Scutelleridae

Green shield-backed bug Coleotichus costatus, from Brisbane Insects.

Belongs within: Pentatomoidea.

The Scutelleridae, jewel bugs, are a group of mostly shiny and/or brightly coloured shield bugs with a very large scutellum mostly covering the abdomen dorsally, and a hamus (spur-vein) present in the basal cell of the hind wing (Carver et al. 1991). Members include the cotton harlequin bug Tectocoris diophthalmus, a significant pest of cotton bolls.

<==Scutelleridae
    |  i. s.: Philia D14
    |           |--P. elegans (Montrouz. 1861) [=Callidea elegans] D14
    |           `--P. senator C70
    |         Chrysocoris sexmaculatus (Leach 1815) [=Scutellera sexmaculata] D14
    |         Peocilocoris B14
    |         Cantao parentum WEE70
    |         Odontoscelis fuliginosa RD77, H01
    |         Homaemus aeneifrons E66
    |--Tetyra Fabricius 1803 [incl. Macraulax Dallas 1851; Tetyrinae] G75
    |    `--T. bipunctatus (Herrich Schaeffer 1839) [=Pachycoris bipunctatus, *Macraulax bipunctatus] G75
    |--Odontotarsinae CGW91
    |    |--Odontotarsus RD77
    |    |--Eurygaster G75
    |    |    |--E. integriceps RD77
    |    |    |--E. maura [incl. E. maura var. picta] H01
    |    |    `--E. nigrocucullatus G75
    |    `--Morbora Distant 1899 G75
    |         |--*M. australis Distant 1899 G75
    |         |--M. hirtula Bergroth 1904 G75
    |         `--M. schoutedeni Bergroth 1904 G75
    |--Elvisurinae CGW91
    |    |--Elvisura G75
    |    |--Solenostethium G75
    |    |--Solenotichus Martin 1897 G75
    |    |    `--S. circuliferus (Walker 1867) [=Sphaerocoris circuliferus; incl. *So. brevipes] G75
    |    |--Austrotichus Gross 1975 G75
    |    |    `--*A. rugosus Gross 1975 G75
    |    `--Coleotichus White 1839 G75
    |         |  i. s.: C. nigrovarius Walker & Schouteden 1905 K08
    |         |         C. sordidus Walker & Schouteden 1904 K08
    |         |--C. (Coleotichus) G75
    |         |    |--*C. (C.) costatus (Fabricius 1787) [=Cimex costatus] G75
    |         |    `--C. (C.) blackburni G75
    |         `--C. (Paracoleotichus) discrepans G75
    |--Tectocoris [Tectocorinae] CGW91
    |    |--T. cyanipes Fabr. 1803 (see below for synonymy) D14
    |    `--T. diophthalmus Kirk 1908 C91, D14
    `--Scutellerinae CGW91
         |--Scutiphora pedicellata CGW91, C91
         |--Lampromicra senator CGW91, C91
         |--Calliphara Germar 1839 G75
         |    |--*C. nobilis (Linnaeus 1763) G75 [=Cimex nobilis G75, Pentatoma nobilis L02]
         |    |--C. imperialis CGW91
         |    `--C. praslinia (Guérin 1830) [=Scutellera praslinia] G75
         |--Scutellera B35
         |    |--S. cyanipoda Boisduval 1835 B35
         |    |--S. lineata G20
         |    |--S. pagana [=Tetyra pagana] B35
         |    `--S. tongae Boisduval 1835 B35
         `--Choerocoris Dallas 1851 G75
              |--*C. paganus (Fabricius 1775) [=Cimex paganus] G75
              `--C. variegatus G75
                   |--C. v. variegatus G75
                   `--C. v. similis Distant 1899 G75

Tectocoris cyanipes Fabr. 1803 [=T. lineola var. cyanipes; incl. T. lineola var. banksi Don 1805, Cimex lineola Fabr. 1781 non Linnaeus 1758, T. lineola, T. lineola var. obliquus Walk. 1867, T. lineola var. tongae Boisd. 1832] D14

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B35] Boisduval, J. B. 1835. Voyage de Découvertes de l’Astrolabe. Exécuté par ordre du Roi, pendant les années 1826–1827–1828–1829, sous le commandement de M. J. Dumont d'Urville. Faune entomologique de l'océan Pacifique, avec l'illustration des insectes nouveaux recueillis pendant le voyage vol. 2. Coléoptères et autres ordres. J. Tastu: Paris.

[B14] Bouchard, P. (ed.) 2014. The Book of Beetles: A lifesize guide to six hundred of nature's gems. Ivy Press: Lewes (United Kingdom).

[CGW91] Carver, M., G. F. Gross & T. E. Woodward. 1991. Hemiptera (bugs, leafhoppers, cicadas, aphids, scale insects etc.) In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers vol. 1 pp. 429–509. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[C70] CSIRO. 1970. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers. Melbourne University Press.

[C91] CSIRO. 1991. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers 2^nd ed. vol. 1. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[D14] Distant, W. L. 1914. Rhynchota from New Caledonia and the surrounding islands. In: Sarasin, F., & J. Roux (eds) Nova Caledonia: Forschungen in Neu-Caledonian und auf den Loyalty-Inseln. A. Zoologie vol. 1 pt 4 pp. 369–390, pls 11–12. C. W. Kreidels Verlag: Wiesbaden.

[E66] Evans, H. E. 1966. The Comparative Ethology and Evolution of the Sand Wasps. Harvard University Press: Cambridge (Massachusetts).

[G20] Goldfuss, G. A. 1820. Handbuch der Naturgeschichte vol. 3. Handbuch der Zoologie pt 1. Johann Leonhard Schrag: Nürnberg.

[G75] Gross, G. F. 1975. Plant-feeding and Other Bugs (Hemiptera) of South Australia. Heteroptera—Part I. Handbook of the Flora and Fauna of South Australia.

[H01] Horváth, G. 1901. Hemipterák [Hemiptera]. In: Horváth, G. (ed.) Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazása [Dritte Asiatische Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] vol. 2. Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazásának Állattani Eredményei [Zoologische Ergebnisse der Dritten Asiatischen Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] pp. 245–274. Victor Hornyánszky: Budapest, and Karl W. Hierseman: Leipzig.

