Tetanocerini

Tetanocera ferruginea, copyright Aleksandrs Balodis.

Belongs within: Sciomyzidae.

The Tetanocerini are a group of snail-killing flies whose larvae are active predators of terrestrial or aquatic mollusks. Adults are characterised by a head with an antero-dorsally projecting profile, a pedicel subequal to or twice the length of the first flagellomere, and absence of a proepisternal seta (Marinoni & Knutson 2010).

<==Tetanocerini [Tetanocerinae] MK10
    |--Limnia unguicornis K87, K01
    |--Sepedoninus MK10
    |--Sepedonella nana MK10
    |--Euthycera arcuata MK10
    |--Tetanoceroides MK10
    |--Anticheta testacea K87
    |--Poecilographa decora K87
    |--Dictyacium ambiguum K87
    |--Pherbecta limenitis K87
    |--Trypetoptera canadensis K87
    |--Hedria mixta K87
    |--Thecomyia MK10
    |    |--T. chrysacra MK10
    |    `--T. longicornis MK10
    |--Sepedomerus MK10
    |    |--S. bipuncticeps MK10
    |    `--S. macropus MK10
    |--Elgiva K87
    |    |--E. rufa K01
    |    `--E. solicita K87
    |--Hoplodictya MK10
    |    |--H. setosa K87
    |    `--H. spinicornis MK10
    |--Teutoniomyia MK10
    |    |--T. costaricensis MK10
    |    `--T. plaumanni MK10
    |--Guatemalia MK10
    |    |--G. nigritarsis MK10
    |    `--G. straminata MK10
    |--Sepedonea MK10
    |    |--S. guatemalana MK10
    |    |--S. isthmi MK10
    |    `--S. lagoa MK10
    |--Protodictya MK10
    |    |--P. brasiliensis MK10
    |    |--P. iguassu MK10
    |    `--P. nubilipennis MK10
    |--Dictya MK10
    |    |--D. bergi MK10
    |    |--D. expansa K87
    |    |--D. guatemalana MK10
    |    |--D. matthewsi K87
    |    `--D. umbrarum MK10
    |--Sepedon [Sepedoninae] MK10
    |    |--S. armipes S68
    |    |--S. fuscipennis M90
    |    |--S. knutsoni MK10
    |    |--S. relictus K87
    |    |--S. rufipes [=Oscinis (Sepedon) rufipes] G20
    |    |--S. spinipes K87
    |    |    |--S. s. spinipes K87
    |    |    `--S. s. americana K87
    |    |--S. tenuicornis K87
    |    `--S. tenuipes S68
    `--Tetanocera WT11
         |--T. algira Macquart 1847 E12
         |--T. ferruginea WT11
         |--T. griseicollis K87
         |--T. marginata [=Oscinis (Tetanocera) marginata] G20
         |--T. montana K87
         |--T. phyllophora K87
         |--T. plebeja K87
         |--T. plumosa MK10
         |--T. punctulata K01
         |--T. reticulata K01
         |--T. spreta MK10
         |--T. unipunctata Macquart 1847 E12
         |--T. valida K87
         `--T. vittigera K01

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[E12] Evenhuis, N. L. 2012. Publication and dating of the Exploration Scientifique de l’Algérie: Histoire Naturelle des Animaux Articulés (1846–1849) by Pierre Hippolyte Lucas. Zootaxa 3448: 1–61.

[G20] Goldfuss, G. A. 1820. Handbuch der Naturgeschichte vol. 3. Handbuch der Zoologie pt 1. Johann Leonhard Schrag: Nürnberg.

[K01] Kertész, K. 1901. Legyek [Dipteren]. In: Horváth, G. (ed.) Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazása [Dritte Asiatische Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] vol. 2. Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazásának Állattani Eredményei [Zoologische Ergebnisse der Dritten Asiatischen Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] pp. 179–201. Victor Hornyánszky: Budapest, and Karl W. Hierseman: Leipzig.

