Cycloctenidae

Toxopsiella medialis, copyright Te Papa Tongarewa.

Belongs within: Amaurobioidea.

The Cycloctenidae, scuttling spiders, are a group of free-living hunting spiders endemic to Australasia (Jocqué & Dippenaar-Schoeman 2007).

Characters (from Jocqué & Dippenaar-Schoeman 2007): Small to medium-sized araneomorph spiders; eight eyes, eyes in two strongly recurved rows with posterior eyes much larger than anterior one; three tarsal claws; claw tufts and scopulae absent; ecribellate; entelegyne.

<==Cycloctenidae [Cyclocteninae]
    |--Galliena Simon 1898 JD-S07
    |--Uzakia Koçak & Kemal 2008 PVD10 [=Anaua Forster 1970 (preoc.) PVD10, JD-S07]
    |    `--*U. unica (Forster 1970) [=*Anaua unica] PVD10
    |--Plectophanes Bryant 1935 PVD10
    |    |--*P. frontalis Bryant 1935 PVD10
    |    |--P. altus Forster 1964 PVD10
    |    |--P. archeyi Forster 1964 PVD10
    |    |--P. hollowayae Forster 1964 PVD10
    |    `--P. pilgrimi Forster 1964 PVD10
    |--Cycloctenus Koch 1878 PVD10
    |    |--C. agilis Forster 1979 PVD10
    |    |--C. centralis Forster 1979 PVD10
    |    |--C. duplex Forster 1979 PVD10
    |    |--C. fiordensis Forster 1979 PVD10
    |    |--C. flaviceps Koch 1878 S99
    |    |--C. fugax Goyen 1890 PVD10
    |    |--C. lepidus Urquhart 1890 PVD10
    |    |--C. nelsonensis Forster 1979 PVD10
    |    |--C. paturau Forster 1979 PVD10
    |    |--C. pulcher Urquhart 1891 PVD10
    |    `--C. westlandicus Forster 1964 PVD10
    `--Toxopsiella Forster 1964 PVD10
         |--*T. lawrencei Forster 1964 PVD10
         |--T. alpina Forster 1964 PVD10
         |--T. australis Forster 1964 PVD10
         |--T. centralis Forster 1964 PVD10
         |--T. dugdalei Forster 1964 PVD10
         |--T. horningi Forster 1979 PVD10
         |--T. medialis Forster 1964 PVD10
         |--T. minuta Forster 1964 PVD10
         |--T. nelsonensis Forster 1979 PVD10
         |--T. orientalis Forster 1964 PVD10
         |--T. parrotti Forster 1964 PVD10
         `--T. perplexa Forster 1964 PVD10

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[JD-S07] Jocqué, R., & A. S. Dippenaar-Schoeman. 2007. Spider Families of the World. Royal Museum for Central Africa: Tervuren (Belgium).

[PVD10] Paquin, P., C. J. Vink & N. Dupérré. 2010. Spiders of New Zealand: annotated family key and species list. Manaaki Whenua Press: Lincoln (New Zealand).

[S99] Simon, E. 1899. Ergebnisse einer Reise nach dem Pacific (Schauinsland 1896–1897. Zoologische Jahrbücher, Abteilung für Systematik, Geographie un Biologie der Thiere 12 (4): 411–437.

Mahura

Mahura hinua, copyright Te Papa Tongarewa.

Belongs within: Agelenidae.

Mahura is a New Zealand genus of small, fast-moving spiders, including both cribellate and ecribellate species, that do not appear to construct a snare.

<==Mahura Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
    |--*M. turris Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
    |--M. accola Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
    |--M. bainhamensis Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
    |--M. boara Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
    |--M. crypta Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
    |--M. detrita Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
    |--M. hinua Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
    |--M. musca Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
    |--M. rubella Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
    |--M. rufula Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
    |--M. scuta Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
    |--M. sorenseni Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
    |--M. southgatei Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
    |--M. spinosa Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
    |--M. spinosoides Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
    |--M. takahea Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
    |--M. tarsa Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
    `--M. vella Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[PVD10] Paquin, P., C. J. Vink & N. Dupérré. 2010. Spiders of New Zealand: annotated family key and species list. Manaaki Whenua Press: Lincoln (New Zealand).

Agelenidae

Tararua clara, copyright Te Papa Tongarewa.

Belongs within: Amaurobioidea.
Contains: Tegenaria, Mahura, Neoramia, Orepukia, Oramia.

The Agelenidae are a cosmopolitan group of spiders that construct flat sheet-webs attached to funnel-shaped retreats (Jocqué & Dippenaar-Schoeman 2007).

Characters (from Jocqué & Dippenaar-Schoeman 2007): Small to medium-sized araneomorph spiders; eight eyes; ecribellate; colulus paired; posterior spinnerets two-segmented, long and slender, with apical segment tapering towards tip; tarsi with trichobothria increasing in length towards tip; three tarsal claws; entelegyne.

<==Agelenidae [Agalenoidae]
    |--Ageleninae PVD10
    |    |--Tegenaria PVD10
    |    |--Malthonica Simon 1898 PVD10
    |    |    |--M. pagana (Koch 1840) PVD10
    |    |    `--M. silvestris (Koch 1872) SL14
    |    `--Agelena Walckenaer 1805 JD-S07
    |         |--A. consociata Denis 1965 A02
    |         |--A. labyrinthica (Clerck 1757) S02 [=Aranea labirinthica C01, Tegenaria labirinthica C01]
    |         |--A. limbata E95
    |         |--A. naevia CM07
    |         |--A. republicana JD-S07
    |         `--A. rhodesiae Pocock 1901 P01
    `--+--Mahura PVD10
       |--Neoramia PVD10
       |--Orepukia PVD10
       |--Oramiella Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
       |    `--*O. wisei Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
       |--Neorepukia Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
       |    |--*N. pilama Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
       |    `--N. hama Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
       |--Paramyro Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
       |    |--*P. apicus Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
       |    `--P. parapicus Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
       |--Porotaka Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
       |    |--*P. detrita Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
       |    `--P. florae Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
       |--Tuapoka Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
       |    |--*T. ovalis Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
       |    `--T. cavata Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
       |--Ahua Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
       |    |--*A. vulgaris Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
       |    |--A. dentata Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
       |    |--A. insula Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
       |    `--A. kaituna Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
       |--Tararua Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
       |    |--*T. celeripes (Urquhart 1891) PVD10
       |    |--T. clara Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
       |    |--T. diversa Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
       |    |--T. foordi Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
       |    |--T. puna Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
       |    |--T. ratuma Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
       |    `--T. versuta Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
       |--Oramia PVD10
       `--Huka Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
            |--*H. pallida Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
            |--H. alba Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
            |--H. lobata Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
            |--H. minima Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
            `--H. minuta Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10

Agelenidae incertae sedis:
  Hololena BS02
    |--H. adnexa E95
    `--H. nedra Chamberlin & Ivie 1942 BS02
  Olorunia ocellata Pocock 1900 JD-S07, HD-S02
  Agelescape affinis (Kulczyński 1901) [=Agelena affinis] MG03
  Textrix K55
    |--T. coarctata (Dufour 1831) K55
    `--T. denticulata E95
  Wadotes JVHN90
  Alloagelena WZ08
  Histopona Thorell 1869 MG03
    `--H. torpida (Koch 1834) SL14
  ‘Hina’ Forster 1964 non Marwick 1927 F64
    `--H. delli (Forster 1955) [=Ostearius delli] F64
  Agelenopsis BS02
    |--A. aperta BS09
    `--A. utahana (Chamberlin & Ivie 1933) PS08
  Lycosoides Lucas 1846 MG03
    |--L. algirica Lucas 1846 E12
    |--L. coarctata (Dufour 1831) MG03
    |--L. digitalis Lycas 1846 E12
    |--L. flavomaculata Lucas 1846 E12
    |--L. lehtineni Marusik & Guseinov 2003 MG03
    |--L. pallipes Lucas 1846 E12
    |--L. rufipes Lucas 1846 E12
    `--L. rufithorax Lucas 1846 E12
  Eocryphoeca S93
    |--E. distincta (Petrunkevitch 1942) S93
    |--E. fossilis (Petrunkevitch 1942) S93
    `--E. gracilipes (Koch & Berendt 1854) S93
  Mastigusa S93
    |--M. acuminata Menge 1854 S93
    `--M. modesta Menge 1854 S93
  Thyelia P92

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A02] Agnarsson, I. 2002. Sharing a web—on the relation of sociality and kleptoparasitism in theridiid spiders (Theridiidae, Araneae). Journal of Arachnology 30 (2): 181–188.

