Cycloneuralia

Mansonella ozzardi in blood smear, from the Center for Disease Control.

Belongs within: Ecdysozoa.
Contains: Nematomorpha, Kinorhyncha, Priapozoa, Dorylaimia, Enoplia, Desmoscolecida, Monhysterida, Chromadorida, Desmodorida, Araeolaimida, Plectida, Secernentea.

The Cycloneuralia are a clade of worm-like animals in which the brain neuropil forms a ring around the anterior part of the intestinal system. Members include the Nematoda, roundworms, a hyperdiverse group of mostly minute species, though some parasitic forms may reach large sizes. Free-living nematodes have a characteristically eel-like mode of swimming, as the body wall contains longitudinal muscles only and movement is by dorsoventral flexure of these muscles against the outer cuticle and internal hydrostatic pressure. The dorsoventral plane of flexure also means that most nematodes are unusual among animals in characteristically lying on one side during movement (Lorenzen 1986). An early influential classification divided the nematodes between the Secernentea, possessing sensory structures called phasmids, and the Adenophorea, lacking such structures. However, the Secernentea represent a nested clade within the 'Adenophorea', which is no longer recognised as a valid taxon. Instead, molecular analyses strongly support three primarily clades within the nematodes, Dorylaimia, Enoplia and Chromadorea, with the Secernentea a subgroup of the last (Ley & Blaxter 2002).

<==Cycloneuralia [Nematoida] B01
    |--+--Nematomorpha OH17
    |  `--+--Kinorhyncha OH17
    |     `--Priapozoa OH17
    `--Nematoda [Adenophorea, Aphasmidia, Ascaridatina, Nemata, Nematelmia, Nematelminthes, Nemates, Nemathelminthes] OH17
         |  i. s.: Peloderma G01
         |         Caballeronema pseudoargumentosus Mus02
         |         Truttaedacnitis sphaerocephala Mus02
         |         Thynnascaris N02
         |           |--T. aduncum [=Contracaecum aduncum] N02
         |           `--T. habena [=Contracaecum habena] C02a
         |         Hysterothylacium K-M02
         |           |--H. aduncum K-M02
         |           `--H. pelagicum C02b
         |         Contracaecum osculatum Mun02
         |         Spinitectus cristatus K-M02
         |         Benthimermithidae [Benthimermithida] LB02
         |         Rhaptothyreidae [Rhaptothyreida] LB02
         |         Mazamastrongylus odocoilei LB02
         |         Placentonema gigantissimum Gubanov 1951 L86
         |         Histiocephalus bucorvi Gi02
         |         Tanqua tiara Gi02
         |         Cylicodontostomum purvisi Gi02
         |         Agriostomum Gi02
         |         Allodapa suctoria Gi02
         |         Stegophorus Gi02
         |         Striatofilaria Gi02
         |         Setaria digitata B02
         |         Cyathospirura seurati Gi02
         |         Ternidens deminutus Gi02
         |         Streptopharagus pigmentatus Gi02
         |         Gyalocephalus capitatus Gi02
         |         Bunostomum Railliet 1902 C92
         |           `--B. trigonocephalum MM02
         |         Hexametra Gi02
         |         Hyostrongylus rubidus Gi02
         |         Parostertagia heterospiculum Gi02
         |         Ashworthius pattoni Gi02
         |         Hoplodontophorus flagellum Gi02
         |         Paracooperia Gi02
         |         Rhabditolaimus L02a
         |         Ollulanus tricuspis L02a
         |         Probstmayria vivipara MM02
         |         Mesodiplogaster L02a
         |           |--M. biformis Ge02
         |           `--M. lheritieri L02a
         |         Labronema vulvapapillatum L02a
         |         Metadasynemoides cristatus L02b
         |         Acanthonchus duplicatus L02b
         |         Laxus oneistus L02b
         |         Prooncholaimus L02b
         |         Chromadorina L02c
         |           |--C. bioculata L02b
         |           `--C. viridis L02c
         |         Oswaldocruzia leidyi L02b
         |         Paracanthonchus caecus L02b, MV04
         |         Halichoanolaimus sonorus L02b
         |         Aporcellaimellus L02b
         |         Tachygonetria MM02
         |           |--T. robusta MM02
         |           `--T. stylosa MM02
         |         Brumptaemilius MM02
         |         Oxyspirura mansoni MM02
         |         Muellerius capillaris MM02
         |         Discolaimus MM02
         |         Rhadinaphelenchus cocophilus MM02
         |         Folyella dolichoptera L02c
         |         Mansonella Ge02
         |           |--M. ozzardi A71
         |           `--M. perstans Ge02
         |         Pseudorhabdolaimus Soos 1937 E86
         |           `--P. limnophilus Soos 1937 E86
         |         Zeldia punctata GR98
         |         Aduncospiculum halicti GR98
         |         Austronema Cobb 1914 BR05
         |         Longistrongylus curvispiculum KC07
         |         Spiroptera brevisubulata P89
         |         Controtylenchus brevicomi A-B91
         |         Stomachus marinus R59
         |         Ackertia marmotae Webster 1967 MW69
         |         Acarincola hirsutus Warren 1941 S69
         |         Nemavermes mackeei Schram 1973 G88
         |         Cyathostomum Molin 1861 [incl. Trichonema Cobbold 1874 non Ker Gawl. 1802 (ICBN)] C-SCL16
         |         Dorylaimopsis rabalaisi WXH10
         |         Vasostoma longispicula WXH10
         |         Stenolaimus lepturus PP64
         |         Scorpiophagus Størmer 1963 W93
         |           |--S. baculiformis Størmer 1963 W93
         |           `--S. latus Størmer 1963 W93
         |         Pulmostrongylus GC72
         |           |--P. fengi Hsü 1935 GC72
         |           `--P. herpestis (Khera 1956) GC72
         |         Arthrocephalus herpestis Khera 1956 GC72
         |         Diserratosomus mungoosii Mirza 1938 GC72
         |--Enoplea [Penetrantia] LB02
         |    |--Dorylaimia LB02
         |    `--Enoplia LB02
         `--Chromadorea [Chromadoria, Torquentia] LB02
              |  i. s.: Desmoscolecida LB02
              |--Monhysterida LB02
              `--+--Chromadorida LB02
                 `--+--Desmodorida LB02
                    `--+--Araeolaimida LB02
                       `--+--Plectida LB02
                          `--Secernentea LB02