[K87] Knutson, L. V. 1987. Sciomyzidae. In: McAlpine, J. F. (ed.) Manual of Nearctic Diptera vol. 2 pp. 927–940. Research Branch, Agriculture Canada.

[MK10] Marinoni, L., & L. Knutson. 2010. Sciomyzidae (snail-killing flies, marsh flies). In: Brown, B. V., A. Borkent, J. M. Cumming, D. M. Wood, N. E. Woodley & M. A. Zumbado (eds) Manual of Central American Diptera vol. 2 pp. 1017–1024. NRC Research Press: Ottawa.

[M90] McAlpine, J. F. 1990. Insecta: Diptera adults. In: Dindal, D. L. (ed.) Soil Biology Guide pp. 1211–1252. John Wiley & Sones: New York.

[S68] Steyskal, G. C. 1968. The number and kind of characters needed for significant numerical taxonomy. Systematic Zoology 17 (4): 474–477.

[WT11] Wiegmann, B. M., M. D. Trautwein, I. S. Winkler, N. B. Barr, J.-W. Kim, C. Lambkin, M. A. Bertone, B. K. Cassel, K. M. Bayless, A. M. Heimberg, B. M. Wheeler, K. J. Peterson, T. Pape, B. J. Sinclair, J. H. Skevington, V. Blagoderov, J. Caravas, S. N. Kutty, U. Schmidt-Ott, G. E. Kampmeier, F. C. Thompson, D. A. Grimaldi, A. T. Beckenbach, G. W. Courtney, M. Friedrich, R. Meier & D. K. Yeates. 2011. Episodic radiations in the fly tree of life. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 108 (14): 5690–5695.

Sciomyzidae

Sciomyza simplex, copyright Gr. Dick.

Belongs within: Sciomyzoidea.
Contains: Tetanocerini.

The Sciomyzidae are a group of flies whose larvae are mostly predators or parasitoids of molluscs or (rarely) annelids. Most species attack gastropods; the North American Renocera brevis feeds on fingernail clams (Knutson 1987). The larvae of one species, Atrichomelina pubera, have been recorded varying between parasitic, predatory or saprophagous behaviour depending on circumstances (Marinoni & Knutson 2010).

Characters (from Marinoni & Knutson 2010): Adults small to large (body length 2–13 mm), mostly yellow to brown, sometimes black. Head with antenna porrect, pedicel usually elongate; arista bare to plumose; ocellar setae usually present; inner and outer vertical setae developed; postocellar setae parallel or slightly divergent. Face slightly to strongly concave, uniformly sclerotised; vibrissa absent; clypeus small, withdrawn. Thorax with zero or one proepisternal seta; zero or one presutural supra-alar; zero to two postalars; zero or one postpronotal; usually two notopleural; usually two pairs of scutellar setae. Wing elongate, completely hyaline to patterned; C and Sc complete; C unbroken; A₁ + CuA₂ reaching margin. Legs slender; some or all tibiae with preapical dorsal seta. Male terminalia symmetrical to asymmetrical; tergite 6 usually absent; right spiracles 6 and 7 mostly in tergite; epandrium well developed, symmetrical; usually with anterior and posterior surstylus, sometimes anterior one vestigial or absent; cercus well developed, setose. Female sternites 6, 7 and 8 separate or fused; two spermathecae present. Egg length 0.6–2 mm; white or yellowish, often becoming brown or grey as larva develops; usually unicolorous. Mostly oval, with dorsal surface often less convex than ventral surface. Each end usually with low or prominent tubercle, anterior tubercle often reduced. Micropyle terminal or subterminal. Chorion slightly reticulate or with ridges and grooves. Larva white, integument transparent, diaphanous (semi-terrestrial and terrestrial species), or brownish or yellowish (aquatic species). Third instar with elongate and cylindrical body, tapered anteriorly; posterior spiracular disc surrounded by two to five pairs of short to elongate lobes. Surface smooth or with areas of microscopic spinules. Aquatic species with elongate float hairs between posterior spiracular slits; float hairs much reduced in terrestrial species. Cephalopharyngeal species in first three segments, long, with paired mandibles; ventral area connected posterolaterally on each side of mandibles; mandibles with or without row of accessory teeth. Puparium with integument opaque, yellowish, reddish-brown to dark brown or almost black. Ovoid, barrel-shaped, tapered at both ends, posterior spiracles in most aquatic species elevated above dorsum.