[K08] Kirkaldy, G. W. 1908. A catalogue of the Hemiptera of Fiji. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 33: 345–391, pl. 4.

[L02] Latreille, P. A. 1802. Histoire Naturelle, générale et particulière des crustacés et des insectes vol. 3. Familles naturelles des genres. F. Dufart: Paris.

[RD77] Richards, O. W., & R. G. Davies. 1977. Imms' General Textbook of Entomology 10^th ed. vol. 2. Classification and Biology. Chapman and Hall: London.

[WEE70] Woodward, T. E., J. W. Evans & V. F. Eastop. 1970. Hemiptera (bugs, leafhoppers, etc.) In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers pp. 387–457. Melbourne University Press.

Last updated: 9 May 2022.

Myrocharia

Aednus sp., from here.

Belongs within: Pentatominae.

The Myrocharia are an Old World group of shield bugs with the head flattish, the lateral margins of the head and sometimes also of the pronotum expanded, and the thoracic sterna usually sulcate (Gross 1975).

<==Myrocharia [Dorpiaria, Myrocheinae] G75
    |--Myrochea G75
    |--Laprius G75
    |--Paramecocoris G75
    |--Ennius G75
    |--Erachteus G75
    |--Cocalus G75
    |--Aednus G75
    |--Dorpius G75
    |--Hippota G75
    |--Praetestatus G75
    `--Valescus G75

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[G75] Gross, G. F. 1975. Plant-feeding and Other Bugs (Hemiptera) of South Australia. Heteroptera—Part I. Handbook of the Flora and Fauna of South Australia.

Tarisini

Deroploopsis brevicornutus, copyright South Australian Museum.

Belongs within: Pentatominae.

The Tarisini are a group of shield bugs in which the scutellum is often enlarged but always leaves most of the lateral margins of the hemelytra exposed (Gross 1975).

Characters (from Gross 1975, as 'Tarisa group'): Head broad, juga not surpassing apex of anteclypeus. Scutellum variable in size, usually broad and elongate, reaching to or almost to apex of abdomen, apex broadly rounded, rarely triangular and shorter with more acuminate apex; lateral margins of hemelytra at least mostly exposed. Sterna sulcate, prosternal sulcus with elevated sharp margins (if these are lower and blunter then scutellum always enlarged).

<==Tarisini [Graphostomatini, Tarisinae] G75
    |--Tarisa G75
    |--Putonia G75
    |--Dandinus Distant 1904 G75
    |    `--*D. crassus Distant 1904 G75
    |--Testrica Walker 1867 G75
    |    |--*T. antica Walker 1867 G75
    |    `--T. bubala Stål 1876 G75
    |--Propetestrica Musgrave 1930 G75
    |    |--*P. trimaculata Musgrave 1930 G75
    |    `--P. angulata Musgrave 1930 G75
    |--Protestrica Schouteden 1905 G75
    |    |--*P. rudis (Germar 1839) [=Podops rudis, Testrica rudis] G75
    |    |--P. montana Gross 1975 G75
    |    |--P. stali (Schouteden 1905) [=Testrica stali] G75
    |    `--P. subpunctata G75
    `--Deroploopsis Schouteden 1905 G75
         |--*D. curvicornis (Stål 1876) [=Deroploa curvicornis] G75
         |--D. bidentatus Musgrave 1930 G75
         |--D. brevicornutus Musgrave 1930 G75
         `--D. trispinosus Musgrave 1930 G75

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[G75] Gross, G. F. 1975. Plant-feeding and Other Bugs (Hemiptera) of South Australia. Heteroptera—Part I. Handbook of the Flora and Fauna of South Australia.

Diemeniini

Brown stink bug Oncocoris apicalis, from Brisbane Insects.

Belongs within: Pentatominae.

The Diemeniini are an Australasian group of shield bugs characterised by the presence of a series of stridulatory ridges ventrolaterally on the anterior segments of the abdomen.

Characters (from Gross 1976, as 'Diemenia group'): Medium-sized, 5–14 mm in length, elongate-oval in shape, dorsal surface usually strongly punctate. Antennae four- or five-segmented; juga frequently surpassing apex of anteclypeus, may be reflexed laterally, often produced into small lobe or process in front of eye. Abdomen with strigose vittae forming curved line laterally on segments 2, 3 and/or 4. Posterior outline of male pygophore mostly complex; clasper may be Y-shaped, thin and elongate, or flattened and rather plate-like; phallosoma heavily or only moderately sclerotised; thecal shield absent; conjunctiva bilobed with additional median and ventral lobes sometimes present; median penial plates small and laminate, or forming funnel-like sheath around vesica, or absent; vesica short and robust.

