Speleognathinae

Dorsal (left) and ventral views of Boydaia sturni, from Skoracki et al. (2012).

Belongs within: Procurvata.

The Speleognathinae are a group of mites endoparasitic in the nasal mucosa of birds and mammals. They have no active instars between larva and adult with all three nymphal instars being calyptostatic within the larval skin (Walter et al. 2009).

<==Speleognathinae [Speleognathidae] AF00
    |  i. s.: Meropiboydaia Fain 1985 AF00, H98
    |           `--M. merops (Fain 1955) [=Boydaia merops, Aureliania merops, Neoboydaia merops] H98
    |         Speleochir aitkeni AF00
    |         Speleognathopsis Cooreman 1954 AF00, H98
    |           |--S. accipitris (Domrow 1969) [=Ophthalmognathus accipitris] H98
    |           |--S. benoiti Fain 1955 H98
    |           `--S. galli AF00
    |         Trispeleognathini WL09
    |--Astrida parrae AF00
    `--+--Psyttaboidaia AF00
       |--+--Speleognathus Womersley 1936 AF00
       |  |    |--*S. australis Womersley 1936 AF00
       |  |    `--S. schoutedeni Fain 1955 AF00, H98 (see below for synonymy)
       |  `--Neoboydaia Fain 1958 AF00, H98
       |       |--N. colymbiformi Clark 1964 H98
       |       `--N. philomachi (Fain 1956) [=Boydaia philomachi] H98
       `--Boydaia Womersley 1953 AF00, H98 [Boydaiini]
            |--B. aratingae AF00
            |--B. clavata AF00
            |--B. crassipes (Berlese & Trouessart 1889) [=Ereynetes crassipes, Riccardoella crassipes] H98
            |--B. falconis Fain 1956 H98
            |--B. hirundoae Fain 1956 H98
            |--B. maluri Domrow 1969 H98
            |--B. myzomelae Domrow 1969 H98
            |--B. nigra WL09
            |--B. podargi Fain & Lukoschus 1979 H98
            |--B. spatulata Fain 1955 [=B. sturni var. spatulata] H98
            |--B. sturnellae WL09
            |--B. sturni (Boyd 1948) [=Speleognathus sturni] H98
            |--B. trochila A91
            |--B. zosteropis Fain 1963 H98
            `--B. zumpti AF00

Speleognathus schoutedeni Fain 1955 AF00, H98 [=Neoboydaia schoutedeni H98, Ophthalmognathus schoutedeni H98, Trispeleognathus schoutedeni H98]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A91] André, H. M. 1991. The Tydeoidea: a striking exception to the Oudemans-Grandjean rule. In: Dusbábek, F., & V. Bukva (eds) Modern Acarology: Proceedings of the VIII International Congress of Acarology, held in České Budĕjovice, Czechoslovakia, 6–11 August 1990 vol. 2 pp. 293–296. SPB Academic Publishing: The Hague.

[AF00] André, H. M., & A. Fain. 2000. Phylogeny, ontogeny and adaptive radiation in the superfamily Tydeoidea (Acari: Actinedida), with a reappraisal of morphological characters. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 130: 405–448.

[H98] Halliday, R. B. 1998. Mites of Australia: A checklist and bibliography. CSIRO Publishing: Collingwood.

[WL09] Walter, D. E., E. E. Lindquist, I. M. Smith, D. R. Cook & G. W. Krantz. 2009. Order Trombidiformes. In: Krantz, G. W., & D. E. Walter (eds) A Manual of Acarology 3^rd ed. pp. 233–420. Texas Tech University Press.

Tydeoidea

Triophtydeus sp., copyright Pierre Bornand.

Belongs within: Prostigmata.
Contains: Procurvata, Tydeinae.

The Tydeoidea are a diverse group of free-living mites, many of which are notably resistant to desiccation. They may be more or less omnivorous in diet, with some species having been recorded feeding on a variety of animal, plant or fungal foods (Walter et al. 2009). Within the Tydeoidea, the Triophtydeidae are characterised by antenniform first legs, reduced or absent apoteles, and a median eyespot of subcuticular silver granules (Walter et al. 2009). Members of the subfamily Edbakerellinae bear solenidia on both the tibiae and tarsi of legs I and II whereas Triophtydeinae bear tarsal solenidia only. The Tydeidae are characterised by a loss of eugenital setae in females and a reduction of the cis-acetabulal area between the genital discs. However, monophyly of this group relative to the families Iolinidae and Ereynetidae (together forming the clade Procurvata) has been questioned because of the uncertain position of the distinctive species Australotydeus kirstenae (André & Fain 2000).