<==Sciomyzidae [Tetanoceridae] MK10
    |--Renocera K87 [Renocerinae MK10]
    |    `--R. brevis K87
    |--Salticella S68 [Salticellinae MK10]
    |    `--S. fasciata S68
    `--Sciomyzinae MK10
         |  i. s.: Dichaetophora CM70
         |--+--Tetanocerini WT11
         |  `--Neolimnia WT11 [Neolimniinae MK10]
         |       `--N. obscura WT11
         `--Sciomyzini MK10
              |--Atrichomelina pubera MK10
              |--Neuzina diminuta MK10
              |--Calliscia MK10
              |--Parectinocera MK10
              |--Colobaea americana K87
              |--Oidematops ferrugineus K87
              |--Pteromicra MK10
              |    |--P. inermis A71
              |    `--P. pleuralis K87
              |--Ditaeniella MK10
              |    |--D. parallela MK10
              |    `--D. patagonensis MK10
              |--Pherbellia WT11
              |    |--P. annulipes WT11
              |    |--P. dorsata K87
              |    |--P. maculata K87
              |    `--P. trabeculata MK10
              `--Sciomyza K87
                   |--S. aristalis K87
                   |--S. cinerella K01
                   |--S. florissantensis K87
                   |--S. rufiventris K01
                   `--S. simplex S68

Sciomyzidae incertae sedis:
  Tetanura pallidiventris S68
  Coremacera marginata S68
  Dictyodes MK10
  Perilimnia MK10
  Shannonia MK10
  Calobaea bifasciella PB27
  Ctenulus PB27
    |--C. pectoralis PB27
    `--C. punctatus PB27
  Knutsonia RD77
  Palaeoheteromyza P92
  Prophaeomyia P92
  Prosalticella P92
  Sepedonites P92

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A71] Askew, R. R. 1971. Parasitic Insects. Heinemann Educational Books: London.

[CM70] Colless, D. H., & D. K. McAlpine. 1970. Diptera (flies). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers pp. 656–740. Melbourne University Press.

[K01] Kertész, K. 1901. Legyek [Dipteren]. In: Horváth, G. (ed.) Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazása [Dritte Asiatische Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] vol. 2. Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazásának Állattani Eredményei [Zoologische Ergebnisse der Dritten Asiatischen Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] pp. 179–201. Victor Hornyánszky: Budapest, and Karl W. Hierseman: Leipzig.

[K87] Knutson, L. V. 1987. Sciomyzidae. In: McAlpine, J. F. (ed.) Manual of Nearctic Diptera vol. 2 pp. 927–940. Research Branch, Agriculture Canada.

[MK10] Marinoni, L., & L. Knutson. 2010. Sciomyzidae (snail-killing flies, marsh flies). In: Brown, B. V., A. Borkent, J. M. Cumming, D. M. Wood, N. E. Woodley & M. A. Zumbado (eds) Manual of Central American Diptera vol. 2 pp. 1017–1024. NRC Research Press: Ottawa.

[PB27] Pilsbry, H. A., & J. Bequaert. 1927. The aquatic mollusks of the Belgian Congo, with a geographical and ecological account of Congo malacology. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 53 (2): 69–602, pls 10–77.

[P92] Poinar, G. O., Jr. 1992. Life in Amber. Stanford University Press: Stanford.