<==Diemeniini [Diemeninae]
    |--Caridophthalmus G76
    |--Aplerotus Dallas 1851 G76
    |    `--*A. maculatus Dallas 1851 G76
    |--Boocoris Gross 1976 G76
    |    `--*B. bufiformis Gross 1976 G76
    |--Gilippus Stål 1867 G76
    |    `--*G. hostilis Haglund 1868 G76
    |--Pseudoncocoris Gross 1976 G76
    |    `--*P. southcotti Gross 1976 G76
    |--Alphenor Stål 1867 G76
    |    |--*A. cuspidatus Stål 1869 [incl. Myappena capito Distant 1910] G76
    |    `--A. victoriensis Gross 1976 G76
    |--Kalkadoona Distant 1910 [incl. Stelgidophora Bergroth 1912] G76
    |    |--K. pallida (Van Duzee 1905) (see below for synonymy) G76
    |    |--K. confinis (Dallas 1851) [=Dictyotus confinis] G76
    |    |--K. cooperi Gross 1976 G76
    |    `--K. enchylaenae Gross 1976 G76
    |--Diemenia Spinola 1850 G76
    |    |--D. rubromarginata (Guérin-Méneville 1830) [=Platycoris rubromarginatus] G76
    |    |    |--D. r. rubromarginata G76
    |    |    `--*D. r. deyrollei Spinola 1850 [incl. Platycoris affinis, P. distinctus] G76
    |    `--D. immarginata [=Platycoris immarginatus] G76
    |--Niarius Stål 1867 G76
    |    |--*N. umbrosus (Stål 1865) [=Platycoris umbrosus] G76
    |    |--N. haglundi Montandon 1903 G76
    |    |--N. illuminatus Distant 1881 [incl. N. tryoni Bergroth 1905] G76
    |    |--N. ooldeae Gross 1976 G76
    |    `--N. venosus G76
    `--Oncocoris Mayr 1866 G76
         |--*O. punctatus Mayr 1866 G76
         |--O. apicalis (Dallas 1851) [=Dictyotus apicalis] G76
         |--O. desertus Bergroth 1916 G76
         |--O. discoideus (Dallas 1851) [=Dictyotus discoideus] G75
         |--O. favillaceus (Walker 1867) [=Tarba favillacea, Dictyotus favillaceus] G75
         |--O. geniculatus (Dallas 1851) G76 (see below for synonymy)
         |--O. lineatus G76
         |--O. semimarginatus (Westwood 1837) [=Pentatoma semimarginata, Dictyotus semimarginatus] G75
         |--O. similis (Dallas 1851) [=Dictyotus similis] G76
         |--O. transversus (Carpenter 1891) [=Dictyotus transversus] G75
         |--O. truncatellus (Walker 1868) [=Eysarcoris truncatellus, Dictyotus truncatellus] G75
         `--O. ventralis (Walker 1867) [=Mormidea ventralis, Dictyotus ventralis] G75

Kalkadoona pallida (Van Duzee 1905) [=Dictyotus pallidus, *Stelgidophora pallida; incl. *K. centromaculata Distant 1910] G76

Oncocoris geniculatus (Dallas 1851) G76 [=Dictyotus geniculatus G76; incl. O. dimidiatus G76, D. lineatus Walker 1867 G75]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[G75] Gross, G. F. 1975. Plant-feeding and Other Bugs (Hemiptera) of South Australia. Heteroptera—Part I. Handbook of the Flora and Fauna of South Australia.

[G76] Gross, G. F. 1976. Plant-feeding and Other Bugs (Hemiptera) of South Australia. Heteroptera—Part II. Handbook of the Flora and Fauna of South Australia.

Cuspicona

Green potato bug Cuspicona simplex, from Brisbane Insects.

Belongs within: Pentatominae.

Cuspicona is a genus of shield bugs found in Australasia and insular southeast Asia, most commonly found feeding on Solanaceae or on Eremophila (Gross 1976).

Characters (from Gross 1976): Small to moderate size, rather oval or kite-shaped. In life greenish fading to yellowish or yellowish-brown. Densely punctate on head and pronotum. Head wider across eyes than long, disc flattened or somewhat convex. Pronotum at least twice as wide across lateral angles as long, lateral angles acute, produced into a conical or spinose process or obtuse, anterolateral margins in front of this region straight but diverging posteriorly, marginate or narrowly obtuse. Scutellum triangular, apex narrow or broad, anteriorly only faintly raised. Posterior exterior angles of laterotergites armed with short acute spine or unarmed, those of seventh laterotergites not strongly produced posteriorly. Metasternal-mesosternal keels moderately elevated, their inferior margins only greatly sinuated and apically not or hardly surpassing apex of prosternum. Tibiae generally cylindrical or only flattened apically. Abdomen broadly V- or U-shaped in posterior view.

<==Cuspicona Dallas 1851 G76
    |--*C. thoracica [=Rhynchocoris thoracica] G76
    |--C. carneola Van Duzee 1905 G76
    |--C. cooperi Gross 1975 G76
    |--C. equisignata Gross 1975 G76
    |--C. eremophilae Gross 1975 G76
    |--C. intacta Walker 1868 G76
    |--C. longispina Gross 1975 G76
    |--C. obesula Gross 1975 G76
    |--C. ooldeae Gross 1975 G76
    |--C. privata [=Ocirrhoe privata] G76
    |--C. procallosa G76
    |--C. simplex Walker 1867 G76
    `--C. strenuella Walker 1868 G76

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[G76] Gross, G. F. 1976. Plant-feeding and Other Bugs (Hemiptera) of South Australia. Heteroptera—Part II. Handbook of the Flora and Fauna of South Australia.

Cephaloplatus

Cephaloplatus pertyi, copyright Glenda Walter.

Belongs within: Pentatominae.

Cephaloplatus is an Australian genus of moderately-sized shield bugs with a broad head bearing expanded juga (Gross 1976).

Characters (from Gross 1976): Rather oval, moderate-sized, reddish-brown, yellowish-brown, or blackish-brown in colour. Head rather large, apically flattened or concave. Juga laterally expanded, produced well in front of anteclypeus, anterior margins rounded or truncate, lateral margins sometimes produced into prominent lobe or spine in front of eyes. Antennae slender. Bucculae not reaching base of head. Pronotum rather flat, anterior margin strongly concave, lateral margin explanate and produced into flattened angulate or lobate process reaching forward to at least posterior margin of eye and lying just exteriorly of true anterior angle; anterolateral margins behind this may be expanded laminately, frequently crenulate or serrate. Scutellum substantially triangular, relatively large. Hemelytra always wider than abdomen in basal half, generally narrowing apically. Prosternum shallowly depressed, mesosternum little convex with median longitudinal raised line or flattened ridge. Laterotergites unarmed. Male pygophore with posterior V-shaped or arcuate raised ridge below.

<==Cephaloplatus White 1842 (Cephaloplatus) G76
    |--*C. (C.) pertyi (White 1842) [=Dryptocephalus (*C.) pertyi] G76
    |--C. (C.) australis G76
    |--C. (C.) bellus Gross 1970 G76
    |--C. (C.) clementi G76
    |--C. (C.) granulatus Bergroth 1895 G76
    |--C. (C.) minchami Gross 1976 G76
    |--C. (C.) nubifer Bergroth 1916 G76
    |--C. (C.) pallipes Walker 1868 G76
    |--C. (C.) pellewensis G76
    `--C. (C.) reticulatus Bergroth 1895 G76

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[G76] Gross, G. F. 1976. Plant-feeding and Other Bugs (Hemiptera) of South Australia. Heteroptera—Part II. Handbook of the Flora and Fauna of South Australia.