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A71] Askew, R. R. 1971. Parasitic Insects. Heinemann Educational Books: London.

[A-B91] Athias-Binche, F. 1991. Ecology and evolution of phoresy in mites. In: Dusbábek, F., & V. Bukva (eds) Modern Acarology: Proceedings of the VIII International Congress of Acarology, held in České Budĕjovice, Czechoslovakia, 6–11 August 1990 vol. 1 pp. 27–41. SPB Academic Publishing: The Hague.

[B02] Behm, C. A. 2002. Metabolism. In: Lee, D. L. (ed.) The Biology of Nematodes pp. 261–290. Taylor & Francis: Florence (Kentucky).

[BR05] Bouchet, P., & J.-P. Rocroi. 2005. Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families. Malacologia 47 (1–2): 1–397.

[B01] Budd, G. E. 2001. Tardigrades as 'stem-group' arthropods: the evidence from the Cambrian fauna. Zoologischer Anzeiger 240: 265–279.

[C-SCL16] Cavalier-Smith, T., E. E. Chao & R. Lewis. 2016. 187-gene phylogeny of protozoan phylum Amoebozoa reveals a new class (Cutosea) of deep-branching, ultrastructurally unique, enveloped marine Lobosa and clarifies amoeba evolution. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 99: 275–296.

[C02a] Collette, B. B. 2002a. Toadfishes. Order Batrachoididae. In: Collette, B. B., & G. Klein-MacPhee (eds) Bigelow and Schroeder’s Fishes of the Gulf of Maine 3^rd ed. pp. 261–264. Smithsonian Institute Press: Washington.

[C02b] Collette, B. B. 2002b. Dolphinfishes. Family Coryphaenidae. In: Collette, B. B., & G. Klein-MacPhee (eds) Bigelow and Schroeder’s Fishes of the Gulf of Maine 3^rd ed. pp. 409–411. Smithsonian Institute Press: Washington.

[C92] Crawford, R. L. 1992. Catalogue of the genera and type species of the harvestman superfamily Phalangioidea (Arachnida). Burke Museum Contributions in Anthropology and Natural History 8: 1–60.

