Vesicularia

The aquatic moss Vesicularia montagnei, from here.

Belongs within: Hypnales.

Vesicularia is a pantropical genus of mosses found growing in damp habitats.

Characters (from Wu et al. 2005): Plants slender or somewhat robust, pale green or dark green, in flattened mats. Stems prostrate, somewhat radiculose, simple or regularly branched, rarely pinnately branched, branches usually short, flattened, ascending; in stem cross section outer cortical cells smaller, not particularly thick-walled, medullar cells lax, thin-walled; central strand not developed. Leaves dense, more or less differentiated into dorsal, ventral, and lateral leaves, lateral leaves secund, rarely falcate, not decurrent at base, broadly ovate or oblong to ovate-lanceolate, acute or shortly to long-acuminate or filiform at apex; margins entire or only serrulate near apex; costae double, short or absent; leaf cells lax, rounded rhombic, hexagonal or nearly so, smooth, somewhat bordered, differentiated by a row of elongate cells; alar cells not differentiated; dorsal and ventral leaves smaller. Autoicous. Inner perichaetial leaves erect, slenderly acuminate. Setae elongate, smooth; capsules horizontal to inclined, ovoid, oblong-ovoid or obovoid, constricted below the mouth when dry; opercula conic, sometimes shortly rostrate; annuli developed; peristome double; exostome teeth narrowly lanceolate, yellowish brown, cross-striate on outer surface, trabeculate on inner surface; endostome segments perforate, smooth or papillose, cilia 1–3, shorter than the teeth, smooth. Calyptrae cucullate. Spores spherical, smooth.

<==Vesicularia (Müll.Hal.) Müll.Hal. 1896 SK02
    |--V. hilliana (Hampe) Allen 1987 (see below for synonymy) SK02
    |--V. inflectens (Brid.) Müll.Hal. 1896 SK02
    |--V. kurzii N02
    |--V. levieri N02
    |--V. montagnei (Bél.) Broth. 1908 [=Pterygophyllum montagnei Bél. 1846] SG07
    |--V. pinnatula Müll.Hal. ex Broth. 1909 SK02
    |--V. reticulata (Dozy & Molk.) Broth. 1908 [=Ectropothecium reticulatum] SK02
    |--V. rivalis Broth. 1916 SK02
    |--V. slateri (Hampe) Broth. 1908 [=Hypnum slateri, Ectropothecium slateri] SK02
    |--V. succosa N02
    `--V. vesicularis SK02

Vesicularia hilliana (Hampe) Allen 1987 [=Hypnum hillianum, Ectropothecium hillianum, Leucomium hillianum (Hampe) Jaeger 1880, L. hillii (l. c.)] SK02

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[N02] Negi, H. R. 2002. Abundance and diversity of moss communities of Chopta-Tunganath in the Garhwal Himalaya. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 99 (3): 418-433.

[SG07] Singh, S. K. & J. P. Ghosh. 2007. Bryo-diversity in Indian Botanic Garden, Howrah, West Bengal. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 49 (1-4): 155-164.

[SK02] Streimann, H., & N. Klazenga. 2002. Catalogue of Australian Mosses. Flora of Australia Supplementary Series 17. Australian Biological Resources Study: Canberra.

Wu P.-C., M. R. Crosby & S. He. 2005. Sematophyllaceae–Polytrichaceae. In: He, S. (ed.) Moss Flora of China. Science Press & Missouri Botanical Garden.

Ectropothecium

Ectropothecium zollingeri, from here.
Belongs within: Hypnales.

Ectropothecium is a large and complex genus of about 200 species of mosses found around the world, with most species growing in water or completely waterlogged soil. Ectropothecium species possess one or a few inflated, hyaline alar cells, relatively elongate, slender setae, and very small, ovoid capsules that are horizontal to inclined and strongly constricted below the mouth when dry; they differ from members of the similar genus Hypnum in lacking a group of coloured alar cells (Moss Flora of China).

See also: Mosses: not as simple as you think (Taxon of the Week: Ectropothecium).

Characters (from Wu et al. 2005): Plants slender to rather robust, yellowish green or brownish green, glossy or not glossy. Stems prostrate, sometimes pendulous, ascending or erect when in dense mats, radiculose, simple or pinnately branched, branches ascending, usually complanate; paraphyllia absent, pseudoparaphyllia filamentous or lanceolate to foliose. Stem leaves and branch leaves heteromorphic, or more or less similar, ovate- or obovate-lanceolate, somewhat asymmetric, often falcate-secund, not decurrent at base, usually dorsal, ventral, and lateral leaves differentiated; costae double, short, very weak, or distinct; leaf cells linear, sometimes distinctly prorate; basal cells shorter and broader; alar cells few, small, quadrate or shortly rectangular, usually not particularly inflated, but with one or two cells clearly distinct. Autoicous or dioicous. Inner perichaetial leaves broadly lanceolate, gradually acuminate or suddenly narrowed to a slender acumen. Setae elongate; capsules horizontal to inclined, small to very small, ovoid to urceolate or shortly cylindrical, often constricted below the mouth when dry; exothecial cells sometimes mammillose; opercula inflated, conic, apiculate to shortly rostrate; annuli differentiated; peristome double; exostome teeth narrowly lanceolate, not bordered, cross-striate on the outer surface, trabeculate on the inner surface; endostome segments linear-lanceolate, with a high basal membrane and 2–4 cilia. Calyptrae cucullate, smooth, sometimes hairy. Spores small, usually smooth.

<==Ectropothecium Mitt. 1868 SK02
    |--E. buitenzorgii N02
    |--E. condensatum Broth. & Watts 1912 SK02
    |--E. cyperoides N02
    |--E. howeanum Broth. & Watts 1915 SK02
    |--E. leptochaeton J87
    |--E. leucochlorum (Hampe) Broth. 1908 (see below for synonymy) SK02
    |--E. moritzii Jaeger 1879 SK02
    |--E. novae-valesiae (Broth.) Ireland 1992 [=Plagiothecium novae-valesiae Broth. 1916] SK02
    |--E. riparioides Bartram 1952 SK02
    |--E. sandwichense (Hooker & Arnott) Mitt. 1873 [=Hypnum sandwichense] SK02
    |--E. sodale (Sull.) Mitt. 1868 SK02
    |--E. sydneyense Dixon 1950 SK02
    |--E. umbilicatum (Müll.Hal.) Paris 1904 [=Hypnum umbilicatum] SK02
    |    |--E. u. var. umbilicatum SK02
    |    `--E. u. var. protractum (Müll.Hal.) Paris 1904 [=Hypnum umbilicatum var. protractum] SK02
    `--E. zollingeri (Müll.Hal.) Jaeger 1880 (see below for synonymy) SK02

Nomina nuda: Ectropothecium leptomyurum Paris 1900 [=Cupressina leptomyura Paris 1900] SK02
             Ectropothecium spirifolium Dusén 1903 D03

Ectropothecium leucochlorum (Hampe) Broth. 1908 [=Drepanohypnum leucochlorum, Hypnum leucochlorum, Stereodon leucochlorus; incl. Plagiothecium howeanum Jaeger 1878 (n. n.), Hypnum howeanum (n. n.), P. howei (n. n.)] SK02

Ectropothecium zollingeri (Müll.Hal.) Jaeger 1880 [incl. E. serrifolium, Glossadelphus serrifolius (Broth. & Watts) Broth. 1925] SK02

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[D03] Dusén, P. 1903. The vegetation of western Patagonia. In Reports of the Princeton University Expeditions to Patagonia, 1896-1899, vol. 8 – Botany (W. B. Scott, ed.) pp. 1-34. The University: Princeton (New Jersey).

[J87] Judd, W. S. 1987. Floristic study of Morne La Visite and Pic Macaya National Parks, Haiti. Bulletin of the Florida State Museum – Biological Sciences 32 (1): 1-136.

[N02] Negi, H. R. 2002. Abundance and diversity of moss communities of Chopta-Tunganath in the Garhwal Himalaya. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 99 (3): 418-433.

[SK02] Streimann, H., & N. Klazenga. 2002. Catalogue of Australian Mosses. Flora of Australia Supplementary Series 17. Australian Biological Resources Study: Canberra.

Wu P.-C., M. R. Crosby & S. He. 2005. Sematophyllaceae–Polytrichaceae. In: He, S. (ed.) Moss Flora of China. Science Press & Missouri Botanical Garden.

Trachylomataceae

A Trachyloma photographed in Pureora Forest, New Zealand, from Andy Down Under.

Belongs within: Hypnales.

The Trachylomataceae are a small family of mosses containing just two genera, Trachyloma and Braithwaitea.

Characters (from Buck & Goffinet 2000): Stems sympidially branched; secondary stems stipitate frondose, complanate-foliate; alar cells weakly differentiated; asexual propagules of stem-borne filamentous gemmae; exostome teeth pale, densely papillose.

