monocotyledons. P. D. Hasselberg, Government Printer: Wellington (New Zealand).

[H09] Heltmann, H. 2009. Der Königstein (Piatra Craiului), die Perle der Burzenländer Gebirge. Mauritiana 20 (3): 515–527.

[H93] Hickman, J. C. (ed.) 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press: Berkeley (California).

[JK80] John, J., & K.-P. Kolbe. 1980. The systematic position of the “Theales” from the viewpoint of serology. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 8: 241–248.

[L03] Leschen, R. A. B. 2003. Erotylidae (Insecta: Coleoptera: Cucujoidea): phylogeny and review. Fauna of New Zealand 47: 1–108.

[O88] Ohba, H. 1988. The alpine flora of the Nepal Himalayas: an introductory note. In: Ohba, H., & S. B. Malla (eds) The Himalayan Plants vol. 1. The University Museum, University of Tokyo, Bulletin 31: 19–46.

[V72] Voss, E. G. 1972. Michigan Flora. Part I. Gymnosperms and Monocots. Cranbrook Institute of Science and University of Michigan Herbarium.

Romulea

Romulea toximontana, copyright Dwergenpaartje.

Belongs within: Iridaceae.

Romulea, star-grass, is a genus of grass-like herbs found primarily in southern Africa with a smaller number of species extending into Europe (Healy & Edgar 1980).

Characters (from Healy & Edgar 1980): Summer-green perennial. Corm small; tunic hard, woody, brown, usually smooth. Stem often not protruding above ground or else hidden by sheathing leaf-bases, occasionally elongate. Leaves few, much longer than stems, channelled, filiform, terete or compressed-cylindrical. Scape 1–several, emerging successively. Flower solitary, terminal, actinomorphic, often brightly coloured, usually funnel-shaped, with two spathe-valves; tube usually very short; lobes usually equal, more or less spreading. Stamens symmetrical. Style-branches 3, usually deeply bifid. Capsule shortly cylindrical or ellipsoid, coriaceous. Seeds numerous, globose or angled.

<==Romulea Maratti 1802 [incl. Trichonema Ker Gawl. 1802] C-SCL16
    |  i. s.: R. alba MG06
    |         R. bulbocodium Y98
    |         R. hantamensis MG06
    |         R. rosea (Linnaeus) Ecklon 1827 HE80 [incl. R. longifolia H93]
    |           |--R. r. var. rosea HE80
    |           `--R. r. var. australis HE80
    |         R. stellata MG06
    |         R. syringodeoflora MG06
    |         R. tempskyana PT98
    `--R. subgen. Romulea sect. Ciliatae MG06
         |--R. kamisensis MG06
         |--R. namaquensis MG06
         |--R. singularis Manning & Goldblatt 2006 MG06
         `--R. toximontana MG06

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[C-SCL16] Cavalier-Smith, T., E. E. Chao & R. Lewis. 2016. 187-gene phylogeny of protozoan phylum Amoebozoa reveals a new class (Cutosea) of deep-branching, ultrastructurally unique, enveloped marine Lobosa and clarifies amoeba evolution. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 99: 275–296.

[HE80] Healy, A. J., & E. Edgar. 1980. Flora of New Zealand vol. 3. Adventive cyperaceous, petalous and spathaceous monocotyledons. P. D. Hasselberg, Government Printer: Wellington (New Zealand).

[H93] Hickman, J. C. (ed.) 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press: Berkeley (California).

[MG06] Manning, J. C., & P. Goldblatt. 2006. New species of Iridaceae from the Hantam-Roggeveld Centre of Endemism, and the Bokkeveld, Northern Cape, South Africa. Bothalia 36 (2): 139–145.

[PT98] Panitsa, M., & D. Tzanoudakis. 1998. Contribution to the study of the Greek flora: flora and vegetation of the E Aegean islands Agathonisi and Pharmakonisi. Willdenowia 28: 95–116.

[Y98] Yannitsaros, A. 1998. Additions to the flora of Kithira (Greece) I. Willdenowia 28: 77–94.