[E86] Eder, R. 1986. Nematoda from continental subterranean aquatic habitats. In: Botosaneanu, L. (ed.) Stygofauna Mundi: A Faunistic, Distributional, and Ecological Synthesis of the World Fauna inhabiting Subterranean Waters (including the Marine Interstitial) pp. 125–132. E. J. Brill/Dr W. Backhuys: Leiden.

[Ge02] Gems, D. 2002. Ageing. In: Lee, D. L. (ed.) The Biology of Nematodes pp. 413–455. Taylor & Francis: Florence (Kentucky).

[GC72] Ghose, R. K., & Y. Chaturvedi. 1972. Extension of range of the mongoose, Herpestes palustris Ghose (Mammalia: Carnivora: Viverridae), with a note on its endoparasitic nematode. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 69 (2): 412–413.

[Gi02] Gibbons, L. M. 2002. General organisation. In: Lee, D. L. (ed.) The Biology of Nematodes pp. 31–59. Taylor & Francis: Florence (Kentucky).

[GR98] Giribet, G., & C. Ribera. 1998. The position of arthropods in the animal kingdom: a search for a reliable outgroup for internal arthropod phylogeny. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 9: 481–488.

[G88] Gray, J. 1988. Evolution of the freshwater ecosystem: the fossil record. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 62: 1–214.

[G01] Gupta, S. K. 2001. A conspectus of natural enemies of phytophagous mites and mites as potential biocontrol agents of agricultural pests in India. In: Halliday, R. B., D. E. Walter, H. C. Proctor, R. A. Norton & M. J. Colloff (eds) Acarology: Proceedings of the 10^th International Congress pp. 484–497. CSIRO Publishing: Melbourne.

[K-M02] Klein-MacPhee, G. 2002. Cods. Family Gadidae. In: Collette, B. B., & G. Klein-MacPhee (eds) Bigelow and Schroeder’s Fishes of the Gulf of Maine 3^rd ed. pp. 223–261. Smithsonian Institute Press: Washington.

[KC07] Krausman, P. R., & A. L. Casey. 2007. Addax nasomaculatus. Mammalian Species 807: 1–4.

[L02a] Lee, D. L. 2002a. Life cycles. In: Lee, D. L. (ed.) The Biology of Nematodes pp. 61–72. Taylor & Francis: Florence (Kentucky).

[L02b] Lee, D. L. 2002b. Cuticle, moulting and exsheathment. In: Lee, D. L. (ed.) The Biology of Nematodes pp. 171–209. Taylor & Francis: Florence (Kentucky).

[L02c] Lee, D. L. 2002c. Behaviour. In: Lee, D. L. (ed.) The Biology of Nematodes pp. 369–387. Taylor & Francis: Florence (Kentucky).

[LB02] Ley, P. de, & M. Blaxter. 2002. Systematic position and phylogeny. In: Lee, D. L. (ed.) The Biology of Nematodes pp. 1–30. Taylor & Francis: Florence (Kentucky).

[L86] Lorenzen, S. 1986. Nematoda: Interstitial nematodes from marine brackish and hypersaline environments. In: Botosaneanu, L. (ed.) Stygofauna Mundi: A Faunistic, Distributional, and Ecological Synthesis of the World Fauna inhabiting Subterranean Waters (including the Marine Interstitial) pp. 133–142. E. J. Brill/Dr W. Backhuys: Leiden.

[MV04] Manylov, O. G., N. S. Vladychenskaya, I. A. Milyutina, O. S. Kedrova, N. P. Korokhov, G. A. Dvoryanchikov, V. V. Aleshin & N. B. Petrov. 2004. Analysis of 18S rRNA gene sequences suggests significant molecular differences between Macrodasyida and Chaetonotida (Gastrotricha). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 30: 850–854.

[MW69] Moss, W. W., & W. A. Webster. 1969. A numerical taxonomic study of a group of selected strongylates (Nematoda). Systematic Zoology 18 (4): 423–443.

[MM02] Munn, E. A., & P. D. Munn. 2002. Feeding and digestion. In: Lee, D. L. (ed.) The Biology of Nematodes pp. 211–232. Taylor & Francis: Florence (Kentucky).

[Mun02] Munroe, T. A. 2002. Herrings. Family Clupeidae. In: Collette, B. B., & G. Klein-MacPhee (eds) Bigelow and Schroeder’s Fishes of the Gulf of Maine 3^rd ed. pp. 111–160. Smithsonian Institute Press: Washington.