<==Trachylomataceae
    |--Braithwaitea Lindb. 1872 SK02
    |    `--B. sulcata (Hooker) Jaeger & Sauerb. 1877 (see below for synonymy) SK02
    `--Trachyloma Brid. 1827 SK02
         |--T. diversinerve Hampe 1880 [=Pterobryon diversinerve; incl. T. leptopyxis] SK02
         |--T. indicum Mitt. 1859 SK02
         |    |--T. i. var. indicum SK02
         |    `--T. i. var. novae-guineae (Müll.Hal.) Mill. & Manuel 1982 SK02
         |--T. planifolium (Hedw.) Brid. 1827 [=Pterobryon planifolium; incl. T. muelleri] SK02
         |--T. pycnoblastum Müll.Hal. 1898 SK02
         `--T. wattsii Broth. 1915 SK02

Braithwaitea sulcata (Hooker) Jaeger & Sauerb. 1877 [=Leskea sulcata, Climacium sulcatum, Dendroleskea sulcata, Isothecium sulcatum, Neckera sulcata, Pterobryon sulcatum; incl. Pterobryopsis filigera, Pilotrichum nematosum, Braithwaitea nematosa] SK02

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

Buck, W. R., & B. Goffinet. 2000. Morphology and classification of mosses. In: Shaw, A. J., & B. Goffinet. Bryophyte Biology pp. 71-123. Cambridge University Press.

[SK02] Streimann, H., & N. Klazenga. 2002. Catalogue of Australian Mosses. Flora of Australia Supplementary Series 17. Australian Biological Resources Study: Canberra.

Meteoriaceae

Papillaria flavolimbata, photographed by Heino Lepp.
Belongs within: Hypnales.

The Meteoriaceae are a mainly Southern Hemisphere family of mosses with a characteristic pendent habit, though some montane species tend to lose this feature. A number of species are able to propagate through branch fragments due to the presence of subapical rhizoids (H. Streimann, 2012, Australian Mosses Online).

Characters (from Huttunen 2004): Pendent habit; monopodial growth; specific pattern of pseudoparaphyllia surrounding leaf primordia (three pseudoparaphyllia, with anterior one overlapping posterior ones); shoots either terete or complanate, foliage and appearance of the shoots plastic depending on position of the shoot relative to substrate. Leaf laminal cell shape linear to rhomboidal; cells uni- to pluripapillose; if latter papillae either scattered over cell lumen or arranged in rows over lumen or cell walls. Seta length from 1 mm to 2-3 cm. Capsules most often erect and cylindrical to oblong, but in some cases inclined and almost globose. Calyptra either hairy or naked.

<==Meteoriaceae
    |--Aerobryidium filamentosum N02
    |--Barbella (Müll.Hal.) Fleischer ex Broth. 1906 SK02
    |--Meteoridium remotifolium J87
    |--Barbellopsis Broth. 1929 SK02
    |    `--B. trichophora (Montagne) Buck 1998 (see below for synonymy) SK02
    |--Pseudospiridentopsis (Broth.) Fleischer 1908 SK02
    |    `--P. horrida (Mitt. ex Cardot) Fleischer 1908 SK02
    |--Meteoriopsis Fleischer ex Broth. 1906 SK02
    |    |--M. patula J87
    |    `--M. reclinata (Müll.Hal.) Fleischer ex Broth. 1906 [incl. Floribundaria robustula Broth. & Watts 1918] SK02
    |--Squamidium J87
    |    |--S. leucotrichum J87
    |    `--S. nigricans J87
    |--Meteorium Dozy & Molk. 1848 SK02
    |    |--M. buchananii (Brid.) Broth. 1906 SK02
    |    |--M. illecebrum J87
    |    `--M. polytrichum Dozy & Molk. 1848 (see below for synonymy) SK02
    |--Aerobryopsis Fleischer 1905 SK02
    |    |--A. longissima (Dozy & Molk) Fleischer 1905 (see below for synonymy) SK02
    |    |--A. mexicana J87
    |    `--A. wallichii (Brid.) Fleischer 1908 [=Hypnum wallichii] SK02
    |--Trachypus Reinw. & Hornsch. 1829 SK02
    |    `--T. humilis Lindb. 1872 SK02
    |         |--T. h. var. humilis [incl. T. novae-caledoniae] SK02
    |         `--T. h. var. flagellifer (Broth. ex Herzog) Miller 1967 SK02
    |--Floribundaria Müll.Hal. ex Fleischer 1905 SK02
    |    |--F. floribunda (Dozy & Molk.) Fleischer 1905 SK02
    |    |--F. pseudofloribunda Fleischer 1908 SK02
    |    `--F. walkeri (Renauld & Cardot) Broth. 1906 SK02
    |--Pilotrichella (Müll.Hal.) Besch. 1872 JR-SM-G05, SK02
    |    |--P. conferta SK02
    |    |--P. cumingii D03
    |    |--P. cuspidans J87
    |    |--P. flexilis (Hedw.) Aongstr. 1876 JR-SM-G05
    |    |--P. hexasticha J87
    |    |--P. krausei D03
    |    |--P. pentasticha J87
    |    `--P. rigida (Muell) Besch 1872 JR-SM-G05
    `--Papillaria (Müll.Hal.) Lorentz 1864 SK02
         |--P. crocea (Hampe) Jaeger 1877 (see below for synonymy) SK02
         |--P. deppei (Muell.) Jaeg 1877 JR-SM-G05
         |--P. flavolimbata (Müll.Hal. & Hampe) Jaeger 1877 (see below for synonymy) SK02
         |--P. flexicaulis (Wilson) Jaeger 1877 (see below for synonymy) SK02
         |--P. imponderosa J87
         |--P. intricata (Mitt.) Müll.Hal. & Broth. 1900 [=Meteorium intricatum] SK02
         |--P. leuconeura (Müll.Hal.) Jaeger 1877 (see below for synonymy) SK02
         |--P. nitens (Hooker & Wilson) Sainsbury 1952 (see below for synonymy) SK02
         |--P. penicillata J87
         `--P. zeloflexicaulis Streimann 1991 SK02

Aerobryopsis longissima (Dozy & Molk) Fleischer 1905 [incl. A. stigmatophylla (n. n.), Meteorium stigmatophyllum Müll.Hal. ex Bailey 1890 (n. n.)] SK02

Barbellopsis trichophora (Montagne) Buck 1998 [=Barbella trichophora (Montagne) Fleischer ex Broth. 1906; incl. Meteorium cinclidotus (n. n.), M. compressum Mitt. 1882, Papillaria compressa (Mitt.) Kindb. 1891, Barbella cubensis (Mitt.) Broth. 1906, Meteorium dicladioides (n. n.), Barbella enervis, Neckera trichophoroides, Barbella trichophoroides, Meteorium trichophoroides, Pilotrichella trichophoroides] SK02

Meteorium polytrichum Dozy & Molk. 1848 [=M. buchananii f. polytrichum; incl. Papillaria baileyi, M. baileyi (Broth.) Broth. 1906, M. miquelianum] SK02

Papillaria crocea (Hampe) Jaeger 1877 [=Pilotrichum croceum; incl. Meteorium cuspidiferum, Papillaria cuspidifera, Trachypus hornschuchii (nom. inv.), Trachycarpus hornschuchii (nom. inv.), Neckera kermadecensis, Meteorium kermadecense, Papillaria kermadecensis, Pilotrichella kermadecensis, Neckera nigrescens (nom. inv.), Papillaria nigrescens, Pilotrichum nigrescens, N. reginae, Meteorium reginae, Papillaria reginae (Hampe) Jaeger 1877, Pilotrichella reginae, Pilotrichum sieberi Hampe 1847 (n. n.)] SK02

Papillaria flavolimbata (Müll.Hal. & Hampe) Jaeger 1877 [=Neckera flavolimbata; incl. Meteorium cuspidiferum var. cerinum, N. cerina, Papillaria cuspidifera var. cerina, Pilotrichella cerina (nom. illeg.), Trachypus cerinus, Meteorium limbatum (nom. illeg.), Neckera luteola (nom. inv.)] SK02

Papillaria flexicaulis (Wilson) Jaeger 1877 [=Meteorium flexicaule, Leskea flexicaulis (nom. inv.), Papillaria filicaule (l. c.), Trachypus flexicaulis, incl. Meteorium filipendulum, Papillaria filipendula, Pilotrichella filipendula, Meteorium filum Müll.Hal. ex Bailey 1890 (n. n.), Cryphaea novae-valesiae (n. n.), C. papillarioides (n. n.), Pilotrichum pendulinum (nom. inv.), Pilotrichum pendulum (nom. inv.), Neckera scottiae, Papillaria scottiae, Pilotrichella scottiae] SK02

Papillaria leuconeura (Müll.Hal.) Jaeger 1877 [incl. Neckera amblyacis, Meteorium amblyacis, Papillaria amblyacis (Müll.Hal.) Jaeger 1877, Pilotrichella amblyacis, Neckera eavesiana, Meteorium eavesianum, Papillaria eavesiana (Hampe) Jaeger 1877, Pa. eavesii (l. c.), Neckera squamata, Pa. squamata (Müll.Hal. ex Hampe) Hampe 1880] SK02

Papillaria nitens (Hooker & Wilson) Sainsbury 1952 [=Barbella nitens (Hooker & Wilson) Nog. 1985; incl. Neckera dimorpha, Meteorium dimorphum, Pilotrichella dimorpha (Müll.Hal.) Jaeger 1879, M. fulvum, Papillaria fulva (Mitt.) Jaeger 1877, Pilotrichella fulva, Pa. nitidiuscula] SK02

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[D03] Dusén, P. 1903. The vegetation of western Patagonia. In Reports of the Princeton University Expeditions to Patagonia, 1896-1899, vol. 8 – Botany (W. B. Scott, ed.) pp. 1-34. The University: Princeton (New Jersey).