Corixidae

Corixa punctata, copyright Wolfram Sondermann.

Belongs within: Panheteroptera.

The Corixidae, water boatmen, are a group of aquatic bugs characterised by short forelegs with hair-fringed scoop-shaped or cylindrical tarsi. These are used to collect prey (mostly insect larvae) from bottom ooze. Hind legs are used for swimming and have long fringes of hair on the tibiae and tarsi. The dorsum of the abdomen is concave, allowing for the retention of a bubble of air beneath the wings. The majority of living species are included in the subfamily Corixinae; members of the genus Micronecta are much smaller than species of Corixinae. The Australasian Diaprepocorinae differ from other corixids in the possession of ocelli and additional cuticular blades fringing the hind tarsi (Carver et al. 1991).

<==Corixidae [Corixoidea, Shurabellidae]
    |--Diaprepocoris [Diaprepocorinae] CGW91
    |--Velocorixa [Velocorixinae] S02
    |    `--V. ponomarenkoi S02
    |--Micronecta [Micronectinae] CGW91
    |    |--M. robusta TJ06
    |    `--M. scholtzi (Fieber 1860) SB05
    `--Corixinae CGW91
         |--Cymatia coleoptrata CGW91, H01
         |--Agraptocorixa CGW91
         |    |--A. eurynome CGW91
         |    `--A. parvipunctata TDC06
         |--Sigara CGW91
         |    |--S. arguta PC66
         |    |--S. falleni W01
         |    |--S. fossarum (Leach 1817) SB05
         |    |--S. lateralis (Leach 1817) SB05
         |    |--S. limitata (Fieber 1848) SB05
         |    |--S. nigrolineata (Fieber 1848) SB05
         |    |--S. scotti (Douglas & Scott 1868) SB05
         |    |--S. selecta (Fieber 1848) SB05
         |    |--S. semistriata (Fieber 1848) SB05
         |    `--S. stagnalis (Leach 1817) SB05
         `--Corixa Geoffroy 1762 SB05
              |--C. affinis Leach 1817 SB05
              |--C. concinna CS77
              |--C. fallenii H01
              |--C. geoffroyi H01
              |--C. iberica Jansson 1981 SB05
              |--C. lateralis [incl. C. hieroglyphica] H01
              |--C. limitata H01
              |--C. nigrolineata CS77
              |--C. panzeri (Fieber 1848) SB05
              |--C. punctata Im92
              |--C. stagnalis CS77
              |--C. striata H01 [=Sigara striata L02]
              `--C. vanduzeei S02

Corixidae incertae sedis:
  Haenbea badamgaravae GE05, S02
  Yanliaocorixa S02
  Gazimuria GE05
  Karataviella GE05
  Diapherinus GE05
  Cristocorixa GE05
  Bumbacorixa GE05
  Corixonecta GE05
  Jiangxicorixa S02
  Linicorixa S02
  Ratiticorixa S02
  Vulcanicorixa S02
  Shelopuga sinitsae S02
  Siculocorixa estria S02
  Lufengnacta GE05
  Liassocorixa GE05
  Bakharia GE05
  Archaeocorixa GE05
  Baissocorixa GE05
  Mesosigara kryshtofovichi GE05, S02
  Corixalia GE05
  Rhomboidella GE05
  Shurabella GE05
  Diacorixa S02
    |--D. germanica S02
    `--D. miocenica S02
  Cenocorixa WP99
    |--C. bifida WP99
    `--C. expleta WP99
  Hesperocorixa TW05
    |--H. distanti (Kirkaldy 1899) Iw92
    |--H. kolthoffi (Lundblad 1933) Iw92
    |--H. linnaei (Fieber 1848) SB05
    |--H. mandshurica (Jaczewski 1924) Iw92
    `--H. moesta (Fieber 1848) SB05
  Venacorixa xiangzhongensis Lin 1986 RJ93
  Shurania sibirica Popov 1985 RJ93
  Shuragobia altaica Popov 1988 RJ93
  Trichocorixa Kirkaldy 1908 SB05
    |--T. kanza Sailer 1948 SB05
    |--T. reticulata (Guérin-Ménéville 1857) SB05
    `--T. verticalis (Fieber 1851) SB05
  Parasigara transversa (Fieber 1848) SB05
  Heliocorisa Lundblad 1928 SB05
  Arctocorixa RD77
    |--A. abdominalis RD77
    `--A. mercenaria RD77

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[CGW91] Carver, M., G. F. Gross & T. E. Woodward. 1991. Hemiptera (bugs, leafhoppers, cicadas, aphids, scale insects etc.) In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers 2^nd ed. vol. 1 pp. 429–509. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[CS77] Cramp, S., & K. E. L. Simmons (eds) 1977. Handbook of the Birds of Europe, the Middle East and North Africa: The Birds of the Western Palaearctic vol. 1. Ostrich to Ducks. Oxford University Press: Oxford.

[GE05] Grimaldi, D., & M. S. Engel. 2005. Evolution of the Insects. Cambridge University Press: New York.

[H01] Horváth, G. 1901. Hemipterák [Hemiptera]. In: Horváth, G. (ed.) Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazása [Dritte Asiatische Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] vol. 2. Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazásának Állattani Eredményei [Zoologische Ergebnisse der Dritten Asiatischen Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] pp. 245–274. Victor Hornyánszky: Budapest, and Karl W. Hierseman: Leipzig.

[Im92] Imes, R. 1992. The Practical Entomologist. Aurum Press: London.

[Iw92] Iwahashi, J. (ed.) 1992. Reddo Deeta Animaruzu: a pictorial of Japanese fauna facing extinction. JICC: Tokyo.

