Epilobium section Lysimachion

Epilobium cinereum, copyright Krzysztof Ziarnek, Kenraiz.

Belongs within: Onagraceae.

The section Lysimachion of the genus Epilobium includes annual and biennial willowherbs in which the calyx is more or less tubular and the corolla is regular.

<==Epilobium sect. Lysimachion A61
    |--E. ser. Dermatophyllae A61
    |    |--E. brevipes Hooker 1855 non E. nummularifolium var. brevipes Hooker 1852 A61
    |    |--E. crassum Hook. f. 1855 A61
    |    |--E. dawbinii Allan 1961 A61
    |    |--E. erubescens Haussknecht 1884 [incl. E. erubescens var. suberecta Kirk 1899] A61
    |    |--E. forbesii Allan 1961 A61
    |    |--E. glabellum Forst. f. 1786 (see below for synonymy) A61
    |    |--E. gracilipes Kirk 1895 A61
    |    |    |--E. g. var. gracilipes A61
    |    |    `--E. g. var. concinnum Allan 1961 A61
    |    |--E. krulleanum Haussknecht 1884 A61
    |    |--E. matthewsii Petrie 1921 [incl. E. arcuatum Petrie 1913 non Lév. 1907] A61
    |    |--E. melanocaulon Hook. 1848 A61
    |    |    |--E. m. var. melanocaulon [incl. E. m. var. typicum Ckn. & Allan 1926] A61
    |    |    `--E. m. var. viride Ckn. & Allan 1926 non E. pedunculare var. viride Ckn. 1918 A61
    |    |--E. microphyllum Rich. 1832 A61
    |    |    |--E. m. var. microphyllum A61
    |    |    `--E. m. var. prostratum Petrie 1912 non E. prostratum Warb. 1893 A61
    |    |--E. novae-zelandiae Haussknecht 1884 (see below for synonymy) A61
    |    |--E. polyclonum Haussknecht 1884 [=E. melanocaulon var. polyclonum (Haussknecht) Cheesem. 1906] A61
    |    |--E. porphyrium Simpson & Thomson 1945 A61
    |    |--E. pycnostachyum Hauss. 1879 A61
    |    |--E. rostratum Cheesem. 1896 A61
    |    |    |--E. r. var. rostratum A61
    |    |    `--E. r. var. pubens Petrie 1913 non E. pubens Rich. 1832 A61
    |    |--E. rubro-marginatum Ckn. 1916 A61
    |    |--E. simulans Allan 1961 A61
    |    `--E. vernicosum Cheesem. 1896 A61
    |--E. ser. Microphyllae A61
    |    |--E. alsinoides Cunningham 1839 (see below for synonymy) A61
    |    |--E. antipodum Petrie 1914 A61
    |    |--E. chloraefolium Hauss. 1879 [incl. E. chloraefolium var. verum Ckn. 1918] A61
    |    |    |--E. c. var. chloraefolium A61
    |    |    `--E. c. var. kaikourense Ckn. 1918 A61
    |    |--E. cockaynianum Petrie 1909 A61
    |    |--E. confertifolium Hook. f. 1844 A61
    |    |--E. elegans Petrie 1897 A61
    |    |--E. findlayi Allan 1961 [incl. E. confertifolium f. laxa] A61
    |    |    |--E. f. var. findlayi A61
    |    |    `--E. f. var. pubescens Allan 1961 A61
    |    |--E. hectori Hauss. 1884 A61
    |    |--E. insulare Haussknecht 1884 A61
    |    |--E. perplexum Kirk 1899 A61
    |    |--E. pictum Petrie 1896 A61
    |    |--E. rotundifolium Forst. f. 1786 A61
    |    |--E. tasmanicum Haussknecht 1884 A61 [=E. confertifolium var. tasmanicum C06]
    |    |--E. tenuipes Hook. f. 1852 [=E. confertifolium var. tenuipes Hook. f. 1864; incl. E. nanum Colenso 1894] A61
    |    |--E. thymifolium Cunningham 1839 A61
    |    `--E. wilsonii Petrie 1923 A61
    |         |--E. w. var. wilsonii A61
    |         `--E. w. var. pallidum Simpson & Thomson 1940 A61
    |--E. ser. Similes A61
    |    |--E. billardierianum Sér. in DC. 1828 (see below for synonymy) A61
    |    |--E. chionanthum Hauss. 1879 A61
    |    |--E. cinereum Rich. 1832 (see below for synonymy) A61
    |    |--E. erectum Petrie 1902 [incl. E. junceum var. macrophyllum Haussknecht 1884, E. junceum f. macrophylla] A61
    |    |--E. hirtigerum Cunn. 1839 A61 (see below for synonymy)
    |    |--E. pallidiflorum Sol. ex Cunn. 1839 (see below for synonymy) A61
    |    `--E. pubens Rich. 1832 (see below for synonymy) A61
    |         |--E. p. var. pubens A61
    |         |--E. p. var. astonii Allan 1961 A61
    |         `--E. p. var. strictum Allan 1961 A61
    `--E. ser. Sparsiflorae A61
         |--E. caespitosum Haussknecht 1884 A61
         |--E. linnaeoides Hook. f. 1844 A61
         |--E. macropus Hook. 1852 A61
         |--E. nerterioides Cunn. 1839 (see below for synonymy) A61
         |    |--E. n. var. nerterioides A61
         |    |--E. n. var. angustum Cheesem. 1925 [=E. nummularifolium var. angustum Cheesem. 1906] A61
         |    `--E. n. var. minimum (Kirk) Ckn. 1909 [=E. nummularifolium var. minimum Kirk 1899] A61
         |--E. nummularifolium Cunn. 1839 (see below for synonymy) A61
         |--E. pedunculare Cunn. 1839 (see below for synonymy) A61
         |    |--E. p. var. pedunculare A61
         |    |--E. p. var. brunnescens Ckn. 1918 A61
         |    |--E. p. var. minutiflorum Ckn. 1918 A61 [=E. brunnescens var. minutiflorum W91]
         |    `--E. p. var. viride Ckn. 1918 A61
         |--E. pernitens Ckn. & Allan 1926 A61
         `--E. purpuratum Hook. f. 1864 A61

Epilobium alsinoides Cunningham 1839 [incl. E. atriplicifolium Cunningham 1839, E. haloragifolium Cunningham 1839] A61

Epilobium billardierianum Sér. in DC. 1828 [incl. E. billardierianum f. major, E. billardierianum f. simplex, E. tetragonum Hook. f. 1852] A61

Epilobium cinereum Rich. 1832 [=E. junceum f. cinerea Haussknecht 1884; incl. E. junceum var. campestre ms, E. junceum f. canescens Haussknecht 1884, E. confertum Cunningham 1839, E. junceum f. glabrescens Haussknecht 1884, E. incanum Cunningham 1839, E. junceum Sprengel 1825 (n. d.), E. puberulum, E. junceum f. teucriifolia Haussknecht 1884, E. virgatum Cunningham 1839] A61

Epilobium glabellum Forst. f. 1786 [incl. E. glabellum f. major non E. billardierianum f. major, E. glabellum f. minor] A61

Epilobium hirtigerum Cunn. 1839 A61 [=E. junceum var. hirtigerum Hook. f. 1852 A61; incl. E. brasiliense Haussknecht 1879 R77, E. junceum var. limosum ms A61]

Epilobium nerterioides Cunn. 1839 [=E. nummularifolium var. nerterioides (Cunn.) Hook. f. 1852; incl. E. pedunculare var. aprica Hauss. 1884, E. komarovianum Lév. in Fedde 1908] A61

Epilobium novae-zelandiae Haussknecht 1884 [incl. E. parviflorum Simpson & Thomson 1943 non Schreb. 1771, E. pratense Simpson 1952] A61

Epilobium nummularifolium Cunn. 1839 [incl. E. nummularifolium var. brevipes Hooker 1852, E. nummularifolium f. umbrosa] A61

Epilobium pallidiflorum Sol. ex Cunn. 1839 [incl. E. macranthum Hook. 1840; incl. E. pallidiflorum f. laxa non E. confertifolium f. laxa, E. pallidiflorum f. stricta non E. pubens var. strictum Allan 1961] A61

Epilobium pedunculare Cunn. 1839 [=E. nummularifolium var. pedunculare (Cunn.) Hook. f. 1852; incl. E. pedunculare var. laxa nec E. confertifolium f. laxa nec E. pallidiflorum f. laxa] A61

Epilobium pubens Rich. 1832 [incl. E. pubens f. major nec E. billardierianum f. major nec E. glabellum f. major, E. pubens f. minor non E. glabellum f. minor] A61

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A61] Allan, H. H. 1961. Flora of New Zealand vol. 1. Indigenous Tracheophyta: Psilopsida, Lycopsida, Filicopsida, Gymnospermae, Dicotyledones. R. E. Owen, Government Printer: Wellington (New Zealand).

[C06] Cheeseman, T. F. 1906. Manual of the New Zealand Flora. John Mackay, Government Printer: Wellington.

[R77] Raven, P. H. 1977. Onagraceae. Flora Malesiana, Series I—Spermatophyta, Flowering Plants 8 (2): 98–113.

[W91] Williams, P. A. 1991. Subalpine and alpine vegetation of granite ranges in western Nelson, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Botany 29: 317–330.

