Phaneropterinae

Caedicia simplex, copyright Donald Hobern.

Belongs within: Tettigonioidea.

The Phaneropterinae are a group of katydids characterised by a round, globular head, an unarmed prosternum, tibiae that are usually rectangular in cross-section, and a usually short, upcurved ovipositor (Rentz 1996).

<==Phaneropterinae R96
    |--Acripeza reticulata R96
    |--Alectoria superba R96
    |--Elephantodeta nobilis R96
    |--Torbia viridissima R96
    |--Psyra R96
    |--Paracaedicia serrata R96
    |--Ducetia japonica R96
    |--Parableta integricauda Brunner 1878 R18
    |--Aganacris micans Walker 1871 R18
    |--Stilpnochlora marginella (Serville 1839) [=Phylloptera marginella] R18
    |--Viadana myrtifolia (Linnaeus 1758) [=Gryllus (Tettigonia) myrtifolius] R18
    |--Dichopetala BM76
    |--Holochlora BM76
    |--Tylopsis lilifolia BM76, I92
    |--Amblycorypha rotundifolia BM76, G37
    |--Platylyra BM76
    |--Burgilis missionum R15
    |--Hyperophora major R15
    |--Ligocatinus olivaceus R15
    |--Homotoicha fuscopunctata R15
    |--Theudoria melanocnemis R15
    |--Ephippithytha [incl. Ochrida] R96
    |    `--E. trigintiduoguttata R96
    |--Tinzeda R96
    |    |--T. albosignata R96
    |    `--T. eburneata C70
    |--Polichne R96
    |    |--P. argentata R96
    |    `--P. parvicauda R96
    |--Poecilimon P05
    |    |--P. sanctipauli Brunner von Wattenwyl 1878 P05
    |    `--P. veluchianus FJ01
    |--Ceraia R18
    |    |--C. capra Rehn 1918 R18
    |    `--C. punctulata R18
    |--Anaulacomera R18
    |    |--A. albonodulosa R18
    |    `--A. nodulosa Stål 1873 R18
    |--Coelophyllum R18
    |    |--C. coriaceum (Pictet 1888) [=Prosagoga coriacea] R18
    |    `--C. rectinerve (Brunner 1891) [=Prosagoga rectinervis] R18
    |--Grammadera R15
    |    |--G. albida R15
    |    `--G. clara R15
    |--Phylloptera R15
    |    |--P. alliedea R15
    |    |--P. laurifolia B00
    |    `--P. spinulosa R15
    |--Microcentrum R15
    |    |--M. angustatum R15
    |    `--M. rhombifolium TW05
    |--Phaneroptera R96
    |    |--P. falcata K09
    |    |--P. gracilis R96
    |    `--P. quadripunctata R13
    |--Scaphura R18
    |    |--S. nigra R15
    |    |--S. nitida R18
    |    `--S. sphex Rehn 1918 R18
    `--Caedicia R96
         |--C. araucariae R96
         |--C. major R91
         |--C. marginata R96
         `--C. simplex R96

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BM76] Bohart, R. M., & A. S. Menke. 1976. Sphecid Wasps of the World. University of California Press: Berkeley.

[B00] Bordage, E. 1900. On the absence of regeneration in the posterior limbs of the Orthoptera saltatoria and its probable causes. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, series 7, 5: 234–236.

[C70] CSIRO. 1970. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers. Melbourne University Press.

[FJ01] Field, L. H., & T. H. Jarman. 2001. Mating behaviour. In: Field, L. H. (ed.) The Biology of Wetas, King Crickets and Their Allies pp. 317–332. CABI Publishing: Wallingford (UK).

[G37] Gurney, A. B. 1937. Collecting and biological notes on some minor orders of insects. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 39 (8): 239.

[I92] Imes, R. 1992. The Practical Entomologist. Aurum Press: London.

[K09] Köhler, G. 2009. Heuschrecken (Saltatoria) und Ohrwürmner (Dermaptera) im Immissionsgebiet des Düngemittelwerkes Steudnitz/Thüringen—eine Langzeitstudie (1978–2001). Mauritiana 20 (3): 601–646.

[P05] Papapavlou, K. P. 2005. New distributional data on the Orthoptera (Saltatoria) of the northern Dodecanese (“southern Sporadhes”) archipelago, Greece. Graellsia 61 (1): 3–11.

[R15] Rehn, J. A. G. 1915. A further contribution to the knowledge of the Orthoptera of Argentina. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 67 (2): 270–292.

[R18] Rehn, J. A. G. 1918. On a collection of Orthoptera from the State of Pará, Brazil. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 70: 144–236, pls 1–2.

[R91] Rentz, D. C. F. 1991. Orthoptera (grasshoppers, locusts, katydids, crickets). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers vol. 1 pp. 369–393. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[R96] Rentz, D. 1996. Grasshopper Country: The abundant orthopteroid insects of Australia. University of New South Wales Press: Sydney.

[R13] Reuter, O. M. 1913. Lebensgewohnheiten und Instinkte der Insekten bis zum Erwachen der sozialen Instinkte. R. Friedländer & Sohn: Berlin.

[TW05] Terry, M. D., & M. F. Whiting. 2005. Mantophasmatodea and phylogeny of the lower neopterous insects. Cladistics 21: 240–257.

Tridactyloidea

Koch's sandgroper Cylindraustralia kochii, photographed by Terry Houston.

Belongs within: Caelifera.

The Tridactyloidea are a group of burrowing, cricket-like orthopterans characterised by tarsi with two segments in the fore and mid legs, and only a single segment (if tarsi are present at all) in the hind legs (Rentz 1996).

<==Tridactyloidea
    |--Rhipipteryx R18 [Rhipipterygidae GE05]
    |    `--R. circumcincta Saussure 1874 R18
    |--Cylindrachetidae [Oryttica] GE05
    |    |--Cylindroryctes spegazzinii R96
    |    |--Cylindracheta R96
    |    |    |--C. campbelli R96
    |    |    |--C. kochii R96
    |    |    `--C. psammophila R91
    |    `--Cylindraustralia R96
    |         |--C. acuta R96
    |         |--C. arenivaga R96
    |         |--C. cookensis R96
    |         |--C. divisa R96
    |         |--C. granulata R96
    |         |--C. karumbensis R96
    |         |--C. kochii R96
    |         |--C. parakochia R96
    |         |--C. parvitarsata R96
    |         |--C. setosa R96
    |         |--C. tindalei R96
    |         `--C. ustulata R96
    `--Tridactylidae TW05
         |  i. s.: Monodactylus dolichopterus GR02
         |         Mongoloxya ponomarenkoi GR02
         |         Ellipes TW05
         |           |--E. gurneyi K02
         |           `--E. minutus TW05
         |         Cratodactylus ferreirai Martins-Neto 1990 RJ93
         |--Dentridactylus [Dentridactylinae] R96
         |    |--D. albosignatus R96
         |    `--D. keyi R96
         `--Tridactylinae R96
              |--Tridactylus R96
              |    |--T. australicus R96
              |    |--T. mutus R96
              |    `--T. paradoxus L02
              `--Xya R96
                   |--X. muta R96
                   |--X. nautarrae R96
                   |--X. nitobae R96
                   |--X. pseudomuta R96
                   |--X. smithersi R96
                   `--X. unicolor R96

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[GR02] Gorochov, A. V., & A. P. Rasnitsyn. 2002. Superorder Gryllidea Laicharting, 1781 (=Orthopteroidea Handlirsch, 1903). In: Rasnitsyn, A. P., & D. L. J. Quicke (eds) History of Insects pp. 293–303. Kluwer Academic Publishers: Dordrecht.