[L02] Latreille, P. A. 1802. Histoire Naturelle, générale et particulière des crustacés et des insectes vol. 3. Familles naturelles des genres. F. Dufart: Paris.

[PC66] Pendergrast, J. G., & D. R. Cowley. 1966. An Introduction to New Zealand Freshwater Insects. Collins: Auckland.

[RD77] Richards, O. W., & R. G. Davies. 1977. Imms' General Textbook of Entomology 10^th ed. vol. 2. Classification and Biology. Chapman and Hall: London.

[RJ93] Ross, A. J., & E. A. Jarzembowski. 1993. Arthropoda (Hexapoda; Insecta). In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 363–426. Chapman & Hall: London.

[SB05] Sala, J., & D. Boix. 2005. Presence of the Nearctic water boatman Trichocorixa verticalis verticalis (Fieber, 1851) (Heteroptera, Corixidae) in the Algarve region (S Portugal). Graellsia 61 (1): 31–36.

[S02] Sinitshenkova, N. D. 2002. Ecological history of the aquatic insects. In: Rasnitsyn, A. P., & D. L. J. Quicke (eds) History of Insects pp. 388–426. Kluwer Academic Publishers: Dordrecht.

[TW05] Terry, M. D., & M. F. Whiting. 2005. Mantophasmatodea and phylogeny of the lower neopterous insects. Cladistics 21: 240–257.

[TJ06] Thomas, E. J., & J. John. 2006. Diatoms and macroinvertebrates as biomonitors of mine-lakes in Collie, Western Australia. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 89 (3): 109–117.

[TDC06] Timms, B. V., B. Datson & M. Coleman. 2006. The wetlands of the Lake Carey catchment, northeast Goldfields of Western Australia, with special reference to large branchiopods. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 89 (4): 175–183.

[WP99] Walter, D. E., & H. C. Proctor. 1999. Mites: Ecology, Evolution and Behaviour. CABI Publishing: Wallingford (UK).

[W01] Wohltmann, A. 2001. Closely related species of Parasitengonae (Acari: Prostigmata) inhabiting the same areas: features facilitating coexistence. In: Halliday, R. B., D. E. Walter, H. C. Proctor, R. A. Norton & M. J. Colloff (eds) Acarology: Proceedings of the 10^th International Congress pp. 121–135. CSIRO Publishing: Melbourne.

Last updated: 14 May 2022.

Tingoidea

Male Baclozygum depressum, from Insects of Tasmania.

Belongs within: Cimicomorpha.
Contains: Cantacaderinae, Tinginae.

The Tingoidea are a group of mostly plant-feeding bugs that lack trichobothria on the head. The costal fracture on the wings is reduced, tarsi are two-segmented and spermatheca are non-functional (Shcherbakov & Popov 2002). The greater number of species belong to the Tingidae, lace bugs, which are characterised by an often ornate lace-like ornamentation of the thorax and wings. The Thaumastocoridae are a group of small, flattened bugs with a relictual distribution in India, Australia and the Americas, characterised by an apical process on the tibiae that is almost as long as the small, slender tarsi (Carver et al. 1991). Joppeicus paradoxus is a small bug found in Asia Minor that preys on other insects on Ficus and usually carries its rostrum directed anteriorly (Richards & Davies 1977).

<==Tingoidea
    |  i. s.: Ignotingis Zhang, Golub et al. 2005 [Ignotingidae] ZG05
    |           `--*I. mirifica Zhang, Golub et al. 2005 ZG05
    |--Joppeicus RD77 [Joppeicidae SP02]
    |    `--J. paradoxus RD77
    |--Thaumastocoridae [Thaumastocoroidea, Thaumastotheriidae] SP02
    |    |  i. s.: Onymocoris hackeri WEE70
    |    |--Thaicoris Kormilev 1969 [Thaicorinae] ZG05
    |    |--Xylastodorinae CGW91
    |    |    |--Discocoris Kormilev 1955 ZG05
    |    |    |--Proxylastodoris Heiss & Popov 2002 ZG05
    |    |    `--Xylastodoris luteolus RD77
    |    `--Thaumastocorinae CGW91
    |         |--Thaumastocoris G75
    |         |    |--T. australicus G75
    |         |    `--T. hackeri WEE70
    |         `--Baclozygum CGW91
    |              |--B. brevipilosum WEE70
    |              `--B. depressum CGW91
    `--+--Anommatocoris RD77 [Vianaididae G75]
       |    `--A. coleoptrata [=Vianaida coleoptrata] RD77
       `--Tingidae G75
            |  i. s.: Tanybyrsa cumberi Drake 1959 H82
            |         Stephanitis Stål 1873 ZG05
            |           |--S. pyri RD77
            |           |--S. pyrioides CGW91
            |           |--S. queenslandensis CGW91
            |           `--S. rhododendri CGW91
            |         Corythucha TW05
            |         Vianagramma GE05
            |         Golmonia Popov 1989 GE05, ZG05 [Golmoniini]
            |         Acalypta marcophthalma H01
            |         Monanthia K08
            |           |--M. echii [incl. M. wolfii] H01
            |           `--M. natalensis (Stal 1855) [=Physatocheila natalensis] K08
            |         Teleonemia scrupulosa CGW91
            |         Nethersia maculosa G75
            |         Bunotingis camelinus G75
            |         Froggattia Horvarth 1902 CGW91, B88
            |           `--F. olivinia CGW91
            |         Holophygdon Kirkaldy 1908 K08
            |           `--*H. melanesica Kirkaldy 1908 K08
            |         Gargaphia solani K08, BR07
            |         Nesocypselas Kirkaldy 1908 K08
            |           `--*N. dicysta Kirkaldy 1908 K08
            |         Derephysia K08
            |         Nesocysta Kirkaldy 1908 K08
            |           `--*N. rugata Kirkaldy 1908 K08
            |         Eotingis P92
            |--Cantacaderinae ML12
            |--Tinginae M09
            `--Serenthia [Serenthiinae] D55
                 |--S. angolana Drake 1955 D55
                 |--S. femoralis H01
                 `--S. longa Drake 1954 D55

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B88] Bouček, Z. 1988. Australasian Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera): A biosystematic revision of genera of fourteen families, with a reclassification of species. CAB International: Wallingford (UK).