[BS02] Baird, C. R., & R. L. Stoltz. 2002. Range expansion of the hobo spider, Tegenaria agrestis, in the northwestern United States (Araneae, Agelenidae). Journal of Arachnology 30 (2): 201–204.

[BS09] Blackledge, T. A., N. Scharff, J. A. Coddington, T. Szüts, J. W. Wenzel, C. Y. Hayashi & I. Agnarsson. 2009. Reconstructing web evolution and spider diversification in the molecular era. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 106 (13): 5229–5234.

[C01] Cambridge, F. O. P. 1901. A revision of the genera of the Araneae or spiders with reference to their type species. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, series 7, 7: 51–65.

[CM07] Cokendolpher, J. C., & P. G. Mitov. 2007. Natural enemies. In: Pinto-da-Rocha, R., G. Machado & G. Giribet (eds) Harvestmen: The Biology of Opiliones pp. 339–373. Harvard University Press: Cambridge (Massachusetts).

[E95] Elgar, M. A. 1995. The duration of copulation in spiders: comparative patterns. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 52: 1–11.

[E12] Evenhuis, N. L. 2012. Publication and dating of the Exploration Scientifique de l'Algérie: Histoire Naturelle des Animaux Articulés (1846–1849) by Pierre Hippolyte Lucas. Zootaxa 3448: 1–61.

[F64] Forster, R. R. 1964. The Araneae and Opiliones of the subantarctic islands of New Zealand. Pacific Insects Monograph 7: 58–115.

[HD-S02] Haddad, C. R., & A. S. Dippenaar-Schoeman. 2002. The influence of mound structure on the diversity of spiders (Araneae) inhabiting the abandoned mounds of the snouted harvester termite Trinervitermes trinervoides. Journal of Arachnology 30 (2): 403–408.

[JVHN90] Jennings, D. T., W. M. Vander Haegen & A. M. Narahara. 1990. A sampling of forest-floor spiders (Araneae) by expellant, Moosehorn National Wildlife Refuge, Maine. Journal of Arachnology 18: 173–180.

[JD-S07] Jocqué, R., & A. S. Dippenaar-Schoeman. 2007. Spider Families of the World. Royal Museum for Central Africa: Tervuren (Belgium).

[K55] Kraus, O. 1955. Spinnen von Korsika, Sardinien und Elba (Arach., Araneae). Senckenbergiana Biologica 36: 371–394.

[MG03] Marusik, Yu. M., & E. F. Guseinov. 2003. Spiders (Arachnida: Aranei) of Azerbaijan. 1. New family and genus records. Arthropoda Selecta 12 (1): 29–46.

[PVD10] Paquin, P., C. J. Vink & N. Dupérré. 2010. Spiders of New Zealand: annotated family key and species list. Manaaki Whenua Press: Lincoln (New Zealand).

[PS08] Pinzón, J., & J. Spence. 2008. Performance of two arboreal pitfall trap designs in sampling cursorial spiders from tree trunks. Journal of Arachnology 36 (2): 280–286.

[P01] Pocock, R. I. 1901. Diagnoses of some new species of spiders from Mashonaland. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, series 7, 7: 337–340.

[P92] Poinar, G. O., Jr. 1992. Life in Amber. Stanford University Press: Stanford.

[SL14] Samu, F., G. Lengyel, É. Szita, A. Bidló & P. Ódor. 2014. The effect of forest stand characteristics on spider diversity and species composition in deciduous-coniferous mixed forests. Journal of Arachnology 42 (2): 135–141.

[S93] Selden, P. A. 1993. Arthropoda (Aglaspidida, Pycnogonida and Chelicerata). In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 297–320. Chapman & Hall: London.

[S02] Selden, P. A. 2002. Missing links between Argyroneta and Cybaeidae revealed by fossil spiders. Journal of Arachnology 30 (2): 189–200.

[WZ08] Wang, X.-P., & M.-S. Zhu. 2008. Himalmartensus, a new genus of the spider family Amaurobiidae from Nepal (Araneae). Journal of Arachnology 36 (2): 241–250.

Orepukia

Orepukia poppelwelli, copyright James Tweed.

Belongs within: Agelenidae.

Orepukia is a New Zealand genus of spiders found mostly on the forest floor, constructing formless webs under fallen debris.

<==Orepukia Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
    |--*O. sorenseni Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
    |--O. alta Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
    |--O. catlinensis Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
    |--O. dugdalei Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
    |--O. egmontensis Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
    |--O. florae Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
    |--O. geophila Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
    |--O. grisea Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
    |--O. insula Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
    |--O. nota Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
    |--O. nummosa (Hogg 1909) PVD10
    |--O. orophila Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
    |--O. pallida Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
    |--O. poppelwelli Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
    |--O. prina Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
    |--O. rakiura Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
    |--O. redacta Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
    |--O. riparia Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
    |--O. sabua Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
    |--O. similis Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
    |--O. simplex Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
    |--O. tanea Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
    |--O. tonga Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
    `--O. virtuta Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[PVD10] Paquin, P., C. J. Vink & N. Dupérré. 2010. Spiders of New Zealand: annotated family key and species list. Manaaki Whenua Press: Lincoln (New Zealand).

Neoramia

Neoramia alta, copyright Steve Kerr.

Belongs within: Agelenidae.

Neoramia is a New Zealand genus of usually large spiders that construct webs as a formless sheet attached to a retreat.

<==Neoramia PVD10
    |--*N. charybdis (Hogg 1910) PVD10
    |--N. allanae PVD10
    |--N. alta PVD10
    |--N. childi Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
    |--N. crucifera (Hogg 1909) PVD10
    |--N. finschi (Koch 1872) PVD10
    |--N. fiordensis Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
    |--N. hoggi (Forster 1964) PVD10
    |--N. hokina Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
    |--N. janus (Bryant 1935) PVD10 [=Ixeuticus janus FF99, Marplesia janus FF99]
    |--N. koha Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
    |--N. komata Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
    |--N. mamoea Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
    |--N. marama Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
    |--N. margaretae Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
    |--N. matua Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
    |--N. minuta Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
    |--N. nana Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
    |--N. oroua Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
    |--N. otagoa Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
    |--N. raua Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
    `--N. setosa (Bryant 1935) PVD10

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[FF99] Forster, R., & L. Forster. 1999. Spiders of New Zealand and their World-wide Kin. University of Otago Press: Dunedin (New Zealand).

[PVD10] Paquin, P., C. J. Vink & N. Dupérré. 2010. Spiders of New Zealand: annotated family key and species list. Manaaki Whenua Press: Lincoln (New Zealand).

Maniho

Maniho cantuarius, copyright Ivan Magalhaes.

Belongs within: Amphinectidae.

Maniho is a New Zealand genus of spiders that construct small sheet webs on the forest floor under fallen logs or bark.

<==Maniho Marples 1959 PVD10
    |--*M. tigris Marples 1959 PVD10
    |--M. australis Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
    |--M. cantuarius Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
    |--M. centralis Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
    |--M. gracilis FF99
    |--M. insulanus Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
    |--M. meridionalis Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
    |--M. ngaitahu Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
    |--M. otagoensis Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
    |--M. pumilio Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
    `--M. vulgaris Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[FF99] Forster, R., & L. Forster. 1999. Spiders of New Zealand and their World-wide Kin. University of Otago Press: Dunedin (New Zealand).

[PVD10] Paquin, P., C. J. Vink & N. Dupérré. 2010. Spiders of New Zealand: annotated family key and species list. Manaaki Whenua Press: Lincoln (New Zealand).

Aorangia

Aorangia sp., photographed by S. E. Thorpe.

Belongs within: Amphinectidae.

Aorangia is a New Zealand genus of ground-dwelling spiders characterised by long posterior spinnerets with prominent spigots along the inner side of the distal segment.

&tl==Aorangia Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
    |--*A. ansa Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
    |--A. agama Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
    |--A. fiordensis Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
    |--A. isolata Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
    |--A. kapitiensis Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
    |--A. mauii Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
    |--A. muscicola Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
    |--A. obscura Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
    |--A. otira Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
    |--A. pilgrimi Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
    |--A. poppelwelli Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
    |--A. pudica Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
    |--A. semita Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
    |--A. silvestris Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
    |--A. singularis Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
    `--A. tumida Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[PVD10] Paquin, P., C. J. Vink & N. Dupérré. 2010. Spiders of New Zealand: annotated family key and species list. Manaaki Whenua Press: Lincoln (New Zealand).

Mamoea

Mamoea pilosa, copyright Ivan Magalhaes.

Belongs within: Amphinectidae.

Mamoea is a New Zealand genus of species that are common on the forest floor (Paquin et al. 2010).