Moraea

Moraea crispa, from Silverhill Seeds and Books.

Belongs within: Iridaceae.

Moraea, the Cape tulips, is a genous of corm-bearing herbs native to southern Africa.

Characters (from Flora of Victoria): Perennial herb, leaves and flowers annual; corm globose or ovoid, outer layers fibrous to woody, sometimes with bulbils. Stem sometimes below ground at flowering. Leaves 1–several, rarely numerous, basal or sub-basal, linear, laterally channelled, flat or terete, sometimes with bulbils in leaf axils. Inflorescence with scape branched or unbranched; flowers clustered or solitary, sometimes with numerous flower clusters appressed to scape; primary bracts 2, rarely numerous, usually herbaceous. Perianth parts united basally into tube or free and abruptly narrowed basally, subequal or inner perianth shorter than outer, the inner sometimes greatly reduced; staminal filaments united or almost completely united, rarely free, anthers usually linear, often appressed to style-branches; ovary globose to oblong-linear; style usually short, 3-branched, petaloid, each branch divided or 2-lobed or style terete with 3 stigmatic lobes. Capsule ovoid to cylindric or club-shaped, sometimes membranous, enclosed by, or exceeding primary bracts; seeds numerous, angular.

Moraea MG06
    `--M. sect. Polyanthes [incl. Roggeveldia Goldblatt 1979] MG06
         |--M. crispa MG06
         |--M. fistulosa [=*Roggeveldia fistulosa] MG06
         |--M. marginata Manning & Goldblatt 2006 MG06
         `--M. monticola [=Roggeveldia montana Goldblatt 1992] MG06

Moraea incertae sedis:
  M. flaccida DAF07
  M. garipensis CV06
  M. graniticola CV06
  M. hexaglottis CV06
  M. miniata DAF07
  M. namibensis CV06
  M. ramosissima DE06
  M. rigidifolia CV06
  M. schimperi DVC08
  M. serpentina ERV99
  M. tortilis ERV99

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[CV06] Craven, P., & P. Vorster. 2006. Patterns of plant diversity and endemism in Namibia. Bothalia 36 (2): 175–189.

[DVC08] Darbyshire, I., K. Vollesen & H. M. Chapman. 2008. A remarkable range disjunction recorded in Metarungia pubinervia (Acanthaceae). Kew Bulletin 63 (4): 613–615.

[DAF07] Department of Agriculture and Food. 2007. Common Seasonal Pests. State of Western Australia.

[DE06] Duncan, G. D., & T. J. Edwards. 2006. Three new species of Lachenalia (Hyacinthaceae: Massonieae) from Western and Northern Cape, South Africa. Bothalia 36 (2): 147–155.

[ERV99] Esler, K. J., P. W. Rundel & P. Vorster. 1999. Biogeography of prostrate-leaved geophytes in semi-arid South Africa: hypotheses on functionality. Plant Ecology 142 (1–2): 105–120.

[MG06] Manning, J. C., & P. Goldblatt. 2006. New species of Iridaceae from the Hantam-Roggeveld Centre of Endemism, and the Bokkeveld, Northern Cape, South Africa. Bothalia 36 (2): 139–145.

Iridaceae

Watsonia fulgens, copyright Stan Shebs.

Belongs within: Petrosaviidae.
Contains: Crocus, Moraea, Romulea, Patersonia, Iris, Sisyrinchium, Ixieae.

The Iridaceae are a family of seasonal plants, most diverse in southern Africa. Many species in the family are popular ornamentals. The rootstock of members of this family is often a corm, as in Crocus or Watsonia, or a rhizome as in Iris or Sisyrinchium. Representatives include the genus Watsonia in which numerous solitary flowers with bifid style-branches are borne on robust flowering stems, up to 180 cm tall (Healy & Edgar 1980).