[BR07] Buzatto, B. A., G. S. Requena, E. G. Martins & G. Machado. 2007. Effects of maternal care on the lifetime reproductive success of females in a Neotropical harvestman. Journal of Animal Ecology 76 (5): 937–945.

[CGW91] Carver, M., G. F. Gross & T. E. Woodward. 1991. Hemiptera (bugs, leafhoppers, cicadas, aphids, scale insects etc.) In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers 2^nd ed. vol. 1 pp. 429–509. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[D55] Drake, C. J. 1955. Angolan Tingidae (Hemiptera). Diamang Publicações Culturais 27: 83–90.

[GE05] Grimaldi, D., & M. S. Engel. 2005. Evolution of the Insects. Cambridge University Press: New York.

[G75] Gross, G. F. 1975. Plant-feeding and Other Bugs (Hemiptera) of South Australia. Heteroptera—Part I. Handbook of the Flora and Fauna of South Australia.

[H82] Helmore, D. W. 1982. Drawings of New Zealand insects. Bulletin of the Entomological Society of New Zealand 8: 1–52.

[H01] Horváth, G. 1901. Hemipterák [Hemiptera]. In: Horváth, G. (ed.) Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazása [Dritte Asiatische Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] vol. 2. Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazásának Állattani Eredményei [Zoologische Ergebnisse der Dritten Asiatischen Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] pp. 245–274. Victor Hornyánszky: Budapest, and Karl W. Hierseman: Leipzig.

[K08] Kirkaldy, G. W. 1908. A catalogue of the Hemiptera of Fiji. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 33: 345–391, pl. 4.

[M09] Moir, M. L. 2009. Two new species of the lacebug genus Radinacantha (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Tingidae) from Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum 25 (3): 269–275.

[ML12] Moir, M. L., & B. Lis. 2012. Description of three new species of Ceratocader (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Tingidae) from Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum 27 (2): 148–155.

[P92] Poinar, G. O., Jr. 1992. Life in Amber. Stanford University Press: Stanford.

[RD77] Richards, O. W., & R. G. Davies. 1977. Imms' General Textbook of Entomology 10^th ed. vol. 2. Classification and Biology. Chapman and Hall: London.

[SP02] Shcherbakov, D. E., & Yu. A. Popov. 2002. Superorder Cimicidea Laicharting, 1781: Order Hemiptera Linné, 1758. The bugs, cicadas, plantlice, scale insects, etc. [=Cimicida Laicharting, 1781, =Homoptera Leach, 1815+Heteroptera Latreille, 1810). In: Rasnitsyn, A. P., & D. L. J. Quicke (eds) History of Insects pp. 143–157. Kluwer Academic Publishers: Dordrecht.

[TW05] Terry, M. D., & M. F. Whiting. 2005. Mantophasmatodea and phylogeny of the lower neopterous insects. Cladistics 21: 240–257.

[WEE70] Woodward, T. E., J. W. Evans & V. F. Eastop. 1970. Hemiptera (bugs, leafhoppers, etc.) In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers pp. 387–457. Melbourne University Press.

[ZG05] Zhang, J., V. B. Golub, Y. A. Popov & D. E. Shcherbakov. 2005. Ignotingidae fam. nov. (Insecta: Heteroptera: Tingoidea), the earliest lace bugs from the Upper Mesozoic of eastern China. Cretaceous Research 26: 783–792.

Last updated: 13 May 2022.

Reduviidae

Coranus contrarius, copyright Boris Loboda.

Belongs within: Cimicomorpha.
Contains: Tribelocephalini, Rasahus, Sirthenea, Ploeariodes.

The Reduviidae, assassin bugs, are a diverse group of predatory bugs, generally with a robust beak that is usually permanently curved and held well-separated from the head. They mostly attack other insects except for the Triatominae which feed on the blood of mammals and birds. Most reduviids are fairly robust bugs but members of the subfamily Emesinae are slender, long-legged forms with raptorial forelegs. The largest subfamily is the Harpactorinae, members of which are usually diurnal and associated with plants; they are characterised by a long 'neck' and a transverse sulcus across the head between the eyes and ocelli (Carver et al. 1991). The Phymatinae, sometimes treated as a separate family, are tropical bugs with four-segmented antennae, the terminal segment being the largest and clavate or fusiform in shape, and two-segmented mid- and hind tarsi (Richards & Davies 1977). The Tribelocephalinae are densely pubescent reduviids that lack ocelli (Carver et al. 1991).