Characters (from Walter et al. 2009): Soft-bodied or ornamentally sclerotised dorsally. Gnathosoma with postcheliceral stigmata and tracheae distinct or obscure; cheliceral based fused or closely contiguous along their mesal edges, lacking dorsal cheliceral setae; fixed cheliceral digit reduced, lobe-like, movable cheliceral digit stylet-like or needle-like, rarely elongated, whip-like; subcapitulum characteristically with inversely T-shaped, sclerotised delineation of medial walls of lateral lips; palpi simple, with one to four (rarely five) segments. Prodorsum lacking anteromedian naso, with four pairs (sometimes as few as one pair) of setae, including one pair of bothridial sensilla; eyes present, with either surface cornea or subdermal pigmented areas, or absent. Opisthosoma with seven to eleven pairs of setae dorsally, laterally, and caudally, lacking postlarval setal additions or hypertrichy dorsally, but including a second pair of bothridial sensilla on posterodorsal aspect in certain Ereynetidae and Tydeidae; cupules (lyrifissures) present, sometimes obscure or absent; elements of opisthosomatic segments PS and AD present, including ps1 and, rarely, ps2 or ad1. Adult genital aperture positioned behind legs III and IV, usually longitudinal but transverse in some Iolinidae, and usually with two pairs of genital papillae (reduced to one pair or absent in Iolinidae). Males usually lacking an aedeagus (present in some Iolinidae). Leg setation lacking bothridial setae; tarsus I with one or two usually erect solenidia (with one recumbent solenidion in a rhagidial-like depression in some Ereynetidae) and with or without claws, occasionally with only a median empodium; tarsi II to IV generally with paired claws and a padlike setulose, but not rayed, median empodium. Generally with five active postembryonic instars: larva, protonymph, deutonymph, tritonymph, and adult (tritonymph sometimes suppressed).

<==Tydeoidea
    |--Triophtydeidae [Edbakerellidae, Meyerellidae] AF00
    |    |--Edbakerellinae [Meyerellinae] WL09
    |    |    |--Pseudotriophtydeus AF00
    |    |    `--Edbakerella André 2004 [=Meyerella Baker 1968 non Gray 1872] WL09
    |    |         `--‘Meyerella’ marshalli AF00
    |    `--Triophtydeinae AF00
    |         |--Pretriophtydeus tilbrooki AF00
    |         `--Triophtydeus Thor 1932 H98
    |              |--T. bakeri WL09
    |              |--T. immanis WL09
    |              |--T. lebruni H96
    |              `--T. pinicolus (Oudemans 1929) [=Tydeus pinicolus] H98
    `--Tydeidae [Tydidae] AF00
         |  i. s.: Paralorryia Baker 1965 A05
         |           `--P. eharai Baker 1968 C-RSV-S88
         |         Tectotydeus Oudemans 1937 A05
         |           `--*T. demeyeri (Oudemans 1929) [=Tydeus demeyeri] A05
         |         Brachytydeus Thor 1931 [incl. Raphitydeus Thor 1933] A05
         |           `--*B. cruciatus (Koch 1838) [=Tydeus cruciatus, Lorryia cruciata] A05
         |         Stylotydeus Thor 1933 A05
         |         Lasiotydaeus Berlese 1908 A05
         |         Eotydeus A05
         |         Melissotydeus macrosolenus André 1985 A05
         |         Venilia liberta WL09
         |         Metalorryia palpsetosa N07
         |         Retetydeus G38a
         |           |--R. catenulatus G38b
         |           `--R. viviparus Thor 1931 G38a
         |--Australotydeus [Australotydeinae] AF00
         |    `--A. kirsteneae Spain 1969 SL71
         `--+--Procurvata AF00
            `--+--Pretydeinae AF00
               |    |--Prelorryia indoniensis AF00, A05
               |    `--Pretydeus panitae A05
               `--Tydeinae AF00

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A05] André, H. M. 2005. In search of the true Tydeus (Acari, Tydeidae). Journal of Natural History 39 (13): 975–1001.