<==Mamoea Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
    |--*M. rufa (Berland 1931) PVD10 [=Rubrius rufus NS00]
    |--M. assimilis Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
    |--M. bicolor (Bryant 1935) PVD10 [=Rubrius bicolor NS00]
    |--M. cantuaria Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
    |--M. cooki Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
    |--M. florae Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
    |--M. grandiosa Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
    |--M. hesperis Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
    |--M. hughsoni Forster & Wilton 1973 NS00
    |--M. inornata Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
    |--M. mandibularis (Bryant 1935) PVD10 [=Rubrius mandibularis NS00]
    |--M. maorica Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
    |--M. montana Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
    |--M. monticola Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
    |--M. otira Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
    |--M. pilosa (Bryant 1935) PVD10 [=Cambridgea pilosa NS00]
    |--M. rakiura Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
    |--M. unica Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
    `--M. westlandica Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[NS00] Nicholls, D. C., P. J. Sirvid, S. D. Pollard & M. Walker. 2000. A list of arachnid primary types held in Canterbury Museum. Records of the Canterbury Museum 14: 37–48.

[PVD10] Paquin, P., C. J. Vink & N. Dupérré. 2010. Spiders of New Zealand: annotated family key and species list. Manaaki Whenua Press: Lincoln (New Zealand).

Huara

Huara grossa female, photographed by S. E. Thorpe.

Belongs within: Amphinectidae.

Huara is a New Zealand genus of spiders characterised by a straight anterior row of eyes together with the presence of a free median apophysis on the male palp (Forster 1964).

Characters (from Forster 1964): Large spiders with the anterior row of eyes straight wben viewed from in front. Legs with a double row of spines on the ventral surfaces of tibiae and metatarsi, trichobothria on tibiae, metatarsi and tarsi and a scopula on the ventral surface of all tarsi. Spinnerets short, colulus well developed. Male with a free median apophysis.

<==Huara Forster 1964 PVD10
    |--*H. antarctica (Berland 1931) PVD10 [=Gohia antarctica F64, Chiracanthium antarcticum F64]
    |--H. chapmanae Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
    |--H. decorata Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
    |--H. dolosa Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
    |--H. grossa Forster 1964 PVD10
    |--H. hastata Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
    |--H. inflata Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
    |--H. kikkawa Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
    |--H. marplesi Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
    |--H. mura Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
    |--H. ovalis (Hogg 1909) PVD10
    |--H. pudica Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
    `--H. sorenseni (Forster 1955) [=Chiracanthium sorenseni] F64

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[F64] Forster, R. R. 1964. The Araneae and Opiliones of the subantarctic islands of New Zealand. Pacific Insects Monograph 7: 58–115.

[PVD10] Paquin, P., C. J. Vink & N. Dupérré. 2010. Spiders of New Zealand: annotated family key and species list. Manaaki Whenua Press: Lincoln (New Zealand).

Gasparia

Gasparia delli, copyright Te Papa Tongarewa.

Belongs within: Desidae.

Gasparia is a New Zealand genus of spiders found in habitats ranging from the intertidal zone to open alpine localities.

<==Gasparia Marples 1956 PVD10
    |--*G. nebulosa Marples 1956 PVD10
    |--G. busa Forster 1970 PVD10
    |--G. coriacea Forster 1970 PVD10
    |--G. delli (Forster 1955) PVD10
    |--G. dentata Forster 1970 PVD10
    |--G. edwardsi Forster 1970 PVD10
    |--G. kaiangaroa Forster 1970 PVD10
    |--G. littoralis Forster 1970 PVD10
    |--G. lomasi Forstere 1970 PVD10
    |--G. mangamuka Forster 1970 PVD10
    |--G. manneringi (Forster 1964) PVD10
    |--G. montana Forster 1970 PVD10
    |--G. nava Forster 1970 PVD10
    |--G. nelsonensis Forster 1970 PVD10
    |--G. nuntia Forster 1970 PVD10
    |--G. oparara Forster 1970 PVD10
    |--G. parva Forster 1970 PVD10
    |--G. pluta Forster 1970 PVD10
    |--G. rupicola Forster 1970 PVD10
    |--G. rustica Forster 1970 PVD10
    |--G. tepakia Forster 1970 PVD10
    `--G. tuaiensis Forster 1970 PVD10

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[PVD10] Paquin, P., C. J. Vink & N. Dupérré. 2010. Spiders of New Zealand: annotated family key and species list. Manaaki Whenua Press: Lincoln (New Zealand).

Hapona

Hapona otagoa, from Forster (1970).

Belongs within: Desidae.

Hapona is a New Zealand genus of small spiders found primarily in association with damp undergrowth in forests, particularly ferns.

<==Hapona Forster 1970 PVD10
    |--*H. otagoa (Forster 1964) PVD10
    |--H. amira Forster 1970 PVD10
    |--H. aucklandensis (Forster 1964) PVD10
    |--H. crypta (Forster 1964) PVD10
    |--H. insula (Forster 1964) PVD10
    |--H. marplesi (Forster 1964) PVD10
    |--H. moana Forster 1970 PVD10
    |--H. momona Forster 1970 PVD10
    |--H. muscicola (Forster 1964) PVD10 [=Toxopsiella muscicola NS00]
    |--H. paihia Forster 1970 PVD10
    |--H. reinga Forster 1970 PVD10
    |--H. salmoni (Forster 1964) PVD10
    `--H. tararua Forster 1970 PVD10

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[NS00] Nicholls, D. C., P. J. Sirvid, S. D. Pollard & M. Walker. 2000. A list of arachnid primary types held in Canterbury Museum. Records of the Canterbury Museum 14: 37–48.

[PVD10] Paquin, P., C. J. Vink & N. Dupérré. 2010. Spiders of New Zealand: annotated family key and species list. Manaaki Whenua Press: Lincoln (New Zealand).

Goyenia

Goyenia lucrosa, copyright Oscar Thomas.

Belongs within: Desidae.

Goyenia is a New Zealand genus of spiders found living on the foliage of low shrubs.

<==Goyenia Forster 1970 PVD10
    |--*G. electa Forster 1970 PVD10
    |--G. fresa Forster 1970 PVD10
    |--G. gratiosa Forster 1970 PVD10
    |--G. lucrosa Forster 1970 PVD10
    |--G. marplesi Forster 1970 PVD10
    |--G. multidentata Forster 1970 PVD10
    |--G. ornata Forster 1970 PVD10
    |--G. sana Forster 1970 PVD10
    |--G. scitula Forster 1970 PVD10
    `--G. sylvatica Forster 1970 PVD10

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[PVD10] Paquin, P., C. J. Vink & N. Dupérré. 2010. Spiders of New Zealand: annotated family key and species list. Manaaki Whenua Press: Lincoln (New Zealand).

Pakeha

Pakeha hiloa, copyright Te Papa Tongarewa.

Belongs within: Amaurobiidae.

Pakeha is a New Zealand genus of ground-dwelling spiders bearing paired stridulatory spines on the trochanter of the male palp.

<==Pakeha Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
    |--*P. protecta Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
    |--P. buechlerae Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
    |--P. duplex Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
    |--P. hiloa Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
    |--P. inornata Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
    |--P. insignita Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
    |--P. kirki (Hogg 1909) PVD10
    |--P. lobata Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
    |--P. manapouri Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
    |--P. maxima Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
    |--P. media Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
    |--P. minima Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
    |--P. paratecta Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
    |--P. parroti Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
    |--P. pula Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
    |--P. stewartia Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
    |--P. subtecta Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10
    `--P. tecta Forster & Wilton 1973 PVD10

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[PVD10] Paquin, P., C. J. Vink & N. Dupérré. 2010. Spiders of New Zealand: annotated family key and species list. Manaaki Whenua Press: Lincoln (New Zealand).

Amaurobioidea

Zorocrates aemulus, copyright Marshal Hedin.

Belongs within: Neocribellatae.
Contains: Stiphidiidae, Agelenidae, Amphinectidae, Desidae, Zodariidae, Amaurobiidae, Cycloctenidae, Pisauridae, Oxyopidae, Lycosidae, Dionycha.

The Amaurobioidea have historically been recognised as including cribellate spiders with unbranched median tracheae but such a grouping is now recognised as non-monophyletic. Instead, 'amaurobioids' represent basal members of what is commonly referred to as the RTA clade, referring to the presence of a retrolateral tibial apophysis on the male palp. Nested within this clade are the Lycosoidea, a clade of mostly actively hunting spiders united by a notably recurved posterior eyerow and grate-shaped tapeta in the anterior lateral and posterior median eyes (Ramírez 2014). The Indo-Australian Psechridae are lycosoids with a narrow, divided cribellum and a calamistrum consisting of three or four rows of equal, short, distally bent setae (Jocqué & Dippenaar-Schoeman 2007).