[GE05] Grimaldi, D., & M. S. Engel. 2005. Evolution of the Insects. Cambridge University Press: New York.

[K02] Katovich, K. 2002. Heteroceridae MacLeay 1825. In: Arnett, R. H., Jr, M. C. Thomas, P. E. Skelley & J. H. Frank (eds) American Beetles vol. 2. Polyphaga: Scarabaeoidea through Curculionoidea pp. 127–132. CRC Press.

[L02] Latreille, P. A. 1802. Histoire Naturelle, générale et particulière des crustacés et des insectes vol. 3. Familles naturelles des genres. F. Dufart: Paris.

[R18] Rehn, J. A. G. 1918. On a collection of Orthoptera from the State of Pará, Brazil. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 70: 144–236, pls 1–2.

[R91] Rentz, D. C. F. 1991. Orthoptera (grasshoppers, locusts, katydids, crickets). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers vol. 1 pp. 369–393. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[R96] Rentz, D. 1996. Grasshopper Country: The abundant orthopteroid insects of Australia. University of New South Wales Press: Sydney.

[RJ93] Ross, A. J., & E. A. Jarzembowski. 1993. Arthropoda (Hexapoda; Insecta). In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 363–426. Chapman & Hall: London.

[TW05] Terry, M. D., & M. F. Whiting. 2005. Mantophasmatodea and phylogeny of the lower neopterous insects. Cladistics 21: 240–257.

Cyrtacanthacridinae

American bird grasshopper Schistocerca americana, copyright Judy Gallagher.

Belongs within: Acridoidea.

The Cyrtacanthacridinae are a group of often large grasshoppers characterised by mesosternal lobes with their mesal margins separate and parallel or converging posteriorly with their inner posterior angles acute, and a pronotum lacking lateral carinae (Rentz 1996).

<==Cyrtacanthacridinae [Cyrtacanthacridini]
    |--Valanga R96
    |    |--V. irregularis R96
    |    `--V. meleager K91
    |--Paraidemona BM76
    |--Trigonophymus BM76
    |--Pezotettix giournai (Rossi 1794) E66, D95
    |--Anacridium P05
    |    |--A. aegyptium (Linnaeus 1764) P05
    |    `--A. moestum F92
    |--Nomadacris R96
    |    |--N. basalis K90
    |    |--N. proxima K91
    |    `--N. septemfasciata Y70
    |--Austracris R96
    |    |--A. basalis R96
    |    |--A. guttulosa R96 [=Nomadacris guttulosa R91]
    |    `--A. proxima R96
    |--Oedaleonotus SH72
    |    |--O. borckii SH72
    |    |--O. enigma SH72
    |    |--O. orientis SH72
    |    `--O. phryneicus SH72
    `--Schistocerca Y70
         |--S. americana D01
         |--S. gregaria (Forskål 1775) SB05
         |--S. melanocera PP72
         |--S. nitens HSS13
         |--S. paranensis R15
         |--S. peregrina F92
         |--S. piceifrons HSS13
         `--S. tartarica WB37

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BM76] Bohart, R. M., & A. S. Menke. 1976. Sphecid Wasps of the World. University of California Press: Berkeley.

[D95] Damerdji, A. 1995. Bio-écologie du peuplement des orthoptères de la région de Ghazaouet (Tlemcen, Algérie). Mésogée 54: 73–80.

[D01] Dohle, W. 2001. Are the insects terrestrial crustaceans? A discussion of some new facts and arguments and the proposal of the proper name ‘Tetraconata’ for the monophyletic unit Crustacea + Hexapoda. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France (N.S.) 37 (1–2): 85–103.

[E66] Evans, H. E. 1966. The Comparative Ethology and Evolution of the Sand Wasps. Harvard University Press: Cambridge (Massachusetts).

[F92] Fan Z. 1992. Key to the Common Flies of China 2^nd ed. Science Press: Beijing.

[HSS13] Hirschfeld, E., A. Swash & R. Still. 2013. The World's Rarest Birds. Princeton University Press: Princeton (New Jersey).

[K90] Key, K. H. L. 1990. Host relations and distribution of species of Caeculisoma (Acarina: Erythraeidae) parasitising grasshoppers in Australia, with supplementary information for the genus Trombella (Trombellidae). Australian Journal of Zoology 38: 11–18.

[K91] Key, K. H. L. 1991. Host relations and distribution of Australian species of Charletonia (Acarina: Erythraeidae) parasitising grasshoppers. Australian Journal of Zoology 39: 31–43.

[P05] Papapavlou, K. P. 2005. New distributional data on the Orthoptera (Saltatoria) of the northern Dodecanese (“southern Sporadhes”) archipelago, Greece. Graellsia 61 (1): 3–11.

[PP72] Parkin, P., D. T. Parkin, A. W. Ewing & H. A. Ford. 1972. A report on the arthropods collected by the Edinburgh University Galapagos Islands expedition, 1968. Pan-Pacific Entomologist 48 (2): 100–107.

[R15] Rehn, J. A. G. 1915. A further contribution to the knowledge of the Orthoptera of Argentina. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 67 (2): 270–292.

[R91] Rentz, D. C. F. 1991. Orthoptera (grasshoppers, locusts, katydids, crickets). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers vol. 1 pp. 369–393. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[R96] Rentz, D. 1996. Grasshopper Country: The abundant orthopteroid insects of Australia. University of New South Wales Press: Sydney.

[SB05] Sala, J., & D. Boix. 2005. Presence of the Nearctic water boatman Trichocorixa verticalis verticalis (Fieber, 1851) (Heteroptera, Corixidae) in the Algarve region (S Portugal). Graellsia 61 (1): 31–36.

[SH72] Schroeter, G. L., & G. M. Hewitt. 1972. Cytology of some California grasshoppers. 1. Taxonomic considerations (Orthoptera: Acridoidea). Pan-Pacific Entomologist 48 (1): 27–36.

[WB37] Walton, W. R., & F. C. Bishopp. 1937. Dr. L. O. Howard and the Entomological Society of Washington. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 39 (6): 121–132.

[Y70] Yinon, U. 1970. Electrophysiological evidence of relationships in acridid insects. Systematic Zoology 19 (4): 397–398.

Oedipodinae

Locusta migratoria, copyright Alpsdake.

Belongs within: Acridoidea.

The Oedipodinae are a group of grasshoppers characterised by male genitalia in which the ventral aedeagal valves are very closely associated with the dorsal valves, and the narrow ventral lobe appears to participate in directing the neck of the spermatophore into the spermathecal duct (Eades 2000).