Olinia

Mountain hard pear Olinia emarginata, copyright H. Robertson.

Belongs within: Melastomatineae.

Olinia is an African genus of trees and shrubs bearing paniculate inflorescences with branches ending in clusters of three flowers.

<==Olinia [Oliniaceae]
    |  i. s.: O. acuminata SB09
    |         O. cymosa SB09
    |         O. emarginata SB09
    |         O. ventosa SB09
    |--O. capensis SB09
    |--O. micrantha SB09
    |--O. radiata SB09
    `--+--O. usambarensis Gilg ex Engl. 1894 (see below for synonymy) SB09
       `--+--O. huillensis Welwitsch ex Fern. & Fern. 1962 [=O. rochetiana ssp. huillensis] SB09
          |    |--O. h. ssp. huillensis SB09
          |    |--O. h. ssp. burttdavii Sebola in Sebola & Balkwill 2009 SB09
          |    `--O. h. ssp. discolor (Mildbr.) Sebola in Sebola & Balkwill 2009 (see below for synonymy) SB09
          `--+--O. vanguerioides Baker 1911 SB09
             `--+--O. rochetiana de Jussieu 1846 (see below for synonymy) SB09
                `--O. ruandensis Gilg 1914 [incl. O. macrophylla Gilg 1914] SB09

Olinia huillensis ssp. discolor (Mildbr.) Sebola in Sebola & Balkwill 2009 [=O. discolor Mildbr. 1932, O. rochetiana ssp. discolor] SB09

Olinia rochetiana de Jussieu 1846 [=Tephea aequipetala Delile 1846, O. aequipetala (Delile) Cufod. 1959; incl. O. abyssinica Engl. 1921 (n. n.), O. ternata Gilg ex Engl. 1921 (n. n.)] SB09

Olinia usambarensis Gilg ex Engl. 1894 [=O. rochetiana ssp. usambarensis; incl. O. volkensii Gilg ex Engl. 1895] SB09

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[SB09] Sebola, R. J., & K. Balkwill. 2009. Numerical phenetic analysis of Olinia rochetiana sensu lato (Oliniaceae). Kew Bulletin 64 (1): 95–121.

Metrosideros

Pohutukawa Metrosideros excelsa, photographed by Ed323.

Belongs within: Myrtaceae.

Metrosideros is a genus of trees, shrubs and lianes found between Malaysia, Australia, New Zealand and islands of the Pacific.

Characters (from Allan 1961): Aromatic shrubs, trees or woody lianes with simple, opposite, gland-dotted, exstipulate leaves. Flowers in usually terminal cymes or racemes; receptacle adnate to ovary; sepals 5, imbricate; petals 5; stamens numerous, many more than petals; filaments filiform, anthers versatile. Ovary three-celled, style filiform, ovules numerous. Capsules coriaceous, loculicidally three-valved, or dehiscence irregular; seeds linear.

<==Metrosideros Banks ex Gaertn. 1788 A61
    |--M. albiflora Sol. ex Gaertn. 1788 [incl. M. diffusa Cunn. 1839 non Melaleuca diffusa Forst. f. 1786] A61
    |--M. carminea Oliver 1928 (see below for synonymy) A61
    |--M. colensoi Hook. f. 1852 A61
    |    |--M. c. var. colensoi A61
    |    `--M. c. var. pendens (Col.) Kirk 1899 [=M. pendens Col. 1880] A61
    |--M. collina ST99
    |    |--M. c. ssp. collina ST99
    |    `--M. c. ssp. polymorpha ST99
    |--M. diffusa (Forst. f.) Smith 1797 (see below for synonymy) A61
    |--M. excelsa Sol. ex Gaertn. 1788 [incl. M. tomentosa Rich. 1832] A61
    |--M. fulgens Sol. ex Gaertn. 1788 A61 (see below for synonymy)
    |--M. kermadecensis Oliver 1928 (see below for synonymy) A61
    |--M. macropus WO05
    |--M. parkinsonii Buchan. 1883 A61
    |--M. perforata (Forster & Forster) Rich. 1832 (see below for synonymy) A61
    |--M. robusta Cunn. 1839 (see below for synonymy) A61
    |--M. × sub-tomentosa Carse 1927 [M. excelsa × M. robusta] A61
    |--M. umbellata Cav. 1795 A61 (see below for synonymy)
    `--M. villosa Smith 1797 C06

Metrosideros carminea Oliver 1928 [incl. M. diffusa Hook. f. 1852 nec Melaleuca diffusa Forst. f. 1786 nec Met. diffusa Cunn. 1839] A61

Metrosideros diffusa (Forst. f.) Smith 1797 [=Melaleuca diffusa Forst. f. 1786; incl. Met. hypericifolia Cunn. 1839 non Salisb. 1796, Met. subsimilis Colenso 1880] A61

Metrosideros fulgens Sol. ex Gaertn. 1788 A61 [incl. Met. aurata Colenso 1891 A61, Met. florida var. aurata A27, Melaleuca florida Forst. f. 1786 A61, Leptospermum scandens Forster & Forster 1776 A61, Metrosideros scandens (Forster & Forster) Druce 1917 A61, Met. speciosa Col. 1890 A61]

Metrosideros kermadecensis Oliver 1928 [incl. M. polymorpha Hook. f. 1864 non Gaud. 1826, M. villosa Kirk 1899 non Smith 1797] A61

Metrosideros perforata (Forster & Forster) Rich. 1832 [=Leptospermum perforatum Forster & Forster 1776, Melaleuca perforata Forst. f. 1786; incl. Metrosideros buxifolia Cunningham 1839, Mel. scandens Sol. ex Gaertn. 1788, Met. tenuifolium Colenso 1892, Met. vesiculata Colenso 1884] A61

Metrosideros robusta Cunn. 1839 [incl. M. florida Hook. f. 1849 non Melaleuca florida Forst. f. 1786, M. robusta var. intermedia Kirk 1899, M. robusta var. retusa Kirk 1899] A61

Metrosideros umbellata Cav. 1795 A61 [=Agalmanthus umbellatus C06; incl. Melaleuca lucida Forst. f. 1786 non Linn. f. 1781 A61, Met. lucida (Forster) Rich. 1832 A61]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A61] Allan, H. H. 1961. Flora of New Zealand vol. 1. Indigenous Tracheophyta: Psilopsida, Lycopsida, Filicopsida, Gymnospermae, Dicotyledones. R. E. Owen, Government Printer: Wellington (New Zealand).

[A27] Andersen, J. C. 1927. Popular names of New Zealand plants. Part 2. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 905–977.

[C06] Cheeseman, T. F. 1906. Manual of the New Zealand Flora. John Mackay, Government Printer: Wellington.

[ST99] Saenz, G. S., & J. W. Taylor. 1999. Phylogenetic relationships of Meliola and Meliolina inferred from nuclear small subunit rRNA sequences. Mycological Research 103 (8): 1049–1056.

[WO05] Wilson, P. G., M. M. O'Brien, M. M. Heslewood & C. J. Quinn. 2005. Relationships within Myrtaceae sensu lato based on a matK phylogeny. Plant Systematics and Evolution 251: 3–19.

Verticordia

Plumed featherflower Verticordia plumosa, photographed by Cygnis insignis.

Belongs within: Chamelaucieae.

Verticordia, featherflowers, is an Australian genus of shrubs and small trees bearing flowers with feather-like hairs on the calyx lobes.

<==Verticordia
    |--V. chrysantha G04b
    |--V. cunninghamii LK14
    |--V. densiflora OS04
    |    |--V. d. ssp. densiflora GK00
    |    `--V. d. ssp. caespitosa GK00
    |--V. forrestii S86
    |--V. grandiflora OS04
    |--V. habrantha GK00
    |--V. helmsii G04a
    |--V. huegelii OS04
    |    |--V. h. var. huegelii OS04
    |    `--V. h. var. stylosa OS04
    |--V. insignis OS04
    |    |--V. i. ssp. insignis OS04
    |    `--V. i. ssp. compta OS04
    |--V. lindleyi H18
    |--V. nitens R35
    |--V. pennigera WO05
    |--V. picta S95
    |--V. plumosa GK00
    `--V. verticillata LK14

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[G04a] Gibson, N. 2004a. Flora and vegetation of the Eastern Goldfields Ranges: part 6. Mt Manning Range. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 87 (2): 35–47.

[G04b] Gibson, N. 2004b. Flora and vegetation of the Eastern Goldfields Ranges: part 7. Middle and South Ironcap, Digger Rock and Hatter Hill. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 87 (2): 49–62.

[GK00] Gibson, N., & G. J. Keighery. 2000. Flora and vegetation of the Byenup-Muir reserve system, south-west Western Australia. CALMScience 3 (3): 323–402.

[H18] Houston, T. 2018. A Guide to Native Bees of Australia. CSIRO Publishing.

[LK14] Lyons, M. N., G. J. Keighery, L. A. Gibson & T. Handasyde. 2014. Flora and vegetation communities of selected islands off the Kimberley coast of Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 81: 205–244.

[OS04] Obbens, F. J., & L. W. Sage. 2004. Vegetation and flora of a diverse upland remnant of the Western Australian wheatbelt (Nature Reserve A21064). Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 87 (1): 19–28.