[RD77] Richards, O. W., & R. G. Davies. 1977. Imms' General Textbook of Entomology 10^th ed. vol. 2. Classification and Biology. Chapman and Hall: London.

[S68] Steyskal, G. C. 1968. The number and kind of characters needed for significant numerical taxonomy. Systematic Zoology 17 (4): 474–477.

[WT11] Wiegmann, B. M., M. D. Trautwein, I. S. Winkler, N. B. Barr, J.-W. Kim, C. Lambkin, M. A. Bertone, B. K. Cassel, K. M. Bayless, A. M. Heimberg, B. M. Wheeler, K. J. Peterson, T. Pape, B. J. Sinclair, J. H. Skevington, V. Blagoderov, J. Caravas, S. N. Kutty, U. Schmidt-Ott, G. E. Kampmeier, F. C. Thompson, D. A. Grimaldi, A. T. Beckenbach, G. W. Courtney, M. Friedrich, R. Meier & D. K. Yeates. 2011. Episodic radiations in the fly tree of life. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 108 (14): 5690–5695.

Last updated: 29 June 2021.

Sciomyzoidea

Kelp fly Coelopa vanduzeei, copyright Alice Abela.

Belongs within: Schizophora.
Contains: Conopidae, Sciomyzidae.

The Sciomyzoidea are a group of acalyptrate flies characterised by having the face desclerotised along the vertical midline, and possessing a densely setose frontal vitta. Members include the Coelopidae, robust flies with a somewhat flattened habitus most commonly found along coastlines (Vockeroth 1987). The Dryomyzidae are a Holarctic group with a large and prominent clypeus bulging below the lower margin of the face in profile. The coastal Helcomyzidae resembly Dryomyzidae but have a triangular prosternum forming a precoxal bridge. The Helosciomyzidae, found in Australasia and South America, resemble members of the Sciomyzidae but for an anteriorly protruding prelabrum, a short second antennal segment, spaced anterior spines on the costa, and two strong sternopleural bristles present (Colless & McAlpine 1991). Stylogaster is a genus of slender flies, females of which have an elongate ovipositor usually about as long as the rest of the abdomen, that develop as endoparasites of orthopteroids such as cockroaches and crickets (Skevington et al. 2010).

<==Sciomyzoidea [Helcomyzinae] WT11
    |--+--Natalimyza [Natalimyzidae] WT11
    |  `--Heterocheila [Heterocheilidae] WT11
    |       |--H. buccata WT11 [=Oedoparea buccata S87]
    |       `--H. hannai S87
    `--+--Stylogaster [Stylogastrinae] WT11
       |    |--S. biannulata SP87
       |    |--S. malgachensis A71
       |    |--S. neglecta STC10
       |    `--S. stylosus STC10
       `--+--+--+--Pelidnoptera [Phaeomyiidae, Phaeomyiinae] WT11
          |  |  |    `--P. nigripennis WT11
          |  |  `--+--Conopidae WT11
          |  |     `--Sciomyzidae WT11
          |  `--Dryomyzidae [Dryomyzinae] WT11
          |       |--Oedoparena glauca WT11
          |       |--Paractora S87
          |       |--Maorimyia S87
          |       |--Palaeotimia lhoesti S87
          |       |--Prodryomyza electrica S87
          |       `--Dryomyza WT11
          |            |--D. anilis WT11
          |            `--D. flaveola S87
          `--+--+--Huttonina [Huttoninidae, Huttonininae] WT11
             |  |    `--H. glabra WT11
             |  `--Helcomyza WT11 [incl. Actora RD77; Helcomyzidae]
             |       |--H. mirabilis WT11
             |       `--H. ustulata S87
             `--+--Helosciomyzidae [Helosciomyzinae] WT11
                |    |--Neosciomyza luteipennis WT11
                |    |--Helosciomyza CM91
                |    |--Eurotocus CM91
                |    |--Xenosciomyza CM91
                |    |--Polytocus CM91
                |    `--Sciogriphoneura S87
                `--Coelopidae [Phycodromidae] WT11
                     |  i. s.: Dasycoelopa australis CM91
                     |         Chaetocoelopa sydneyensis CM91
                     |         Malacomyia V87
                     |         Baeopterus robustus V87, N91
                     |         Icaridion debile V87, KP10
                     |--Lopa [Lopinae] M10
                     |    `--L. convexa WT11
                     `--Coelopinae M10
                          |--Glumini M10
                          |    |--Gluma nitida KP10
                          |    `--Coelopina anomala M10
                          `--Coelopa [Coelopini] M10
                               |  i. s.: C. alluaudi [incl. C. palauensis] O98
                               |         C. littoralis O81
                               |         C. stejnegeri V87
                               |--C. (Fucomyia) M10
                               |    |--C. (F.) frigida M10
                               |    `--C. (F.) nebularum M10
                               `--C. (Neocoelopa) vanduzeei M10

