Buxanae

Japanese box Buxus microphylla, copyright David J. Stang.

Belongs within: Mesangiospermae.

The Buxanae are a group of shrubs characterised by formation of a multilayered testa in ripe seeds.

<==Buxanae
    |--Rhoiptelea T00 [Rhoipteleaceae, Rhoipteleales D01]
    |    `--R. pontwallensis (Vangerow) Knobloch & Mai 1986 CBH93
    `--Buxaceae [Buxales, Buxineae, Didymelaceae, Haptanthaceae] CD07
         |--Didymeles CD07
         |--Macropodandra YY22
         |--Notobuxus YY22
         |--Sarcococca saligna CP02
         |--Haptanthus APG16
         |--Erdtmanipollis Jarzen & Norris 1975 CBH93
         |--Grootipollis calvoerdensis Krutzsch & Lenk 1969 CBH93
         |--Schizocolpus marlinensis CBH93
         |--Pachysandra MH98
         |    |--P. ascidiiformis Mai in Mai & Walther 1985 CBH93
         |    `--P. terminalis MH98
         `--Buxus [Buxoideae] CD07
              |--B. microphylla MS10
              `--B. sempervirens Linnaeus 1753 CD07
                   |--B. s. var. sempervirens S00
                   `--B. s. var. suffruticosa S00

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[APG16] Angiosperm Phylogeny Group. 2016. An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 181: 1–20.

[CD07] Cantino, P. D., J. A. Doyle, S. W. Graham, W. S. Judd, R. G. Olmstead, D. E. Soltis, P. S. Soltis & M. J. Donoghue. 2007. Towards a phylogenetic nomenclature of Tracheophyta. Taxon 56 (3): E1–E44.

[CP02] Chung, S.-W., & C.-I. Peng. 2002. Senecio kuanshanensis (Asteraceae), a new species from southern Taiwan. Botanical Bulletin of Academia Sinica 43: 155–159.

[CBH93] Collinson, M. E., M. C. Boulter & P. L. Holmes. 1993. Magnoliophyta (‘Angiospermae’). In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 809–841. Chapman & Hall: London.

[D01] Doweld, A. B. 2001. The systematic relevance of fruit and seed structure in Bersama and Melianthus (Melianthaceae). Plant Systematics and Evolution 227: 75–103.

[MS10] Moore, M. J., P. S. Soltis, C. D. Bell, J. G. Burleigh & D. E. Soltis. 2010. Phylogenetic analysis of 83 plastid genes further resolves the early diversification of eudicots. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 107 (10): 4623–4628.

[MH98] Morikawa, H., A. Higaki, M. Nohno, M. Takahashi, M. Kamada, M. Nakata, G. Toyohara, Y. Okamura, K. Matsui, S. Kitani, K. Fujita, K. Irifune & N. Goshima. 1998. More than a 600-fold variation in nitrogen dioxide assimilation among 217 plant taxa. Plant, Cell and Environment 21: 180–190.

[S00] Siddiqi, M. R. 2000. Tylenchida: Parasites of plants and insects 2^nd ed. CABI Publishing: Wallingford (UK).

[T00] Thorne, R. F. 2000. The classification and geography of the flowering plants: dicotyledons of the class Angiospermae (subclasses Magnoliidae, Ranunculidae, Caryophyllidae, Dilleniidae, Rosidae, Asteridae, and Lamiidae). The Botanical Review 66: 441–647.

[YY22] Yampolsky, C., & H. Yampolsky. 1922. Distribution of sex forms in the phanerogamic flora. Bibliotheca Genetica 3: 1–62.

Delphinium

Hairy delphinium Delphinium vestitum, from here.

Belongs within: Ranunculaceae.

Delphinium is a genus of perennial herbs bearing bilateral flowers with the upper sepals spurred (Hickman 1993).