Huttunen, S. 2004. Phylogeny and evolutionary relationships of the moss families Brachytheciaceae and Meteoriaceae. PhD thesis, University of Helsinki.

[JR-SM-G05] Johansen, R. M., A. P. Retana-Salazar & A. Mojica-Guzmán. 2005. A review of the New World bryophyte-feeding genus Wegenerithrips Johansen 1983 (Insecta, Thysanoptera, Thripidae). Senckenbergiana Biologica 85 (1): 61-83.

[J87] Judd, W. S. 1987. Floristic study of Morne La Visite and Pic Macaya National Parks, Haiti. Bulletin of the Florida State Museum – Biological Sciences 32 (1): 1-136.

[N02] Negi, H. R. 2002. Abundance and diversity of moss communities of Chopta-Tunganath in the Garhwal Himalaya. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 99 (3): 418-433.

[SK02] Streimann, H., & N. Klazenga. 2002. Catalogue of Australian Mosses. Flora of Australia Supplementary Series 17. Australian Biological Resources Study: Canberra.

Pterobryaceae

Muellerobryum whiteleggei, photographed by Niels Klazenga.
Belongs within: Hypnales.

The Pterobryaceae are a family of mosses found primarily in tropical habitats, where they are mostly epiphytic. The circumscription of the family is somewhat uncertain; a number of tropical taxa have been included here after being excluded from other families (A. Newton).

Characters (from A. Newton, Bryophyte Flora of North America): Frondose habit, frequently with a differentiated stipe; uniseriate filamentous pseudoparaphyllia; stomates absent; peristome reduced, often with prostome, highly reduced endostome.

<==Pterobryaceae
    |--Penzigiella cordata N02
    |--Pireella filicina J87
    |--Muellerobryum Fleischer 1905 SK02
    |    `--M. whiteleggei (Broth.) Fleischer 1905 (see below for synonymy) SK02
    |--Neolindbergia Fleischer 1908 SK02
    |    `--N. vitiensis (Bartram) Enroth 1991 [incl. N. plicata Stark & Buck 1986, Forsstroemia rigida] SK02
    |--Pterobryidium Broth. & Watts 1918 SK02
    |    `--P. australe Broth. & Watts 1918 SK02
    |--Pulchrinodus Allen 1987 SK02
    |    `--P. inflatus (Hooker & Wilson) Allen 1987 SK02
    |--Rhabdodontium Broth. 1906 SK02
    |    `--R. buftonii (Broth. & Geh.) Broth. 1906 [=Calyptothecium buftonii, Trachyloma buftonii] SK02
    |--Cryptogonium (Müll.Hal.) Hampe 1880 SK02
    |    `--C. phyllogonioides (Sull.) Isov. 1986 [=Pursellia phyllogonioides] SK02
    |--Pterobryon Hornsch. 1840 SK02
    |    |--P. australiense Dixon 1950 SK02
    |    |--P. densum Hornsch. 1840 JR-SM-G05
    |    `--P. longicuspis [=Symphysodon longicuspis] SK02
    `--Calyptothecium Mitt. 1868 SK02
         |--C. acutum (Mitt.) Broth. 1904 [=Pterobryon acutum] SK02
         |--C. australinum (Mitt.) Paris 1904 [=Pterobryon australinum] SK02
         |--C. cuspidatum SK02
         |--C. extensum Fleischer 1908 [incl. Garovaglia brisbanica Paris 1896 (n. n.)] SK02
         |--C. humile (Mitt.) Broth. 1904 [=Pterobryon humile] SK02
         |--C. ramosii [incl. C. caudatum Bartram 1939] SK02
         |--C. recurvulum (Broth.) Broth. 1904 (see below for synonymy)
         `--C. subecostatum Dixon 1942 SK02

Nomen nudum: Pterobryon recurvulum Müll.Hal. ex Bailey 1890 SK02

Calyptothecium recurvulum (Broth.) Broth. 1904 [=Trachyloma recurvulum, Neckera recurvula; incl. Pilotrichella recurvula Müll.Hal. 1902] SK02

Muellerobryum whiteleggei (Broth.) Fleischer 1905 [=Pterobryon whiteleggei; incl. Armitia bescherelloides (nom. inv.), Bescherellia pygmaea (nom. inv.)] SK02

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[JR-SM-G05] Johansen, R. M., A. P. Retana-Salazar & A. Mojica-Guzmán. 2005. A review of the New World bryophyte-feeding genus Wegenerithrips Johansen 1983 (Insecta, Thysanoptera, Thripidae). Senckenbergiana Biologica 85 (1): 61-83.

[J87] Judd, W. S. 1987. Floristic study of Morne La Visite and Pic Macaya National Parks, Haiti. Bulletin of the Florida State Museum – Biological Sciences 32 (1): 1-136.

[N02] Negi, H. R. 2002. Abundance and diversity of moss communities of Chopta-Tunganath in the Garhwal Himalaya. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 99 (3): 418-433.

[SK02] Streimann, H., & N. Klazenga. 2002. Catalogue of Australian Mosses. Flora of Australia Supplementary Series 17. Australian Biological Resources Study: Canberra.

Hookeriales

Hypopterygium arbuscula, from Juan Larraín.

Belongs within: Bryidae.
Contains: Hookeriaceae.

The Hookeriales is an order of mosses found primarily in tropical and subtropical parts of the world. They are distinguished from other pleurocarpous mosses by having undifferentiated alar cells. Members of the Hookeriales can be divided between the Ptychomniineae, with furrowed capsules, and the Hookeriineae with smooth capsules.

Characters (from Smith & Smith 2004): Pleurocarpous. Leaves often complanate and often asymmetrical, sometimes with border of elongate cells; costa single or double, long or short or absent; alar cells not differentiated. Setae often rough; capsules exserted, erect, inclined or horizontal; peristome double, exostome teeth long, tapering, often furrowed, usually with thickened lamellae on inner face, basal membrane of endostome high, cilia absent; calyptrae conical, often hairy or fringed.