[R35] Rayment, T. 1935. A Cluster of Bees: Sixty essays on the life-histories of Australian bees, with specific descriptions of over 100 new species. Endeavour Press: Sydney.

[S95] Smith, G. T. 1995. Species richness, habitat and conservation of scorpions in the Western Australian wheatbelt. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 52: 55–66.

[S86] Snelling, R. R. 1986. The taxonomy and nomenclature of some Australian paragiine wasps (Hymenoptera: Masaridae). Contributions in Science 378: 1–19.

[WO05] Wilson, P. G., M. M. O'Brien, M. M. Heslewood & C. J. Quinn. 2005. Relationships within Myrtaceae sensu lato based on a matK phylogeny. Plant Systematics and Evolution 251: 3–19.

Syzygieae

Creek lilly-pilly Syzygium australe, copyright Arthur Chapman.

Belongs within: Myrtaceae.

The Syzygieae are a group of myrtaceous trees and shrubs that usually produce terminal, paniculate inflorescences and fleshy fruits containing a single large seed (Wilson et al. 2005).

Characters (from Wilson et al. 2005): Trees, rarely shrubs; lacking simple hairs. Leaves opposite. Inflorescences mostly terminal and paniculate; perianth free or calyx calyptrate, petals often cohering and falling as a unit; stamens free, numerous; anthers versatile, dehiscing by longitudinal slits. Ovary inferior, mostly 2-locular; placentas axile or apical, ovules unitegmic and anatropous, pendulous or radiating; vascular supply to ovary axial. Fruit indehiscent, mostly fleshy (except Anetholea); seeds usually solitary; embryo usually with thick cotyledons, occasionally more or less ruminate, rarely leafy (Anetholea).

<==Syzygieae WO05
    |--Anetholea anisata WO05
    |--Acmenosperma WO05
    |--Waterhousea WO05
    |--Acmena WO05
    |    |--A. graveolens WO05
    |    `--A. smithii NC91
    `--Syzygium ING03
         |--S. angophoroides LK14
         |--S. aromaticum H93
         |--S. australe WO05
         |--S. bamagense B00a
         |--S. bourdillonii ING03
         |--S. caryophyllatum MMS02
         |--S. cordatum DP72
         |--S. cormiflorum B00b
         |--S. cumini WO05
         |--S. erythrocalyx B00b
         |--S. eucalyptoides LK14
         |    |--S. e. ssp. eucalyptoides LK14
         |    `--S. e. ssp. bleeseri LK14
         |--S. forte LK14
         |    |--S. f. ssp. forte LK14
         |    `--S. f. ssp. potamophilum LK14
         |--S. gambleanum Rathakrishnan & Chithra 1983 (see below for synonymy) ING03
         |--S. gerrardii [=Eugenia gerrardii] DP72
         |--S. guineense E09
         |    |--S. g. ssp. guineense E09
         |    `--S. g. ssp. afromontanum E09
         |--S. jambos H06
         |--S. kuranda B00b
         |--S. myhendrae ING03
         |--S. neesianum Arnott 1836 [=Eugenia neesiana Wt. 1843] MMS02
         |--S. nervosum LK14
         |--S. oleosum B00b
         |--S. pachycladum B88
         |--S. palghatense ING03
         |--S. paniculatum H06
         |--S. periyarensis ING03
         |--S. puberulum B00b
         |--S. samarangense WO05
         |--S. sriganesanii ING03
         |--S. suborbiculare LK14
         |--S. tierneyanum B00b
         |--S. wilsoni B00b
         `--S. zeylanicum ING03
              |--S. z. var. zeylanicum ING03
              |--S. z. var. ellipticum ING03
              `--S. z. var. megamalayanum ING03

Syzygium gambleanum Rathakrishnan & Chithra 1983 [=Eugenia microphylla Bedd. 1871 non Abel 1818, S. microphyllum (Bedd.) Gamble 1969] ING03

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B00a] Braby, M. F. 2000a. Butterflies of Australia: their identification, biology and distribution vol. 1. CSIRO Publishing: Collingwood (Victoria).

[B00b] Braby, M. F. 2000b. Butterflies of Australia: their identification, biology and distribution vol. 2. CSIRO Publishing: Collingwood (Victoria).

[DP72] Deighton, F. C., & K. A. Pirozynski. 1972. Microfungi. V. More hyperparasitic hyphomycetes. Mycological Papers 128: 1–110.

[E09] Ensermu K. 2009. Three new species of Acanthaceae from Ethiopia. Kew Bulletin 64 (1): 57–65.

[H06] Henderson, L. 2006. Comparisons of invasive plants in southern Africa originating from southern temperate, northern temperate and tropical regions. Bothalia 36 (2): 201–222.

[H93] Hickman, J. C. (ed.) 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press: Berkeley (California).

[ING03] Irwin, S. J., D. Narasimhan & R. Ganesan. 2003. Status of Syzygium gambleanum Rathakr. & Chitra (Myrtaceae) from southern Western Ghats, India. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 45: 111–120.

[LK14] Lyons, M. N., G. J. Keighery, L. A. Gibson & T. Handasyde. 2014. Flora and vegetation communities of selected islands off the Kimberley coast of Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 81: 205–244.

[MMS02] Murugan, C., V. S. Manickam & V. Sundaresan. 2002. Syzygium neesianum Arn. (Myrtaceae)—an addition to the Indian flora. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 99 (3): 553–555.

[NC91] Nielsen, E. S., & I. F. B. Common. 1991. Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers 2^nd ed. vol. 2 pp. 817–915. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[WO05] Wilson, P. G., M. M. O'Brien, M. M. Heslewood & C. J. Quinn. 2005. Relationships within Myrtaceae sensu lato based on a matK phylogeny. Plant Systematics and Evolution 251: 3–19.

Leptospermeae

Manuka Leptospermum scoparium, copyright Gerald W.

Belongs within: Myrtaceae.

The Leptospermeae are a clade of trees and shrubs producing fruits as a woody capsule, sometimes with delayed opening. In members of the genus Kunzea, the flowers have stamens considerably longer than the petals whereas the stamens of Agonis and Leptospermum are shorter than or little longer than the petals.

Characters (from Wilson et al. 2005): Shrubs or trees; leaves mostly spiral. Inflorescences of solitary flowers or triads sometimes aggregated into head-like clusters of flowers, very rarely into bottlebrush-like structures (Kunzea baxteri); flowers usually with free stamens (except Asteromyrtus), anthers versatile, dehiscing by longitudinal slits. Ovary half-inferior; placentas axile; ovules anatropous or hemitropous. Fruit a woody capsule, sometimes with delayed dehiscence; seeds linear or ellipsoid to obovoid, occasionally winged.

<==Leptospermeae [Leptospermineae]
    |  i. s.: Asteromyrtus symphyocarpa WO05, WF01
    |         Angasomyrtus WO05
    |         Homalospermum WO05
    |         Neofabricia WO05
    |         Pericalymma ellipticum WO05, RL05
    |--Kunzea WO05
    |    |--K. ambigua SN08
    |    |--K. baxteri WO05
    |    |--K. capitata WO05
    |    |--K. ericifolia SS05
    |    |--K. ericoides L03
    |    |    |--K. e. var. ericoides L97
    |    |    `--K. e. var. linearis L97
    |    |--K. micrantha GK00
    |    |--K. micromera OS04
    |    |--K. muelleri KC83
    |    |--K. preissiana OS04
    |    |--K. recurva GK00
    |    `--K. sulphurea GK00
    `--+--Agonis WO05
       |    |--A. flexuosa WO05
       |    |--A. hypericifolia GK00
       |    |--A. juniperina GK00
       |    `--A. parviceps GK00
       `--Leptospermum Forster & Forster 1776 WO05, A61
            |--L. arachnoideum C08
            |--L. attenuatum M65
            |--L. brachyandrum M65
            |--L. chapmanii A27
            |--L. continentale YHT05
            |--L. coriaceum G76
            |--L. ellipticum L88
            |--L. ericoides Rich. 1832 A61
            |    |--L. e. var. ericoides A61
            |    |--L. e. var. lineare Kirk 1889 [incl. L. ericoides var. lineatum Kirk 1899, L. lineatum Ckn. 1911] A61
            |    `--L. e. var. microflorum Simpson 1945 A61
            |--L. erubescens OS04
            |--L. fastigiatum G04
            |--L. flavescens M65
            |--L. fraseri A27
            |--L. grandiflorum SN08
            |--L. juniperinum B14
            |--L. laevigatum SN08
            |--L. lanigerum SN08
            |--L. luehmannii M65
            |--L. microcarpum M65
            |--L. myrsinoides YHT05
            |--L. nichollsii A27
            |--L. nitens G04
            |--L. nitidum SN08
            |--L. phylicoides C96
            |--L. recurvum P88
            |--L. riparium Morris in Morris & Curtis 1974 MC74
            |--L. scoparium Forster & Forster 1776 (see below for synonymy) A61
            |    |--L. s. var. scoparium A61
            |    `--L. s. var. incanum Ckn. 1917 A61
            |--L. sinclairii Kirk 1899 A61
            |--L. spectabile WO05
            |--L. spinescens G04
            |--L. stellatum C08
            `--L. trinervium WO05

Leptospermum scoparium Forster & Forster 1776 [incl. L. scoparium var. linifolium Hooker 1852, L. scoparium var. myrtifolium Hooker 1852, L. scoparium var. parvum Kirk 1899, L. scoparium var. prostratum Hooker 1852] A61

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A61] Allan, H. H. 1961. Flora of New Zealand vol. 1. Indigenous Tracheophyta: Psilopsida, Lycopsida, Filicopsida, Gymnospermae, Dicotyledones. R. E. Owen, Government Printer: Wellington (New Zealand).