[AF00] André, H. M., & A. Fain. 2000. Phylogeny, ontogeny and adaptive radiation in the superfamily Tydeoidea (Acari: Actinedida), with a reappraisal of morphological characters. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 130: 405–448.

[C-RSV-S88] Corpuz-Raros, L. A., G. C. Sabio & M. Velasco-Soriano. 1988. Mites associated with stored products, poultry houses and house dust in the Philippines. Philippine Entomologist 7 (3): 311–321.

[G38a] Grandjean, F. 1938a. Retetydeus et les stigmates mandibulaires des acariens prostigmatiques. Bulletin du Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, 2^e Série 10 (3): 279–286.

[G38b] Grandjean, F. 1938b. Au sujet de la néotenie chez les acariens. Comptes Rendus des Séances de l'Académie des Sciences 207: 1347–1350.

[H98] Halliday, R. B. 1998. Mites of Australia: A checklist and bibliography. CSIRO Publishing: Collingwood.

[H96] Hossain, S. M. 1996. Composition and fluctuations of some mite populations in apple orchards in western Norway. In: Mitchell, R., D. J. Horn, G. R. Needham & W. C. Welbourn (eds) Acarology IX vol. 1. Proceedings pp. 243–251. Ohio Biological Survey: Columbus (Ohio).

[N07] Niemczyk, E. 2007. Species, occurrence and role of tydeid mites (Acari: Tydeidae) in apple orchards. In: Morales-Malacara, J. B., V. M. Behan-Pelletier, E. Ueckermann, T. M. Pérez, E. G. Estrada-Venegas & M. Badii (eds) Acarology XI: Proceedings of the International Congress pp. 365–372. Instituto de Biología and Faculdad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Sociedad Latinoamericana de Acarología: México.

[SL71] Spain, A. V., & M. Luxton. 1971. Catalog and bibliography of the Acari of the New Zealand subregion. Pacific Insects Monograph 25: 179–226.

[WL09] Walter, D. E., E. E. Lindquist, I. M. Smith, D. R. Cook & G. W. Krantz. 2009. Order Trombidiformes. In: Krantz, G. W., & D. E. Walter (eds) A Manual of Acarology 3^rd ed. pp. 233–420. Texas Tech University Press.

Last updated: 19 July 2022.

Procurvata

Dorsum (left) and venter of Ereynetes meliponae, from OConnor & Klimov (2012).

Belongs within: Tydeoidea.
Contains: Pronematinae, Speleognathinae.

The Procurvata are a group of mites united by a procurved dehiscence line across the prodorsum (André & Fain 2000). It unites the Ereynetidae, which have two pairs of genital papillae, a characteristic deeply recessed solenidion in a sac-like structure on the first leg tarsus, and are often ornamented in a net-like pattern on the prodorsum and legs, and the Iolinidae, which have a single pair of genital papillae and usually have three or four elongated setae at the end of the tarsus. Within the Iolinidae, members of the subfamily Tydaeolinae lack an active tritonymphal instar (Walter et al. 2009).