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A71] Askew, R. R. 1971. Parasitic Insects. Heinemann Educational Books: London.

[CM91] Colless, D. H., & D. K. McAlpine. 1991. Diptera (flies). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers 2^nd ed. vol. 2 pp. 717–786. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[KP10] Kutty, S. N., T. Pape, B. M. Wiegmann & R. Meier. 2010. Molecular phylogeny of the Calyptratae (Diptera: Cyclorrhapha) with an emphasis on the superfamily Oestroidea and the position of Mystacinobiidae and McAlpine's fly. Systematic Entomology 35: 614–635.

[M10] Mathis, W. N. 2010. Coelopidae (kelp flies). In: Brown, B. V., A. Borkent, J. M. Cumming, D. M. Wood, N. E. Woodley & M. A. Zumbado (eds) Manual of Central American Diptera vol. 2 pp. 1013–1016. NRC Research Press: Ottawa.

[N91] Norris, K. R. 1991. General biology. In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers 2^nd ed. vol. 1 pp. 68–108. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[O81] O’Brien, C. O. 1981. A. A. Book of New Zealand Wildlife: A guide to the native and introduced animals of New Zealand. Lansdowne Press: Auckland.

[O98] Oosterbroek, P. 1998. The Families of Diptera of the Malay Archipelago. Brill: Leiden.

[RD77] Richards, O. W., & R. G. Davies. 1977. Imms' General Textbook of Entomology 10^th ed. vol. 2. Classification and Biology. Chapman and Hall: London.

[STC10] Skevington, J. H., F. C. Thompson & S. Camras. 2010. Conopidae (thick-headed flies). In: Brown, B. V., A. Borkent, J. M. Cumming, D. M. Wood, N. E. Woodley & M. A. Zumbado (eds) Manual of Central American Diptera vol. 2 pp. 847–855. NRC Research Press: Ottawa.

[SP87] Smith, K. G. V., & B. V. Peterson. 1987. Conopidae. In: McAlpine, J. F. (ed.) Manual of Nearctic Diptera vol. 2 pp. 749–756. Research Branch, Agriculture Canada.

[S87] Steyskal, G. C. 1987. Dryomyzidae. In: McAlpine, J. F. (ed.) Manual of Nearctic Diptera vol. 2 pp. 923–926. Research Branch, Agriculture Canada.

[V87] Vockeroth, J. R. 1987. Coelopidae. In: McAlpine, J. F. (ed.) Manual of Nearctic Diptera vol. 2 pp. 919–922. Research Branch, Agriculture Canada.