[A27] Andersen, J. C. 1927. Popular names of New Zealand plants. Part 2. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 905–977.

[B14] Bouchard, P. (ed.) 2014. The Book of Beetles: A lifesize guide to six hundred of nature's gems. Ivy Press: Lewes (United Kingdom).

[C96] Calder, A. A. 1996. Click beetles: genera of the Australian Elateridae (Coleoptera). CSIRO Australia: Collingwood.

[C08] Cambage, R. H. 1908. Notes on the native flora of New South Wales. Part VI. Deepwater to Torrington and Emmaville. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 33 (1): 45–65, pls 1–2.

[G04] Gibson, N. 2004. Flora and vegetation of the Eastern Goldfields Ranges: part 7. Middle and South Ironcap, Digger Rock and Hatter Hill. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 87 (2): 49–62.

[GK00] Gibson, N., & G. J. Keighery. 2000. Flora and vegetation of the Byenup-Muir reserve system, south-west Western Australia. CALMScience 3 (3): 323–402.

[G76] Gross, G. F. 1976. Plant-feeding and Other Bugs (Hemiptera) of South Australia. Heteroptera—Part II. Handbook of the Flora and Fauna of South Australia.

[KC83] Körner, C., & P. Cochrane. 1983. Influence of plant physiognomy on leaf temperature on clear midsummer days in the Snowy Mountains, south-eastern Australia. Acta Œcologica Œcologiae Plantae 4 (2): 117–124.

[L97] Lange, P. J. de. 1997. Hebe brevifolia (Scrophulariaceae)—an ultramafic endemic of the Surville Cliffs, North Cape, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Botany 35: 1–8.

[L03] Leschen, R. A. B. 2003. Erotylidae (Insecta: Coleoptera: Cucujoidea): phylogeny and review. Fauna of New Zealand 47: 1–108.

[L88] Long, J. L. 1988. Introduced Birds and Mammals in Western Australia 2^nd ed. Agriculture Protection Board of Western Australia.

[M65] Michener, C. D. 1965. A classification of the bees of the Australian and South Pacific regions. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 130: 1–362.

[MC74] Morris, D. I., & W. M. Curtis. 1974. Recent additions to the Tasmanian flora and some notes on nomenclature. Records of the Queen Victoria Museum 50: 1–5.

[OS04] Obbens, F. J., & L. W. Sage. 2004. Vegetation and flora of a diverse upland remnant of the Western Australian wheatbelt (Nature Reserve A21064). Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 87 (1): 19–28.

[P88] Polunin, I. 1988. Plants and Flowers of Malaysia. Times Editions: Singapore.

[RL05] Rafferty, C., & B. B. Lamont. 2005. Selective feeding by macropods on vegetation regenerating following fire. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 88 (4): 155–165.

[SN08] Schmidt, E. R., & T. R. New. 2008. The Psocoptera (Insecta) of Tasmania, Australia. Memoirs of Museum Victoria 65: 71–152.

[SS05] Semeniuk, V., & C. A. Semeniuk. 2005. Wetland sediments and soils on the Swan Coastal Plain, southwestern Australia: types, distribution, susceptibility to combustion, and implications for fire management. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 88 (3): 91–120.

[WO05] Wilson, P. G., M. M. O'Brien, M. M. Heslewood & C. J. Quinn. 2005. Relationships within Myrtaceae sensu lato based on a matK phylogeny. Plant Systematics and Evolution 251: 3–19.

[WF01] Woinarski, J. C. Z., A. Fisher, K. Brennan, I. Morris & R. Chatto. 2001. Patterns of bird species richness and composition on islands off Arnhem Land, Northern Territory, Australia. Austral Ecology 26: 1–13.

[YHT05] Yates, C. J., S. D. Hopper & R. H. Taplin. 2005. Native insect flower visitor diversity and feral honeybees on jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata) in Kings Park, an urban bushland remnant. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 88 (4): 147–153.

Last updated: 6 July 2020.

Melaleuceae

Pink bottlebrush Beaufortia schaueri, photographed by Brian Walters.

Belongs within: Myrtaceae.
Contains: Melaleuca.

The Melaleuceae are a group of trees and shrubs bearing clustered flowers and very woody capsular fruits. Members of the genus Callistemon are commonly known as 'bottlebrushes' in reference to the cylindrical form of the flower spikes.

Characters (from Wilson et al. 2005): Trees or shrubs; leaves mostly spiral. Inflorescence often a spike-like (an aggregation of solitary flowers or triads commonly called "bottlebrushes") or head-like clusters of flowers; stamens often fasciculate, anthers fixed or versatile, dehiscing by longitudinal slits, pores or apical slits. Ovary inferior, 3-locular; ovules anatropous or hemitropous. Fruit a very woody capsule, often with delayed dehiscence; seeds linear.

<==Melaleuceae [Beaufortiinae, Callistemoninae, Calothamnineae, Melaleucinae] WO05
    |  i. s.: Eremaea pauciflora WO05, OS04
    |         Lamarchea WO05
    |         Petraeomyrtus WO05
    |         Phymatocarpus WO05
    |         Regelia ciliata WO05, RL05
    |--Callistemon WO05
    |    |--C. citrinum M08
    |    |--C. lanceolatus C08
    |    |--C. linearis H87
    |    |--C. paludosus R35
    |    |--C. phoeniceus OS04
    |    |--C. pityoides C08
    |    |--C. polandii WO05
    |    |--C. rigidus H87
    |    |--C. rugulosus KIW98
    |    |--C. saligna M08
    |    |    |--C. s. var. saligna B96
    |    |    `--C. s. var. angustifolia B96
    |    `--C. viminalis M65
    `--+--Melaleuca WO05
       |--Beaufortia WO05
       |    |--B. bracteosa OS04
       |    |--B. dampieri KM08
       |    |--B. elegans RL05
       |    |--B. incana OS04
       |    |--B. micrantha OS04
       |    |    |--B. m. var. micrantha OS04
       |    |    `--B. m. var. puberula OS04
       |    |--B. orbifolia WO05
       |    `--B. schaueri G04
       `--Calothamnus WO05
            |--C. gilesii S95
            |--C. lateralis GK00
            |--C. lehmannii GK00
            |--C. planifolius OS04
            |--C. preissii GK00
            |--C. quadrifidus OS04
            |--C. sanguineus RL05
            |--C. schaueri GK00
            |--C. tuberosus CH14
            `--C. validus WO05

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B96] Baker, R. T. 1896. On the botany of Rylstone and the Goulburn River districts. Part I. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 21 (3): 427–466.

[C08] Cambage, R. H. 1908. Notes on the native flora of New South Wales. Part VI. Deepwater to Torrington and Emmaville. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 33 (1): 45–65, pls 1–2.

[CH14] Car, C. A., & M. S. Harvey. 2014. The millipede genus Antichiropus (Diplopoda: Polydesmida: Paradoxosomatidae), part 2: species of the Great Western Woodlands region of Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum 29 (1): 20–77.

[G04] Gibson, N. 2004. Flora and vegetation of the Eastern Goldfields Ranges: part 7. Middle and South Ironcap, Digger Rock and Hatter Hill. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 87 (2): 49–62.

[GK00] Gibson, N., & G. J. Keighery. 2000. Flora and vegetation of the Byenup-Muir reserve system, south-west Western Australia. CALMScience 3 (3): 323–402.

[H87] Haviland, E. 1887. Flowering seasons of Australian plants. No. II. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, series 2, 1 (4): 1103–1104.

[KIW98] Kearns, C. A., D. W. Inouye & N. M. Waser. 1998. Endangered mutualisms: the conservation of plant-pollinator interactions. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 29: 83–112.

[KM08] Keighery, G. J., & W. Muir. 2008. Vegetation and vascular flora of Faure Island, Shark Bay, Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 75: 11–19.

[M65] Michener, C. D. 1965. A classification of the bees of the Australian and South Pacific regions. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 130: 1–362.

[M08] Mound, L. A. 2008. Identification and host associations of some Thysanoptera Phlaeothripinae described from Australia pre-1930. Zootaxa 1714: 41–60.

[OS04] Obbens, F. J., & L. W. Sage. 2004. Vegetation and flora of a diverse upland remnant of the Western Australian wheatbelt (Nature Reserve A21064). Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 87 (1): 19–28.

[RL05] Rafferty, C., & B. B. Lamont. 2005. Selective feeding by macropods on vegetation regenerating following fire. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 88 (4): 155–165.

[R35] Rayment, T. 1935. A Cluster of Bees: Sixty essays on the life-histories of Australian bees, with specific descriptions of over 100 new species. Endeavour Press: Sydney.

[S95] Smith, G. T. 1995. Species richness, habitat and conservation of scorpions in the Western Australian wheatbelt. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 52: 55–66.