<==Oedipodinae P05
    |--Dissosteira carolina E00
    |--Camnula pellucida E00
    |--Arphia BM76
    |--Celes variabilis BM76, B01
    |--Encoptolophus BM76
    |--Pardalophora BM76
    |--Sciretetica BM76
    |--Spharagemon BM76
    |--Trilophida annulata BM76
    |--Xyleus BM76
    |--Duroniella P05
    |    |--D. fracta (Kraus 1890) P05
    |    `--D. laticornis (Karus 1909) P05
    |--Acrotylus P05
    |    |--A. insubricus (Scopoli 1786) P05
    |    |--A. patruelis Y70
    |    `--A. strepens D95
    |--Aiolopus P05
    |    |--A. strepens (Latreille 1804) P05
    |    |--A. tamulus BM76
    |    `--A. thalassinus (Fabricius 1781) P05
    |--Trimerotropis BM76
    |    |--T. citrina D37
    |    |--T. cyaneipennis SM87
    |    |--T. suffusa SM87
    |    `--T. pallidipennis Z94
    |--Sphingonotus P05
    |    |--S. erythropterus R96
    |    |--S. lucasii Saussure 1888 D95
    |    |--S. rubescens (Walker 1870) D95
    |    `--S. tricinctus D95
    |--Oedaleus P05
    |    |--O. australis R96
    |    |--O. decorus (Germar 1817) P05
    |    |--O. infernalis B01
    |    |--O. marmoratus B01
    |    `--O. mlokosiewiczi B01
    |--Oedipoda BM76
    |    |--O. albolineata Lucas 1847 E12
    |    |--O. algeriana Lucas 1847 E12
    |    |--O. arenaria Lucas 1847 E12
    |    |--O. coerulescens D95
    |    |    |--O. c. coerulescens D95
    |    |    `--O. c. sulfurescens Saussure 1884 D95
    |    |--O. fuscocincta Lucas 1847 E12
    |    |--O. mauritanica Lucas 1847 E12
    |    |--O. miniata (Pallas 1771) D95
    |    `--O. virescens Lucas 1847 E12
    |--Papipappus clarazianus R15
    `--Locusta E00
         |--L. acuminata L02
         |--L. citrifolia L02
         |--L. coronata (Linnaeus 1758) L02, L58 [=Gryllus coronatus L02]
         |--L. migratoria E00
         |    |--L. m. migratoria E00
         |    |--L. m. manilensis K-P83
         |    `--L. m. migratorioides E00
         |--L. savignyi Lucas 1847 E12
         |--L. verrucivora (Linnaeus 1758) L02, L58 [=Gryllus verrucivorus L02]
         |--L. viridis L02
         `--L. viridissima B01

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BM76] Bohart, R. M., & A. S. Menke. 1976. Sphecid Wasps of the World. University of California Press: Berkeley.

[B01] Bolivar, I. 1901. Orthopterák [Orthoptères]. In: Horváth, G. (ed.) Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazása [Dritte Asiatische Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] vol. 2. Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazásának Állattani Eredményei [Zoologische Ergebnisse der Dritten Asiatischen Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] pp. 223–243. Victor Hornyánszky: Budapest, and Karl W. Hierseman: Leipzig.

[D95] Damerdji, A. 1995. Bio-écologie du peuplement des orthoptères de la région de Ghazaouet (Tlemcen, Algérie). Mésogée 54: 73–80.

[D37] Dobzhansky, T. 1937. Genetics and the Origin of Species. Columbia University Press: New York.

[E00] Eades, D. C. 2000. Evolutionary relationships of phallic structures of Acridomorpha (Orthoptera). Journal of Orthoptera Research 9: 181–210.

[E12] Evenhuis, N. L. 2012. Publication and dating of the Exploration Scientifique de l'Algérie: Histoire Naturelle des Animaux Articulés (1846–1849) by Pierre Hippolyte Lucas. Zootaxa 3448: 1–61.

[K-P83] Kukalová-Peck, J. 1983. Origin of the insect wing and wing articulation from the arthropodan leg. Canadian Journal of Zoology 61: 1618–1669.

[L02] Latreille, P. A. 1802. Histoire Naturelle, générale et particulière des crustacés et des insectes vol. 3. Familles naturelles des genres. F. Dufart: Paris.

[L58] Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Laurentii Salvii: Holmiae.

[P05] Papapavlou, K. P. 2005. New distributional data on the Orthoptera (Saltatoria) of the northern Dodecanese (“southern Sporadhes”) archipelago, Greece. Graellsia 61 (1): 3–11.

[R15] Rehn, J. A. G. 1915. A further contribution to the knowledge of the Orthoptera of Argentina. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 67 (2): 270–292.

[R96] Rentz, D. 1996. Grasshopper Country: The abundant orthopteroid insects of Australia. University of New South Wales Press: Sydney.

[SM87] Sites, J. W., Jr & C. Moritz. 1987. Chromosomal evolution and speciation revisited. Systematic Zoology 36 (2): 153–174.

[Y70] Yinon, U. 1970. Electrophysiological evidence of relationships in acridid insects. Systematic Zoology 19 (4): 397–398.

[Z94] Zhang, Z.-Q. 1994. Neothrombiidae (Acari: Trombidioidea) of the world: systematic review with a phylogenetic analysis and descriptions of two new genera. Oriental Insects 28: 205–237.

Stenobothrus

Male Stenobothrus lineatus, copyright Gilles San Martin.

Belongs within: Acridoidea.

Stenobothrus is a genus of grasshoppers found in Eurasia and Africa, characterised by the presence of a tooth on the ovipositor.

<==Stenobothrus
    |--S. apricarius B01
    |--S. bicolor B01
    |--S. cognatus B01
    |--S. dorsatus B01
    |--S. elegans B01
    |--S. horvathi Bolivar 1901 B01
    |--S. lineatus F01
    |--S. morio B01
    |--S. nigromaculatus B01
    |--S. parallelus B01
    |--S. petraeus B01
    |--S. simplex B01
    `--S. vagans B01

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B01] Bolivar, I. 1901. Orthopterák [Orthoptères]. In: Horváth, G. (ed.) Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazása [Dritte Asiatische Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] vol. 2. Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazásának Állattani Eredményei [Zoologische Ergebnisse der Dritten Asiatischen Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] pp. 223–243. Victor Hornyánszky: Budapest, and Karl W. Hierseman: Leipzig.

[F01] Field, L. H. 2001. Stridulatory mechanisms and associated behaviour in New Zealand wetas. In: Field, L. H. (ed.) The Biology of Wetas, King Crickets and Their Allies pp. 271–295. CABI Publishing: Wallingford (UK).

Tettigonioidea

Ephippiger nigromarginata, from here.

Belongs within: Apohaglida.
Contains: Listroscelidinae, Tettigoniinae, Austrosaginae, Conocephalinae, Phaneropterinae, Pseudophyllinae, Decticinae.