<==Hookeriales
    |  i. s.: Leskeodon cubensis VH02
    |         Pilotrichum Palisot de Beauvois 1804 VH02, SK02
    |           `--P. fendleri VH02
    |         Crossomitrium rotundifolium VH02
    |         Campylotrichum Sikora 1836 SK02
    |--Ptychomniineae SK02
    |    |--Ptychomniaceae SK02
    |    |    |--Glyphothecium Hampe 1860 SK02
    |    |    |    |--G. alare M49b
    |    |    |    `--G. sciuroides (Hooker) Hampe 1860 (see below for synonymy) SK02
    |    |    |--Tetraphidopsis Broth. & Dixon 1912 SK02
    |    |    |    `--T. pusilla (Hooker & Wilson) Dixon 1913 SK02
    |    |    |--Hampeella Müll.Hal. 1881 SK02
    |    |    |    |--H. alaris (Dixon & Sainsbury) Sainsbury 1951 SK02
    |    |    |    `--H. pallens (Sande Lac.) Fleischer 1908 (see below for synonymy) SK02
    |    |    `--Ptychomnion (Hooker & Wilson) Mitt. 1869 SK02
    |    |         |--P. aciculare (Brid.) Mitt. 1869 (see below for synonymy) SK02
    |    |         |--P. cygnisetum (Müll.Hal.) Kindb. 1888 (see below for synonymy) SK02
    |    |         |--P. densifolium (Brid.) Jaeger 1879 SK02
    |    |         `--P. subaciculare D03
    |    `--Garovagliaceae SK02
    |         |--Euptychium Schimp. 1866 SK02
    |         |    |--E. cuspidatum (Mitt.) Mitt. 1881 (see below for synonymy) SK02
    |         |    |--E. mucronatum Hampe 1874 [=Garovaglia mucronata] SK02
    |         |    |--E. robustum Hampe 1874 [=Garovaglia robusta] SK02
    |         |    `--E. setigerum (Sull.) Broth. 1906 [=Garovaglia setigera; incl. G. longicuspis] SK02
    |         `--Garovaglia Endl. 1836 SK02
    |              |--G. elegans (Dozy & Molk.) Bosch & Sande Lac. 1863 SK02
    |              |    |--G. e. var. elegans [incl. Endotrichella campbelliana] SK02
    |              |    `--G. e. var. dietrichiae (Müll.Hal.) During 1977 (see below for synonymy) SK02
    |              |--G. powellii Mitt. 1868 SK02
    |              |    |--G. p. ssp. powellii SK02
    |              |    `--G. p. ssp. muelleri (Hampe) During 1977 [=Endotrichum muelleri] SK02
    |              `--G. subelegans [=Endotrichella subelegans] SK02
    `--Hookeriineae SK02
         |--Hookeriaceae SK02
         |--Leucomium Mitt. 1868 [Leucomiaceae] SK02
         |    `--L. strumosum (Hornsch.) Mitt. 1869 SK02
         |--Hypopterygiaceae SK02
         |    |--Canalohypopterygium tamariscinum (see below for synonymy) SK02
         |    |--Cyathophorum Palisot de Beauvois 1804 SK02
         |    |    |--C. bulbosum (Hedw.) Müll.Hal. 1851 (see below for synonymy) SK02
         |    |    `--C. splendidissimum D03
         |    |--Lopidium Hooker & Wilson 1854 SK02
         |    |    |--L. concinnum (Hooker) Wilson 1854 (see below for synonymy) SK02
         |    |    |--L. nematosum (Müll.Hal.) Fleischer 1922 (n. d.) (see below for synonymy) SK02
         |    |    `--L. struthiopteris (Brid.) Fleischer 1908 (see below for synonymy) SK02
         |    `--Hypopterygium Brid. 1827 SK02
         |         |--H. arbuscula FHH01
         |         |--H. didictyon Müll.Hal. 1850 (see below for synonymy) SK02
         |         |--H. discolor Mitt. 1867 [incl. H. scottiae Müll.Hal. 1868] SK02
         |         |--H. filiculaeforme M49b
         |         |--H. flexisetum D03
         |         |--H. rotulatum (Hedw.) Brid. 1827 (n. d.) SK02
         |         |--H. setigerum M49a
         |         |--H. tamarisci (Swartz) Brid. ex Müll.Hal. 1850 (see below for synonymy) SK02
         |         `--H. thouinii D03
         `--Callicostaceae SK02
              |--Schizomitrium Schimp. 1851 (nom. rej.) SK02
              |--Sauloma (Hooker & Wilson) Mitt. 1860 SK02
              |    `--S. tenella (Hooker & Wilson) Mitt. 1860 (see below for synonymy) SK02
              |--Hookeriopsis (Besch.) Jaeger 1877 SK02
              |    |--H. luteo-rufescens J87
              |    `--H. utacamundiana (Montagne) Broth. 1907 SK02
              |--Cyclodictyon Mitt. 1864 SK02
              |    |--C. albicans J87
              |    |--C. blumeanum (Müll.Hal.) Kuntze 1891 (see below for synonymy) SK02
              |    `--C. varians J87
              |--Callicostella (Müll.Hal.) Mitt. 1859 SK02
              |    `--C. papillata (Montagne) Mitt. 1859 [=Schizomitrium papillatum (Montagne) Sull. 1859] SK02
              |         |--C. p. var. papillata [incl. Hookeria baileyi, C. bayleyi (Broth.) Kindb. 1891] SK02
              |         `--C. p. var. prabaktiana (Müll.Hal.) Streimann 1997 (see below for synonymy) SK02
              `--Callicosta J87
                   |--C. affinis J87
                   |--C. cristatum J87
                   `--C. fendleri J87

Nomina nuda: Endotrichella perrotii Müll.Hal. ex Muell. 1880 [=Glyphothecium perrotii Müll.Hal. ex Burges 1935] SK02
             Pilotrichum howei Müll.Hal. ex Kindb. 1888 SK02
             Pilotrichum whiteleggeanum Müll.Hal. ex Clarke 1973 SK02

Callicostella papillata var. prabaktiana (Müll.Hal.) Streimann 1997 [incl. C. kaernbachii Broth. ex Fleischer 1908, C. rugiseta Dixon 1942] SK02

Canalohypopterygium tamariscinum [=Hypopterygium tamariscinum (Hedw.) Brid. 1819, Pterygophyllum tamarisci, P. tamariscinum; incl. Hypopterygium commutatum Müll.Hal. 1850 (nom. illeg.), H. setigerum (nom. illeg.)] SK02

Cyathophorum bulbosum (Hedw.) Müll.Hal. 1851 [=Anictangium bulbosum, Hedwigia bulbosa; incl. Cyathophorum densirete, C. bulbosum var. minus (Hooker & Wilson) Paris 1894, C. pennatum var. minus, Leskea pennata, C. pennatum (nom. illeg.), Hookeria pennata (nom. illeg.), C. pteridioides] SK02

Cyclodictyon blumeanum (Müll.Hal.) Kuntze 1891 [incl. Hookeria karsteniana, C. karstenianum, H. lepida, C. lepidum (Mitt.) Broth. & Watts 1918] SK02

Euptychium cuspidatum (Mitt.) Mitt. 1881 [=Esenbeckia cuspidata, Garovaglia cuspidata; incl. Euptychium neocaledonicum, Garovaglia neocaledonica (n. n.)] SK02

Garovaglia elegans var. dietrichiae (Müll.Hal.) During 1977 [=Endotrichella dietrichiae; incl. E. lepida, Garovaglia lepida, Neckera lepida (nom. inv.), E. dietrichiae var. longiseta] SK02

Glyphothecium sciuroides (Hooker) Hampe 1860 [=Leskea sciuroides, Cladomnion sciuroides, Garovaglia sciuroides, Glyptothecium sciuroides, Ptychothecium sciuroides (comb. inv.), Stereodon sciuroides; incl. Neckera glyphotheca, Garovaglia glyphotheca (nom. inv.), Glyphothecium muellerianum, Cladomnion muellerianum, Garovaglia muelleriana (nom. inv.), Ptychothecium muelleri (nom. inv.), Cladomnion tasmanicum (nom. inv.)] SK02

Hampeella pallens (Sande Lac.) Fleischer 1908 [incl. Lepidopilum australe, Sematophyllum australe (n. n.), Whiteleggea australis (nom. inv.), Hampeella kurzii] SK02

Hypopterygium didictyon Müll.Hal. 1850 [incl. H. chrysopus (nom. inv.), H. novae-seelandiae var. glaucum, H. novae-seelandiae, H. smithianum, H. tasmanicum] SK02

Hypopterygium tamarisci (Swartz) Brid. ex Müll.Hal. 1850 [incl. H. rigidulum ssp. balantii Müll.Hal. ex Kindb. 1901, H. scottiae var. denticulatum, H. rotulatum var. incurvum Brid. 1827, H. muelleri Hampe 1856, Pterobryon muelleri, H. tenellum Müll.Hal. 1854, H. viridulum] SK02

Lopidium concinnum (Hooker) Wilson 1854 [=Leskea concinna, Hookeria concinna, Hypopterygium concinnum; incl. Hy. hyalinolimbatum (n. n.), Lopidium hyalinolimbatum (n. n.), Lo. pallens, Hypopterygium pallens] SK02

Lopidium nematosum (Müll.Hal.) Fleischer 1922 (n. d.) [=Hypopterygium struthiopteris ssp. nematosum] SK02

Lopidium struthiopteris (Brid.) Fleischer 1908 [=Hypopterygium struthiopteris; incl. H. daymannianum, L. daymannianum (Broth. & Geh.) Fleischer 1908, L. pinnatum Hampe 1874, Hypopterygium struthiopteris ssp. pinnatum, H. planatum (l. c.), Lopidium planatum (l. c.)] SK02

Ptychomnion aciculare (Brid.) Mitt. 1869 [=Hypnum aciculare, Achyrophyllum aciculare, Phycomium aciculare (nom. inv.), Stereodon acicularis; incl. Hypnum nigrum (nom. inv.)] SK02

Ptychomnion cygnisetum (Müll.Hal.) Kindb. 1888 [=Eurhynchium cygnisetum (n. n.), Ectropothecium cygnisetum (n. n.)] SK02

Sauloma tenella (Hooker & Wilson) Mitt. 1860 [=Hookeria tenella; incl. Hypnum lepidopiloides (nom. inv.), Hookeria zetterstedtii, Distichophyllum zetterstedtii, Homalia zetterstedtii, Sauloma zetterstedtii (Müll.Hal.) Jaeger 1879] SK02

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[D03] Dusén, P. 1903. Patagonian and Fuegian mosses. In Reports of the Princeton University Expeditions to Patagonia, 1896-1899, vol. 8 – Botany (W. B. Scott, ed.) pp. 63-126. The University: Princeton (New Jersey).

[FHH01] Frey, W., M. Hofmann & H. H. Hilger. 2001. The gametophyte-sporophyte junction: Unequivocal hints for two evolutionary lines of archegoniate land plants. Flora 196: 431-445.

[J87] Judd, W. S. 1987. Floristic study of Morne La Visite and Pic Macaya National Parks, Haiti. Bulletin of the Florida State Museum – Biological Sciences 32 (1): 1-136.