The Zorocratidae, found in southern North America and Madagascar, have a large tegular apophysis occupying the greater part of the ventral surface of the male palp, and the embolus originating on the dorsal surface of the palpal bulb and extending behind the bulb for its length. The Tengellidae, found in the Americas and New Zealand, are medium-sized to large spiders with three tarsal claws, often with claw tufts, a distally notched labium and two rows of similarly sized trichobothria on the tarsi (Jocqué & Dippenaar-Schoeman 2007).

See also: Amaurobioidea: rummaging through a wastebasket.

Synapomorphies (from Ramírez 2014, as RTA clade): Carapace thoracic fovea a narrow dark longitudinal line; general metatarsal spination pattern x-x-x; more than two metatarsal trichobothria on a leg; tarsus with single trichobothrial row.

<==Amaurobioidea [Agelenoidea, Citigradae] R14
    |--+--Pimus Chamberlin 1947 R14, WZ08
    |  |    `--P. napa R14
    |  `--+--Stiphidiidae R14
    |     `--+--Agelenidae R14
    |        `--+--+--Amphinectidae R14
    |           |  `--Desidae R14
    |           `--+--Zodariidae JD-S07
    |              |--Amaurobiidae R14
    |              `--Cycloctenidae R14
    `--+--Lycosoidea R14
       |    |--Psechridae JD-S07
       |    |    |--Eomatachia latifrons Petrunkevitch 1942 S93
       |    |    |--Fecenia Simon 1887 JD-S07
       |    |    |    `--F. oblonga Rainbow 1913 R13
       |    |    `--Psechrus Thorell 1878 JD-S07 [incl. Lancaria Karsch 1879 K92]
       |    |         |--P. argentatus (Dol. 1857) (see below for synonymy) K92
       |    |         `--P. singaporensis JD-S07
       |    `--Lycosaeformia JD-S07
       |         |--+--Pisauridae R14
       |         |  `--+--Senoculus Taczanowski 1875 R14, JD-S07 [Senoculidae]
       |         |     `--Oxyopidae R14
       |         `--+--Lycosidae JD-S07
       |            `--Trechaleidae JD-S07
       |                 |--Syntrechalea brasilia Carico 2008 FM11
       |                 |--Enna JD-S07
       |                 `--Trechalea Thorell 1870 JD-S07
       |                      |--T. biocellata MC05
       |                      `--T. keyserlingi CM07
       `--+--Tengellidae R14
          |    |--Anachemmis Chamberlin 1919 JD-S07
          |    |--Calamistrula Dahl 1901 JD-S07
          |    |--Titiotus Simon 1897 JD-S07
          |    |--Austrotengella R14
          |    |--Anachemmis R14
          |    |--Socalchemmis Platnick & Ubick 2001 JD-S07
          |    |    `--S. idyllwild R14
          |    |--Tengella Dahl 1901 JD-S07
          |    |    `--T. radiata JD-S07
          |    `--Wiltona Koçak & Kemal 2008 PVD10 [=Haurokoa Forster & Wilton 1973 (preoc.) PVD10, JD-S07]
          |         `--*W. filicicola (Forster & Wilton 1973) [=*Haurokoa filicicola] PVD10
          `--+--*Ciniflella lutea R14
             `--+--Zorocratidae [Zorocratinae] BS09
                |    |--Zorodictyna Simon 1907 GC99, JD-S07
                |    |--Uduba Simon 1880 GC99, JD-S07
                |    |--Campostichomma Karsch 1891 GC99, JD-S07
                |    |    `--*C. manicatum Karsch 1892 K92
                |    `--Zorocrates Simon 1888 R14, JD-S07
                |         |--Z. aemulus R14
                |         |--Z. fuscus BS09
                |         |--Z. gnaphosoides R14
                |         `--Z. unicolor R14
                `--+--+--Dionycha R14
                   |  `--Liocranoides Keyserling 1881 R14, JD-S07
                   |       `--L. unicolor R14
                   `--+--Raecius Simon 1898 R14, JD-S07
                      |    `--R. jocquei JD-S07
                      `--Griswoldia Dippenaar-Schoeman & Jocqué 1997 R14, JD-S07 [Griswoldiinae]
                           |--G. acaenata R14
                           |--G. punctata R14
                           `--G. robusta R14

Amaurobioidea incertae sedis:
  Chumma Jocqué 2001 J01 [Chummidae JD-S07]
    |--*C. inquieta Jocqué 2001 J01
    `--C. gastroperforata Jocqué 2001 J01
  Phryganoporus candidus Do95
  Midgee Davies 1995 Da95
    |--*M. binnaburra Davies 1995 Da95
    |--M. alta Davies 1995 Da95
    |--M. bellendenker Davies 1995 Da95
    |--M. littlei Davies 1995 Da95
    |--M. minuta Davies 1995 Da95
    |--M. monteithi Davies 1995 Da95
    |--M. parva Davies 1995 Da95
    |--M. pumila Davies 1995 Da95
    `--M. thompsoni Davies 1995 Da95
  Manjala Da95
  Bakala Da95
  Malala Da95
  Insecutor [Insecutoridae] S93
    |--I. aculeatus Petrunkevitch 1942 S93
    |--I. mandibulatus Petrunkevitch 1942 S93
    `--I. rufus Petrunkevitch 1942 S93

Psechrus argentatus (Dol. 1857) [=Tegenaria argentata; incl. T. torva Cambr. 1870, Lancaria torva] K92

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BS09] Blackledge, T. A., N. Scharff, J. A. Coddington, T. Szüts, J. W. Wenzel, C. Y. Hayashi & I. Agnarsson. 2009. Reconstructing web evolution and spider diversification in the molecular era. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 106 (13): 5229–5234.

[CM07] Cokendolpher, J. C., & P. G. Mitov. 2007. Natural enemies. In: Pinto-da-Rocha, R., G. Machado & G. Giribet (eds) Harvestmen: The Biology of Opiliones pp. 339–373. Harvard University Press: Cambridge (Massachusetts).

[Da95] Davies, V. T. 1995. A tiny litter spider (Araneae: Amaurobioidea) from Australian rainforests. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 52: 119–129.

[Do95] Downes, M. F. 1995. Australasian social spiders: what is meant by 'social'? Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 52: 25–32.

[FM11] Freire-Jr, G. de B., & P. C. Motta. 2011. Effects of experimental fire regimes on the abundance and diversity of cursorial arachnids of Brazilian savannah (cerrado biome). Journal of Arachnology 39 (2): 263–272.

[GC99] Griswold, C. E., J. A. Coddington, N. I. Platnick & R. R. Forster. 1999. Towards a phylogeny of entelegyne spiders (Araneae, Araneomorphae, Entelegynae). Journal of Arachnology 27: 53–63.

[J01] Jocqué, R. 2001. Chummidae, a new spider family (Arachnida, Araneae) from South Africa. Journal of Zoology 254: 481–493.

[JD-S07] Jocqué, R., & A. S. Dippenaar-Schoeman. 2007. Spider Families of the World. Royal Museum for Central Africa: Tervuren (Belgium).

[K92] Karsch, F. 1892. Arachniden von Ceylon und von Minikoy gesammelt von den Herren Doctoren P. und F. Sarasin. Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift 36 (2): 267–310.

[MC05] Machado, G., P. C. Carrera, A. M. Pomini & A. J. Marsaioli. 2005. Chemical defense in harvestmen (Arachnida, Opiliones): do benzoquinone secretions deter invertebrate and vertebrate predators? Journal of Chemical Ecology 31 (11): 2519–2539.

[PVD10] Paquin, P., C. J. Vink & N. Dupérré. 2010. Spiders of New Zealand: annotated family key and species list. Manaaki Whenua Press: Lincoln (New Zealand).

[R14] Ramírez, M. J. 2014. The morphology and phylogeny of dionychan spiders (Araneae: Araneomorphae). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 390: 1–374.

[S93] Selden, P. A. 1993. Arthropoda (Aglaspidida, Pycnogonida and Chelicerata). In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 297–320. Chapman & Hall: London.

[WZ08] Wang, X.-P., & M.-S. Zhu. 2008. Himalmartensus, a new genus of the spider family Amaurobiidae from Nepal (Araneae). Journal of Arachnology 36 (2): 241–250.

Last updated: 24 January 2022.

Xysticus

Xysticus cristatus, copyright Philippe Garcelon.

Belongs within: Thomisidae.