The Tettigonioidea, katydids, are long-horned orthopterans that often mimic leaves and other plant parts. Members of this group include both carnivorous and herbivorous forms. They are united by fore wings with vein MP (=MA₂) at least partially reduced, and a narrow lancet area in the male (Gorochov & Rasnitsyn 2002). Modern tettigonioids are classified into the family Tettigoniidae. A separate family has been proposed for the Early Cretaceous Haglotettigonia egregia, representing the earliest appearance of the group in the fossil record (Gorochov & Rasnitsyn 2002). Subgroups of the Tettigoniidae include the Zaprochilinae, a group of slender, soft-bodied katydids endemic to Australia with prognathous heads adapted for feeding at flowers. The wingless south-west Australian genus Phasmodes has an elongate body form remarkably similar in appearance to stick insects. The Mecopodinae, long-legged katydids, are a primarily Old World tropical group with relatively widely placed antennae, large thoracic auditory openings, and a pair of spike-like processes on the prosternum (Rentz 1996).

<==Tettigonioidea
    |--Haglotettigonia [Haglotettigoniidae] GR02
    |    `--H. egregia Gorokhov 1988 BN02
    `--Tettigoniidae MB12
         |  i. s.: Drymadusa G01
         |         Mortoniellus R96
         |         Lipotactes R96
         |         Picnogaster finoti D95
         |         Segestes decoratus K91
         |         Baetica ustulata MB12
         |         Pycnogaster inermis MB12
         |         Eurinoscopus hamadryas Kirkaldy 1907 K08
         |         Hybrasil breani Kirkaldy 1907 K08
         |         Conosanus hospes [=Phrynomorphus hospes] K08
         |         Allygus K08
         |           |--A. lotophagorum Kirkaldy 1907 K08
         |           `--A. modestus V09
         |         Nesosteles hebe Kirkaldy 1906 K08
         |         Muirella oxyomma Kirkaldy 1907 K08
         |         Nesoecia cooksoni PP72
         |--Listroscelidinae R96
         |--Tettigoniinae R96
         |--Austrosaginae R96
         |--Conocephalinae R96
         |--Phaneropterinae P05
         |--Pseudophyllinae R96
         |--Saginae R91
         |--Decticinae BM76
         |--Pseudotettigonia GE05 [Psedotettigoniinae GR02]
         |    `--P. amoena GE05
         |--Meconema V09 [Meconematidae, Meconematinae R96]
         |    |--M. meridionale V09
         |    `--M. thalassinum K09
         |--Microtettigonia [Microtettigoniinae] R96
         |    |--M. kangaroo R96
         |    `--M. tachys R96
         |--Phasmodes [Phasmodinae] R96
         |    |--P. nungeroo R96
         |    `--P. ranatriformis R96
         |--Phyllophorinae R96
         |    |--Siliquofera R96
         |    `--Phyllophorella R96
         |--Tympanophora R96 [Tympanophorinae GR02]
         |    |--T. diminuta R96
         |    |--T. pellucida R91
         |    |--T. similis R96
         |    `--T. uvarovi R96
         |--Pleminiinae FD01
         |    |--Gnathoclita FD01
         |    |--Disceratus FD01
         |    |--Pleminia BM76
         |    `--Dicranostomus FD01
         |         |--D. monocerus FD01
         |         `--D. nitidus FD01
         |--Ephippiger [Ephipperinae] BM76
         |    |--E. brunneri R13
         |    |--E. costaticollis Lucas 1846 E12
         |    |--E. ephippiger F92
         |    |--E. laticollis Lucas 1846 E12
         |    |--E. nigromarginata Lucas 1846 E12
         |    |--E. pachygaster Lucas 1846 E12
         |    `--E. vitium R13
         |--Mecopodinae R96
         |    |  i. s.: Eumecopoda R96
         |    |--Sexavini R96
         |    |    |--Segestidea novaeguineae R96, K91
         |    |    `--Sexava nubila K91
         |    `--Mecopodini R96
         |         |--Mecopoda elongata S66
         |         `--Phricta spinosa Redtenbacher 1891 [incl. *Phoberodema redtenbacheri Brancsik 1897] R96
         `--Zaprochilinae R96
              |--Anthophiloptera dryas R96
              |--Windbalea viride R96
              |--Zaprochilus R96
              |    |--Z. australis R96
              |    `--Z. ninae R96
              `--Kawanaphila R96
                   |--K. gidya R96
                   |--K. iyouta R96
                   `--K. nartee R96

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BN02] Béthoux, O., A. Nel, J. Lapeyrie, G. Gand & J. Galtier. 2002. Raphogla rubra gen. n., sp. n., the oldest representative of the clade of modern Ensifera (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidea, Gryllidea). European Journal of Entomology 99: 111–116.

[BM76] Bohart, R. M., & A. S. Menke. 1976. Sphecid Wasps of the World. University of California Press: Berkeley.

[D95] Damerdji, A. 1995. Bio-écologie du peuplement des orthoptères de la région de Ghazaouet (Tlemcen, Algérie). Mésogée 54: 73–80.

[E12] Evenhuis, N. L. 2012. Publication and dating of the Exploration Scientifique de l'Algérie: Histoire Naturelle des Animaux Articulés (1846–1849) by Pierre Hippolyte Lucas. Zootaxa 3448: 1–61.

[F92] Fan Z. 1992. Key to the Common Flies of China 2^nd ed. Science Press: Beijing.

[FD01] Field, L. H., & N. A. Deans. 2001. Sexual selection and secondary sexual characters of wetas and king crickets. In: Field, L. H. (ed.) The Biology of Wetas, King Crickets and Their Allies pp. 179–204. CABI Publishing: Wallingford (UK).

[G01] Gorochov, A. V. 2001. The higher classification, phylogeny and evolution of the superfamily Stenopelmatoidea. In: Field, L. H. (ed.) The Biology of Wetas, King Crickets and Their Allies pp. 3–33. CABI Publishing: Wallingford (UK).

[GR02] Gorochov, A. V., & A. P. Rasnitsyn. 2002. Superorder Gryllidea Laicharting, 1781 (=Orthopteroidea Handlirsch, 1903). In: Rasnitsyn, A. P., & D. L. J. Quicke (eds) History of Insects pp. 293–303. Kluwer Academic Publishers: Dordrecht.

[GE05] Grimaldi, D., & M. S. Engel. 2005. Evolution of the Insects. Cambridge University Press: New York.

[K91] Kathirithamby, J. 1991. Strepsiptera. In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers 2^nd ed. vol. 2 pp. 684–695. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[K08] Kirkaldy, G. W. 1908. A catalogue of the Hemiptera of Fiji. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 33: 345–391, pl. 4.

[K09] Köhler, G. 2009. Heuschrecken (Saltatoria) und Ohrwürmner (Dermaptera) im Immissionsgebiet des Düngemittelwerkes Steudnitz/Thüringen—eine Langzeitstudie (1978–2001). Mauritiana 20 (3): 601–646.

[MB12] Mayoral, J. G., & P. Barranco. 2012. A new genus and species of larval mite (Acari: Prostigmata: Microtrombidiidae) parasitising Orthoptera (Tettigoniidae) from the Sierra Nevada, Spain. Systematic Parasitology 83: 77–84.

[P05] Papapavlou, K. P. 2005. New distributional data on the Orthoptera (Saltatoria) of the northern Dodecanese (“southern Sporadhes”) archipelago, Greece. Graellsia 61 (1): 3–11.