[M49a] Martin, W. 1949a. The bryophytes of Stewart Island.—Part I. Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand 77 (2): 257-277.

[M49b] Martin, W. 1949b. Distribution of the mosses indigenous to New Zealand (supp. no. 1). Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand 77 (3): 355-360.

Smith, A. J. E., & R. Smith. 2004. The Moss Flora of Britain and Ireland, 2nd ed. Cambridge University Press.

[SK02] Streimann, H., & N. Klazenga. 2002. Catalogue of Australian Mosses. Flora of Australia Supplementary Series 17. Australian Biological Resources Study: Canberra.

[VH02] Vanderpoorten, A., L. Hedenäs, C. J. Cox & A. J. Shaw. 2002. Phylogeny and morphological evolution of the Amblystegiaceae (Bryopsida). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 23 (1): 1-21.

Rhizogoniaceae

Rhizogonium novae-hollandiae, photographed by Neils Klazenga.

Belongs within: Bryidae.

The Rhizogoniaceae is a family of mosses distinguished by the position of their sporophytes, attached to the gametophytes at the base or basal half of the erect stems. Members of the Rhizogoniaceae are primarily tropical or subtropical, and many species are epiphytic (with a particular liking for tree ferns).

See also: Mosses have a place for reproduction.

Characters (from S. P. Churchill, Bryophyte Flora of North America): Plants small to large, in loose to dense tufts. Stems erect or curved, few branched; central strand well developed; radiculose, often densely tomentose. Leaves spirally arranged or appearing 2-ranked, distant or rather crowded, ovate to narrowly or broadly oblong-lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, apex acute to acuminate, base decurrent or not; margins plane or reflexed to recurved, crenulate, dentate or sharply serrate, teeth single and margins 1-stratose or double and margins 2-stratose; 1-costate, strong, percurrent to short-excurrent, toothed abaxially distally or smooth; laminal cells mostly isodiametric and smooth or bulging mammillose, walls firm and entire; alar region undifferentiated. Specialized asexual reproduction lacking or present, in leaf axils of distal stems and branches, cylindrical. Sexual condition synoicous, autoicous, or dioicous. Perigonia bud-like, usually below perichaetia. Perichaetia lateral, at base or at mid stem, leaves small and differentiated. Seta elongate, smooth. Capsule horizontal to erect, short to long-cylindrical, symmetric to asymmetric, curved or straight; opercula conic, short to long-rostrate, oblique; peristome double or absent, exostome teeth 16, cross-striate proximally, papillose distally or papillose throughout; endostome basal membrane moderately high, segments 16, keeled, perforate, cilia usually present, 2-3. Calyptra cucullate. Spores spherical, lightly papillose.

<==Rhizogoniaceae
    |--Goniobryum Lindb. 1865 SK02
    |    `--G. subbasilare (Hooker) Lindb. 1865 (see below for synonymy) SK02
    |--Hymenodon Hooker & Wilson 1844 SK02
    |    |--H. aeruginosus J87
    |    `--H. pilifer Hooker & Wilson 1844 SK02
    |--Mesochaete Lindb. 1870 SK02
    |    |--M. taxiforme (Hampe) Watts & Whitel. 1906 [=Rhizogonium taxiforme; incl. M. grandiretis] SK02
    |    `--M. undulata Lindb. 1870 (see below for synonymy) SK02
    |--Leptotheca Schwägr. 1824 SK02
    |    |--L. gaudichaudii Schwägr. 1824 [=Aulacomnium gaudichaudii, Bryum gaudichaudii] SK02
    |    |    |--L. g. var. gaudichaudii [incl. L. beccarii, Weissia leptocarpa] SK02
    |    |    `--L. g. var. wattsii (Cardot) Churchill & Buck 1982 SK02
    |    `--L. spegazzinii D03
    |--Rhizogonium Brid. 1827 SK02
    |    |--R. alpestre Müll.Hal. 1897 SK02
    |    |--R. distichum (Swartz) Brid. 1827 [=Mnium distichum; incl. R. muelleri] SK02
    |    |--R. graeffeanum (Müll.Hal.) Jaeger 1875 [incl. R. geheebii, Mnium geheebii] SK02
    |    |--R. novae-hollandiae (Brid.) Brid. 1827 (see below for synonymy) SK02
    |    |--R. pennatum Hooker & Wilson 1854 [incl. R. pennatum var. aristatum (Hampe) Dixon 1926] SK02
    |    `--R. setosum [=Pyrrhobryum setosum] SK02
    `--Pyrrhobryum Mitt. 1868 SK02
         |--P. bifarium (Hooker) Manuel 1980 [=Mnium bifarium, Rhizogonium bifarium] SK02
         |--P. medium (Besch.) Manuel 1980 (see below for synonymy) SK02
         |--P. mnioides (Hooker) Manuel 1980 [=Rhizogonium mnioides] SK02
         |    |--P. m. ssp. mnioides SK02
         |    `--P. m. ssp. contortum (Wilson) Fife 1995 (see below for synonymy) SK02
         |--P. paramattense (Müll.Hal.) Manuel 1980 [=Mnium paramattense, Rhizogonium paramattense] SK02
         `--P. spiniforme (Hedw.) Mitt. 1868 (see below for synonymy) SK02

Nomina nuda: Rhizogonium spiniforme var. australe Müll.Hal. 1900 SK02
             Rhizogonium parramattense var. gracilior Watts & Whitel. 1906 SK02
             Rhizogonium spiniforme var. minus Jaeger 1875 SK02
             Rhizogonium parramattense var. minus Watts & Whitel. 1906 non R. spiniforme var. minus Jaeger 1875 SK02
             Rhizogonium parramattense var. nanum Bailey 1883 SK02

Goniobryum subbasilare (Hooker) Lindb. 1865 [=Rhizogonium subbasilare, Trachyloma subbasilare; incl. Photinophyllum pellucidum, Goniobryum pellucidum, Rhizogonium pellucidum, R. reticulatum] SK02

Mesochaete undulata Lindb. 1870 [=Mnium undulatum (preoc.), Rhizogonium undulatum; incl. R. plumaeforme (n. n.)] SK02

Pyrrhobryum medium (Besch.) Manuel 1980 [incl. Rhizogonium brevifolium, Mnium brevifolium, Pyrrhobryum brevifolium (Broth.) Manuel 1980] SK02

Pyrrhobryum mnioides ssp. contortum (Wilson) Fife 1995 [=Rhizogonium mnioides var. contortum; incl. Polytrichum gulliveri, Pogonatum gulliveri (Hampe) Jaeger 1879, Mnium hookeri, Rhizogonium hookeri, R. mnioides var. lutescens, Mnium mossmanianum, R. mossmanianum] SK02

Pyrrhobryum spiniforme (Hedw.) Mitt. 1868 [=Rhizogonium spiniforme; incl. R. spininerve Brid. ex Bailey 1890 (n. n.)] SK02

Rhizogonium novae-hollandiae (Brid.) Brid. 1827 [=Fissidens novae-hollandiae, Conomitrium novae-hollandiae Müll.Hal. 1901 (n. n.), Hypnum novae-hollandiae, Mnium novae-hollandiae, Skitophyllum novae-hollandiae; incl. Bartramia billaridierei (nom. illeg.)] SK02

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[D03] Dusén, P. 1903. Patagonian and Fuegian mosses. In Reports of the Princeton University Expeditions to Patagonia, 1896-1899, vol. 8 – Botany (W. B. Scott, ed.) pp. 63-126. The University: Princeton (New Jersey).

[J87] Judd, W. S. 1987. Floristic study of Morne La Visite and Pic Macaya National Parks, Haiti. Bulletin of the Florida State Museum – Biological Sciences 32 (1): 1-136.

[SK02] Streimann, H., & N. Klazenga. 2002. Catalogue of Australian Mosses. Flora of Australia Supplementary Series 17. Australian Biological Resources Study: Canberra.

Hypnodendron

Setae of Hypnodendron arcuatum, from here.

Belongs within: Bryidae.

Hypnodendron is a genus of large dendroid mosses found mostly in south-east Asia and Australasia, where they are a prominent component of many wet forest floras. Molecular phylogenetic analysis has suggested that it may be paraphyletic within a clade referred to as the hypnodendroid pleurocarps (Bell & Newton 2005).

Characters (from Bell & Newton 2005): Leaf border cells not differentiated. Plants dendroid; adaxial rhizoids present, micronemata absent. Vegetative secondary modules ('branches') present; primary module heteroblasty ending in secondary module leaves; primary module growth determinate, branching from base but not from apex; perichaetia on highly reduced secondary modules, located mid-module. Dioicous.