[Mus02] Musick, J. A. 2002. Sturgeons. Family Acipenseridae. In: Collette, B. B., & G. Klein-MacPhee (eds) Bigelow and Schroeder’s Fishes of the Gulf of Maine 3^rd ed. pp. 83–88. Smithsonian Institute Press: Washington.

[N02] Nizinski, M. S. 2002. Sand lances. Family Ammodytidae. In: Collette, B. B., & G. Klein-MacPhee (eds) Bigelow and Schroeder’s Fishes of the Gulf of Maine 3^rd ed. pp. 496–505. Smithsonian Institute Press: Washington.

[OH17] Ou, Q., J. Han, Z. Zhang, D. Shu, G. Sun & G. Mayer. 2017. Three Cambrian fossils assembled into an extinct body plan of cnidarian affinity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 114 (33): 8835–8840.

[P89] Parona, C. 1889. Sopra alcuni elminti di Vertebrati birmani raccolti da Leonardo Fea. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, Serie 2^a, 7: 765–780.

[PP64] Peres, J. M., & J. Picard. 1964. Nouveau manuel de bionomie benthique de la mer Mediterranee. Recueil des Travaux de la Station Marine d'Endoume, Bulletin 31 (27): 5–137.

[R59] Robinson, E. S. 1959. Records of cestodes from marine fishes of New Zealand. Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand 86 (1): 143–153.

[S69] Steyskal, G. C. 1969. The mistreatment of the Latin genitive case in forming names of parasites. Systematic Zoology 18 (3): 339–342.

[W93] Wills, M. A. 1993. Miscellania. In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 555–560. Chapman & Hall: London.

[WXH10] Wu, X., K. Xu & Y. Huang. 2010. Community structure and spatial distribution of marine benthic nematodes at the late stage of the Yellow Sea macroalgal bloom in 2008. In: China-Russia Bilateral Symposium: Proceedings of the China-Russia Bilateral Symposium of "Comparison on Marine Biodiversity in the Northwest Pacific Ocean", 10–11 October 2010, Qingdao (China) pp. 147–148. Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; A. V. Zhirmunsky Institute of Marine Biology, Far East Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

Spiruromorpha

Rictularia sp., from Ranjabar et al. (2017). A: Anterior region and egg (camera lucida drawing); B: Anterior region showing sub ventral comb-like spine (10X); C: Anterior region showing teeth and egg; D: Anterior region showing glandular and muscular esophagus.

Belongs within: Secernentea.
Contains: Onchocercidae.

The Spiruromorpha are a group of parasitic nematodes with life cycles alternating between vertebrate and invertebrate hosts. Some species, notably among the superfamily Filarioidea, are regarded as significant pathogens of humans and other mammals, causing debilitating illnesses. These include the African eye worm Loa loa which inhabits the subcutaneous tissue of humans and is spread by deer flies of the genus Chrysops.