Characters (from Healy & Edgar 1980): Perennial, rarely annual, glabrous, rarely pubescent herbs with rhizomes, corms and bulbs. Leaves often crowded at base of sten, mostly narrow-linear, flattened at sides, sheathing and equitant at base. Flowers bisexual, actinomorphic to completely zygomorphic, in spikes, racemes or panicles, sometimes solitary, enclosed 1-several within two spathe-valves consisting of a bract and more membranous bracteole. Perianth petaloid, more or less marcescent; segments 6, connate basally into tube or occasionally free, more or less similar or three outer different in shape, size or colour from inner. Stamens 3, symmetrically placed in actinomorphic flowers, slightly irregularly placed, asymmetric, in zygomorphic flowers; filaments free or partly connate; anther bilocular, opening extrorsely or laterally by longitudinal slits. Ovary inferior, usually trilocular with axile placentae; style three-lobed in upper part, branches entire to deeply lobed, sometimes winged and petaloid, stigmatose at the top or within. Capsules loculicidally dehiscent. Seeds few to many.

<==Iridaceae [Iridales, Iridineae]
    |--Isophysis LC95
    |--+--+--Geosiris LC95
    |  |  `--Aristea ecklonii Baker 1877 LC95, HE80
    |  `--+--Patersonia LC95
    |     `--+--Nivenia LC95
    |        `--+--Klattia LC95
    |           `--Witsenia LC95
    `--+--+--+--Iris LC95
       |  |  `--+--Mariceae LC95
       |  |     `--Trigidieae LC95
       |  `--+--Bobartia spathacea LC95, B78 [incl. Xyris altissima B78]
       |     `--+--Diplarrhenia LC95
       |        `--Sisyrinchium LC95
       `--+--Pillansieae LC95
          `--+--Ixieae LC95
             `--Watsonia DE06 [Watsonieae LC95]
                  |--W. ardernei Sander 1899 HE80
                  |--W. bulbillifera Mathews & Bolus 1922 HE80
                  |--W. fulgens [incl. W. angusta] HE80
                  |--W. marginata Ker-Gawler 1802 HE80
                  |--W. meriana (Linnaeus) Miller 1768 HE80
                  `--W. tabularis DE06