<==Hypnodendron (Müll.Hal.) Lindb. 1861 [Hypnodendraceae] SK02
    |--H. arcuatum (see below for synonymy) SK02
    |--H. colensoi (Hooker & Wilson) Mitt. 1882 [=Isothecium colensoi] SK02
    |--H. comatulum (Geh. ex Broth.) Touw 1971 [=Mniodendron comatulum] SK02
    |--H. comosum (Labill.) Mitt. 1882 (see below for synonymy) SK02
    |    |--H. c. var. comosum [incl. Mniodendron kroneanum] SK02
    |    `--H. c. var. sieberi (Müll.Hal.) Touw 1971 [=Hypnum sieberi, Isothecium sieberi, Mniodendron sieberi] SK02
    |--H. krausei D03
    |--H. menziesii (Hooker) Paris 1895 [=Isothecium menziesii, Trachyloma menziesii] SK02
    |--H. palmeum SK02
    |--H. planifrons SK02
    |--H. spininervium (Hooker) Jaeger & Sauerb. 1879 [=Hypnum spininervium, Isothecium spininervium] SK02
    |    |--H. s. ssp. spininervium SK02
    |    `--H. s. ssp. archeri (Mitt.) Touw 1971 (see below for synonymy) SK02
    `--H. vitiense Mitt. 1873 SK02
         |--H. v. ssp. vitiense SK02
         `--H. v. ssp. australe Touw 1971 [incl. H. spininervium var. pumilum (n. n.), H. whiteleggei (n. n.)] SK02

Nomina nuda: Hypnodendron curvatocomosum Müll.Hal. ex Bailey 1886 SK02
             Hypnodendron eflagellare Ångström ex Bailey 1886 SK02
             Hypnodendron flagellare Ångström ex Bailey 1886 SK02
             Hypnodendron pterobryoides Müll.Hal. ex Bailey 1886 SK02

Hypnodendron arcuatum [=Hypnum arcuatum, Hypnodendron spininervium var. arcuatum (nom. illeg.), Racopilum arcuatum, Trachyloma arcuatum] SK02

Hypnodendron comosum (Labill.) Mitt. 1882 [=Hypnum comosum, Isothecium comosum, Mniodendron comosum, Trachyloma comosum] SK02

Hypnodendron spininervium ssp. archeri (Mitt.) Touw 1971 [=Isothecium archeri, Hypnum archeri, Trachyloma archeri; incl. Hypnodendron leiopyxis] SK02

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

Bell, N. E., & A. E. Newton. 2005. The paraphyly of Hypnodendron and the phylogeny of related non-hypnanaean pleurocarpous mosses inferred from chloroplast and mitochondrial sequence data. Systematic Botany 30 (1): 34-51.

[D03] Dusén, P. 1903. The vegetation of western Patagonia. In Reports of the Princeton University Expeditions to Patagonia, 1896-1899, vol. 8 – Botany (W. B. Scott, ed.) pp. 1-34. The University: Princeton (New Jersey).

[SK02] Streimann, H., & N. Klazenga. 2002. Catalogue of Australian Mosses. Flora of Australia Supplementary Series 17. Australian Biological Resources Study: Canberra.

Dicranoloma

Dicranoloma billardieri, from here.

Belongs within: Dicranaceae.

Dicranoloma is a genus of mosses found primarily in Australasia and South America, with some species also found in Malesia.

Characters (from Klazenga 2003): Dioicous, generally pseudautoicous. Male plants dwarfed, up to 3 mm tall, growing in tomentum on stem of female plants; female plants more or less robust, up to 13 cm tall. Leaves long, often falcate, with limbidium present, well-differentiated alar patches, and smooth, non-papillose upper lamina cells.

<==Dicranoloma (Renauld) Renauld 1901 SK02
    |--D. angustiflorum Dixon 1915 SK02
    |--D. angustifolium (Hooker & Wilson) Watts & Whitel. 1906 [=Dicranum angustifolium] SK02
    |--D. argutum (Hampe) Paris 1904 (see below for synonymy) SK02
    |--D. austroscoparium (Müll.Hal. ex Broth.) Watts & Whitel. 1906 (see below for synonymy) SK02
    |--D. bartramioides (Broth.) Paris 1904 (see below for synonymy) SK02
    |--D. billarderi (Brid. ex Anon.) Paris 1904 (see below for synonymy) SK02
    |    |--D. b. var. billarderi SK02
    |    `--D. b. var. angustinerve (Rodway) Sainsbury ex Wijk, Margad. & Florsch. 1962 (see below for synonymy) SK02
    |--D. braunii (Müll.Hal. ex Bosch & Sande Lac.) Paris 1904 [incl. D. spiniforme Bartram 1952] SK02
    |--D. burchhardtii (Paris) Paris 1906 [=Dicranum burchhardtii, Dicranoloma rigens, Leucoloma rigens] SK02
    |--D. cylindropyxis M49a
    |--D. daymannianum Bartram 1957 SK02
    |--D. diaphanoneuron (Hampe) Paris 1904 (see below for synonymy) SK02
    |--D. dicarpum (Nees) Paris 1904 (see below for synonymy) SK02
    |--D. elimbatum Dixon 1942 SK02
    |--D. eucamptodontoides (Broth. & Geh.) Paris 1904 [=Dicranum eucamptodontoides, Leucoloma eucamptodontoides] SK02
    |--D. fasciatum (Hedw.) Paris 1904 [=Dicranum fasciatum] SK02
    |--D. grossialare M49b
    |--D. integrifolium M49b
    |--D. leichhardtii (Hampe) Watts & Whitel. 1906 (see below for synonymy) SK02
    |--D. menziesii (Taylor) Renauld 1901 (see below for synonymy) SK02
    |    |--D. m. var. menziesii (see below for synonymy) SK02
    |    `--D. m. var. rigidum (Wilson) Paris 1904 [=Dicranum menziesii var. rigidum] SK02
    |--D. nelsonii (Müll.Hal.) Paris 1904 [=Dicranum nelsonii, Leucoloma nelsonii] SK02
    |--D. perichaetiale Sainsbury 1953 SK02
    |--D. platycaulon Dixon 1913 SK02
    |--D. plurisetum M49a
    |--D. punctulactum (Hampe) Renauld ex Paris 1904 [=Dicranum punctulatum, Leucoloma punctulatum] SK02
    |--D. robustum (Hooker & Wilson) Paris 1904 [=Dicranum robustum] SK02
    |    |--D. r. var. robustum SK02 (see below for synonymy)
    |    `--D. r. var. setosum (Hooker & Wilson) Sainsbury 1931 (see below for synonymy) SK02
    |--D. rugosum (see below for synonymy) SK02
    |--D. serratum (Broth.) Renauld 1901 (see below for synonymy) SK02
    |--D. sullivanii (Müll.Hal.) Paris 1904 [=Dicranum sullivanii, Leucoloma sullivanii] SK02
    |--D. trichopodum (Mitt.) Broth. 1924 [=Dicranum trichopodum; incl. Holomitrium milliganii (nom. inv.)] SK02
    `--D. wattsii Broth. 1918 SK02

Dicranoloma argutum (Hampe) Paris 1904 [=Dicranum argutum, Leucoloma argutum; incl. Dicranum chlorocladum, Dicranoloma chlorocladum, Leucoloma chlorocladum, Dicranum whiteleggei, Dicranoloma whiteleggei, Leucoloma whiteleggei] SK02

Dicranoloma austroscoparium (Müll.Hal. ex Broth.) Watts & Whitel. 1906 [=Dicranum austroscoparium, Leucoloma austroscoparium] SK02

Dicranoloma bartramioides (Broth.) Paris 1904 [=Dicranum bartramioides, Campylopus bartramioides, Leucoloma bartramioides] SK02

Dicranoloma billarderi (Brid. ex Anon.) Paris 1904 [=Dicranum billarderi, Leucoloma billarderi, Oncophorus billarderi; incl. Dicranum austrocongestum, Dicranoloma austrocongestum, Leucoloma austrocongestum, Dicranum baileyanum, Dicranoloma baileyanum, Leucoloma baileyanum, Dicranum confine, Dicranoloma confine, Leucoloma confine, Dicranum dichotomum, Dicranum billarderi var. duriusculum, Dicranum integerrimum, Dicranoloma integerrimum, Leucoloma integerrimum, Dicranum billarderi var. latifolia, Dicranum pungentella, Dicranoloma pungentella, Leucoloma pungentella, Dicranum billarderi var. rigens non Dicranoloma rigens, Dicranum weymouthii, Dicranoloma weymouthii, Leucoloma weymouthii] SK02

Dicranoloma billarderi var. angustinerve (Rodway) Sainsbury ex Wijk, Margad. & Florsch. 1962 [=Dicranum billarderi var. angustinerve, Leucoloma angustinerve] SK02

Dicranoloma diaphanoneuron (Hampe) Paris 1904 [=Dicranum diaphanoneuron, Leucoloma diaphanoneuron; incl. Dicranum austrinum, Dicranoloma austrinum (Mitt.) Watts & Whitel. 1906, Eudicranum austrinum (n. n.), Dicranum contortifolium] SK02