Spiruromorpha [Spirurida]
    |  i. s.: Loa loa J02
    |         Wuchereria L02a
    |           |--W. bancrofti PB07 [incl. W. bancrofti var. pacifica Ge02]
    |           `--W. malayi MH96
    |--Desportesius [Acuariidae, Acuarioidea] LB02
    |--Camallanus H02 [Camallanidae, Camallanoidea LB02]
    |    `--C. lacustris H02
    |--Aproctoidea LB02
    |    |--Aproctidae LB02
    |    `--Desmidocercidae LB02
    |--Diplotriaenoidea LB02
    |    |--Diplotriaenidae LB02
    |    `--Oswaldofilariidae LB02
    |--Thelazoidea LB02
    |    |--Rhabdochonidae LB02
    |    |--Pneumospiruridae LB02
    |    `--Thelazia F92 [Thelaziidae LB02]
    |         `--T. rhodesii F92
    |--Spiruroidea LB02
    |    |  i. s.: Physocephalus sexalatus Gi02
    |    |--Gongylonematidae LB02
    |    |--Spiruridae LB02
    |    |--Spirocercidae LB02
    |    `--Hartertiidae LB02
    |--Physalopteridae [Physalopteroidea] LB02
    |    |--Abbreviata paradoxa Gi02
    |    `--Physaloptera P89b
    |         |--P. abbreviata P89b
    |         |--P. gemina Gi02
    |         |--P. phrynsoma MM02
    |         |--P. retusa P89b
    |         `--P. varani Parona 1889 P89b
    |--Rictulariidae [Rictularoidea] LB02
    |    |--Pterygodermatites alphi [=Mesopectines alphi] Gi02
    |    `--Rictularia P89b
    |         |--R. bovieri Blanchard 1886 P89b
    |         |--R. cristata Frölich 1802 [=Ophiostomum cristatum] P89b
    |         |--R. dipodomis Tiner 1948 S69
    |         |--R. elvirae Parona 1889 P89b
    |         |--R. macdonaldi (Dobson 1880) [=Pterygodermatites macdonaldi, Ophiostoma macdonaldi] P89b
    |         `--R. plagiostoma (Weld 1861) (see below for synonymy) P89b
    |--Habronematoidea LB02
    |    |  i. s.: Parabronema Gi02
    |    |           |--P. indicum Gi02
    |    |           `--P. skrjabini F92
    |    |         Procyrnea mansioni Gi02
    |    |--Habronematidae LB02
    |    |--Hedrurus L02a [Hedruridae LB02]
    |    |    `--H. androphora L02a
    |    |--Tetrameres J02 [Tetrameridae LB02]
    |    |    `--T. columbicola J02
    |    `--Cystidicolidae LB02
    |         |--Ascarophis valentina Ferrer, Aznar et al. 2005 F05
    |         `--Cystidicola Fischer 1798 F98
    |              `--*C. farionis Fischer 1798 F98
    `--Filarioidea LB02
         |  i. s.: Stephanofilaria Gi02
         |         Serratospiculum seurati Gi02
         |         Molinema dessetae [=Dipetalonema dessetae] J02
         |         Microfilaria M64
         |         Acanthocheilonema L02b
         |           |--A. setariosum J02
         |           `--A. viteae [=Dipetalonema viteae] J02
         |         Brugia L02b
         |           |--B. malayi PB07
         |           |--B. pahangi L02b
         |           `--B. timori O98
         |         Dirofilaria M64
         |           |--D. immitis (Leidy 1856) MW69
         |           |--D. repens Gi02
         |           `--D. roemeri v. Linstow 1905 M64
         |         Dipetalonema DM91
         |           |--D. gracile Gi02
         |           |--D. ozzardi BSG09
         |           |--D. perstans BSG09 [=Acanthocheilonema perstans A71]
         |           |--D. reconditum DM91
         |           |--D. repens N70
         |           `--D. streptocerca A71
         |--Onchocercidae LB02
         `--Filaria P89b [Filariidae LB02]
              |--F. bhamoensis Parona 1889 P89b
              |--F. capsularia [incl. Capsularia halecis] G20
              |--F. flabellata P89b
              |--F. macrophallos Parona 1889 P89b
              |--F. medinensis (Linnaeus 1758) G20, L58 [=Gordius medinensis G20]
              |--P. nodulosa P89b
              `--F. obtusocaudata [incl. F. collurionis subcutanea] P89a

Rictularia plagiostoma (Weld 1861) [=Pterygodermatites plagiostoma; incl. Ophiostoma spinosa Willemoes-Suhm 1869] P89b

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A71] Askew, R. R. 1971. Parasitic Insects. Heinemann Educational Books: London.

[BSG09] Borkent, A., G. R. Spinelli & W. L. Grogan Jr. 2009. Ceratopogonidae (biting midges, purrujas). In: Brown, B. V., A. Borkent, J. M. Cumming, D. M. Wood, N. E. Woodley & M. A. Zumbado (eds) Manual of Central American Diptera vol. 1 pp. 407–435. NRC Research Press: Ottawa.

[DM91] Dunnet, G. M., & D. K. Mardon. 1991. Siphonaptera (fleas). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers 2^nd ed. vol. 2 pp. 705–716. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[F92] Fan Z. 1992. Key to the Common Flies of China 2^nd ed. Science Press: Beijing.

[F05] Fernández, J. 2005. Noticia de nuevos táxones para la ciencia en el ámbito Íbero-Balear y Macaronésico. Nuevos táxones animales descritos en la península Ibérica y Macaronesia desde 1994 (IX). Graellsia 61 (2): 261–282.

[F98] Fischer, M. 1798. Sur un nouveau genre de vers intestins. Bulletin des Sciences, par la Societé Philomathique de Paris 1 (13): 98.

[Ge02] Gems, D. 2002. Ageing. In: Lee, D. L. (ed.) The Biology of Nematodes pp. 413–455. Taylor & Francis: Florence (Kentucky).