Xysticus, ground crab spiders, is a genus of crab spiders with a generally flattened abdomen, carapace with the front distinctly higher than the back, and the two pairs of lateral eyes on incompletely joined tubercles.

<==Xysticus
    |--X. altaicus Simon 1895 S95
    |--X. audax R14
    |--X. bifasciatus CM07
    |--X. bliteus (Simon 1875) PO08
    |--X. calenzanae Kraus 1955 K55
    |--X. canadensis Gertsch 1934 PS08
    |--X. caperatus Simon 1875 PO08
    |--X. connectens Kulczyński 1901 K01
    |--X. cristatus (Clerck 1757) PO08
    |--X. cunctator MC02
    |--X. edax (Pickard-Cambridge 1872) PO08
    |--X. elegans JVHN90
    |--X. elongatus (Stoliczka 1869) [=Thomisus (Xysticus) elongatus] S69
    |--X. emertoni Keyserling 1880 M01
    |--X. erraticus (Blackwall 1834) BBM02
    |--X. fienae JD-S07
    |--X. fucatus [incl. X. albimanus] K01
    |--X. grallator Simon 1932 K55
    |--X. inaequalis Kulczyński 1901 K01
    |--X. kempeleni Thorell 1872 PO08
    |--X. kochii Thorell 1872 K55
    |--X. lanio Koch 1835 MF11
    |--X. lateralis K01
    |--X. lineatus (Westring 1851) PO08
    |--X. luctator K01
    |--X. luctuosus K01
    |--X. ninni BV00
    |--X. nubilus Simon 1875 K55
    |--X. obscurus Collett 1887 PS08
    |--X. pini K01
    |--X. promiscuus Pickard-Cambridge 1876 PO08
    |--X. pugilis (Stoliczka 1869) [=Thomisus (Xysticus) pugilis] S69
    |--X. punctatus JDW90
    |--X. sabulosus (Hahn 1832) BBM02
    |--X. secedens BV00
    |--X. striatipes K01
    |--X. ulmi (Hahn 1831) K55
    |--X. viaticus CM07
    `--X. xerodermus Strand 1913 PO08

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BV00] Bayram, A., & M. İ. Varol. 2000. Spiders active on snow in eastern Turkey. Zoology in the Middle East 21: 133–137.

[BBM02] Bonte, D., L. Baert & J.-P. Maelfait. 2002. Spider assemblage structure and stability in a heterogeneous coastal dune system (Belgium). Journal of Arachnology 30 (2): 331–343.

[CM07] Cokendolpher, J. C., & P. G. Mitov. 2007. Natural enemies. In: Pinto-da-Rocha, R., G. Machado & G. Giribet (eds) Harvestmen: The Biology of Opiliones pp. 339–373. Harvard University Press: Cambridge (Massachusetts).

[JDW90] Jennings, D. T., J. B. Dimond & B. A. Watt. 1990. Population densities of spiders (Araneae) and spruce budworms (Lepidoptera, Tortricidae) on foliage of balsam fir and red spruce in east-central Maine. Journal of Arachnology 18: 181–194.

[JVHN90] Jennings, D. T., W. M. Vander Haegen & A. M. Narahara. 1990. A sampling of forest-floor spiders (Araneae) by expellant, Moosehorn National Wildlife Refuge, Maine. Journal of Arachnology 18: 173–180.

[JD-S07] Jocqué, R., & A. S. Dippenaar-Schoeman. 2007. Spider Families of the World. Royal Museum for Central Africa: Tervuren (Belgium).

[K55] Kraus, O. 1955. Spinnen von Korsika, Sardinien und Elba (Arach., Araneae). Senckenbergiana Biologica 36: 371–394.

[K01] Kulczyński, V. 1901. Arachnoideák [Arachnoidea]. In: Horváth, G. (ed.) Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazása [Dritte Asiatische Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] vol. 2. Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazásának Állattani Eredményei [Zoologische Ergebnisse der Dritten Asiatischen Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] pp. 311–369. Victor Hornyánszky: Budapest, and Karl W. Hierseman: Leipzig.

[MF11] Mąkol, J., & M. Felska. 2011. New records of spiders (Araneae) as hosts of terrestrial Parasitengona mites (Acari: Actinotrichida: Prostigmata). Journal of Arachnology 39 (2): 352–354.

[MC02] Miliczky, E. R., & C. O. Calkins. 2002. Spiders (Araneae) as potential predators of leafroller larvae and egg masses (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in central Washington apple and pear orchards. Pan-Pacific Entomologist 78 (2): 140–150.

[M01] Morse, D. H. 2001. Harvestmen as commensals of crab spiders. Journal of Arachnology 29: 273–275.

[PS08] Pinzón, J., & J. Spence. 2008. Performance of two arboreal pitfall trap designs in sampling cursorial spiders from tree trunks. Journal of Arachnology 36 (2): 280–286.

[PO08] Pluess, T., I. Opatovsky, E. Gavish-Regev, Y. Lubin & M. H. Schmidt. 2008. Spiders in wheat fields and semi-desert in the Negev (Israel). Journal of Arachnology 36 (2): 368–373.

[R14] Ramírez, M. J. 2014. The morphology and phylogeny of dionychan spiders (Araneae: Araneomorphae). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 390: 1–374.

[S95] Simon, E. 1895. Arachnides recueillis par M^r G. Potanine en Chine et en Mongolie (1876–1879). Izviestĭia Imperatorskoi Akademĭi Nauk” [Bulletin de l’Academie Imperiale des Sciences de St. Pétersbourg], Ser. 5, 4: 331–345.

[S69] Stoliczka, F. 1869. Contribution to the knowledge of Indian Arachnoidea. Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal 38 pt 2 (4): 201–251, pls 18–20.

Thomisus

Female Thomisus onustus, copyright Lucarelli.

Belongs within: Thomisidae.

Thomisus is a genus of crab spiders, a number of species of which are brightly coloured to match flowers on which they wait to ambush visiting insects.

<==Thomisus Walckenaer 1805 [Thomisinae] JD-S07
    |--T. albens S95
    |--T. albus K01 [incl. T. albidus S95]
    |--T. amboinensis Doleschall 1857 D57
    |--T. annulipes Lucas 1846 E12
    |--T. anthobius P01
    |--T. argentatus [=Aranea argentata, Heteropoda argentata] C01
    |--T. aureolus [=Aranea aureola, Heteropoda aureola] C01
    |--T. bilineatus [=Aranea bilineata, Heteropoda bilineata] C01
    |--T. calycinus (Linnaeus 1758) C01, L58 [=Aranea calycina C01, Heteropoda calycina C01]
    |--T. cespitum [=Aranea cespitum, Heteropoda cespitum] C01
    |--T. cinerascens Doleschall 1859 D59
    |--T. cristatus [=Aranea cristata, Heteropoda cristata] C01
    |--T. daradioides JD-S07
    |--T. dauci [=Aranea dauci, Heteropoda dauci] C01
    |--T. delicatulus [=Aranea delicatula, Heteropoda delicatula] C01
    |--T. diana [=Aranea diana, Heteropoda diana] C01
    |--T. dilatatus Doleschall 1859 D59
    |--T. dissimilis Doleschall 1859 D59
    |--T. facatus [=Aranea facata, Heteropoda facata] C01
    |--T. ferox K18
    |--T. floricola [=Aranea floricola, Heteropoda floricola] C01
    |--T. grubei Simon 1895 S95
    |--T. numida Lucas 1846 E12
    |--T. oblongus [=Aranea oblonga, Heteropoda oblonga] C01
    |--T. onustus Walckenaer 1805 K55
    |--T. peelianus Stoliczka 1869 S69
    |--T. piger [=Aranea pigra, Heteropoda pigra] C01
    |--T. rhomboicus [=Aranea rhomboica, Heteropoda rhomboica] C01
    |--T. rotundatus [=Aranea rotundata, Heteropoda rotundata] C01
    |--T. spectabilis Doleschall 1859 D59
    |--T. spiculosus Pocock 1901 P01
    |--T. stellifer Doleschall 1859 D59
    |--T. tigrinus [=Aranea tigrina, Heteropoda tigrina] C01
    |--T. truncatus [=Aranea truncata, Heteropoda truncata] C01
    |--T. tuberosus S69
    |--T. violaceus [=Aranea violacea, Heteropoda violacea] C01
    `--T. vulcanicus Doleschall 1859 D59

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[C01] Cambridge, F. O. P. 1901. A revision of the genera of the Araneae or spiders with reference to their type species. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, series 7, 7: 51–65.