[WT11] Wiegmann, B. M., M. D. Trautwein, I. S. Winkler, N. B. Barr, J.-W. Kim, C. Lambkin, M. A. Bertone, B. K. Cassel, K. M. Bayless, A. M. Heimberg, B. M. Wheeler, K. J. Peterson, T. Pape, B. J. Sinclair, J. H. Skevington, V. Blagoderov, J. Caravas, S. N. Kutty, U. Schmidt-Ott, G. E. Kampmeier, F. C. Thompson, D. A. Grimaldi, A. T. Beckenbach, G. W. Courtney, M. Friedrich, R. Meier & D. K. Yeates. 2011. Episodic radiations in the fly tree of life. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 108 (14): 5690–5695.

Last updated: 17 April 2022.

Conopidae

Physocephala vittata, photographed by Pietro Niolu.

Belongs within: Sciomyzoidea.

The Conopidae is a family of flies of which most members are mimics of wasps. Larvae are endoparasites of other insects. Living conopids are divided between three subfamilies, Dalmanniinae, Myopinae and Conopinae (a fourth subfamily, Stylogastrinae, is probably not monophyletic with other conopids), with a further subfamily Palaeomyopinae known from the fossil record (Skevington et al. 2010). Members of the subfamily Conopinae have an apical three-segmented stylus on the antenna and a basally constricted abdomen. The Myopinae and Dalmanniinae possess a dorsal two- or three-segmented arista on the antenna. The ovipositor is short in Myopinae but elongate in Dalmannia. Within Conopinae, the genus Physocephala has crossvein r-m on the wing well beyond cell dm, and lacks ocelli or bristles on the proepisternum; Conopini have r-m at most a little past dm and have at least one bristle on the proepisternum (Smith & Peterson 1987).

Characters (from Smith & Peterson 1987): Rather bare and elongate flies, 3.0-20.0 mm long, usually pruinose, and colored black and yellow, reddish brown, or blackish, often with striking resemblance to solitary wasps and other Hymenoptera. Head broad; proboscis usually long, singly or doubly geniculate. Wing spotted or unmarked, or with a band along costal margin; cell r₄₊₅ closed or nearly so.

<==Conopidae [Archischiza, Conopoidea]
    |--Palaeomyopa SP87 [Palaeomyopinae STC10]
    |    `--P. tertiaria SP87
    |--Dalmannia SP87 [Dalmanniinae STC10]
    |    |--D. nigriceps SP87
    |    `--D. punctata SP87
    |--Myopinae STC10
    |    |--Robertsonomyia palpalis SP87
    |    |--Thecophora SP87
    |    |    |--T. nigripes STC10
    |    |    `--T. occidensis STC10
    |    |--Zodion Latreille 1802 SP87, L02
    |    |    |--*Z. cinereum L02 [=Conops (Zodion) cinereus G20, Myopa cinerea L02]
    |    |    |--Z. abitus SP87
    |    |    |--Z. americanum STC10
    |    |    |--Z. fulvifrons SP87
    |    |    |--Z. intermedium SP87
    |    |    |--Z. obliquefasciatum STC10
    |    |    `--Z. perlongum STC10
    |    `--Myopa STC10
    |         |--M. buccata SP87
    |         |--M. fasciata STC10
    |         |--M. ferruginea [=Conops (Myopa) ferrugineus] G20
    |         |--M. picta A71
    |         |--M. rubida SP87
    |         `--M. variegata K01
    `--Conopinae STC10
         |  i. s.: Pleurocerinella O98
         |--Physocephala STC10 [Physocephalini SP87]
         |    |--P. bimarginipennis SP87
         |    |--P. chrysorrhoea BM76
         |    |--P. flavipes SP87
         |    |--P. furcillata STC10
         |    |--P. gigas O98
         |    |--P. inhabilis STC10
         |    |--P. marginata SP87
         |    |--P. rufipes K01
         |    |--P. sagittaria SP87
         |    |--P. texana STC10
         |    `--P. vittata BM76
         `--Conopini SP87
              |--Physoconops SP87
              |    |--P. brachyrhynchus STC10
              |    |--P. bulbirostris STC10
              |    |--P. fronto STC10
              |    |--P. ornatifrons STC10
              |    `--P. (Gyroconops) sylvosus STC10
              `--Conops Linnaeus 1758 L58
                   |--C. aculeatus G20
                   |--C. algira Macquart 1847 E12
                   |--C. (Asiconops) bermudensis SP87
                   |--C. buccata Linnaeus 1758 L58
                   |--C. flavipes Linnaeus 1758 L58
                   |--C. fuscipennis Macquart 1847 E12
                   |--C. geminatus STC10
                   |--C. macrocephala Linnaeus 1758 L58
                   |--C. nobilis STC10
                   |--C. rostrata Linnaeus 1758 L58
                   |--C. rufiventris Macquart 1847 E12
                   `--C. splendidus CM91