[Gi02] Gibbons, L. M. 2002. General organisation. In: Lee, D. L. (ed.) The Biology of Nematodes pp. 31–59. Taylor & Francis: Florence (Kentucky).

[G20] Goldfuss, G. A. 1820. Handbuch der Naturgeschichte vol. 3. Handbuch der Zoologie pt 1. Johann Leonhard Schrag: Nürnberg.

[H02] Hope, I. A. 2002. Embryology, developmental biology and the genome. In: Lee, D. L. (ed.) The Biology of Nematodes pp. 121–145. Taylor & Francis: Florence (Kentucky).

[J02] Justine, J.-L. 2002. Male and female gametes and fertilisation. In: Lee, D. L. (ed.) The Biology of Nematodes pp. 73–119. Taylor & Francis: Florence (Kentucky).

[L02a] Lee, D. L. 2002a. Life cycles. In: Lee, D. L. (ed.) The Biology of Nematodes pp. 61–72. Taylor & Francis: Florence (Kentucky).

[L02b] Lee, D. L. 2002b. Cuticle, moulting and exsheathment. In: Lee, D. L. (ed.) The Biology of Nematodes pp. 171–209. Taylor & Francis: Florence (Kentucky).

[LB02] Ley, P. de, & M. Blaxter. 2002. Systematic position and phylogeny. In: Lee, D. L. (ed.) The Biology of Nematodes pp. 1–30. Taylor & Francis: Florence (Kentucky).

[L58] Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Laurentii Salvii: Holmiae.

[MH96] Miller, S. A., & J. P. Harley. 1996. Zoology 3^rd ed. Wm. C. Brown Publishers: Dubuque (Iowa).

[MW69] Moss, W. W., & W. A. Webster. 1969. A numerical taxonomic study of a group of selected strongylates (Nematoda). Systematic Zoology 18 (4): 423–443.

[MM02] Munn, E. A., & P. D. Munn. 2002. Feeding and digestion. In: Lee, D. L. (ed.) The Biology of Nematodes pp. 211–232. Taylor & Francis: Florence (Kentucky).

[M64] Mykytowycz, R. 1964. A survey of the endoparasites of the red kangaroo Megaleia rufa (Desmarest). Parasitology 54: 677–693.

[N70] Norris, K. R. 1970. General biology. In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers pp. 107–140. Melbourne University Press.

[O98] Oosterbroek, P. 1998. The Families of Diptera of the Malay Archipelago. Brill: Leiden.

[P89a] Parona, C. 1889a. Intorno all’Ascaris halicoris, Owen, ed a qualche altro Nematode raccolti in Assab dal Dott. V. Ragazzi. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, Serie 2^a, 7: 751–764.

[P89b] Parona, C. 1889b. Sopra alcuni elminti di Vertebrati birmani raccolti da Leonardo Fea. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, Serie 2^a, 7: 765–780.

[PB07] Philippe, H., H. Brinkmann, P. Martinez, M. Riutort & J. Baguña. 2007. Acoel flatworms are not Platyhelminthes: evidence from phylogenomics. PloS One 2 (8): e717.

[S69] Steyskal, G. C. 1969. The mistreatment of the Latin genitive case in forming names of parasites. Systematic Zoology 18 (3): 339–342.

Last updated: 23 March 2021.

Mermithida

Post-parasitic juvenile of Hexamermis sp., copyright S. Patricia Stock.

Belongs within: Dorylaimia.

The Mermithida are a group of nematodes that are parasitic on insects and other invertebrates. Members of the family Mermithidae emerge from the host as adults to breed whereas Tetradonematidae remain in their host.

Characters (from Khuong B. Nguyen): Parasites of invertebrates. Stichosome (longitudinal series of glandular cells arranged along the esophagus) present. Early juvenile stages with protrusible stylet that is absent in adults. Amphids dorylaimoid.