[D57] Doleschall, C. L. 1857. Bijdrage tot de kennis der Arachniden van den Indischen Archipel. Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indië, series 3, 3 (5–6): 399–434, pls 1–2.

[D59] Doleschall, C. L. 1859. Tweede Bijdrage tot de kennis der Arachniden van den Indischen Archipel. Verhandelingen der Natuurkundige Vereeniging in Nederlandsch Indie [Acta Societatis Scientiarum Indo-Neêrlandicae] 5 (5): 1–60, pls 1–18.

[E12] Evenhuis, N. L. 2012. Publication and dating of the Exploration Scientifique de l'Algérie: Histoire Naturelle des Animaux Articulés (1846–1849) by Pierre Hippolyte Lucas. Zootaxa 3448: 1–61.

[JD-S07] Jocqué, R., & A. S. Dippenaar-Schoeman. 2007. Spider Families of the World. Royal Museum for Central Africa: Tervuren (Belgium).

[K18] Kohl, F. F. 1918. Die Hautflügergruppe "Sphecinae". IV. Teil. Die natürliche Gattung Sceliphron Klug (Pelopoeus Latr.). Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museum in Wien 32: 1–171.

[K55] Kraus, O. 1955. Spinnen von Korsika, Sardinien und Elba (Arach., Araneae). Senckenbergiana Biologica 36: 371–394.

[K01] Kulczyński, V. 1901. Arachnoideák [Arachnoidea]. In: Horváth, G. (ed.) Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazása [Dritte Asiatische Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] vol. 2. Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazásának Állattani Eredményei [Zoologische Ergebnisse der Dritten Asiatischen Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] pp. 311–369. Victor Hornyánszky: Budapest, and Karl W. Hierseman: Leipzig.

[L58] Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Laurentii Salvii: Holmiae.

[P01] Pocock, R. I. 1901. Diagnoses of some new species of spiders from Mashonaland. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, series 7, 7: 337–340.

[S95] Simon, E. 1895. Arachnides recueillis par M^r G. Potanine en Chine et en Mongolie (1876-1879). Izviestĭia Imperatorskoi Akademĭi Nauk” [Bulletin de l’Academie Imperiale des Sciences de St. Pétersbourg], Ser. 5, 4: 331–345.

[S69] Stoliczka, F. 1869. Contribution to the knowledge of Indian Arachnoidea. Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal 38 pt 2 (4): 201–251, pls 18–20.

Corinnidae

Corinna sp., copyright Célio Moura Neto.

Belongs within: Dionycha.

The Corinnidae are a group of actively hunting spiders commonly found among leaf litter (Jocqué & Dippenaar-Schoeman 2007). Male palps lack a median apophysis on the copulatory bulb while females have the epigynum lobes fused into an undivided plate (Ramírez 2014).

Synapomorphies (from Ramírez 2014): Tarsal cuticle texture smooth; distal plate of trichobothria with distal ridge continuous in a closed alveolus; dorsal scutum present on male abdomen; embolus attachment fixed; median apophysis absent; epigynum lobes forming an undivided plate with suture not visible.

<==Corinnidae [Myrmeciidae] JD-S07
    |  i. s.: Arushina R14
    |         Cycais R14
    |         Scorteccia R14
    |         Chemmisomma P92
    |--Corinninae R14
    |    |  i. s.: Abapeba rioclaro Bonaldo 2000 FM11
    |    |         Attacobius R14
    |    |         Ecitocobius R14
    |    |         Erendira R14
    |    |         Megalostrata R14
    |    |         Methesis R14
    |    |         Parachemmis R14
    |    |         Septentrinna R14
    |    |         Simonestus R14
    |    |         Stethorrhagus R14
    |    |         Tapixaua R14
    |    |         Tupirinna R14
    |    |         Xeropigo R14
    |    |           |--X. camilae De Souza & Bonaldo 2007 FM11
    |    |           `--X. tridentiger (Pickard-Cambridge 1869) FM11
    |    |--Creugas gulosus R14
    |    `--+--+--Falconina gracilis (Keyserling 1891) R14, FM11
    |       |  `--Paradiestus R14
    |       |       |--P. giganteus (Karsch 1880) FM11
    |       |       `--P. penicillatus R14
    |       `--Corinna Koch 1841 R14, JD-S07
    |            |--C. brunneipeltula Strand 1910 S10
    |            |--C. bulbula R14
    |            |--C. capito (Lucas 1856) FM11
    |            |--C. ducke R14
    |            |--C. natalis R14
    |            `--C. nitens R14
    `--Castianeirinae R14
         |  i. s.: Aetius R14
         |         Apochinomma R14
         |         Cambalida R14
         |         Castanilla R14
         |         Castoponera R14
         |         Coenoptychus R14
         |         Corinnomma R14
         |         Echinax R14
         |         Graptartia R14
         |         Humua R14
         |         Mazax R14
         |         Merenius R14
         |         Messapus R14
         |         Myrmecium R14
         |         Myrmecotypus R14
         |         Poecilipta R14
         |         Pranburia R14
         |         Psellocoptus R14
         |         Serendib R14
         |         Sphecotypus R14
         |         Supunna Simon 1897 R14, PVD10
         |           |--S. funerea Simon 1896 PVD10
         |           `--S. picta (Koch 1873) PVD10
         |--Medmassa semiaurantiaca R14
         `--+--Copa flavoplumosa R14
            `--Castianeira R14
                 |--C. descripta R14
                 |--C. longipalpa R14
                 `--C. trilineata R14

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[FM11] Freire-Jr, G. de B., & P. C. Motta. 2011. Effects of experimental fire regimes on the abundance and diversity of cursorial arachnids of Brazilian savannah (cerrado biome). Journal of Arachnology 39 (2): 263–272.

[JD-S07] Jocqué, R., & A. S. Dippenaar-Schoeman. 2007. Spider Families of the World. Royal Museum for Central Africa: Tervuren (Belgium).

[PVD10] Paquin, P., C. J. Vink & N. Dupérré. 2010. Spiders of New Zealand: annotated family key and species list. Manaaki Whenua Press: Lincoln (New Zealand).

[P92] Poinar, G. O., Jr. 1992. Life in Amber. Stanford University Press: Stanford.

[R14] Ramírez, M. J. 2014. The morphology and phylogeny of dionychan spiders (Araneae: Araneomorphae). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 390: 1–374.

[S10] Strand, E. 1910. Spinnentiere aus Neuguinea (Opiliones, Psechridae und Clubionidae) gesammelt von Dr. Schlaginhaufen. Abhandlungen und Berichte des Königl. Zoologischen und Anthropologisch-Ethnographischen Museums zu Dresden 13 (5): 1–16.

Last updated: 22 January 2022.

Salticidae

Male Plexippus paykulli, copyright Vengolis.

Belongs within: Dionycha.
Contains: Maratus, Salticus.

The Salticidae, jumping spiders, are a group of actively hunting spiders with well developed vision, characterised by large and anteriorly directed anterior median eyes. Members include the Neotropical genus Lyssomanes, translucent yellow or green jumping spiders with long legs.

Characters (from Jocqué & Dippenaar-Schoeman 2007): Small to large; two tarsal claws; ecribellate; entelegyne; eight eyes; carapace square-fronted with four forwardly directed eyes of which the anterior median eyes are very large.