Dicranoloma dicarpum (Nees) Paris 1904 [=Dicranum dicarpum, Leucoloma dicarpum; incl. Dicranum polychaetum, Dicranoloma polychaetum, Dicranoloma polysetum (nom. illeg.), Dicranum polysetum (preoc.), Leucoloma polysetum (nom. illeg.), Dicranum dicarpum var. spinosum, Dicranoloma dicarpum var. spinosum, Dicranum subaggregatum (nom. inv.)] SK02

Dicranoloma leichhardtii (Hampe) Watts & Whitel. 1906 [=Dicranum leichhardtii, Leucoloma leichhardtii (Hampe) Jaeger 1872, Poecilophyllum leichhardtii] SK02

Dicranoloma menziesii (Taylor) Renauld 1901 [=Dicranum menziesii, Leucoloma menziesii; incl. Dicranum kaiparaense (nom. illeg.)] SK02

Dicranoloma menziesii (Taylor) Renauld 1901 var. menziesii [incl. Dicranum brachypelma, Dicranum kroneanum, Dicranoloma kroneanum, Leucoloma kroneanum, Dicranum nudum, Campylopus nudus, Dicranum oedithecium, Dicranoloma oedithecium, Leucoloma oedithecium, Dicranum suberectum, Dicranoloma suberectum, Dicranum trichophyllum, Dicranoloma trichophyllum] SK02

Dicranoloma robustum (Hooker & Wilson) Paris 1904 var. robustum SK02 [incl. Dicranum leucolomoides SK02, Dicranoloma leucolomoides M49b, Dicranoloma pungens SK02, Dicranum robustum var. pungens SK02]

Dicranoloma robustum var. setosum (Hooker & Wilson) Sainsbury 1931 [=Dicranum setosum; incl. Dicranum calymperaceum, Dicranoloma calymperaceum, Leucoloma calymperaceum, Dicranum calymperidium (n. n.), Dicranum subpungens, Dicranoloma subpungens, Leucoloma subpungens, Dicranum subsetosum, Dicranoloma subsetosum, Leucoloma subsetosum] SK02

Dicranoloma rugosum [=Leucodon rugosus, Dicnemon rugosum (Hooker) Schwägr. 1824, Eucnemis rugosa (comb. inv.); incl. Dicnemon giganteum] SK02

Dicranoloma serratum (Broth.) Renauld 1901 [=Leucoloma serratum; incl. L. harrisii (n. n.), Dicranoloma harrisii (n. n.), Dicranum monocarpum (n. n.), Dicranoloma monocarpum (nom. inv.)] SK02

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

Klazenga, N. 2003. A revision of the Australasian species of Dicranoloma (Bryophyta, Dicranaceae). Australian Systematic Botany 16 (4): 427-471.

[M49a] Martin, W. 1949a. The bryophytes of Stewart Island.—Part I. Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand 77 (2): 257-277.

[M49b] Martin, W. 1949b. Distribution of the mosses indigenous to New Zealand (supp. no. 1). Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand 77 (3): 355-360.

[SK02] Streimann, H., & N. Klazenga. 2002. Catalogue of Australian Mosses. Flora of Australia Supplementary Series 17. Australian Biological Resources Study: Canberra.

Erpodiaceae

Erpodium hodgkinsoniae, photographed by Heino Lepp.

Belongs within: Musci.

The Erpodiaceae are a family of mosses found primarily in tropical and subtropical parts of the world.

Characters (from Pursell & Allen 2007): Plants small, prostrate, usually freely branched, usually in mats. Stems smooth, radiculose, rhizoids smooth, in clusters contiguous to leaf insertion on abaxial side; axillary hairs minute, 2-3 cells in length, basal cell small, apical cell enlarged, more or less clavate; paraphyllia none; pseudoparaphyllia minute, ovate, acute; epidermal layer more or less bulging, outer cortical cells small, firm-walled in 1-2 layers, similar to epidermis, interior cortical cells somewhat uniform, enlarged, thin-walled; central strand absent. Leaves of stems and branches similar, usually imbricate, more or less monomorphic and spirally arranged, or distinctly dimorphic and arranged in two dorsal and two ventral rows, erect or spreading and more or less complanate when dry, spreading and often more or less complanate when moist, bilaterally symmetric or asymmetric, lanceolate to ovate or elliptic, rounded, obtuse, or acute, acuminate to subulate, ecostate; margin elimbate, entire; laminal cells firm-walled, smooth or pluripapillose, distal cells quadrate (including rhombic) to hexagonal, oblate-hexagonal or rhomboidal, proximal cells oblate-oblong in several marginal rows, often elongate in mid-proximal region. Specialized asexual reproduction absent. Sexual condition autoicous; perigonia gemmiform, axillary; perichaetia terminal on short axillary branches, leaves erect, usually enlarged and sheathing sporophyte at maturity. Sporophytes usually numerous, solitary in perichaetia. Seta short to nearly absent, usually straight. Capsule immersed to shortly exserted, erect, radially symmetric, oblong- or ovoid-cylindric, pale yellow to yellow-brown; exothecial cells thin-walled, oblong to oblong-hexagonal, estomatose or stomatose, stomata superficial, restricted to base or proximal half of theca; annuli none to well developed; peristome none, or diplolepidous, composed of 16 papillose, lanceolate teeth, or reduced to irregular, pale, papillose segments; opercula conic-apiculate to conic-rostrate. Calyptra small, usually covering only opercula and distal ends of thecae, mitrate, lobed, smooth to ± papillose, more or less plicate, plicae often serrate or serrulate, or rarely, large, twisted, covering capsules completely and clasping the distal end of seta, or rarely, cucullate, more or less papillose, non-plicate. Spores finely papillose to nearly smooth, relatively large.

<==Erpodiaceae
    |--Aulacopilum Wilson 1848 SK02
    |--Wildia Müll.Hal. & Broth. 1891 SK02
    `--Erpodium (Brid.) Brid. 1827 SK02
         |--E. beccarii Müll.Hal. ex Venturi 1872 SK02
         |    |--E. b. var. beccarii SK02
         |    `--E. b. var. longicalyptratum Stone 1997 SK02
         |--E. biseriatum (Austin) Austin 1877 SK02
         |--E. coronatum (Hooker & Wilson) Mitt. 1869 SK02
         |    |--E. c. var. coronatum SK02
         |    `--E. c. var. australiense (Stone) Stone 1997 [=Erpodium australiense Stone 1982] SK02
         |--E. glaucum (Wilson) Stone 1997 [=Aulacopilum glaucum Wilson 1848] SK02
         |--E. hodgkinsoniae Hampe & Müll.Hal. 1887 [=Aulacopilum hodgkinsoniae (Hampe & Müll.Hal.) Broth. 1905] SK02
         |--E. mangiferae Muell. 1872 [incl. Aulacopilum luzonense Bartram 1939] B05
         `--E. solmsiellaceum (Müll.Hal. & Broth.) Stone 1997 (see below for synonymy) SK02

Erpodium solmsiellaceum (Müll.Hal. & Broth.) Stone 1997 [=Wildia solmsiellacea Müll.Hal. & Broth. 1891; incl. Aulacopilum wildii (n. n.)] SK02

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B05] Bhattacharyya, P. K. 2005. Bryophyte flora of Barddhaman district, West Bengal. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 47 (1-4): 11-42.

Pursell, R. A., & B. H. Allen. 2007. Erpodiaceae Müller Hal. In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (eds) Flora of North America North of Mexico, vol. 27, pp. 470-474. New York and Oxford.

[SK02] Streimann, H., & N. Klazenga. 2002. Catalogue of Australian Mosses. Flora of Australia Supplementary Series 17. Australian Biological Resources Study: Canberra.

Calymperaceae

Calymperes erosum, photographed by Li Zhang.

Belongs within: Musci.

The Calymperaceae are a family of mosses found around the world, with their highest diversity in the tropics and subtropics. Calymperaceous mosses most often grow epiphytically or epixylically (on wood), but may also grow on rocks or on the ground. Major genera within the Calymperaceae include Calymperes, in which the calyptra is persistent, and Syrrhopodon, with a deciduous calyptra.

Characters (from Reese 1993): Plants erect (rarely prostrate and with erect-ascending branches), with simple or highly forked stems in loose to dense mats or cushions; stems lacking central strand; rhizoids brown to red or purple. Leaves sometimes dimorphic (gemmiferous and nongemmiferous), straight to crispate or variously contorted or twisted when dry; intramarginal files of differentiated cells (teniolae) present (some Calymperes) or lacking (most Syrrhopodon); costa single and strong, showing median guide cells with dorsal and ventral bands of stereid cells in section (stereid cells poorly developed in some Calymperes); basal part of leaf (lower lamina) mostly sheathing and with evident shoulders, including usually conspicuous fields (cancellinae) of enlarged, hyaline, externally and internally porose cells; upper part of leaf (upper lamina) shorter to many times longer than lower lamina, margins mostly variously thickened or bordered, or both, but rarely undifferentiated, mostly toothed at least in part; cells of upper lamina isodiametric to vertically or transversely elongate, smooth to bulging to mammillose to uni- or pluripapillose; gemmae frequently present on leaves in Calymperes, less common in Syrrhopodon, mostly ventral on costa at leaf apex but sometimes borne along costa at midleaf or lower, clavate, fusiform, or filiform-uniseriate. Dioicous (rarely monoicous). Perichaetial leaves scarcely differentiated. Setae smooth, mostly elongate; capsules cylindrical, mostly exserted but rarely immersed; stomata scanty, phaneropore; peristomes single or lacking, often vestigial, the teeth variously papillose externally, mostly smooth internally, with weak transverse bars; opercula rostrate. Calyptrae naked, smooth or papillose, cucullate and deciduous or rarely conical-mitrate (Syrrhopodon), or clasping the seta below the capsule and persistent (Calymperes), the spores then escaping through vertical fissures in the calyptra. Spores mostly spherical and finely papillose.