[PP72] Parkin, P., D. T. Parkin, A. W. Ewing & H. A. Ford. 1972. A report on the arthropods collected by the Edinburgh University Galapagos Islands expedition, 1968. Pan-Pacific Entomologist 48 (2): 100–107.

[R91] Rentz, D. C. F. 1991. Orthoptera (grasshoppers, locusts, katydids, crickets). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers 2^nd ed. vol. 1 pp. 369–393. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[R96] Rentz, D. 1996. Grasshopper Country: The abundant orthopteroid insects of Australia. University of New South Wales Press: Sydney.

[R13] Reuter, O. M. 1913. Lebensgewohnheiten und Instinkte der Insekten bis zum Erwachen der sozialen Instinkte. R. Friedländer & Sohn: Berlin.

[S66] Southcott, R. V. 1966. Revision of the genus Charletonia Oudemans (Acarina: Erythraeidae). Australian Journal of Zoology 14: 687–819.

[V09] Verdcourt, B. (ed.) 2009. Additions to the wild fauna and flora of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. XXVI. Miscellaneous records. Kew Bulletin 64 (1): 183–194.

Last updated: 25 May 2022.

Tettigoniinae

Common marauding katydid Metaballus frontalis, copyright William Archer.

Belongs within: Tettigonioidea.

The Tettigoniinae, shield-backed katydids, are a group of katydids that often have the pronotum produced rearwards over the front of the abdomen. They include both diurnal and nocturnal species with some feeding by day but calling and mating by night (Rentz 1996).

Characters (from Rentz 1996): Fastigium of vertex as broad as width of first antennal segment to half width of same; fore tibia bearing a single spine on posterior margin of dorsal surface; hind tarsus with plantula, which is usually half length of first tarsal segment.

<==Tettigoniinae R96
    |  i. s.: Glenbalodectes amaroo R96
    |--Onconotini R96
    |--Tettigonia K09 [Tettigoniini R96]
    |    |--T. albida K08
    |    |--T. albifrons D95
    |    |--T. cantans K09
    |    `--T. viridissima K09
    |--Platycleidini R96
    |    |--Austrodectes monticolus R96
    |    `--Platycleis K09
    |         |--P. albopunctata K09
    |         |--P. camellifolia F01
    |         `--P. denticulata F92
    |--Glyphonotini R96
    |    |--Chlorodectes montanus R96
    |    |--Ectopistidectes daptes R96
    |    `--Metaballus R96
    |         |--M. alatus R91
    |         |--M. brevipennis R96
    |         |--M. frontalis R96
    |         |--M. mucronatus R96
    |         `--M. sagaeformis R96
    `--Nedubini R96
         |--Chinnandectes R96
         |--Platyproctidectes R96
         |--Rhachidorus longipennis R96
         |--Throscodectes R96
         |--Xederra barbarae R96
         |--Oligodectoides tindalei R96
         |--Dexerra vigescens R96
         |--Ixalodectes megacercus R96
         |--Nanodectes harpax R96
         |--Antipodectes R96
         |    |--A. brevicaudus MC13
         |    `--A. giganteus R96
         |--Neduba GE05
         |    |--N. (Neduba) castanea W01
         |    `--N. extincta GE05
         |--Lanciana R96
         |    |--L. hesperpotana R96
         |    |--L. montana R96
         |    `--L. occidentalis R96
         `--Oligodectes R96
              |--O. longicercus R96
              |--O. pallens R96
              `--O. urostegus R96

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[D95] Damerdji, A. 1995. Bio-écologie du peuplement des orthoptères de la région de Ghazaouet (Tlemcen, Algérie). Mésogée 54: 73–80.

[F92] Fan Z. 1992. Key to the Common Flies of China 2^nd ed. Science Press: Beijing.

[F01] Field, L. H. 2001. Stridulatory mechanisms and associated behaviour in New Zealand wetas. In: Field, L. H. (ed.) The Biology of Wetas, King Crickets and Their Allies pp. 271–295. CABI Publishing: Wallingford (UK).

[GE05] Grimaldi, D., & M. S. Engel. 2005. Evolution of the Insects. Cambridge University Press: New York.

[K08] Kirkaldy, G. W. 1908. A catalogue of the Hemiptera of Fiji. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 33: 345–391, pl. 4.

[K09] Köhler, G. 2009. Heuschrecken (Saltatoria) und Ohrwürmner (Dermaptera) im Immissionsgebiet des Düngemittelwerkes Steudnitz/Thüringen—eine Langzeitstudie (1978–2001). Mauritiana 20 (3): 601–646.

[MC13] Majer, J. D., S. K. Callan, K. Edwards, N. R. Gunawardene & C. K. Taylor. 2013. Baseline survey of the terrestrial invertebrate fauna of Barrow Island. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 83: 13–112.

[R91] Rentz, D. C. F. 1991. Orthoptera (grasshoppers, locusts, katydids, crickets). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers vol. 1 pp. 369–393. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[R96] Rentz, D. 1996. Grasshopper Country: The abundant orthopteroid insects of Australia. University of New South Wales Press: Sydney.

[W01] Weissman, D. B. 2001. Communication and reproductive behaviour in Noth American Jerusalem crickets (Stenopelmatus) (Orthoptera: Stenopelmatidae). In: Field, L. H. (ed.) The Biology of Wetas, King Crickets and Their Allies pp. 351–375. CABI Publishing: Wallingford (UK).

Last updated: 25 May 2022.

Gryllinae

Tropical house cricket Gryllodes supplicans, copyright Elliotte Rusty Harold.

Belongs within: Grylloidea.
Contains: Gryllus.

The Gryllinae, field crickets and house crickets, include the most familiar members of the cricket family. Some species, such as the tropical house cricket Gryllodes sigillatus, have become abundant worldwide in association with human activity. The black field crickets of the genus Teleogryllus may be serious pasture pests in parts of their range in Australia and Oceania. Members of the genus Apterogryllus are large crickets that live in deep burrows in hard soils (Rentz 1996).

Characters (from Rentz 1996): Head without dorsal bristles. Fore tibia with both anterior and posterior auditory tympana, with posterior tympanum only, or without tympana. Hind tibia without spines between spurs.