<==Salticidae [Attidae, Salticoidae, Salticoidea, Saltigradae]
    |--Lyssomanes [Lyssomaninae] R14
    |    |--L. portoricensis R14
    |    `--L. viridis E95
    `--+--Spartaeinae JD-S07
       |    |--Spartaeus wildtrackii R14
       |    |--Portia Karsch 1878 R14, B08
       |    |    |--P. fimbriata E95
       |    |    `--P. schultzi R14
       |    `--Holcolaetis [Holcolaetinae] R14
       |         |--H. vellerea R14
       |         `--H. zuluensis R14
       `--+--Cocalodes R14
          |    |--C. innotabilis R14
          |    |--C. longicornis R14
          |    `--C. papuans R14
          `--+--Hispo [Hisponinae] R14
             |    `--H. inermis R14
             `--Salticoida R14
                  |--Salticus B02
                  `--Plexippus Koch 1846 R14, PVD10
                       |--P. albolineatus Koch 1846 K92
                       |--P. culicivorus (Doleschall 1859) [=Salticus culicivorus, Menemerus culicivorus] T94
                       |--P. cumulatus Karsch 1892 K92
                       |--P. daemeli S99
                       |--P. paykulli (Aud. in Sav. 1827) [=Attus paykulli, Menemerus paykulli] K92
                       |--P. stridulator Poc. 1898 R13
                       |--P. sylvarus Urquhart 1892 PVD10
                       `--P. validus M-RL88

Salticidae incertae sedis:
  Simaetha T13
    |--S. knowlesi Żabka 1994 DH10
    |--S. paetula (Keyserling 1882) A02
    `--S. tenuior (Keyserling 1882) T13
  Yllenus B08
    |--Y. arenarius Menge 1868 B08
    |--Y. elegans [=Attus elegans] S95
    |--Y. flavociliatus Simon 1895 S95
    `--Y. hamifer Simon 1895 S95
  Sitticus D90
    |--S. finschi (Koch 1879) PS08
    |--S. pubescens V09 [=Aranea pubescens C01, Attus pubescens V09, Salticus pubescens C01]
    |--S. saltator (Cambridge 1868) BBM02
    `--S. truncorum (Linnaeus 1758) K55
  Eris militaris (Walckenaer 1837) TF98a
  Phanias MC02
  Menemerus K55
    |--M. albocinctus Koch & Keyserling 1890 KK90
    |--M. confusus M-RL88
    `--M. taeniatus (Koch 1867) K55
  Marpissa Koch 1846 PVD10
    |--M. arenaria Urquhart 1888 PVD10
    |--M. armifera Urquhart 1892 PVD10
    |--M. cineracea Urquhart 1891 PVD10
    |--M. leucophaea Urquhart 1888 PVD10
    |--M. marina (Goyen 1892) PVD10
    |--M. muscosa E95
    |--M. nemoralis Urquhart 1892 PVD10
    |--M. nivoyi E95
    `--M. undata M57
  Holoplatys Simon 1885 W09
    |--H. appressus (Powell 1873) PVD10
    |--H. desertina MC13
    `--H. planissima (Koch 1879) PVD10
  Opisthoncus necator MC13, B96
  Mopsus mormon (Keyserling 1881) B96
  Cosmophasis Simon 1901 PVD10
    |--C. archeyi Berland 1931 PVD10 [=Clynotis archeyi F64]
    |--C. baehrae T13
    |--C. bitaeniata B96
    `--C. micarioides (K. 1880) [=Amycus micarioides] R13
  Trite Simon 1885 PVD10
    |--*T. pennata S99
    |--T. auricoma (Urquhart 1886) PVD10
    |--T. binotata Simon 1899 S99
    |--T. herbigrada (Urquhart 1889) PVD10
    |--T. mustilina (Powell 1873) PVD10
    |--T. parvula (Bryant 1935) PVD10
    |--T. planiceps Simon 1899 [incl. T. minax (Powell 1873)] PVD10
    `--T. urvillei (de Dalmas 1917) PVD10
  Neon D90
    |--N. reticulatus RKD02
    `--N. valentulus Falconer 1912 K02
  Heliophanus K55
    |--H. apiatus Simon 1868 K55
    |--H. corsicus Simon 1871 K55
    |--H. cupreus (Walckenaer 1802) K55
    |--H. dubius K01
    |--H. flavipes (Hahn 1832) BBM02
    |--H. lineiventris Simon 1868 K55
    |--H. patagiatus [incl. H. patagiatus var. albolineata Kulczyński 1901] K01
    `--H. rufithorax Simon 1868 K55
  Pelegrina PS08
    |--P. aeneola MC02
    |--P. flaviceps (Kaston 1973) PS08
    `--P. flavipes (Peckham & Peckham 1888) PS08
  Phidippus B08
    |--P. audax MC02
    |--P. clarus MC02
    |--P. comatus MC02
    |--P. femoratus E95
    |--P. johnsoni (Peckham & Peckham 1883) B02
    |--P. regius Koch 1846 B08
    |--P. rufus K18
    `--P. tripunctatus K18
  Homalattus White 1841 K92
    |--H. cingulatus Karsch 1892 K92
    |--H. laminatus Karsch 1892 K92
    `--H. reductus Karsch 1892 K92
  Linus Peckh. 1885 K92
    |--L. alticeps Poc. 1898 R13
    `--L. fimbriatus (Doleschall 1859) K92, D59 [=Salticus fimbriatus K92, Sinis fimbriatus K92]
  Dischiropus Karsch 1892 K92
    |--D. alticinctus Karsch 1892 K92
    `--D. calcaratus [=Plexippus calcaratus] K92
  Maevia K92
    |--M. albozonata K92
    `--M. inclemens R96
  Icius Simon 1873 K92
    |--I. discatus Karsch 1892 K92
    |--I. hamatus (Koch 1846) K55
    |--I. hartii K62
    |--I. nebulosus (Simon 1868) K55
    `--I. notabilis (Simon 1871) K55
  Hasarius Simon 1871 PVD10
    |--H. adansoni (Audouin 1826) PVD10 [=Attus adansonii K92]
    |--H. arcigerus Karsch 1892 K92
    |--H. garetti K. 1881 R13
    `--H. paykulli V09
  Leptorchestes K55
    |--L. cognatus R96
    |--L. mutilliodes (Lucas 1846) K55
    `--L. striatipes R96
  Evarcha B08
    |--E. arcuata (Clerk 1757) K55
    |--E. culicivora (Wesolowska & Jackson 2003) B08
    |--E. falcata RKD02
    |--E. jucunda (Lucas 1846) K55
    `--E. laetabunda RKD02
  Carrhotus K55
    |--C. oscitans (Poc. 1898) [=Eustirognathus oscitans] R13
    `--C. xanthogramma (Walckenaer 1825) K55
  Saitis Simon 1876 W08
    `--S. barbipes (Simon 1868) K55
  Thyene imperialis (Rossi 1846) JD-S07, K55
  Phlegra bresnieri (Lucas 1846) K55
  Neaetha membranosa (Simon 1868) K55
  Aelurillus K55
    |--A. aeruginosus (Simon 1871) PO08
    |--A. concolor Kulczyński 1901 K01
    |--A. conveniens (Pickard-Cambridge 1872) PO08
    |--A. festivus K01
    |--A. litera K55
    |    |--A. l. litera K55
    |    `--A. l. v-insignitus (Clerck 1757) K55
    `--A. politiventris (Pickard-Cambridge 1872) PO08
  Bianor Peckham & Peckham 1885 PVD10
    |--*B. maculatus (Keyserling 1883) PVD10
    |--B. albobimaculatus (Lucas 1846) K55
    `--B. compactus (Urquhart 1885) PVD10
  Metaphidippus flaviceps JVHN90
  Corythalia canosa TF98b
  Araneotanna Özdikman & Kury 2006 [=Tanna Berland 1938 non Distant 1905] OK06
    `--*A. ornatipes (Berland 1938) [=*Tanna ornatipes] OK06
  Zenodorus R13
    |--Z. orbiculatus (Keyserling 1881) DH10
    `--Z. variatus Poc. 1898 R13
  Bathippus macroprotopus Poc. 1898 R13
  Athamus whitmei Cambr. 1877 R13
  Sigytes diloris (K. 1881) [=Hasarius diloris] R13
  Euryattus nigriventris (K. 1881) [=Hasarius nigriventris] R13
  Synemosyna T94
    |--*S. formica Hentz 1846 [incl. Janus gibberosus Koch 1846] T94
    `--S. lupata R96
  Ascalus Thorell 1894 T94
    |--*A. laeta [=Synemosyna laeta] T94
    |--A. niger [=Synemosyna nigra] T94
    `--A. pygmaeus Thorell 1894 T94
  Janigena melanocephala [=Janus melanocephalus] T94
  Toxeus T94
    |--T. mandibularis T94
    `--T. maxillosus [incl. Synemosyna procera, T. procerus] T94
  Pergasus Thorell 1894 T94
    `--*P. formosus [=Salticus formosus] T94
  Herilus Thorell 1894 T94
    |--*H. pectorosus [=Salticus pectorosus] T94
    |--H. alticeps [=Salticus alticeps] T94
    `--H. radiatus Thorell 1894 T94
  Sphasus S69
    |--S. gracilipes White 1849 W49
    |--S. indicus S69
    |--S. lepidus Blackw. 1864 S69
    |--‘Spasus’ signifer Doleschall 1859 D59
    |--S. similaris Stoliczka 1869 S69
    |--S. striatus Doleschall 1857 D57
    |--S. striolatus Doleschall 1859 D59
    `--S. viridanus Stoliczka 1869 S69
  Myrmarachne McLeay 1835 C08
    |--M. assimilis Banks 1930 C08
    |--M. lupata E95
    `--M. providens B03
  Psecas chapoda OMM08
  Coryphasia OMM08
  Eustiromastix nativo OMM08
  Paraplatoides Żabka 1992 W09
    |--*P. tenerrima (Koch 1879) [=Marptusa tenerrima] W09
    |--P. caledonica (Berland 1932) [=Holoplatys caledonica] W09
    `--P. darwini Waldock 2009 W09
  Zebraplatys Żabka 1992 W09
    |--Z. fractivittata (Simon 1909) DH10
    `--Z. keyserlingi Żabka 1992 DH10
  Paraphidippus aurantius BS09
  Xenocytaea Berry, Beatty & Prószyński 1998 P11
    |--*X. triramosa Berry, Beatty & Prószyński 1998 P11
    |--X. anomala Berry, Beatty & Prószyński 1998 P11
    |--X. daviesae Berry, Beatty & Prószyński 1998 P11
    |--X. maddisoni Berry, Beatty & Prószyński 1998 P11
    |--X. stanislawi Patoleta 2011 P11
    |--X. taveuniensis Patoleta 2011 P11
    |--X. victoriensis Patoleta 2011 P11
    |--X. vonavonensis Patoleta 2011 P11
    `--X. zabkai Berry, Beatty & Prószyński 1998 P11
  Cytaea P11
  Chalcotropis P11
  Donoessus P11
  Panysinus nicholsoni [=Hasarius nicholsoni] V09
  Peckhamia D90
  Habronattus oregonensis D90, H06
  Talavera petrensis D90, RKD02
  Pseudoeuophrys lanigera [=Euophrys lanigera] V09
  Cobanus mandibularis S09, E95
  Pachyballus JD-S07
  Bacelarella Berland & Millot 1941 JD-S07, J02
    |--B. conjugans J02
    |--B. pavida Szûts & Jocqué 2001 J02
    `--B. tentativa Szûts & Jocqué 2001 J02
  Orsima JD-S07
  Viciria pavesii JD-S07
  Grayenulla MC13
    |--G. australensis Żabka 1992 DH10
    |--G. spinimana Żabka & Gray 1992 DH10
    `--G. waldockae Żabka 1992 DH10
  Asemonea tenuipes E95
  Goleba puella E95
  Jacksonoides queenslandica E95
  Pseudicius E95
  Thorellia ensifera E95
  Astieae Z95
    |--Megaloastia Żabka 1995 Z95
    |    `--*M. mainae Żabka 1995 Z95
    |--Arasia Z95
    |--Sondra Z95
    `--Helpis Simon 1901 Z95, PVD10
         `--*H. minitabunda (Koch 1880) PVD10
  Philaeus chrysops K01
  Oedipus aenescens K01
  Marptusa K01
    |--M. muscosa K01
    `--M. radiata K01
  Clynotis Simon 1901 PVD10
    |--C. albobarbatus MC13
    |--C. barresi Hogg 1909 PVD10
    |--C. knoxi Forster 1964 PVD10
    |--C. saxatilis (Urquhart 1886) PVD10
    `--C. severus DH10
  Ergane K01
    |--E. arcuata K01
    |--E. falcata K01
    |--E. laetabunda K01
    `--E. signata Koch & Keyserling 1890 KK90
  Adoxotoma Simon 1909 PVD10
    `--A. forsteri Żabka 2004 PVD10
  Hinewaia Żabka & Pollard 2002 PVD10
    `--*H. embolica Żabka & Pollard 2002 PVD10
  Hypoblemum Peckham & Peckham 1885 PVD10
    `--H. albovittatum (Keyserling 1882) PVD10
  Jotus Koch 1881 PVD10
    `--J. ravus (Urquhart 1893) PVD10
  Laufeia Simon 1889 PVD10
    `--L. aerihirta (Urquhart 1888) PVD10
  Ocrisiona Simon 1901 PVD10
    |--*O. leucocomis (Koch 1879) PVD10
    |--O. cinerea (Koch 1879) PVD10
    `--O. yakatunyae Żabka 1990 DH10
  Cyrba DH10
  Damoetas DH10
  Gangus DH10
  Simaethula DH10
  Attoides eresiformis Brongniart 1877 S93
  Massagrinae JD-S07
  Marenginae JD-S07
  Mogrinae JD-S07
  Dendryphantes K01 [Dendryphantinae JD-S07]
    |--D. militaris K18
    `--D. thorellii K01
  Euophryinae W13
    |--Maratus W13
    `--Euophrys V09
         |--E. frontalis (Walckenaer 1802) BH02
         |--E. parvula FF99
         `--E. westringi RKD02
  Pelleninae M54
    |--Habrocestum Simon 1876 M54
    |    `--H. punctiventris Keyserling 1883 M54
    `--Pellenes K55
         |--P. arcigerus (Walckenaer 1837) K55
         |--P. bitaeniata (Keyserling 1882) DH10
         `--P. simoni Koch 1882 PO08
  Almolinus P92
  Cenattus P92
  Eolinus P92
  Gorgopsina P92
  Paralinus P92
  Parevophrys P92
  Prolinus P92
  Propetes P92
  Steneattus P92
  Descangeles P92
  Descanso P92
  Nebridia P92
  Pensacolatus P92
  Phlegrata P92
  Thiodina P92
  Synageles picata R96