<==Mermithida [Mermithina, Mermithoidea, Stichosomia]
    |--Tetradonematidae LB02
    `--Mermithidae LB02
         |--Agamomermis phalangii (Haldeman 1851) [=Filaria phalangii] PC00
         |--Aranimermis gigantea PC00
         |--Mermis Dujardin 1842 H62
         |    |--*M. nigrescens Dujardin 1842 H62
         |    `--M. subnigrescens MM02
         |--Agamermis G02
         |    |--A. decaudata G02
         |    `--A. unka KH02
         |--Hexamermis PC00
         |    |--H. albicans P93
         |    |--H. brevis J02
         |    `--H. cavicola NC91
         `--Heydonius Taylor 1935 H62
              |--*H. matutinus (Menge 1866) [=Mermis matutina] H62
              |--H. antiquus Heydon 1862 W93
              |--H. dominicus Poinar 1984 P92
              `--H. quadristriata Menge 1872 P92

Mermithida incertae sedis:
  Gastromermis MM02
    |--G. boophthorae MM02
    |--G. hibernalis H02
    `--G. interstitialis Kaiser & Kirchengast 1979 E86
  Pheromermis cornicularis J02
  Amphimermis NC91
    |--A. bogongae NC91
    `--A. elegans J02
  Daubaylia MM02
  Romanomermis culicivorax [incl. Reesimermis nielseni] KH02
  Heleidomermis libani KH02
  Ovomermis sinensis KH02

Nomina nuda: Agamermis incerta Steiner in Stipperger 1928 PC00
             Filaria truncata Rudolphi 1819 [=Mermis truncata] PC00
             Filaria truncatula Rudolphi 1819 [=Agamomermis truncatula, Gordius truncatula, Mermis truncatula] PC00

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[E86] Eder, R. 1986. Nematoda from continental subterranean aquatic habitats. In: Botosaneanu, L. (ed.) Stygofauna Mundi: A Faunistic, Distributional, and Ecological Synthesis of the World Fauna inhabiting Subterranean Waters (including the Marine Interstitial) pp. 125–132. E. J. Brill/Dr W. Backhuys: Leiden.

[G02] Gems, D. 2002. Ageing. In: Lee, D. L. (ed.) The Biology of Nematodes pp. 413–455. Taylor & Francis: Florence (Kentucky).

[H02] Hope, I. A. 2002. Embryology, developmental biology and the genome. In: Lee, D. L. (ed.) The Biology of Nematodes pp. 121–145. Taylor & Francis: Florence (Kentucky).

[H62] Howell, B. F. 1962. Worms. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt W. Miscellanea: Conodonts, Conoidal Shells of Uncertain Affinities, Worms, Trace Fossils and Problematica pp. W144–W177. Geological Society of America, and University of Kansas Press.

[J02] Justine, J.-L. 2002. Male and female gametes and fertilisation. In: Lee, D. L. (ed.) The Biology of Nematodes pp. 73–119. Taylor & Francis: Florence (Kentucky).

[KH02] Kerry, B. R., & W. M. Hominick. 2002. Biological control. In: Lee, D. L. (ed.) The Biology of Nematodes pp. 483–509. Taylor & Francis: Florence (Kentucky).

[LB02] Ley, P. de, & M. Blaxter. 2002. Systematic position and phylogeny. In: Lee, D. L. (ed.) The Biology of Nematodes pp. 1–30. Taylor & Francis: Florence (Kentucky).

[MM02] Munn, E. A., & P. D. Munn. 2002. Feeding and digestion. In: Lee, D. L. (ed.) The Biology of Nematodes pp. 211–232. Taylor & Francis: Florence (Kentucky).

[NC91] Nielsen, E. S., & I. F. B. Common. 1991. Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers 2^nd ed. vol. 2 pp. 817–915. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[P93] Pittaway, A. R. 1993. The Hawkmoths of the Western Palaearctic. Harley Books: Colchester.

[P92] Poinar, G. O., Jr. 1992. Life in Amber. Stanford University Press: Stanford.

[PC00] Poinar, G. O., Jr., B. P. M. Čurčic, I. V. Karaman, J. C. Cokendolpher & P. G. Mitov. 2000. Nematode parasitism of harvestmen (Opiliones: Arachnida). Nematology 2 (6): 587–590.

[W93] Wills, M. A. 1993. Miscellania. In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 555–560. Chapman & Hall: London.

Last updated: 23 March 2021.

Oxyuridomorpha

Pinworm Oxyuris equi, from here.

Belongs within: Secernentea.

The Oxyuridomorpha are a group of animal-parasitic nematodes characterised by the possession of a large, valvate esophageal bulb. Members of the superfamily Thelastomatoidea are parasites of insects whereas Oxyuroidea mostly infect vertebrates.