Iridaceae incertae sedis:
  Schizostylis coccinea Backhouse & Harvey 1864 HE80
  Freesia HE80
    |--F. caryophyllacea ERV99
    |--F. fergusoniae ERV99
    `--F. refracta (von Jacquin) Klatt 1866 HE80
  Dietes bicolor HE80
  Neomarica DS04
    |--N. gracilis MM96
    `--N. northiana DS04
  Dierama HE80
    |--D. pendulum (Linnaeus) Baker 1877 HE80
    `--D. pulcherrimum HE80
  Gynandriris HE80
    |--G. pritzeliana ERV99
    |--G. setifolia HE80
    `--G. sisyrinchium PT98
  Sparaxis HE80
    |--S. bulbifera (Linnaeus) Ker-Gawler in Koenig & Sims 1804 HE80
    |--S. caryophyllacea ERV99
    |--S. grandiflora H93
    `--S. tricolor (Schneevogt) Ker-Gawler in Koening & Sims 1804 HE80
  Tritonia HE80
    |--T. crocata (Linnaeus) Ker-Gawler 1802 HE80
    `--T. lineata (Salisbury) Ker-Gawler in Koenig & Sims 1804 HE80
  Orthrosanthus laxus OS04
    |--O. l. var. laxus OS04
    `--O. l. var. gramineus OS04
  Ferraria CV06
    |--F. macrochlamys N06
    `--F. schaeferi CV06
  Babiana HE80
    |--B. longicollis CV06
    |--B. spiralis N06
    `--B. stricta Ker-Gawler 1803 HE80
  Homeria HE80
    |--H. breyniana (n. d.) HE80
    |--H. collina (Thunberg) Ventenat 1808 HE80
    `--H. flaccida GK00
  Chasmanthe HE80
    |--C. aethiopica (see below for synonymy) HE80
    |--C. bicolor (Gasparrini) Brown 1932 HE80
    `--C. floribunda (Salisbury) Brown 1932 HE80
  Lapeirousia GE05
    |--L. anceps GE05
    |--L. avasmontana CV06
    |--L. gracilis CV06
    `--L. laxa HE80
  Crocosmia HE80
    |--C. aurea HE80
    |--C. × crocosmiiflora (Nicholson) Brown 1932 [C. aurea × C. pottsii] HE80
    |--C. paniculata (Klatt) Goldblatt 1971 HE80
    `--C. pottsii HE80
  Libertia Spreng. 1824 (nom. cons.) ME70
    |--*L. ixioides (Forst. f.) Spreng. 1824 ME70 (see below for synonymy)
    |--L. elegans D03
    |--L. formosa H93
    |--L. grandiflora (Br.) Sweet 1830 ME70 (see below for synonymy)
    `--L. peregrinans Cockayne & Allan 1926 ME70
  Crocus HE80
  Moraea MG06
  Romulea MG06
  Heritieria Bosc 1798 B98
    `--*H. tinctorum Bosc 1798 B98
  Argolosia B98
  Irites alaskana Lesquereux 1888 CBH93
  Sophronia Licht. ex Roem. & Schult. 1817 KC01
  Sphaerospora Klatt 1864 KC01
  Belamcanda Adans. 1763 G77
    `--B. chinensis (Linné) DC. in Redouté 1805 (see below for synonymy) G77
  Eleutherine Herbert 1843 (nom. cons.) G77
    `--E. palmifolia (Linné) Merr. 1912 (see below for synonymy) G77
  Trimezia Salisb. ex Herbert 1844 G77
    `--T. martinicensis (Jacq.) Herbert 1844 (see below for synonymy) G77
  Galaxia ERV99
    |--G. grandiflora ERV99
    |--G. luteo-alba ERV99
    |--G. ovata ERV99
    |--G. stagnalis ERV99
    |--G. variabilis ERV99
    `--G. versicolor ERV99
  Geissorhiza ERV99
    |--G. bolusii ERV99
    |--G. corrugata ERV99
    |--G. ovalifolia ERV99
    |--G. ovata ERV99
    `--G. parva ERV99
  Hesperantha montigena ERV99
  Micranthus alopecuroides ERV99
  Syringodea derustensis ERV99
  Xenoscapa fistulosa ERV99

Belamcanda chinensis (Linné) DC. in Redouté 1805 [=Ixia chinensis Linné 1753, Pardanthus chinensis Ker-Gawl. in König & Sims 1805; incl. Balem-canda schularmani] G77

Chasmanthe aethiopica [=Antholyza aethiopica, Petamenes aethiopica (Linnaeus) Allan 1940, Pentamenes (l. c.) aethiopica] HE80

Eleutherine palmifolia (Linné) Merr. 1912 [=Sisyrinchium palmifolium Linné 1767; incl. Ixia americana Aubl. 1775, Eleutherine americana Merr. ex Heyne 1922, Sisyrinchium bulbosum Mill. 1768, E. bulbosa (Mill.) Urban in Fedde 1918, Antholyza meriana Blanco 1837, Moraea plicata Sw. 1797, Eleutherine plicata Herbert 1843] G77

Libertia grandiflora (Br.) Sweet 1830 ME70 [=Renealmia grandiflora Br. 1810 ME70; incl. L. macrocarpa Klatt 1861–1862 C06, L. orbicularis Col. 1883 ME70]

*Libertia ixioides (Forst. f.) Spreng. 1824 ME70 [=Sisyrinchium ixioides Forst. f. 1786 ME70, Ferraria ixioides C06, Moraea ixioides C06, Nematostigma ixioides C06, Renealmia ixioides C06; incl. L. restioides Klatt 1861–1862 C06]

Trimezia martinicensis (Jacq.) Herbert 1844 [=Iris martinicensis Jacq. 1760, Cipura martinicensis Kth in H. B. K. 1816, Trimeza (l. c.) martinicensis; incl. Trimezia lurida Salisb. 1812] G77

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B78] Bentham, G. 1878. Flora Australiensis: A description of the plants of the Australian Territory vol. 7. Roxburghiaceae to Filices. L. Reeve & Co.: London.