[WO05] Wilson, P. G., M. M. O'Brien, M. M. Heslewood & C. J. Quinn. 2005. Relationships within Myrtaceae sensu lato based on a matK phylogeny. Plant Systematics and Evolution 251: 3–19.

Last updated: 29 January 2022.

Chamelaucieae

Rock thryptomene Thryptomene saxicola, photographed by Brian Walters.

Belongs within: Myrtaceae.
Contains: Verticordia.

The Chamelaucieae are a group of mostly smooth-leaved plants bearing dry fruits. Historically, the group has been recognised as including Myrtaceae with dry but indehiscent fruits, but molecular analyses support the inclusion of genera with capsular fruits such as Baeckea (Wilson et al. 2005). The type genus, Chamelaucium, is native to south-western Australia; the Geraldton wax C. uncinatum is cultivated as an ornamental. Darwinia species bear flowers in pairs or in compound heads, sometimes surrounded by leafy bracts.

Characters (from Wilson et al. 2005): Shrubs, mostly glabrous. Leaves opposite, less commonly spiral. Inflorescences mostly of solitary flowers but sometimes forming corymb-like confloresences; stamens usually few, mostly free but occasionally in clusters opposite the sepals, staminodes present in a few genera; anthers usually adnate, rarely versatile, dehiscing by slits or pores. Ovary inferior 1- to 3-locular; ovules anatropous or hemitropous. Fruit a capsule, or indehiscent; seeds reniform or ovoid to linear; embryo with very small cotyledons on a slender neck appressed to a relatively massive hypocotyl.

<==Chamelaucieae [Baeckeeae, Baeckeineae, Calythriceae, Calytricinae, Chamaelaucieae, Thryptomeneae, Thryptomeninae] WO05
    |--Homalocalyx WO05
    |    |--H. ericaeus LK14
    |    |--H. polyandrus WO05
    |    `--H. thryptomenoides G04a
    `--+--Babingtonia tozerensis WO05
       |--Euryomyrtus WO05
       |    |--E. leptospermoides WO05
       |    `--E. maidenii G04a
       |--Thryptomene WO05
       |    |--T. aspera M99
       |    |--T. baeckeacea KM08
       |    |--T. ciliata C08
       |    |--T. kochii G04b
       |    |--T. maisonneuvii B05
       |    |--T. saxicola WO05
       |    `--T. urceolaris G04a
       `--+--Verticordia WO05
          `--Darwinia WO05
               |  i. s.: D. citriodora JK08
               |         D. oederoides GK00
               |         D. taxifolia H87
               |         D. vestita GK00
               |--+--D. capitellata WO05
               |  `--Actinodium cunninghamii WO05
               `--+--D. fascicularis WO05
                  `--Homoranthus tropicus WO05

Chamelaucieae incertae sedis:
  Chamelaucium WO05
    |--C. ciliatum G04b
    |--C. oenanthum H18
    `--C. uncinatum B88
  Aluta WO05
    |--A. appressa G04b
    `--A. aspera G04a
  Astartea WO05
    |--A. ambigua G04b
    `--A. fascicularis GK00
  Baeckea WO05
    |--B. camphorosmae RL05
    |--B. crenulata H08
    |--B. crispiflora OS04
    |--B. cunninghamii B96
    |--B. elderiana G04a
    |--B. floribunda M93
    |--B. frutescens B14
    |--B. muricata M93
    |--B. preissiana OS04
    `--B. pygmaea GK00
  Balaustion WO05
  Calytrix WO05
    |--C. achaeta LK14
    |--C. angulata GK00
    |--C. breviseta OS04
    |    |--C. b. ssp. breviseta OS04
    |    `--C. b. ssp. stipulosa OS04
    |--C. brownii LK14
    |--C. creswellii G04a
    |--C. divergens G04a
    |--C. exstipulata LK14
    |--C. flavescens RL05
    |--C. gomphrenoides LK14
    |--C. leschenaultii OS04
    |--C. tenuiramea GK00
    `--C. tetragona M65
  Corynanthera WO05
  Hypocalymma WO05
    |--H. angustifolium RL05
    |--H. robustum SM06
    `--H. strictum GK00
  Malleostemon roseus WO05, G04a
  Micromyrtus WO05
    |--M. erichsenii G04b
    |--M. racemosa G04b
    `--M. triptycha G04b
         |--M. t. ssp. triptycha G04b
         `--M. t. ssp. elata G04b
  Ochrosperma WO05
  Pileanthus WO05
    |--P. filifolius H18
    |--P. limacis KM08
    |--P. peduncularis S86
    `--P. vernicosus H18
  Rinzia fumana WO05, OS04
  Scholtzia involucrata WO05, RL05
  Triplarina WO05

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B96] Baker, R. T. 1896. On the botany of Rylstone and the Goulburn River districts. Part I. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 21 (3): 427–466.

[B05] Beard, J. S. 2005. Drainage evolution in the Lake Disappointment Catchment, Western Australia—a discussion. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 88 (2): 57–64.

[B88] Bouček, Z. 1988. Australasian Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera): A biosystematic revision of genera of fourteen families, with a reclassification of species. CAB International: Wallingford (UK).

[B14] Bouchard, P. (ed.) 2014. The Book of Beetles: A lifesize guide to six hundred of nature's gems. Ivy Press: Lewes (United Kingdom).

[C08] Cambage, R. H. 1908. Notes on the native flora of New South Wales. Part VI. Deepwater to Torrington and Emmaville. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 33 (1): 45–65, pls 1–2.

[G04a] Gibson, N. 2004a. Flora and vegetation of the Eastern Goldfields Ranges: part 6. Mt Manning Range. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 87 (2): 35–47.

[G04b] Gibson, N. 2004b. Flora and vegetation of the Eastern Goldfields Ranges: part 7. Middle and South Ironcap, Digger Rock and Hatter Hill. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 87 (2): 49–62.

[GK00] Gibson, N., & G. J. Keighery. 2000. Flora and vegetation of the Byenup-Muir reserve system, south-west Western Australia. CALMScience 3 (3): 323–402.

[H08] Hamilton, A. A. 1908 Notes and exhibits. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 33: 435.

[H87] Haviland, E. 1887. Flowering seasons of Australian plants. No. I—List of plants indigenous in the neighbourhood of Sydney, flowering during July. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, series 2, 1 (4): 1049–1051.

[H18] Houston, T. 2018. A Guide to Native Bees of Australia. CSIRO Publishing.

[JK08] Johnstone, R. E., & T. Kirkby. 2008. Distribution, status, social organisation, movements and conservation of Baudin's cockatoo (Calyptorhynchus baudinii) in south-west Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum 25 (1): 107–118.

[KM08] Keighery, G. J., & W. Muir. 2008. Vegetation and vascular flora of Faure Island, Shark Bay, Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 75: 11–19.

[LK14] Lyons, M. N., G. J. Keighery, L. A. Gibson & T. Handasyde. 2014. Flora and vegetation communities of selected islands off the Kimberley coast of Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 81: 205–244.

[M99] Matthews, M. 1999. Heliothine Moths of Australia: A guide to bollworms and related noctuid groups. CSIRO Publishing.

[M65] Michener, C. D. 1965. A classification of the bees of the Australian and South Pacific regions. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 130: 1–362.

[M93] Mollemans, F. H. 1993. Drummondita wilsonii, Philotheca langei and P. basistyla (Rutaceae), new species from south-west Western Australia. Nuytsia 9: 95–109.

[OS04] Obbens, F. J., & L. W. Sage. 2004. Vegetation and flora of a diverse upland remnant of the Western Australian wheatbelt (Nature Reserve A21064). Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 87 (1): 19–28.

[RL05] Rafferty, C., & B. B. Lamont. 2005. Selective feeding by macropods on vegetation regenerating following fire. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 88 (4): 155–165.

[SM06] Semeniuk, C. A., L. A. Milne, P. Ladd & V. Semeniuk. 2006. Pollen in the surface sediments of wetlands in the Becher Point area, southwestern Australia: a baseline for use in interpreting Holocene sequences. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 89 (1): 27–43.

[S86] Snelling, R. R. 1986. The taxonomy and nomenclature of some Australian paragiine wasps (Hymenoptera: Masaridae). Contributions in Science 378: 1–19.

[WO05] Wilson, P. G., M. M. O'Brien, M. M. Heslewood & C. J. Quinn. 2005. Relationships within Myrtaceae sensu lato based on a matK phylogeny. Plant Systematics and Evolution 251: 3–19.

Last updated: 27 November 2021.

Lythraceae

Flowers of Nesaea luederitzii var. luederitzii, photographed by A. A. Dreyer.

Belongs within: Myrtales.

The Lythraceae are a morphologically diverse family of plants, often with more or less quadrangular stems. Economically significant members include the pomegranate Punica granatum and the water chestnut Trapa natans. Lythrum, the loosestrifes, is a genus of herbaceous plants with cylindrical or bell-shaped flowers commonly growing in damp habitats.