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A02] Agnarsson, I. 2002. Sharing a web—on the relation of sociality and kleptoparasitism in theridiid spiders (Theridiidae, Araneae). Journal of Arachnology 30 (2): 181–188.

[B02] Bartos, M. 2002. The sub-sand nests of Yllenus arenarius (Araneae, Salticidae): structure, function and construction behavior. Journal of Arachnology 30 (2): 275–280.

[B08] Bartos, M. 2008. Alternative predatory tactics in a juvenile jumping spider. Journal of Arachnology 36 (2): 300–305.

[BH02] Bell, J. R., A. J. Haughton, N. D. Boatman & A. Wilcox. 2002. Do incremental increases of the herbicide glyphosate have indirect consequences for spider communities? Journal of Arachnology 30 (2): 288–297.

[B03] Bingham, C. T. 1903. The Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Hymenoptera vol. 2. Ants and Cuckoo-Wasps. Taylor and Francis: London.

[BS09] Blackledge, T. A., N. Scharff, J. A. Coddington, T. Szüts, J. W. Wenzel, C. Y. Hayashi & I. Agnarsson. 2009. Reconstructing web evolution and spider diversification in the molecular era. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 106 (13): 5229–5234.

[BBM02] Bonte, D., L. Baert & J.-P. Maelfait. 2002. Spider assemblage structure and stability in a heterogeneous coastal dune system (Belgium). Journal of Arachnology 30 (2): 331–343.

[B96] Brunet, B. 1996. Spiderwatch: A Guide to Australian Spiders. Reed New Holland: Sydney.

[C01] Cambridge, F. O. P. 1901. A revision of the genera of the Araneae or spiders with reference to their type species. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, series 7, 7: 51–65.

[C08] Ceccarelli, F. S. 2008. Behavioral mimicry in Myrmarachne species (Araneae, Salticidae) from north Queensland, Australia. Journal of Arachnology 36 (2): 344–351.

[D57] Doleschall, C. L. 1857. Bijdrage tot de kennis der Arachniden van den Indischen Archipel. Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indië, series 3, 3 (5–6): 399–434, pls 1–2.

[D59] Doleschall, C. L. 1859. Tweede Bijdrage tot de kennis der Arachniden van den Indischen Archipel. Verhandelingen der Natuurkundige Vereeniging in Nederlandsch Indie [Acta Societatis Scientiarum Indo-Neêrlandicae] 5 (5): 1–60, pls 1–18.

[D90] Dondale, C. D. 1990. Litter Araneae (Araneida). In: Dindal, D. L. (ed.) Soil Biology Guide pp. 477–502. John Wiley & Sones: New York.

[DH10] Durrant, B. J., M. S. Harvey, V. W. Framenau, R. Ott & J. M. Waldock. 2010. Patterns in the composition of ground-dwelling spider communities in the Pilbara bioregion, Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 78 (1): 185–204.

[E95] Elgar, M. A. 1995. The duration of copulation in spiders: comparative patterns. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 52: 1–11.

[F64] Forster, R. R. 1964. The Araneae and Opiliones of the subantarctic islands of New Zealand. Pacific Insects Monograph 7: 58–115.

[FF99] Forster, R., & L. Forster. 1999. Spiders of New Zealand and their World-wide Kin. University of Otago Press: Dunedin (New Zealand).

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Last updated: 22 January 2022.