<==Procurvata AF00
    |--Iolinidae [Iolinoidea] AF00
    |    |--Pronematinae WL09
    |    `--Tydaeolinae DW10
    |         |--Microtydeus Thor 1931 WL09, A05
    |         |    `--M. beltrani M83
    |         `--Tydaeolus WL09
    |              |--T. krantzi M83
    |              |--T. loadmani M83
    |              `--T. tenuiclaviger AF00
    `--Ereynetidae [Ereynetinae] AF00
         |  i. s.: Opsereynetes Thor 1932 AF00
         |           `--O. simplexus Baker 1945 AF00
         |         Hanriccardoella WL09
         |         Coccotydeus frequens Grandjean 1938 G39, G38
         |         Aureliania Fain 1958 H98
         |           `--A. aureliani (Fain 1955) [=Boydaia aureliani, Neoboydaia aureliani, N. aureliania (l. c.)] H98
         |         Domrownetes OConnor 1978 H98
         |           `--D. exul (Domrow 1975) [=Paraspeleognathopsis exul] H98
         |         Neospeleognathopsis Fain 1958 H98
         |           `--N. pteropus Fain & Lukoschus 1979 H98
         |         Ophthalmognathus Dubinin 1957 [incl. Neospeleognathus Fain 1958] H98
         |         Paraspeleognathopsis Fain 1958 H98
         |           |--P. bakeri (Fain 1955) [=Speleognathopsis bakeri] H98
         |           |--P. derricki (Womersley 1954) [=Boydaia derricki, Astrida derricki] H98
         |           `--P. exaeta Domrow 1991 H98
         |         Psittaboydaia Fain 1985 H98
         |           |--P. psittaculae (Fain 1962) [=Neoboydaia psittaculae] H98
         |           `--P. trichoglossi (Fain 1970) [=Aureliania trichoglossi] H98
         |         Ralliboydaia Fain 1962 H98
         |           `--R. porphyrionis (Domrow 1965) [=Speleognathopsis porphyrionis] H98
         |         Ereynetoides watsoni Fain 1962 SL71
         |--Gymnereynetes Fain 1964 AF00, F76
         |    `--G. macquariensis (Fain 1962) [=Ereynetes (Gymnereynetes) macquariensis] F76
         |--Pseudotydeus [Pseudotydeinae] AF00
         |    `--P. perplexus AF00
         |--+--Huntereynetes Fain 1964 AF00
         |  |    `--*H. scutulis (Hunter 1964) [=Ereynetoides scutulis, Ereynetes (*Huntereynetes) scutulis] AF00
         |  `--+--Hydranetes Kethley 1971 AF00
         |     |    `--H. tropisternus AF00
         |     `--+--Speleognathinae AF00
         |        `--Lawrencarinae AF00
         |             |--Xenopacarus africanus AF00, WL09
         |             `--+--Batracarus hylaranae AF00, AF91
         |                `--Lawrencarus Fain 1957 AF00, H98
         |                     |--L. angelae (Womersley 1953) [=Boydaia angelae] H98
         |                     |--L. domrowi Fain 1961 H98
         |                     |--L. eweri WL09
         |                     |--L. hylae Fain 1961 H98
         |                     |    |--L. h. hylae AF00
         |                     |    `--L. h. afrixali AF00
         |                     `--L. lechriodi AF00
         `--+--+--Proriccardoella AF00
            |  `--Riccardoella Berlese 1923 AF00
            |       |--*R. limacum (Schrank 1781) [=Acarus limacum] SB63
            |       |--R. concolor RP91
            |       `--R. oudemansi Thor 1932 H98
            `--Ereynetes Berlese 1883 AF00 [incl. Protereunetes Berlese 1923 ZF11, SB63]
                 |  i. s.: E. berlesei Oudemans 1928 SB63
                 |         ‘*Protereunetes’ agilis Berlese 1923 SB63
                 |         ‘Micrereunetes (Protereneutes)’ brevipes Berlese 1923 SB63
                 |         E. exilis AF00
                 |         E. limacum S22
                 |         E. ministralis (Koch 1838) [=Tydeus ministralis] SB63
                 |         E. papuanus AF00
                 |--E. (Ereynetes) AF00
                 |    |--*E. (E.) polymitus AF00 (see below for synonymy)
                 |    |--E. (E.) faini S76
                 |    |--E. (E.) galeatus (Berlese 1923) [=Micrereunetes galeatus] L90
                 |    |--E. (E.) husatoi Shiba 1976 S76
                 |    `--E. (E.) tadakii Shiba 1976 S76
                 `--E. (Anereynetes) meliponae AF00

*Ereynetes (Ereynetes) polymitus AF00 [=Tydeus polymitus AF00; incl. T. celeripes CF77, T. melanchlaenus CF77, T. tetranemus CF77]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A05] André, H. M. 2005. In search of the true Tydeus (Acari, Tydeidae). Journal of Natural History 39 (13): 975–1001.