[B98] Bosc, C. 1798. Description de l'Heritieria. Bulletin des Sciences, par la Societé Philomathique de Paris 19: 145–146.

[C06] Cheeseman, T. F. 1906. Manual of the New Zealand Flora. John Mackay, Government Printer: Wellington.

[CBH93] Collinson, M. E., M. C. Boulter & P. L. Holmes. 1993. Magnoliophyta (‘Angiospermae’). In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 809–841. Chapman & Hall: London.

[CV06] Craven, P., & P. Vorster. 2006. Patterns of plant diversity and endemism in Namibia. Bothalia 36 (2): 175–189.

[DS04] Davis, J. I., D. W. Stevenson, G. Petersen, O. Seberg, L. M. Campbell, J. V. Freudenstein, D. H. Goldman, C. R. Hardy, F. A. Michelangeli, M. P. Simmons, C. D. Specht, F. Vergara-Silva & M. Gandolfo. 2004. A phylogeny of the monocots, as inferred from rbcL and atpA sequence variation, and a comparison of methods for calculating jackknife and bootstrap values. Systematic Botany 29 (3): 467–510.

[DE06] Duncan, G. D., & T. J. Edwards. 2006. Three new species of Lachenalia (Hyacinthaceae: Massonieae) from Western and Northern Cape, South Africa. Bothalia 36 (2): 147–155.

[D03] Dusén, P. 1903. The vegetation of western Patagonia. In: Scott, W. B. (ed.) Reports of the Princeton University Expeditions to Patagonia, 1896–1899 vol. 8. Botany pp. 1–34. The University: Princeton (New Jersey).

[ERV99] Esler, K. J., P. W. Rundel & P. Vorster. 1999. Biogeography of prostrate-leaved geophytes in semi-arid South Africa: hypotheses on functionality. Plant Ecology 142 (1–2): 105–120.

[G77] Geerinck, D. J. L. 1977. Iridaceae. Flora Malesiana, Series I—Spermatophyta, Flowering Plants 8 (2): 77–84.

[GK00] Gibson, N., & G. J. Keighery. 2000. Flora and vegetation of the Byenup-Muir reserve system, south-west Western Australia. CALMScience 3 (3): 323–402.

[GE05] Grimaldi, D., & M. S. Engel. 2005. Evolution of the Insects. Cambridge University Press: New York.

[HE80] Healy, A. J., & E. Edgar. 1980. Flora of New Zealand vol. 3. Adventive cyperaceous, petalous and spathaceous monocotyledons. P. D. Hasselberg, Government Printer: Wellington (New Zealand).

[H93] Hickman, J. C. (ed.) 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press: Berkeley (California).

[KC01] Kirk, P. M., P. F. Cannon, J. C. David & J. A. Stalpers. 2001. Ainsworth & Bisby's Dictionary of the Fungi 9^th ed. CAB International: Wallingford (UK).

[LC95] Linder, H. P., & M. D. Crisp. 1995. Nothofagus and Pacific biogeography. Cladistics 11: 5–32.

[MG06] Manning, J. C., & P. Goldblatt. 2006. New species of Iridaceae from the Hantam-Roggeveld Centre of Endemism, and the Bokkeveld, Northern Cape, South Africa. Bothalia 36 (2): 139–145.

[ME70] Moore, L. B., & E. Edgar. 1970. Flora of New Zealand vol. 2. Indigenous Tracheophyta: Monocotyledones except Gramineae. A. R. Shearer, Government Printer: Wellington (New Zealand).

[MM96] Mound, L. A., & R. Marullo. 1996. The thrips of Central and South America: an introduction (Insecta: Thysanoptera). Memoirs on Entomology, International 6: 1–487.

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Last updated: 13 June 2022.