Characters (from Qin, Graham & Gilbert): Herbs, shrubs, or trees; young stems often quadrangular. Leaves opposite, often decussate, or whorled, rarely subalternate to alternate, simple, entire; pinnately veined, secondary veins typically joined in a series of intramarginal arches; stipules vestigial or absent. Inflorescences racemes, cymes, or panicles; flowers axillary or terminal, usually 4-, 6- or 8-merous, sometimes 3- or 5-merous, bisexual, regular or irregular. Floral tube perigynous, hemi-epigynous, or epigynous, persistent in fruit, membranous to leathery, often 6-12-ribbed; sepals valvate, equal to much shorter than floral tube, membranous to thickly leathery, persistent; epicalyx alternating with sepals or absent. Petals inserted at rim of floral tube, alternating with sepals, crinkled, clawed or not, frequently caducous, rarely absent. Stamens usually biseriate and 2 × as many as sepals, sometimes uniseriate, inserted near base of floral tube or higher, or numerous, multiseriate, with at least some inserted at floral rim just below sepals (Punica, Sonneratia and some Duabanga); anthers versatile (rarely basifixed). Ovary superior, half-inferior, or inferior, 2-6- or multi-loculed, with many ovules per locule; style simple; stigma capitate, conic-peltate, or punctiform; placentation axile, sometimes free central at fruit maturity. Fruit partly or completely surrounded by persistent floral tube, loculicidally dehiscent or irregularly dehiscent capsules, infrequently indehiscent, leathery, or berrylike. Seeds usually numerous, without endosperm; embryo straight, cotyledons flat or convolute.

<==Lythraceae [Lythrarieae]
    |--Duabanga [Duabangoideae] T00
    |    `--D. grandiflora DD73
    |--Sonneratia [Sonneratioideae] T00
    |    |--S. alba LK14
    |    `--S. caseolaris [incl. S. acida] P88
    |--Punicoideae [Punicaceae] T00
    |    |--Punicites hesperidum Weber 1855 CBH93
    |    `--Punica T00
    |         |--P. granatum BB07
    |         `--P. protopunica D81
    |--Trapoideae [Trapaceae] T00
    |    |--Prototrapa douglassi Vasilev 1967 CBH93
    |    |--Hemitrapa CBH93
    |    |--Sporotrapoidites illingensis Konzalova 1976 CBH93
    |    `--Trapa T00
    |         |--T. bicornis M86
    |         `--T. natans PP07
    |              |--T. n. var. natans PP07
    |              `--T. n. var. bispinosa PP07
    `--Lythrum WM09 [Lythroideae T00]
         |--L. acinifolium BT87
         |--L. alatum MB93
         |--L. californicum H93
         |--L. flagellare WM09
         |--L. graefferi C06
         |--L. hyssopifolium H93
         |--L. portula [=Peplis portula] H93
         |--L. salicaria MB93
         `--L. tribracteatum H93

Lythraceae incertae sedis:
  Adenaria YY22
  Cuphea rotundifolia J87
  Microdiptera parva JD05
  Woodfordia fruticosa P03
  Decodon verticillatus MB93
  Pemphis acidula LK14
  Diplusodon virgatus [incl. Lopezia glazioui Leveille 1907] PRB73
  Lafoensia K06
    |--L. glyptocarpa K06
    `--L. punicifolia K06
  Lawsonia BB07
    |--L. alba SDK05
    `--L. inermis BB07
  Ammannia LK14
    |--A. auriculata LK14
    |--A. baccifera LK14
    |--A. coccinea H93
    |--A. multiflora LK14
    |--A. octandra SR07
    `--A. robusta H93
  Rotala LK14
    |--R. densiflora PP07
    |--R. diandra LK14
    |--R. indica H93
    |--R. mexicana LK14
    |--R. occultiflora LK14
    `--R. ramosior H93
  Lagerstroemia LK14
    |--L. archeriana LK14
    |    |--L. a. var. archeriana LK14
    |    `--L. a. var. divaricatiflora LK14
    |--L. indica LO98
    |--L. lanceolata K72
    |--L. parviflora HU08
    `--L. speciosa P88
  Palaeolythrum bournense Chandler 1960 CBH93
  Verrutricolporites rotundiporis CBH93
  Nesaea LK14
    |--N. arnhemica LK14
    |--N. brevipes PP07
    |--N. crinipes LK14
    |--N. luederitzii CV06
    |    |--N. l. var. luederitzii CV06
    |    `--N. l. var. hereroensis CV06
    |--N. muelleri LK14
    |--N. repens LK14
    `--N. striatiflora LK14

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BB07] Baishya, A. K., & P. J. Bora. 2007. Cross community ethno-medico botany of Dibru-Saikhowa Biosphere Reserve, Assam. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 49: 121–154.

[BT87] Baker, E. W., & D. M. Tuttle. 1987. The false spider mites of Mexico (Tenuipalpidae: Acari). United States Department of Agriculture, Technical Bulletin 1706: 1–237.

[C06] Cheeseman, T. F. 1906. Manual of the New Zealand Flora. John Mackay, Government Printer: Wellington.

[CBH93] Collinson, M. E., M. C. Boulter & P. L. Holmes. 1993. Magnoliophyta (‘Angiospermae’). In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 809–841. Chapman & Hall: London.

[CV06] Craven, P., & P. Vorster. 2006. Patterns of plant diversity and endemism in Namibia. Bothalia 36 (2): 175–189.

[D81] Day, D. 1981. The Doomsday Book of Animals: A unique natural history of three hundred vanished species. Ebury Press: London.

[DD73] Deb, D. B., & R. M. Dutta. 1973. Contribution to the flora of Tirap Frontier Division. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 69 (3): 547–573.

[H93] Hickman, J. C. (ed.) 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press: Berkeley (California).

[HU08] Hore, U., & V. P. Uniyal. 2008. Diversity and composition of spider assemblages in five vegetation types of the Terai Conservation Area, India. Journal of Arachnology 36 (2): 251–258.

[J87] Judd, W. S. 1987. Floristic study of Morne La Visite and Pic Macaya National Parks, Haiti. Bulletin of the Florida State Museum—Biological Sciences 32 (1): 1–136.

[JD05] Junge, F. W., M. Dolezych, H. Walther, T. Böttger, A. Kühl, L. Kunzmann, P. Morgenstern, T. Steinberg & R. Stange. 2005. Ein Fenster in Landschaft und Vegetation vor 37 Millionen Jahren: Lithologische, sedimentgeochemische und paläobotanische Befunde aus einem Paläoflusssystem des Weißelsterbeckens. Mauritiana 19 (2): 185–273.

[K72] Krishnan, M. 1972. An ecological survey of the larger mammals of peninsular India (continued). Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 69 (1): 40–54.

[K06] Kwiecinski, G. G. 2006. Phyllostomus discolor. Mammalian Species 801: 1–11.

[LO98] Lack, H. W., & H. Ohba. 1998. Die Xylothek des Chikusai Kato. Willdenowia 28: 263–276.

[LK14] Lyons, M. N., G. J. Keighery, L. A. Gibson & T. Handasyde. 2014. Flora and vegetation communities of selected islands off the Kimberley coast of Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 81: 205–244.

[MB93] Malecki, R. A., B. Blossey, S. D. Hight, D. Schroeder, L. T. Kok & J. R. Coulson. 1993. Biological control of purple loosestrife. BioScience 43 (10): 680–686.

[M86] Masters, G. 1886. Notes and exhibits. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, series 2, 1 (1): 164.

[PP07] Pandey, R. P., & P. M. Padhye. 2007. Studies on phytodiversity of Arid Machia Safari Park-Kailana in Jodhpur (Rajasthan). Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 49: 15–78.

[P03] Paul, T. K. 2003. Botanical observations on the Purulia pumped storage hydropower project area, Bagmundi Hills, Purulia district, West Bengal. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 45: 121–142.

[PRB73] Plitmann, U., P. H. Raven & D. E. Breedlove. 1973. The systematics of Lopezieae (Onagraceae). Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 60 (2): 478–563.

[P88] Polunin, I. 1988. Plants and Flowers of Malaysia. Times Editions: Singapore.

[SR07] Sankar, R. V., K. Ravikumar, N. M. Ganesh Babu & D. K. Ved. 2007. Botany of Anapady MPCA, Palghat district, Kerala with special emphasis on species of conservation concern. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 49: 165–172.

[SDK05] Sharma, L. K., N. K. Dadhich & A. Kumar. 2005. Plant based veterinary medicine from traditional knowledge of India. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 47: 43–52.

[T00] Thorne, R. F. 2000. The classification and geography of the flowering plants: dicotyledons of the class Angiospermae (subclasses Magnoliidae, Ranunculidae, Caryophyllidae, Dilleniidae, Rosidae, Asteridae, and Lamiidae). The Botanical Review 66: 441–647.

[WM09] Wang, H., M. J. Moore, P. S. Soltis, C. D. Bell, S. F. Brockington, R. Alexandre, C. C. Davis, M. Latvis, S. R. Manchester & D. E. Soltis. 2009. Rosid radiation and the rapid rise of angiosperm-dominated forests. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 106 (10): 3853–3858.

[YY22] Yampolsky, C., & H. Yampolsky. 1922. Distribution of sex forms in the phanerogamic flora. Bibliotheca Genetica 3: 1–62.

Last updated: 19 March 2022.

Miconia

Miconia salicifolia, photographed by Philipp Weigell.

Belongs within: Melastomatineae.

Miconia is a large genus of more than 900 species of trees and shrubs native to tropical parts of the Americas. It can be distinguished from closely related taxa by the possession of berry fruits. Inflorescences are usually terminal and bear small, most often white flowers (Liogier 1995).