[AF91] André, H. M., & A. Fain. 1991. Ontogeny in the Tydeoidea (Ereynetidae, Tydeidae and Iolinidae). In: Dusbábek, F., & V. Bukva (eds) Modern Acarology: Proceedings of the VIII International Congress of Acarology, held in České Budĕjovice, Czechoslovakia, 6–11 August 1990 vol. 2 pp. 297–300. SPB Academic Publishing: The Hague.

[AF00] André, H. M., & A. Fain. 2000. Phylogeny, ontogeny and adaptive radiation in the superfamily Tydeoidea (Acari: Actinedida), with a reappraisal of morphological characters. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 130: 405–448.

[CF77] Canestrini, G., & F. Fanzago. 1877. Intorno agli Acari Italiani. Atti del Reale Istituto Veneto di Scienze, Lettere ed Arti, Serie 5, 4: 69–208, pls 2–7.

[DW10] Dabert, M., W. Witalinski, A. Kazmierski, Z. Olszanowski & J. Dabert. 2010. Molecular phylogeny of acariform mites (Acari, Arachnida): strong conflict between phylogenetic signal and long-branch attraction artifacts. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 56 (1): 222–241.

[F76] Fain, A. 1976. Acariens récoltés par le Dr. J. Travé aux iles subantarctiques II. Familles Acaridae, Anoetidae, Ereynetidae et Tarsonemidae (astigmates et prostigmates). Acarologia 18 (2): 302–328.

[G38] Grandjean, F. 1938. Observations sur les Tydeidae (2^e série). Bulletin du Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle, 2^e série 10 (6): 593–600.

[G39] Grandjean, F. 1939. Observations sur les acariens (5^e série). Bulletin du Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, 2^e Série 11 (4): 394–401.

[H98] Halliday, R. B. 1998. Mites of Australia: A checklist and bibliography. CSIRO Publishing: Collingwood.

[L90] Luxton, M. 1990. The marine littoral mites of the New Zealand region. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 20 (4): 367–418.

[M83] Martin, N. A. 1983. Miscellaneous observations on a pasture fauna: an annotated species list. DSIR Entomology Division Report 3: 1–98.

[RP91] Raut, S. K., & A. Panigrahi. 1991. The mite Fuscuropoda marginata (C. L. Koch) for the control of pest slugs Laevicaulis alte (Férussac). In: Dusbábek, F., & V. Bukva (eds) Modern Acarology: Proceedings of the VIII International Congress of Acarology, held in České Budĕjovice, Czechoslovakia, 6–11 August 1990 vol. 2 pp. 683–687. SPB Academic Publishing: The Hague.

[S22] Schweizer, J. 1922. Beitrag zur Kenntnis der terrestrischen Milbenfauna der Schweiz. Verhandl. Naturf. Ges. Basel 33: 23–112, 4 pls.

[SB63] Schweizer, J., & C. Bader. 1963. Die Landmilben der Schweiz (Mittelland, Jura und Alpen): Trombidiformes Reuter, mit 217 Arten und Unterarten und 193 Originalzeichnungen. Denkschriften der Schweizerischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft [Mémoires de la Société Helvétique des Sciences Naturelles] 84 (2): i–vi, 209–378.

[S76] Shiba, M. 1976. Taxonomic investigation on free-living Prostigmata from the Malay Peninsula. Nature and Life in Southeast Asia 7: 83–229.

[SL71] Spain, A. V., & M. Luxton. 1971. Catalog and bibliography of the Acari of the New Zealand subregion. Pacific Insects Monograph 25: 179–226.

[WL09] Walter, D. E., E. E. Lindquist, I. M. Smith, D. R. Cook & G. W. Krantz. 2009. Order Trombidiformes. In: Krantz, G. W., & D. E. Walter (eds) A Manual of Acarology 3^rd ed. pp. 233–420. Texas Tech University Press.

[ZF11] Zhang, Z.-Q., Q.-H. Fan, V. Pesic, H. Smit, A. V. Bochkov, A. A. Khaustov, A. Baker, A. Wohltmann, T. Wen, J. W. Amrine, P. Beron, J. Lin, G. Gabryś & R. Husband. 2011. Order Trombidiformes Reuter, 1909. In: Zhang, Z.-Q. (ed.) Animal biodiversity: an outline of higher-level classification and survey of taxonomic richness. Zootaxa 3148: 129–138.

Last updated: 19 July 2022.