<==Calymperaceae
    |--Calymperopsis (Müll.Hal.) Fleisch 1913 SK02
    |--Arthrocormus Dozy & Molk. 1846 SK02
    |    `--A. schimperi (Dozy & Molk.) Dozy & Molk. 1846 SK02
    |--Exostratum Ellis 1985 SK02
    |    `--E. blumei (Nees ex Hampe) Ellis 1985 SK02
    |--Octoblepharum Hedw. 1801 SK02
    |    |--O. albidum Hedw. 1801 SK02 (see below for synonymy)
    |    `--O. exiguum Müll.Hal. 1901 SK02
    |--Leucophanes Brid. 1826 SK02
    |    |--L. angustifolium Renauld & Cardot 1891 SK02
    |    |--L. candidum (Schwägr.) Lindb. 1865 SK02
    |    |--L. glaucescens Müller ex Fleisch. 1904 DD05
    |    |--L. glaucum (Schwägr.) Mitt. 1859 (see below for synonymy) SK02
    |    |--L. nicobaricum Müller ex Gangulee 1971 DD05
    |    `--L. octoblepharioides Brid. 1827 SK02
    |--Mitthyridium Rob. 1975 SK02
    |    |--M. constrictum (Sull.) Rob. 1975 SK02
    |    |--M. crassum (Broth.) Rob. 1975 SK02
    |    |--M. fasciculatum (Hooker & Greville) Rob. 1975 (see below for synonymy) SK02
    |    |--M. flavum (Müll.Hal.) Rob. 1975 SK02
    |    |--M. jungquilianum (Mitt.) Rob. 1975 SK02
    |    |--M. leucoloma (Müll.Hal.) Rob. 1975 SK02
    |    |--M. luteum (Mitt.) Rob. 1975 SK02
    |    |--M. obtusifolium (Lindb.) Rob. 1975 SK02
    |    |--M. papuanum (Broth.) Rob. 1975 SK02
    |    |--M. perundulatum (Broth.) Rob. 1975 SK02
    |    |--M. repens (Harv.) Rob. 1975 (see below for synonymy) SK02
    |    |--M. subfasciculatum [=Codonoblapharon subfasciculatum, Syrrhopodon subfasciculatum] SK02
    |    |--M. subluteum (Müll.Hal.) Nowak 1980 SK02
    |    |--M. undulatum (Broth. & Geh.) Rob. 1975 [=Syrrhopodon undulatus, Thyridium undulatum] SK02
    |    `--M. wallisii (Müll.Hal.) Rob. 1975 SK02
    |--Calymperes Swartz 1814 SK02
    |    |--C. afzelii Swartz 1818 SK02
    |    |--C. boulayi Besch. 1973 SK02
    |    |--C. couguiense Besch. 1873 SK02
    |    |--C. crassinerve (Mitt.) Jaeger 1873 SK02
    |    |--C. dozyanum Mitt. 1859 SK02
    |    |--C. erosum Müll.Hal. 1848 [incl. C. kennedianum] SK02
    |    |--C. graeffeanum Müll.Hal. 1864 SK02
    |    |--C. lonchophyllum Schwägr. 1816 SK02
    |    |--C. moluccense Schwägr. 1824 (see below for synonymy) SK02
    |    |--C. motleyi Mitt. ex Dozy & Molk. 1856 (see below for synonymy) DD05
    |    |--C. palisotii Schwägr. 1816 SK02
    |    |--C. porrectum Mitt. 1868 SK02
    |    |--C. schmidtii Broth. 1901 SK02
    |    |--C. serratum Braun ex Müll.Hal. 1849 SK02
    |    |--C. strictifolium (Mitt.) Roth 1911 SK02
    |    |--C. subintegrum Broth. 1901 SK02
    |    |--C. taitense (Sull.) Mitt. 1868 SK02
    |    `--C. tenerum Müll.Hal. 1872 [incl. C. tenerum var. edamense] SK02
    |         |--C. t. var. tenerum SG07
    |         `--C. t. var. teniolata Gangulee 1972 SG07
    `--Syrrhopodon Schwägr. 1824 SK02
         |--S. albovaginatus Schwägr. 1824 SK02
         |--S. aristifolius Mitt. 1868 SK02
         |--S. armatus Mitt. 1863 [incl. S. cairnensis, S. fimbriatulus Müll.Hal. 1874, S. fimbriatus (preoc.)] SK02
         |--S. ciliatus (Hooker) Schwägr. 1824 SK02
         |--S. clavatus SK02
         |--S. confertus Sande Lac. 1872 [incl. S. amoenus, Leucophanella amoena] SK02
         |--S. croceus Mitt. 1859 [=Calymperidium croceum] SK02
         |--S. cyrtacanthos Reese 1992 SK02
         |--S. gardneri (Hooker) Schwägr. 1824 SK02
         |--S. gaudichaudii J87
         |--S. incompletus [incl. Calymperes armatum] SK02
         |--S. involutus Schwägr. 1824 [incl. S. rufescens, Leucophanella rufescens, S. revolutus] SK02
         |--S. mammillosus Müll.Hal. 1874 SK02
         |--S. muelleri (Dozy & Molk.) Sande Lac. 1870 [=Calymperidium muelleri] SK02
         |--S. parasiticus (Brid.) Besch. 1896 [incl. S. wattsii, Calymperopsis wattsii (Broth.) Fleischer 1913] SK02
         |--S. perarmatus Broth. 1915 SK02
         |--S. platycerii Mitt. 1873 [incl. S. novae-valesiae] SK02
         |--S. prolifer Schwägr. 1827 SK02
         |    |--S. p. var. prolifer SK02
         |    `--S. p. var. mossmanensis Reese 1989 SK02
         |--S. spiculosus Hooker & Greville 1825 SK02
         |--S. stoneae Reese 1989 SK02
         |--S. trachyphyllus Montagne 1856 SK02
         `--S. tristichus Nees ex Schwägr. 1842 [incl. S. kindelii, S. parvicaulis] SK02

Nomina nuda: Leucophanes apiculatum Hampe ex Müll.Hal. 1901 SK02
             Syrrhopodon novae-valesiae f. microcarpa Bailey 1913 SK02

Calymperes moluccense Schwägr. 1824 [=C. palisotii ssp. moluccense (Schwägr.) Menzel 1990; incl. C. nigrescens] SK02

Calymperes motleyi Mitt. ex Dozy & Molk. 1856 [incl. C. isleanum Besch. 1880, C. omanicum Besch. 1895, C. panduraefolium Broth. 1898] DD05

Leucophanes glaucum (Schwägr.) Mitt. 1859 [incl. Leucophanes australe Broth. 1891, Leucobryum australe Watts & Whitel. 1902 (nom. inv.)] SK02

Mitthyridium fasciculatum (Hooker & Greville) Rob. 1975 [=Syrrhopodon fasciculatus, Calymperes fasciculatum (preoc.), Thyridium fasciculatum] SK02

Mitthyridium repens (Harv.) Rob. 1975 [=S. repens, Calymperes repens, Thyridium repens; incl. Syrrhopodon humile (n. n.)] SK02

Octoblepharum albidum Hedw. 1801 SK02 [=Bryum albidum Linnaeus 1753 (nom. inv.) B05; incl. Leucobryum cycadis (nom. inv.) SK02]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B05] Bhattacharyya, P. K. 2005. Bryophyte flora of Barddhaman district, West Bengal. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 47 (1-4): 11-42.

[DD05] Daniels, A. E. D. & P. Daniels. 2005. Additions to the moss flora of the Indian mainland. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 47 (1-4): 93-100.

[J87] Judd, W. S. 1987. Floristic study of Morne La Visite and Pic Macaya National Parks, Haiti. Bulletin of the Florida State Museum – Biological Sciences 32 (1): 1-136.

Reese, W. D. 1993. Calymperaceae. Flora Neotropica 58: 1-101.

[SG07] Singh, S. K. & J. P. Ghosh. 2007. Bryo-diversity in Indian Botanic Garden, Howrah, West Bengal. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 49 (1-4): 155-164.

[SK02] Streimann, H., & N. Klazenga. 2002. Catalogue of Australian Mosses. Flora of Australia Supplementary Series 17. Australian Biological Resources Study: Canberra.