Oxyuridomorpha [Oxyurida]
    |  i. s.: Blatticola monandros WPT01
    |         Protellus dixoni WPT01
    |         Hammerschmidtiella diesingi L02
    |         Aspiculuris tetraptera J02, P02
    |         Auchenacantha J02
    |         Gyrinicola batrachiensis J02
    |         Blattophila sphaerolima R91
    |--Thelastomatoidea LB02
    |    |--Hystrignathidae LB02
    |    |--Protrelloididae LB02
    |    |--Travassosinema [Travassosinematidae] LB02
    |    |    `--T. thyropygi G02
    |    `--Thelastomatidae LB02
    |         |--Leidynema appendiculata MM02, WPT01
    |         |--Wetanema hula W02, WPT01
    |         `--Thelastoma MM02
    |              |--T. bulhoesi MM02
    |              `--T. periplaneticola WPT01
    `--Oxyuroidea LB02
         |  i. s.: Dentostomella G02
         |         Passalurus ambiguus G02
         |--Parapharyngodon CD88 [Pharyngodonidae LB02]
         |    |--P. acanthura (Linstow 1904) (n. d.) CD88
         |    |--P. adamsoni Crusz & Daundasekera 1988 CD88
         |    |--P. maplestoni Chatterji 1933 CD88
         |    |--P. megaloon (Linstow 1906) (n. d.) CD88
         |    `--P. micipsae (Seurat 1917) CD88
         |--Heteroxynematidae LB02
         `--Oxyuridae LB02
              |--Enterobius vermicularis L02
              |--Syphacia Seurat 1916 H62
              |    |--*S. obvelata (Rudolphi 1802) [=Ascaris obvelata] H62
              |    `--S. muris P02
              `--Oxyuris Rudolphi 1803 H62
                   |--*O. curvula Rudolphi 1803 H62
                   |--O. equi L02
                   |--O. megatyphlon P89
                   `--O. obvelata P89

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[CD88] Crusz, H., & D. M. A. K. Daundasekera. 1988. Parasites of the relict fauna of Ceylon. IX. Helminths from burrowing scincine lizards. Annales de Parasitologie Humaine et Comparee 63: 439–447.

[G02] Gibbons, L. M. 2002. General organisation. In: Lee, D. L. (ed.) The Biology of Nematodes pp. 31–59. Taylor & Francis: Florence (Kentucky).

[H62] Howell, B. F. 1962. Worms. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt W. Miscellanea: Conodonts, Conoidal Shells of Uncertain Affinities, Worms, Trace Fossils and Problematica pp. W144–W177. Geological Society of America, and University of Kansas Press.

[J02] Justine, J.-L. 2002. Male and female gametes and fertilisation. In: Lee, D. L. (ed.) The Biology of Nematodes pp. 73–119. Taylor & Francis: Florence (Kentucky).

[L02] Lee, D. L. 2002. Cuticle, moulting and exsheathment. In: Lee, D. L. (ed.) The Biology of Nematodes pp. 171–209. Taylor & Francis: Florence (Kentucky).

[LB02] Ley, P. de, & M. Blaxter. 2002. Systematic position and phylogeny. In: Lee, D. L. (ed.) The Biology of Nematodes pp. 1–30. Taylor & Francis: Florence (Kentucky).

[MM02] Munn, E. A., & P. D. Munn. 2002. Feeding and digestion. In: Lee, D. L. (ed.) The Biology of Nematodes pp. 211–232. Taylor & Francis: Florence (Kentucky).

[P89] Parona, C. 1889. Sopra alcuni elminti di Vertebrati birmani raccolti da Leonardo Fea. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, Serie 2^a, 7: 765–780.

[P02] Perry, R. N. 2002. Hatching. In: Lee, D. L. (ed.) The Biology of Nematodes pp. 147–169. Taylor & Francis: Florence (Kentucky).

[R91] Roth, L. M. 1991. Blatttodea. Blattaria (cockroaches). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers vol. 1 pp. 320–329. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[W02] Wharton, D. A. 2002. Nematode survival strategies. In: Lee, D. L. (ed.) The Biology of Nematodes pp. 389–411. Taylor & Francis: Florence (Kentucky).

[WPT01] Wharton, D. A., R. Poulin & C. L. Tyrell. 2001. Parasites of anostostomatid insects. In: Field, L. H. (ed.) The Biology of Wetas, King Crickets and Their Allies pp. 259–267. CABI Publishing: Wallingford (UK).

Last updated: 3 June 2022.