Characters (from Liogier 1995): Shrubs or trees of diverse size and habit; leaves membranous to coriaceous, those of a pair sometimes unequal, variously pubescent; inflorescences paniculiform, spiciform or rarely corymbiform, terminal or rarely lateral; flowers 4-8-parted, usually 5-parted, mostly small, generally white; hypanthium tubular to urceolate; calyx-tube usually well developed but short, the sepals obsolete or present, variable in shape and size, the outer teeth commonly minute, rarely surpassing the sepals; petals mostly small, often inequilateral or retuse and flabellate-veined; stamens isomorphic or dimorphic, the filaments slender or complanate; anthers subulate, oblong, linear or obovate, 2-celled or 4-celled, opening by 1 or 2 pores or by 1 or 2 longitudinal slits; connective simple or variously prolonged or appendaged at base; ovary wholly or partly inferior, 2-several-celled, ovules usually numerous; style straight or declinate, commonly elongate, stigma truncate, capitate or peltate; fruit a many-seeded berry.

<==Miconia Ruiz & Pavon 1794 (nom. cons.) L95
    |--M. affinis DC. 1828 [incl. M. microcarpa DC. 1828] L95
    |--M. albicans F11
    |--M. alboviridis J87
    |--M. apiculata [incl. M. niedenzuana] JS87
    |--M. argentata G88
    |--M. barkeri JS87
    |--M. brevitheca H11
    |--M. favosa J87
    |--M. ferruginea J87
    |--M. foveolata Cogn. 1886 [=Acinodendrum foveolatum (Cogn.) Kuntze 1891] L95
    |--M. gracilis OV97
    |--M. hypioides JS87
    |--M. impetiolaris (Sw.) Don 1823 (see below for synonymy) L95
    |--M. laevigata (L.) DC. 1828 (see below for synonymy) L95
    |--M. lanata (DC.) Triana 1871 [=Clidemia lanata DC. 1828] L95
    |--M. lanceolata J87
    |--M. longifolia MM96
    |--M. luteola J87
    |--M. (sect. Chaenopleura) macayana Judd & Skean 1987 JS87
    |--M. micrantha H11
    |--M. mirabilis (Aubl.) Williams 1963 (see below for synonymy) L95
    |--M. ossaeifolia JS87
    |--M. pachyphylla Cogn. 1886 [=Acinodendrum pachyphyllum (Cogn.) Kuntze 1891] L95
    |--M. prasina (Sw.) DC. 1828 (see below for synonymy) L95
    |--M. punctata (Desr.) Don 1823 [=Melastoma punctata Desr. in Lam. 1797] L95
    |--M. pycnoneura Urban 1921 [incl. M. grisebachii var. reticulata Cogn. 1886] L95
    |--M. racemosa (Aubl.) DC. 1828 (see below for synonymy) L95
    |--M. rubiginosa (Bonpl.) DC. 1828 (see below for synonymy) L95
    |--M. salicifolia R96
    |--M. rigidissima JS87
    |--M. selleana J87
    |--M. serrulata (DC.) Naud. 1851 (see below for synonymy) L95
    |--M. simplex LB99
    |--M. sintenisii Cogn. 1886 [=Acinodendrum sintenisii (Cogn.) Kuntze 1891] L95
    |--M. splendens (Sw.) Griseb. 1860 [=Melastoma splendens Sw. 1788] L95
    |--M. subcompressa [incl. M. plumieri] JS87
    |--M. subcorymbosa Britton 1925 (see below for synonymy) L95
    |--M. tetrandra (Sw.) Don 1830 (see below for synonymy) L95
    |--M. tetrastoma JS87
    |--M. theaezans (Bonpl.) Cogn. in Mart. 1888 [=Melastoma theaezans Bonpl. 1807] L95
    |--M. thomasiana DC. 1828 (see below for synonymy) L95
    `--M. xenotricha JS87

Miconia impetiolaris (Sw.) Don 1823 [=Melastoma impetiolaris Sw. 1788, Tamonea impetiolaris (Sw.) Cook & Collins 1903; incl. Miconia wydleriana DC. 1828] L95

Miconia laevigata (L.) DC. 1828 [=Melastoma laevigatum L. 1759, Acinodendrum laevigatum (L.) Kuntze 1891, Tamonea laevigata (L.) Krasser in Engl. & Prantl 1893; incl. Melastoma portoricensis Spreng. 1822, Miconia pyramidalis DC. 1828] L95

Miconia mirabilis (Aubl.) Williams 1963 [=Fothergilla mirabilis Aubl. 1775, Tamonea guianensis Aubl. 1775, Miconia guianensis (Aubl.) Cogn. 1886; incl. Melastoma fothergilla Desr. in Lam. 1797, Diplochita fothergilla (Desr.) DC. 1828, Tamonea fothergilla (Desr.) Cook & Collins 1903] L95

Miconia prasina (Sw.) DC. 1828 [=Melastoma prasina Sw. 1788, Acinodendrum prasinum (Sw.) Krasser in Engl. in Prantl 1893; incl. Miconia collina DC. 1828] L95

Miconia racemosa (Aubl.) DC. 1828 [=Melastoma racemosa Aubl. 1775, Tamonea racemosa (Aubl.) Cook & Collins 1902; incl. Miconia brachypoda DC. 1828] L95

Miconia rubiginosa (Bonpl.) DC. 1828 [=Melastoma rubiginosa Bonpl. 1816, Tamonea rubiginosa (Bonpl.) Krasser in Engl. & Prantl 1893] L95

Miconia serrulata (DC.) Naud. 1851 [=Diplochita serrulata DC. 1828; incl. Chitonia macrophylla Don 1823, Miconia macrophylla (Don) Triana 1871 non Steud. 1844, Tamonea macrophylla (Don) Krasser in Engl. & Prantl 1893] L95

Miconia subcorymbosa Britton 1925 [incl. M. cubensis var. latifolia Cogn. in DC. 1891, M. cubensis var. minor Cogn. in DC. 1891, M. cubensis var. nervulosa Cogn. in DC. 1891] L95

Miconia tetrandra (Sw.) Don 1830 [=Melastoma tetrandra Sw. 1788, Cremanium tetrandrum (Sw.) Griseb. 1860, Tetrazygia tetrandra (Sw.) DC. 1828] L95

Miconia thomasiana DC. 1828 [=Acinodendrum thomasianum (DC.) Kuntze 1891, Tamonea thomasiana (DC.) Cook & Collins 1903; incl. Miconia vernicosa Naud. 1851] L95

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[F11] Fraga, R. M. 2011. Family Icteridae (New World blackbirds). In: Hoyo, J. del, A. Elliott & D. A. Christie (eds) Handbook of the Birds of the World vol. 16. Tanagers to New World Blackbirds pp. 684–807. Lynx Edicions: Barcelona.

[G88] Grubb, P. J. 1988. The uncoupling of disturbance and recruitment, two kinds of seed bank, and persistence of plant populations at the regional and local scales. Annales Zoologici Fennici 25: 23–26.

[H11] Hilty, S. L. 2011. Family Thraupidae (tanagers). In: Hoyo, J. del, A. Elliott & D. A. Christie (eds) Handbook of the Birds of the World vol. 16. Tanagers to New World Blackbirds pp. 46–329. Lynx Edicions: Barcelona.

[J87] Judd, W. S. 1987. Floristic study of Morne La Visite and Pic Macaya National Parks, Haiti. Bulletin of the Florida State Museum—Biological Sciences 32 (1): 1–136.

[JS87] Judd, W. S., & J. D. Skean Jr. 1987. Three new angiosperms from Parc National Pic Macaya, Massif de la Hotte, Haiti. Bulletin of the Florida State Museum—Biological Sciences 32 (1): 137–150.

[L95] Liogier, H. A. 1995. Descriptive Flora of Puerto Rico and Adjacent Islands: Spermatophyta-Dicotyledoneae vol. 4. Melastomataceae to Lentibulariaceae. Editorial de la Universidad de Puerto Rico.

[LB99] Loiselle, B. A. & J. G. Blake. 1999. Dispersal of melastome seeds by fruit-eating birds of tropical forest understory. Ecology 80: 330–336.

[MM96] Mound, L. A., & R. Marullo. 1996. The thrips of Central and South America: an introduction (Insecta: Thysanoptera). Memoirs on Entomology, International 6: 1–487.

[OV97] Ochoa, R., C. Vargas, D. E. Walter & B. M. OConnor. 1997. Two new species of the genus Ceratotarsonemus (Acari: Tarsonemidae). International Journal of Acarology 23 (3): 177–183.

[R96] Righi, G. 1996. Colombian earthworms. Studies on Tropical Andean Ecosystems 4: 485–607.

Last updated: 16 March 2022.

Melastomatineae

Unidentified species of Ossaea photographed by J. D. Wells.

Belongs within: Myrtales.
Contains: Olinia, Crypteroniaceae, Miconia.

The Melastomatineae is a clade of mostly tropical and subtropical plants recognised primarily on the basis of molecular analysis. The majority of species within the clade are placed in the family Melastomataceae, members of which have contorted corollas. Smaller families include the Penaeaceae, a southern African group of trees and shrubs with leathery leaves. The false waterberry Rhynchocalyx lawsonioides is a small tree restricted to coastal forest in the Natal and Eastern Cape provinces of South Africa, regarded as vulnerable to threats from logging and habitat destruction. The Neotropical Alzatea is a small tree resembling a species of Myrtaceae but with a superior ovary.