<==Gryllinae R96
    |--Gymnogryllus R96 [Gymnogryllini R91]
    |--Cephalogryllus R96 [Cephalogryllini R91]
    |--Gryllomorphini R91
    |    |--Eurygryllodes gorimuis R91, MC13
    |    `--Malua R91
    |--Gryllini O94
    |    |--Gryllus RH15
    |    `--Teleogryllus O94
    |         |--T. commodus R96
    |         |--T. oceanicus (le Guillou 1841) [=Gryllus oceanicus] O94
    |         `--T. wernerianus O94
    |--Modicogryllini O94
    |    |--Modicogryllus pacificus Otte 1994 O94
    |    |--Loxoblemmus R91
    |    |--Lepidogryllus R91
    |    |    |--L. comparatus R96
    |    |    `--L. parvulus R96
    |    `--Gryllodes O94
    |         |--G. laplatae R15
    |         |--G. sigillatus (Walker 1869) [=Gryllus sigillatus] O94
    |         `--G. supplicans R91
    `--Brachytrupini [Brachytrupinae] O94
         |--Notosciobia O94
         |--Apterogryllus O94
         |    |--A. brunnerianus R96
         |    `--A. palpatus MC13
         |--Anurogryllus O94
         |    |--A. arborius O94
         |    `--A. muticus (DeGeer 1773) [=Gryllus muticus] R18
         `--Brachytrupes BM76
              |--B. achatinus BM76
              `--B. megacephalus BM76

Gryllinae incertae sedis:
  Maluagryllus R96
  Cyrtoprosopus R96
  Daintria bookandrini R96
  Yarrita pikiara R96
  Comidogryllus R96
  Birubia R96
  Buangina diminuens R96
  Melanogryllus desertus (Pallas 1771) P05
  Eumodicogryllus bordigalensis (Latreille 1804) (see below for synonymy) P05
  Hygronemobius albipalpus (Saussure 1877) [=Nemobius albipalpus] R18
  Hemigryllus ortonii (Scudder 1869) [=Nemobius ortonii; incl. H. kreichbaumeri] R18
  Aphemogryllus Rehn 1918 R18
    `--*A. gracilis Rehn 1918 R18
  Miogryllus R18
    |--M. convolutus (Johannson 1763) [=Gryllus convolutus] R18
    |--M. lineatus RH15
    |--M. tucumanensis (Giglio-Tos 1894) [=Gryllus (Miogryllus) tucumanensis] R18
    `--M. verticalis (Serville 1839) R18 (see below for synonymy)
  Aritella MC13
    |--A. curtipennis O94
    |--A. fabria O94
    |--A. murwillumba O94
    `--A. ulmarra O94
  Rufocephalus MC13

Eumodicogryllus bordigalensis (Latreille 1804) [=Modicogryllus bordigalensis, Tartarogryllus bordigalensis, T. burdigalensis (l. c.)] P05

Miogryllus verticalis (Serville 1839) R18 [=Gryllus verticalis RH15; incl. M. laplatae RH15, M. saussurei RH15]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BM76] Bohart, R. M., & A. S. Menke. 1976. Sphecid Wasps of the World. University of California Press: Berkeley.

[MC13] Majer, J. D., S. K. Callan, K. Edwards, N. R. Gunawardene & C. K. Taylor. 2013. Baseline survey of the terrestrial invertebrate fauna of Barrow Island. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 83: 13–112.

[O94] Otte, D. 1994. The Crickets of Hawaii: origin, systematics and evolution. The Orthopterists' Society: The Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.

[P05] Papapavlou, K. P. 2005. New distributional data on the Orthoptera (Saltatoria) of the northern Dodecanese (“southern Sporadhes”) archipelago, Greece. Graellsia 61 (1): 3–11.

[R15] Rehn, J. A. G. 1915. A further contribution to the knowledge of the Orthoptera of Argentina. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 67 (2): 270–292.

[R18] Rehn, J. A. G. 1918. On a collection of Orthoptera from the State of Pará, Brazil. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 70: 144–236, pls 1–2.

[RH15] Rehn, J. A. G., & M. Hebard. 1915. The genus Gryllus (Orthoptera) as found in America. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 67 (2): 293–322.

[R91] Rentz, D. C. F. 1991. Orthoptera (grasshoppers, locusts, katydids, crickets). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers 2^nd ed. vol. 1 pp. 369–393. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[R96] Rentz, D. 1996. Grasshopper Country: The abundant orthopteroid insects of Australia. University of New South Wales Press: Sydney.

Last updated: 23 May 2022.

Eneopterinae

Female Insulascirtus nythos, copyright D. C. F. Rentz.

Belongs within: Grylloidea.

The Eneopterinae, bush crickets, are a diverse group of crickets characterised by adhesive pads on the tarsi. They may be divided into tribes that mostly differ in the form of the auditory tympana on the fore tarsi. In members of the Itarini, both the anterior and posterior tympana are large and well-developed whereas in the Eneopterini the anterior tibia is reduced. The Podoscirtini vary in tympanal morphology. Podoscirtini have the middle outer apical spur on the hind tibia nearly equal in length to its adjacent spur whereas in the other two tribes the former spur is more than twice as long as the latter (Rentz 1996).

Characters (from Rentz 1996): Males often with elongate hind wings; females winged or wingless. Head usually without dorsal bristles. Hind tibia with spines between most spurs. Middle tarsal segment with an adhesive pad.

<==Eneopterinae R96
    |--Itarini [Itarinae] R96
    |    |--Phaloria anapina R96
    |    `--Tremellia australis R96
    |--Eneopterini R96
    |    |--Cardiodactylus novaeguineae R96
    |    |--Eurepa R96
    |    |--Eurepella mjobergi R96, MC13
    |    |--Lebinthus miripara R96
    |    |--Salmonites wittiliko R96
    |    |--Myara R96
    |    |    |--M. aperta R91
    |    |    |--M. pakaria R96
    |    |    `--M. wintrena R96
    |    `--Arilpa R96
    |         |--A. gidya R96
    |         |--A. milkappa R96
    |         |--A. panaroo R96
    |         |--A. pitanae R96
    |         `--A. wirrilla R96
    `--Podoscirtini [Euscyrtinae, Podoscirtinae] R96
         |--Hemiphonus R96
         |--Mundeicus tindalei R96
         |--Unka boreena R96
         |--Riatina callosifrons R96
         |--Tamborina australis R96
         |--Madasumma R96
         |--Merrinella tandanya R96
         |--Turana kiwani R96, MC13
         |--Tozeria R96
         |--Patiscus R96
         |--Euscyrtus hemelytrus R96
         |--Adenopterus norfolkensis R96
         |--Matuanus O94
         |--Archenopterus O94
         |--Umbulgaria R96
         |    |--U. hillimunga R96
         |    `--U. ita R96
         |--Aphonoides R96
         |    |--A. angustissimus R96
         |    |--A. debilis R96
         |    `--A. weeronga R96
         `--Insulascirtus R96
              |--I. christiani R96
              |--I. ellops R96
              `--I. nythos R96

Eneopterinae incertae sedis:
  Tafalisca lurida O94
  Hapithus O94
    |--H. brevipennis O94
    `--H. melodius O94
  Aphonomorphus R18
    |--A. conspersus R18
    |--A. griseus Chopard 1912 R18
    |--A. lividus R18
    |--A. major Chopard 1912 R18
    |--A. surdus Rehn 1918 R18
    `--A. variegatus R18
  Orocharis BM76

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BM76] Bohart, R. M., & A. S. Menke. 1976. Sphecid Wasps of the World. University of California Press: Berkeley.

[MC13] Majer, J. D., S. K. Callan, K. Edwards, N. R. Gunawardene & C. K. Taylor. 2013. Baseline survey of the terrestrial invertebrate fauna of Barrow Island. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 83: 13–112.

[O94] Otte, D. 1994. The Crickets of Hawaii: origin, systematics and evolution. The Orthopterists' Society: The Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.

[R18] Rehn, J. A. G. 1918. On a collection of Orthoptera from the State of Pará, Brazil. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 70: 144–236, pls 1–2.