<==Reduviidae
    |--Physoderinae CGW91
    |--Visayanocorinae CGW91
    |--Daraxa [Ectrichodiinae] MC96b
    |    `--D. (Daraxa) crena Maldonado Capriles 1996 MC96b
    |--Tegea [Tegeinae] CGW91
    |    `--T. atropicta CGW91
    |--Salyavata [Salyavatinae] MC96b
    |    `--S. cornuta MC96b
    |--Saicinae CGW91
    |    |--Polytoxus jourdani (Montr. 1864) CGW91, D14 [=Leptomera jourdani D14]
    |    `--Micropolytoxus CGW91
    |--Homalocoris [Hammacerinae] MC96b
    |    |--H. binotatus MC96b
    |    |--H. maculicollis MC96b
    |    `--H. nermini Maldonado Capriles 1996 MC96b
    |--Holoptilinae CGW91
    |    |--Aradellus distinctus CGW91, G75
    |    |--Ptilocnemus femoralis CGW91, C91
    |    |--Ptilocerus ochraceus CGW91, GE05
    |    |--Aradelloides CGW91
    |    `--Proptilocerus dolosus Wasmann 1933 P92
    |--Phymatinae [Phymatidae] GE05
    |    |--Carcinocoris castetsi RD77, R13
    |    `--Phymata M73
    |         |--P. americana M73
    |         |--P. crassipes [=Acanthia crassipes] L02
    |         |--P. erosa G20
    |         `--P. pennsylvanica RD77
    |--Reduviinae [Acanthaspidinae] CGW91
    |    |--Horcinia gigas G75
    |    |--Acanthaspis RD77
    |    `--Reduvius G89
    |         |--R. dorycus Boisduval 1835 B35
    |         |--R. personatus CM07
    |         |--R. tabidus G89
    |         `--R. tuberculatus B35
    |--Stenopodainae CGW91
    |    |--Sastrapada armata Montr. 1864 CGW91, D14
    |    |--Pygolampis foeda Stal 1874 CGW91, K08
    |    |--Thodelmus CGW91
    |    |--Centrogonus CGW91
    |    `--Oncocephalus CGW91
    |         |--O. angulatus K08
    |         |--O. confusus CGW91
    |         |--O. pacificus Kirkaldy 1908 K08
    |         `--O. velutinus (Montr. 1864) [=Sastrapoda velutina] D14
    |--Tribelocephalinae MC96a
    |    |--Tribelocephalini MC96a
    |    |--Xenocaucus China & Usinger 1949 [Xenocaucini] MC96a
    |    |    `--X. mancini China & Usinger 1949 MC96a
    |    `--Opistoplatyini MC96a
    |         |--Centrogastrocoris Miller 1958 [=Centrogastocoris] MC96a
    |         |--Opistoplatys Westwood 1834 [incl. Decius Stål 1859, Pangeranga Distant 1906] MC96a
    |         |    `--O. australasiae G75
    |         |--Distantus Villiers 1943 MC96a
    |         |    `--D. oculatus MC96a
    |         `--Plectophorocoris Miller 1958 MC96a
    |              `--P. gracilis MC96a
    |--Peiratinae CGW91
    |    |--Rasahus S18
    |    |--Ectomocoris CGW91
    |    |    |--E. decoratus C91
    |    |    |--E. ornatus C91
    |    |    `--E. truculentus G75
    |    |--Peirates Serville 1831 [incl. Spilodermus Stål 1868] C96
    |    |    |  i. s.: P. crassifemur G75
    |    |    |         P. rufipennis Lucas 1847 E12
    |    |    |         P. sepulchralis G75
    |    |    |--*P. stridulus [=Reduvius stridulus] C96
    |    |    |--P. collarti C96
    |    |    |--P. lepturoides C96
    |    |    `--P. quadrinotatus group C96
    |    |         |--P. argenteopilosus Schouteden 1931 [=Pirates (Spilodermus) argenteopilosus] C96
    |    |         `--P. quadrinotatus (Fabricius 1796) (see below for synonymy) C96
    |    |--Tydides Stål 1866 S18
    |    |    |--T. digramma (Walker 1873) (see below for synonymy) S18
    |    |    |--T. imitator Lent 1955 S18
    |    |    |--T. obscurus Lent 1955 S18
    |    |    |--T. quatuor Lent & Jurberg 1967 S18
    |    |    `--T. rufus (Audinet-Serville 1831) S18
    |    |--Froeschnerisca Coscarón 1996 S18
    |    |    `--F. vittata (Coscarón 1983) S18
    |    |--Melanolestes S18
    |    |    |--M. argentinus Berg 1879 S18
    |    |    `--M. morio (Erichson 1848) S18
    |    |--Phorastes S18
    |    |    |--P. femoratus (DeGeer 1773) S18
    |    |    `--P. incognitus van Doesburg 1981 S18
    |    |--Sinnamarynus rasahusoides Maldonado & Bérenger 1996 S18
    |    |--Sirthenea S18
    |    `--Thymbreus crocinopterus Stål 1862 S18
    |--Triatominae CGW91
    |    |--Cavernicola Barber 1937 B37a
    |    |    `--*C. pilosa Barber 1937 B37a
    |    |--Paratriatoma Barber 1938 B38
    |    |    `--*P. hirsuta Barber 1938 B38
    |    |--Rhodnius RD77
    |    |    |--R. pallescens A71
    |    |    `--R. prolixus A71
    |    `--Triatoma CGW91
    |         |--T. dimidiata A71
    |         |--T. gerstaeckeri B37b
    |         |--T. infestans A71
    |         |--T. leopoldi CGW91
    |         |--T. longipes Barber 1937 B37b
    |         |--T. rubrofasciatum (De Geer 1783) [=Cimex rubrofasciatus] G76
    |         |--T. sanguisuga A71
    |         `--T. sordida L81
    |--Emesinae [Ploeariinae] CGW91
    |    |--Emesa barbara Lucas 1847 E12
    |    |--Pseudobargylia CGW91
    |    |--Putoni B27
    |    |--Bargylia CGW91
    |    |--Ploeariodes B27
    |    |--Alumeda P92
    |    |--Malacopus P92
    |    |--Phantasmatophanes Kirkaldy 1908 K08
    |    |    `--*P. muiri Kirkaldy 1908 K08
    |    |--Empicoris CGW91
    |    |    |--E. armatus M57
    |    |    `--E. rubromaculatus CGW91
    |    |--Stenolemus CGW91
    |    |    |--S. bituberus G75
    |    |    `--S. edwardsi G75
    |    |--Gardena D14
    |    |    |--G. bicolor K08
    |    |    |--G. canalana Distant 1914 D14
    |    |    `--G. pacifica Kirkaldy 1908 K08
    |    `--Ploiaria CGW91
    |         |--P. abrupta B27
    |         |--P. antipodum Bergroth 1927 B27
    |         |--P. huttoni B27
    |         |--P. regina CGW91
    |         |--P. tipularia (Linnaeus 1758) L02, L58 [=Cimex tipularius L02]
    |         `--P. vagabunda [=Gerris vagabunda] L02
    `--Harpactorinae GE05
         |--Orgetorixa saeva G75
         |--Austrarcesius bicolor G75
         |--Leana australis CGW91
         |--Helonotus CGW91
         |--Gminatus nigroscutellatus CGW91
         |--Havinthus rufovarius CGW91
         |--Dicrotelus CGW91
         |--Veledella WEE70
         |--Catasphactes WEE70
         |--Euagoras bispinosus WEE70
         |--Austrocoranus mundus WEE70
         |--Endochus G75
         |    |--E. cengalensis R13
         |    `--E. cinctipes G75
         |--Pristhesancus CGW91
         |    |--P. papuensis M70
         |    `--P. plagipennis CGW91
         |--Dicranucoris WEE70
         |    |--D. canberrae WEE70
         |    `--D. tasmaniae WEE70
         |--Harpactor H01
         |    |--H. affinis Lucas 1847 E12
         |    |--H. annulatus H01
         |    `--H. costalis RD77
         `--Coranus CGW91
              |--C. aridellus MC13
              |--C. contrarius H01
              |--C. granosus MC13
              |--C. hammarstroemii H01
              `--C. subapterus RD77