Conopidae incertae sedis:
  Leopoldius coronatus A71
  Oncomyia K01
    |--O. distincta K01
    `--O. sundevalli K01
  *Parazodion schmidti STC10
  Tropidomyia bimaculata STC10
  Myopella Robineau-Desvoidy 1853 M10
  Microconops CM91
  Palaeosicus loewi SP87
  Zodiomyia O98
  Australoconops splendidus O98
  Poliomyia recta RJ93
  Sicus lineatus SP87, G20

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A71] Askew, R. R. 1971. Parasitic Insects. Heinemann Educational Books: London.

[BM76] Bohart, R. M., & A. S. Menke. 1976. Sphecid Wasps of the World. University of California Press: Berkeley.

[CM91] Colless, D. H., & D. K. McAlpine. 1991. Diptera (flies). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers 2^nd ed. vol. 2 pp. 717–786. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[E12] Evenhuis, N. L. 2012. Publication and dating of the Exploration Scientifique de l’Algérie: Histoire Naturelle des Animaux Articulés (1846–1849) by Pierre Hippolyte Lucas. Zootaxa 3448: 1–61.

[G20] Goldfuss, G. A. 1820. Handbuch der Naturgeschichte vol. 3. Handbuch der Zoologie pt 1. Johann Leonhard Schrag: Nürnberg.

[K01] Kertész, K. 1901. Legyek [Dipteren]. In: Horváth, G. (ed.) Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazása [Dritte Asiatische Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] vol. 2. Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazásának Állattani Eredményei [Zoologische Ergebnisse der Dritten Asiatischen Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] pp. 179–201. Victor Hornyánszky: Budapest, and Karl W. Hierseman: Leipzig.

[L02] Latreille, P. A. 1802. Histoire Naturelle, générale et particulière des crustacés et des insectes vol. 3. Familles naturelles des genres. F. Dufart: Paris.

[L58] Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Laurentii Salvii: Holmiae.

[M10] Michelsen, V. 2010. Anthomyiidae (anthomyiid flies). In: Brown, B. V., A. Borkent, J. M. Cumming, D. M. Wood, N. E. Woodley & M. A. Zumbado (eds) Manual of Central American Diptera vol. 2 pp. 1271–1276. NRC Research Press: Ottawa.

[O98] Oosterbroek, P. 1998. The Families of Diptera of the Malay Archipelago. Brill: Leiden.

[RJ93] Ross, A. J., & E. A. Jarzembowski. 1993. Arthropoda (Hexapoda; Insecta). In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 363–426. Chapman & Hall: London.

[STC10] Skevington, J. H., F. C. Thompson & S. Camras. 2010. Conopidae (thick-headed flies). In: Brown, B. V., A. Borkent, J. M. Cumming, D. M. Wood, N. E. Woodley & M. A. Zumbado (eds) Manual of Central American Diptera vol. 2 pp. 847–855. NRC Research Press: Ottawa.

[SP87] Smith, K. G. V., & B. V. Peterson. 1987. Conopidae. In: McAlpine, J. F. (ed.) Manual of Nearctic Diptera vol. 2 pp. 749–756. Research Branch, Agriculture Canada.

Last updated: 29 June 2021.