[R91] Rentz, D. C. F. 1991. Orthoptera (grasshoppers, locusts, katydids, crickets). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers 2^nd ed. vol. 1 pp. 369–393. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[R96] Rentz, D. 1996. Grasshopper Country: The abundant orthopteroid insects of Australia. University of New South Wales Press: Sydney.

Last updated: 23 May 2022.

Nemobiinae

Caconemobius fori, copyright Alan Cressler.

Belongs within: Grylloidea.

The Nemobiinae, pygmy field crickets, are small ground-dwelling crickets found in moist habitats (Rentz 1996). Members of the tribe Thetellini are flightless and usually associated with coastal habitats such as rocky or coral beaches or mangroves (Otte 1994). Members of the tribe Pteronemobiini, found worldwide, are characterised by the presence of a glandular spur on the hind tibiae in males. The wood cricket Nemobius sylvestris is a species with reduced wings found in forest margins in Europe and northern Africa.

Characters (from Rentz 1996): With or without tegmina. Head with dorsal bristles. Hind tibia shorter than hind femur, with 2-4 internal and external subapical spurs, without spines between spurs, and with three internal and three external apical spurs. Second tarsal segment laterally compressed, without large pads.

<==Nemobiinae R96
    |--Pteronemobius R96 [Pteronemobiini O94]
    |    |--P. bigelowi M83
    |    |--P. heydeni D37
    |    |--P. nigrovus M83
    |    |--P. nundra R96
    |    |--P. regulus R96
    |    `--P. truncatus R96
    |--Nemobius BM76 [Nemobiini O94]
    |    |  i. s.: N. allardi BM76
    |    |         N. csikii Bolivar 1901 B01
    |    |         N. fasciatus BM76
    |    |           |--N. f. fasciatus RH15
    |    |           `--N. f. socius RH15
    |    |         N. heydeni B01
    |    |         N. infernalis B01
    |    |         N. nitidus Bolivar 1901 B01
    |    |         N. sylvestris I92
    |    `--N. (Argizala) R15
    |         |--N. (A.) brasiliensis (Walker 1869) R15, R18 [=Argizala brasiliensis R18]
    |         `--N. (A.) hebardi Rehn 1915 R15 [incl. N. argentinus Bruner 1916 R18]
    `--Thetellini [Burcini] O94
         |--Thetella tarnis Otte & Alexander 1983 [incl. Burcus koblovae] O94
         |--Apteronemobius O94
         |--Fikola O94
         |--Ionemobius O94
         |--Orintia O94
         |--Parapteronemobius O94
         `--Caconemobius Kirby 1906 [=Paranemobius Alfken 1901 non Saussure 1877] O94
              |--*C. schauinslandi (Alfken 1901) [=*Paranemobius schauinslandi] O94
              |--C. albus Otte 1994 O94
              |--C. anahulu Otte 1994 O94
              |--C. fori Gurney & Rentz 1978 O94
              |--C. howarthi Gurney & Rentz 1978 O94
              |--C. nihoensis Otte 1994 O94
              |--C. paralbus Otte 1994 O94
              |--C. sandwichensis Otte 1994 O94
              |--C. uuku Otte 1994 O94
              `--C. varius Gurney & Rentz 1978 O94

Nemobiinae incertae sedis:
  Bobilla R96
    |--B. neobivittata R91
    `--B. victoriae R96
  Narellina R96
  Tincanita R96
  Silvinella R96
  Nambungia R96
  Specnia R96
  Dictyonemobius R96
    |--D. lateralis R96
    `--D. pacificus R96

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BM76] Bohart, R. M., & A. S. Menke. 1976. Sphecid Wasps of the World. University of California Press: Berkeley.

[B01] Bolivar, I. 1901. Orthopterák [Orthoptères]. In: Horváth, G. (ed.) Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazása [Dritte Asiatische Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] vol. 2. Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazásának Állattani Eredményei [Zoologische Ergebnisse der Dritten Asiatischen Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] pp. 223–243. Victor Hornyánszky: Budapest, and Karl W. Hierseman: Leipzig.

[D37] Dobzhansky, T. 1937. Genetics and the Origin of Species. Columbia University Press: New York.

[I92] Imes, R. 1992. The Practical Entomologist. Aurum Press: London.

[M83] Martin, N. A. 1983. Miscellaneous observations on a pasture fauna: an annotated species list. DSIR Entomology Division Report 3: 1–98.

[O94] Otte, D. 1994. The Crickets of Hawaii: origin, systematics and evolution. The Orthopterists' Society: The Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.

[R15] Rehn, J. A. G. 1915. A further contribution to the knowledge of the Orthoptera of Argentina. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 67 (2): 270–292.

[R18] Rehn, J. A. G. 1918. On a collection of Orthoptera from the State of Pará, Brazil. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 70: 144–236, pls 1–2.

[RH15] Rehn, J. A. G., & M. Hebard. 1915. The genus Gryllus (Orthoptera) as found in America. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 67 (2): 293–322.

[R91] Rentz, D. C. F. 1991. Orthoptera (grasshoppers, locusts, katydids, crickets). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers 2^nd ed. vol. 1 pp. 369–393. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[R96] Rentz, D. 1996. Grasshopper Country: The abundant orthopteroid insects of Australia. University of New South Wales Press: Sydney.

Last updated: 23 May 2022.

Acridinae

Slant-faced pasture grasshopper Orphulella speciosa, copyright Mathew Brust.

Belongs within: Acridoidea.

The Acridinae are a group of grasshoppers in which the prosternum lacks a central tubercle or spine (Rentz 1996). They include the cone-headed grasshoppers of the genus Acrida, relatively large grasshoppers with an elongate head and flat sword-shaped antennae. The migratory locust Locusta migratoria is widespread in the Old World and represents a serious pest species in some regions.