Reduviidae incertae sedis:
  Panstrongylus megistus [=Triatoma megistus] A71
  Agriosphodrus YS01
  Zelurus travassoi CM07
  Apiomerus falviventris I92
  Rhinocoris iracundus CGW91, R13
  Gonteosphodrus bicolor R78
  Polididus armatissimus K08
  Tunes saucius Stal 1866 K08
  Alloeocranum biannulipes K08
  Luteva K08
    |--L. circe Kirkaldy 1908 K08
    `--L. concolor K08
  Liaoxia longa Hong 1987 RJ93
  Edocla RD77
  Paredocla RD77
  Rhaphidosoma RD77
  Arilus cristatus RD77
  Limacis P92
  Platymeris P92
  Aplomerus E66
  Zelus E66
    |--Z. dorycus Boisduval 1835 B35
    `--Z. longipes G20
  Pasira basiptera Stål 1859 [incl. Pirates dimidiatus Walker 1873] S18

Peirates quadrinotatus (Fabricius 1796) [=Reduvius quadrinotatus, Pirates (*Spilodermus) quadrinotatus; incl. Pi. arcuatus Stål 1870, Pi. (Spilodermus) arcuatus, Peirates biguttatus Dohrn 1860, Pi. patricius Miller 1948, Pe. patricius, Pi. picturatus Miller 1948, Pe. picturatus] C96

Tydides digramma (Walker 1873) [=Pirates digramma, Rasahus digramma; incl. P. dimidiatus Walker 1873: 102 non Walker 1873: 96] S18

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A71] Askew, R. R. 1971. Parasitic Insects. Heinemann Educational Books: London.

[B37a] Barber, H. G. 1937a. A new bat-cave bug from Panama (Hemiptera-Heteroptera: Reduviidae0. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 39 (3): 60–63.

[B37b] Barber, H. G. 1937b. A new species of Triatoma from Arizona (Hemiptera-Heteroptera: Reduviidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 39 (4): 86–87.

[B38] Barber, H. G. 1938. A new genus and species of the subfamily Triatominae (Reduviidae: Hemiptera). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 40 (4): 104–105.

[B27] Bergroth, E. 1927. Hemiptera Heteroptera from New Zealand. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 671–684.

[B35] Boisduval, J. B. 1835. Voyage de Découvertes de l’Astrolabe. Exécuté par ordre du Roi, pendant les années 1826–1827–1828–1829, sous le commandement de M. J. Dumont d'Urville. Faune entomologique de l'océan Pacifique, avec l'illustration des insectes nouveaux recueillis pendant le voyage vol. 2. Coléoptères et autres ordres. J. Tastu: Paris.

[CGW91] Carver, M., G. F. Gross & T. E. Woodward. 1991. Hemiptera (bugs, leafhoppers, cicadas, aphids, scale insects etc.) In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers 2^nd ed. vol. 1 pp. 429–509. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[CM07] Cokendolpher, J. C., & P. G. Mitov. 2007. Natural enemies. In: Pinto-da-Rocha, R., G. Machado & G. Giribet (eds) Harvestmen: The Biology of Opiliones pp. 339–373. Harvard University Press: Cambridge (Massachusetts).

[C96] Coscarón, M. del C. 1996. Synonymizing Spilodermus Stål under Peirates Serville, and revision of the resulting P. quadrinotatus species group (Heteroptera: Reduviidae: Peiratinae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 98 (3): 500–508.

[C91] CSIRO. 1991. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers 2^nd ed. vol. 1. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[D14] Distant, W. L. 1914. Rhynchota from New Caledonia and the surrounding islands. In: Sarasin, F., & J. Roux (eds) Nova Caledonia: Forschungen in Neu-Caledonian und auf den Loyalty-Inseln. A. Zoologie vol. 1 pt 4 pp. 369–390, pls 11–12. C. W. Kreidels Verlag: Wiesbaden.

[E66] Evans, H. E. 1966. The Comparative Ethology and Evolution of the Sand Wasps. Harvard University Press: Cambridge (Massachusetts).

[E12] Evenhuis, N. L. 2012. Publication and dating of the Exploration Scientifique de l'Algérie: Histoire Naturelle des Animaux Articulés (1846–1849) by Pierre Hippolyte Lucas. Zootaxa 3448: 1–61.

[G89] Gestro, R. 1889. Viaggio ab Assab nel Mar Rosso dei signori G. Doria ed O. Beccari con il R. Avviso “Esploratore” dal 16 Novembre 1879 al 26 Febbraio 1880.—IV. Coleotteri. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, Serie 2^a, 7: 5–72.

[G20] Goldfuss, G. A. 1820. Handbuch der Naturgeschichte vol. 3. Handbuch der Zoologie pt 1. Johann Leonhard Schrag: Nürnberg.

[GE05] Grimaldi, D., & M. S. Engel. 2005. Evolution of the Insects. Cambridge University Press: New York.

[G75] Gross, G. F. 1975. Plant-feeding and Other Bugs (Hemiptera) of South Australia. Heteroptera—Part I. Handbook of the Flora and Fauna of South Australia.

[G76] Gross, G. F. 1976. Plant-feeding and Other Bugs (Hemiptera) of South Australia. Heteroptera—Part II. Handbook of the Flora and Fauna of South Australia.

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Last updated: 13 May 2022.