Synapomorphies (from the Angiosperm Phylogeny Website): Connective abaxially much expanded; endothecial thickening absent/atypical; nectary absent; exotestal cells more or less longitudinally elongated.

<==Melastomatineae T00
    |  i. s.: Olinia T00
    |         Rhynchocalyx [Rhynchocalycaceae] T00
    |           `--R. lawsonioides WO05
    |         Alzatea [Alzateaceae] T00
    |--+--Penaea [Penaeaceae] WM09
    |  |    `--P. mucronata WM09
    |  `--Crypteroniaceae WM09
    `--Melastomataceae [Memecylaceae] WM09
         |  i. s.: Dissochaeta monticula K03
         |         Lijndenia YY22
         |         Melastoma M65
         |           |--M. affine LK14
         |           |--M. malabathricum P88
         |           `--M. polyanthum M65
         |         Adelobotrys D03
         |         Rhyncanthera dichotoma M-FR08
         |         Ekmaniocharis crassinervis J87
         |         Conostegia MM96
         |           |--C. icosandra J87
         |           |--C. suberastulata MM96
         |           `--C. talapensis BT87
         |         Henriettea LB99
         |           |--H. barkeri [incl. H. elliptica] J87
         |           `--H. tuberculosa LB99
         |         Tibouchina longifolia J87
         |         Heterotrichum J87
         |           |--H. angustifolium J87
         |           `--H. umbellatum J87
         |         Medinilla P88
         |           |--M. clarkei P88
         |           |--M. scortechinii P88
         |           `--M. speciosa P88
         |         Clidemia LB99
         |           |--C. capillaris J87
         |           |--C. densiflora LB99
         |           |--C. dentata WM09
         |           |--C. hirta MM96
         |           `--C. rubra F11
         |         Sonerila P88
         |           |--S. heterophylla P88
         |           |--S. picta P88
         |           |--S. pulneyensis M03
         |           `--S. rudis P88
         |         Calycogonium J87
         |           |--C. apiculatum J87
         |           |--C. calycopteris J87
         |           |--C. squamulosum SWK87
         |           `--C. torbecianum J87
         |         Pachyanthus J87
         |           |--P. cubensis J87
         |           |    |--P. c. ssp. cubensis J87
         |           |    `--P. c. ssp. blancheanus J87
         |           `--P. hotteana J87
         |         Meriania J87
         |           |--M. brevipedunculata Judd & Skean 1987 JS87
         |           |--M. ekmanii J87
         |           |--M. involucrata J87
         |           |--M. parvifolia Judd & Skean 1987 JS87
         |           `--M. squamulosa J87
         |         Mecranium J87
         |           |--M. alpestre J87
         |           |--M. birimosum J87
         |           |--M. haitiense [incl. M. salicifolium] J87
         |           |--M. microdictyum J87
         |           |--M. multiflorum J87
         |           |--M. revolutum Skean & Judd 1986 JS87
         |           |--M. tricostatum J87
         |           `--M. tuberculatum J87
         |         Monochaetum MM96
         |         Osbeckia LK14
         |           |--O. australiana LK14
         |           |--O. nepalensis D07
         |           `--O. princeps C55
         |         Leandra BRS09
         |           |--L. (sect. Oxymeris) altomacaensis Baumgratz & D’El Rei Souza 2009 (see below for synonymy) BRS09
         |           |--L. gracilis BRS09
         |           |--L. lutea BRS09
         |           `--L. sublanata RJ11
         |         Marcetia N10
         |         Tristemma virusanum CW92
         |         Topobea brachyura H11
         |         Melastomites druidum Unger 1850 CBH93
         |         Acrovena CBH93
         |         Appendicularia DC. 1828 KC01
         |         Chitonia Don 1823 KC01
         |         Meisneria DC. 1828 KC01
         |         Astronia T00
         |         Memecylon SR07
         |           |--M. edule P88
         |           |--M. elaeagni WO05
         |           |--M. flavescens Gamble 1919 MM02
         |           |--M. malabaricum SR07
         |           |--M. pauciflorum LK14
         |           `--M. subcordatum VM03
         |--Chaetostoma [Microlicieae] KM03
         |    `--*C. pungens de Candolle 1828 (see below for synonymy) KM03
         `--Miconieae JS87
              |--Miconia LB99
              `--Ossaea JS87
                   |--O. alloeotricha JS87
                   |--O. barahonensis JS87
                   |--O. curvipila JS87
                   |--O. limon J87
                   |--O. macrophylla LB99
                   |--O. scalpta JS87
                   |--O. setulosa JS87
                   `--O. woodsii Judd & Skean 1987 JS87

*Chaetostoma pungens de Candolle 1828 (nom. cons. prop.) [incl. Rhexia armata Sprengel 1825 (nom. rej. prop.), C. armatum (Sprengel) Cogniaux in Martius 1885] KM03

Leandra altomacaensis Baumgratz & D’El Rei Souza 2009 [incl. L. gracilis var. glazioviana Cogn. 1891 non L. glazoviana Cogniaux 1886] BRS09

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BT87] Baker, E. W., & D. M. Tuttle. 1987. The false spider mites of Mexico (Tenuipalpidae: Acari). United States Department of Agriculture, Technical Bulletin 1706: 1–237.

[BRS09] Baumgratz, J. F. A., & M. L. D'El Rei Souza. 2009. Leandra altomacaensis (Melastomataceae), a new species from Brazil. Kew Bulletin 64 (1): 167–170.

[C55] Candolle, A. de. 1855. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 2. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[CW92] Cassis, G., & T. A. Weir. 1992. Rutelinae. In: Houston, W. W. K. (ed.) Zoological Catalogue of Australia vol. 9. Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea pp. 359–382. AGPS Press: Canberra.

[CBH93] Collinson, M. E., M. C. Boulter & P. L. Holmes. 1993. Magnoliophyta (‘Angiospermae’). In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 809–841. Chapman & Hall: London.

[D07] Dash, S. S. 2007. Useful plants of Kabi Sacred Grove, Sikkim. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 49: 79–88.

[D03] David, J. C. 2003. Orthographic conundrums: The problem of –opsis and –botrys. Taxon 52: 603–608.

[F11] Fraga, R. M. 2011. Family Icteridae (New World blackbirds). In: Hoyo, J. del, A. Elliott & D. A. Christie (eds) Handbook of the Birds of the World vol. 16. Tanagers to New World Blackbirds pp. 684–807. Lynx Edicions: Barcelona.

[H11] Hilty, S. L. 2011. Family Thraupidae (tanagers). In: Hoyo, J. del, A. Elliott & D. A. Christie (eds) Handbook of the Birds of the World vol. 16. Tanagers to New World Blackbirds pp. 46–329. Lynx Edicions: Barcelona.

[J87] Judd, W. S. 1987. Floristic study of Morne La Visite and Pic Macaya National Parks, Haiti. Bulletin of the Florida State Museum—Biological Sciences 32 (1): 1–136.

[JS87] Judd, W. S., & J. D. Skean Jr. 1987. Three new angiosperms from Parc National Pic Macaya, Massif de la Hotte, Haiti. Bulletin of the Florida State Museum—Biological Sciences 32 (1): 137–150.

[KC01] Kirk, P. M., P. F. Cannon, J. C. David & J. A. Stalpers. 2001. Ainsworth & Bisby's Dictionary of the Fungi 9^th ed. CAB International: Wallingford (UK).

[KM03] Koschnitzke, C., & A. B. Martins. 2003. (1586) Proposal to conserve the name Chaetostoma pungens against Rhexia armata (Melastomataceae, Microlicieae). Taxon 52: 366–367.

[K03] Kulip, J. 2003. An ethnobotanical survey of medicinal and other useful plants of Muruts in Sabah, Malaysia. Telopea 10 (1): 81–98.

[LB99] Loiselle, B. A., & J. G. Blake. 1999. Dispersal of melastome seeds by fruit-eating birds of tropical forest understory. Ecology 80: 330–336.

[LK14] Lyons, M. N., G. J. Keighery, L. A. Gibson & T. Handasyde. 2014. Flora and vegetation communities of selected islands off the Kimberley coast of Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 81: 205–244.

[M03] Matthew, K. M. 2003. An integrated programme for local Floras, conservation research and environmental awareness generation in south India. Telopea 10 (1): 73–80.

[M65] Michener, C. D. 1965. A classification of the bees of the Australian and South Pacific regions. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 130: 1–362.

[M-FR08] Morais-Filho, J. C., & G. Q. Romero. 2008. Microhabitat use by Peucetia flava (Oxyopidae) on the glandular plant Rhyncanthera dichotoma (Melastomataceae). Journal of Arachnology 36 (2): 374–378.

[MM96] Mound, L. A., & R. Marullo. 1996. The thrips of Central and South America: an introduction (Insecta: Thysanoptera). Memoirs on Entomology, International 6: 1–487.

[MM02] Murugan, C., V. S. Manickam, M. M. Josephine & V. Sundaresan. 2002. Extended distribution of two rare and endangered taxa from Tirunelveli Hills, Western Ghats, Tamil Nadu. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 99 (3): 545–546.

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Last updated: 9 May 2021.