<==Acridinae [Locustinae] R96
    |--Froggattina australis R96
    |--Calephorops viridis K91
    |--Schizobothrus flavovittatus R96, R91
    |--Cryptobothrus chrysophorus R96
    |--Perala R96
    |--Caledia captiva R96
    |--Rapsilla R96
    |--Qualetta maculata R96
    |--Pycnostictus seriatus R96
    |--Pseudaiolopus R96
    |--Heteropternis obscurella K91
    |--Gastrimargus musicus R96
    |--Chortoicetes terminifera R96
    |--Colpolopha obsoleta (Serville 1831) [=Tropinotus obsoletus] R18
    |--Oxyblepta xanthoclora (Marschall 1835) [=Gryllus xanthochlorus] R18
    |--Mastusia caeruleipennis Bruner 1911 R18
    |--Eumastusia R18
    |--Vilerna aeneooculata (DeGeer 1773) [=Acrydium aeneooculatum] R18
    |--Ageneotettix BM76
    |--Amphitornus BM76
    |--Aulocara BM76
    |--Hyalopteryx rufipennis R15
    |--Orphula pagana R15
    |--Parorphula graminea R15
    |--Fenestra bohlsii R15
    |--Staurorhectus longicornis R15
    |--Scyllina picta R15
    |--Coryacris angustipennis R15
    |--Elaeochlora viridicata R15
    |--Chromacris miles R15
    |--Diponthus paraguayensis R15
    |--Zygoclistron superbum R15
    |--Aleuas gracilis R15
    |--Parapleurus alliaeus E66, BM76
    |--Chloropseustes Rehn 1918 R18
    |    `--*C. leucotylus Rehn 1918 R18
    |--Tropidacris R18
    |    |--T. collaris (Stoll 1813) [=Gryllus (Locusta) collaris] R18
    |    `--T. dux SBM11
    |--Stenacris R18
    |    |--S. cylindrodes (Stål 1860) [=Opsomala cylindrodes] R18
    |    `--S. interior R15
    |--Tetrataenia R18
    |    |--T. phila Rehn 1918 R18
    |    `--T. surinama (Linnaeus 1764) [=Gryllus surinamus] R18
    |--Bucephalacris R18
    |    |--*B. corallipes Bruner 1911 R18
    |    `--B. falcifer Rehn 1918 R18
    |--Osmilia R18
    |    |--O. flavolineata (DeGeer 1773) [=Acrydium flavolineatum] R18
    |    `--O. violacea R18
    |--Amblytropidia R15
    |    |--A. australis R15
    |    `--A. robusta R15
    |--Diedronotus R15
    |    |--D. discoideus R15
    |    `--D. laevipes R15
    |--Inusia R15
    |    |--I. gracillima R15
    |    `--I. pallida R15
    |--Leiotettix R15
    |    |--L. pulcher R15
    |    `--L. sanguineus R15
    |--Stauroderus E66
    |    |--S. scalaris F92
    |    |--S. schmidti BM76
    |    `--S. vagans E66
    |--Zoniopoda R15
    |    |--Z. cruentata R15
    |    |--Z. iheringi R15
    |    |--Z. omnicolor R15
    |    `--Z. tarsata R15
    |--Sitalces R18
    |    |--S. apterus (Scudder 1875) [=Ommatolampis apterus] R18
    |    |--S. debilis R18
    |    |--S. jugatus Rehn 1918 R18
    |    |--S. nudus R18
    |    `--S. ovatipennis Bruner 1908 R18
    |--Dichroplus R15
    |    |--D. bergii R15
    |    |--D. dubius R15
    |    |--D. elongatus R15
    |    |--D. punctulatus R15
    |    `--D. robustulus R15
    |--Austroicetes R96
    |    |--A. cruciata R96
    |    |--A. frater R96
    |    |--A. interioris R91
    |    |--A. nullaborensis R91
    |    |--A. pusilla W70
    |    |--A. tricolor K90
    |    `--A. vulgaris R96
    |--Orphulella R18
    |    |--O. boucardi (Bruner 1904) [=Linoceratium boucardi] R18
    |    |--O. compta E70
    |    |--O. concinnula E70
    |    |--O. olivacea E70
    |    |--O. pelidna E70
    |    |--O. punctata (DeGeer 1773) [=Acrydium punctatum] R18
    |    |--O. speciosa E70
    |    `--O. tepaneca E70
    `--Acrida Linnaeus 1758 L58
         |--A. acuminata S63
         |--A. bara Steinmann 1963 S63
         |--A. bicolor S63
         |--A. caucasica S63
         |--A. cheesmanae S63
         |--A. chinensis [=Tryxalis chinensis] B01
         |--A. cinerea S63
         |--A. confusa S63
         |--A. conica R96
         |--A. coronata Steinmann 1963 S63
         |--A. crassicollis S63
         |--A. crida Steinmann 1963 S63
         |--A. csikii Bolivar 1901 B01
         |--A. exaltata S63
         |--A. exota Steinmann 1963 S63
         |--A. formosana Steinmann 1963 S63
         |--A. fumata Steinmann 1963 S63
         |--A. granulata S63
         |--A. gyarosi Steinmann 1963 S63
         |--A. herbacea S63
         |--A. hsiai Steinmann 1963 S63
         |--A. incallida S63
         |--A. indica S63
         |--A. kozlovi S63
         |--A. lata BM76
         |--A. lineata B01
         |--A. madecassa S63
         |--A. maroccana S63
         |--A. montana Steinmann 1963 S63
         |--A. nasuta (Linnaeus 1758) [=Gryllus (Acrida) nasutus] L58
         |--A. oxycephala F92
         |--A. propinqua S63
         |--A. rufipes Steinmann 1963 S63
         |--A. shanghaica Steimann 1963 S63
         |--A. subtilis S63
         |--A. sulphuripennis S63
         |--A. testacea S63
         |--A. tjiamuica Steinmann 1963 S63
         |--A. turrita (Linnaeus 1758) [=Gryllus (Acrida) turritus] L58
         |--A. ungarica S63
         `--A. willemsei S63

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BM76] Bohart, R. M., & A. S. Menke. 1976. Sphecid Wasps of the World. University of California Press: Berkeley.

[B01] Bolivar, I. 1901. Orthopterák [Orthoptères]. In: Horváth, G. (ed.) Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazása [Dritte Asiatische Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] vol. 2. Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazásának Állattani Eredményei [Zoologische Ergebnisse der Dritten Asiatischen Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] pp. 223–243. Victor Hornyánszky: Budapest, and Karl W. Hierseman: Leipzig.

[E70] Eades, D. C. 1970. Theoretical and procedural aspects of numerical phyletics. Systematic Zoology 19 (2): 142–171.

[E66] Evans, H. E. 1966. The Comparative Ethology and Evolution of the Sand Wasps. Harvard University Press: Cambridge (Massachusetts).

[F92] Fan Z. 1992. Key to the Common Flies of China 2^nd ed. Science Press: Beijing.

[K90] Key, K. H. L. 1990. Host relations and distribution of species of Caeculisoma (Acarina: Erythraeidae) parasitising grasshoppers in Australia, with supplementary information for the genus Trombella (Trombellidae). Australian Journal of Zoology 38: 11–18.

[K91] Key, K. H. L. 1991. Host relations and distribution of Australian species of Charletonia (Acarina: Erythraeidae) parasitising grasshoppers. Australian Journal of Zoology 39: 31–43.

[L58] Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Laurentii Salvii: Holmiae.

[R15] Rehn, J. A. G. 1915. A further contribution to the knowledge of the Orthoptera of Argentina. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 67 (2): 270–292.

[R18] Rehn, J. A. G. 1918. On a collection of Orthoptera from the State of Pará, Brazil. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 70: 144–236, pls 1–2.

[R91] Rentz, D. C. F. 1991. Orthoptera (grasshoppers, locusts, katydids, crickets). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers 2^nd ed. vol. 1 pp. 369–393. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[R96] Rentz, D. 1996. Grasshopper Country: The abundant orthopteroid insects of Australia. University of New South Wales Press: Sydney.

[SBM11] Solomon, E. P., L. R. Berg & D. W. Martin (eds) 2011. Biology 9^th ed. Brooks/Cole Cengage Learning.

[S63] Steinmann, H. 1963. New species of the genus Acrida L. (Orthoptera) from Africa and Asia. Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 9 (3–4): 403–427.

[W70] White, M. J. D. 1970. Cytogenetics. In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers pp. 72–82. Melbourne University Press.

Last updated: 22 May 2022.