Characters (from Hickman 1993): Perennial; root gen <10 cm, more or less fibrous or fleshy; buds generally obscure. Stem generally 1, erect, generally unbranched; base generally more or less as wide as root, generally firmly attached to root, generally more or less reddish or purplish. Leaves simple, basal and cauline, petioled; blades generally palmately lobed, deep lobes generally 3-5, generally <6 mm wide, generally also lobed; lower leaves generally dry, often absent in flower; cauline merging into bracts upward. Inflorescence a raceme or somewhat branched, terminal; flowers generally 10-25; pedicels generally more or less spreading. Flower bilateral; sepals 5, petal-like, generally spreading, generally more or less dark blue, uppermost spurred; petals 4, smaller than sepals, upper 2 with nectar-secreting spurs enclosed in uppermost sepal, lower 2 clawed, with blades generally 4-8 mm, notched, generally more or less perpendicular to claws, generally colored like sepals, generally obviously hairy; pistils 3(—5). Fruit an aggregate of 3(-5) erect follicles, generally 2.5-4x longer than wide. Seed dark brown to black, often appearing white, generally winged when immature, generally without inflated collar; coat cell margins generally straight.

<==Delphinium
    |--D. ajacis TG88
    |--D. andersonii [incl. D. andersonii ssp. cognatum, D. decorum ssp. nevadense] H93
    |--D. anthriscifolium WC00
    |    |--D. a. var. anthriscifolium WC00
    |    `--D. a. var. savatieri (Franch.) Munz. 1967 WC00
    |--D. antoninum H93
    |--D. bakeri H93
    |--D. brunonianum O88
    |--D. caeruleum O88
    |--D. californicum H93
    |    |--D. c. ssp. californicum H93
    |    `--D. c. ssp. interius H93
    |--D. cardinale H93
    |--D. carolinianum S72
    |--D. consolida C55
    |--D. cooperi O88
    |--D. decorum H93
    |    |--D. d. ssp. decorum H93
    |    `--D. d. ssp. tracyi H93
    |--D. densiflorum O88
    |--D. depauperatum [incl. D. diversifolium ssp. harneyense] H93
    |--D. drepanocentrum O88
    |--D. elatum R35
    |--D. glaciale O88
    |--D. glaucum H93
    |--D. gracilentum [incl. D. patens ssp. greenei, D. pratense] H93
    |--D. gypsophilum H93
    |    |--D. g. ssp. gypsophilum H93
    |    `--D. g. ssp. parviflorum H93
    |--D. halteratum H90
    |--D. hansenii H93
    |    |--D. h. ssp. hansenii [incl. D. hansenii var. arcuatum] H93
    |    |--D. h. ssp. ewanianum H93
    |    `--D. h. ssp. kernense H93
    |--D. hesperium H93
    |    |--D. h. ssp. hesperium H93
    |    |--D. h. ssp. cuyamacae H93
    |    `--D. h. ssp. pallescens H93
    |--D. himalayai O88
    |--D. hutchinsoniae H93
    |--D. × inflexum H93
    |--D. inopinum H93
    |--D. kamaonense O88
    |--D. luteum H93
    |--D. nepalense O88
    |--D. nortonii O88
    |    |--D. n. var. nortonii O88
    |    `--D. n. var. curvicalcaratum O88
    |--D. nudicaule H93
    |--D. nuttallianum [incl. D. sonnei] H93
    |--D. parishii H93
    |    |--D. p. ssp. parishii H93
    |    |--D. p. ssp. pallidum H93
    |    `--D. p. ssp. subglobosum H93
    |--D. parryi H93
    |    |--D. p. ssp. parryi [incl. D. parryi ssp. seditiosum] H93
    |    |--D. p. ssp. blochmaniae H93
    |    |--D. p. ssp. eastwoodiae H93
    |    |--D. p. ssp. maritimum H93
    |    `--D. p. ssp. purpureum [=D. parishii ssp. purpureum] H93
    |--D. patens H93
    |    |--D. p. ssp. patens H93
    |    |--D. p. ssp. hepaticoideum H93
    |    `--D. p. ssp. montanum H93
    |--D. polycladon H93
    |--D. purpusii H93
    |--D. recurvatum H93
    |--D. stachydeum H93
    |--D. tricorne J23
    |--D. trolliifolium H93
    |--D. uliginosum H93
    |--D. umbraculorum H93
    |--D. variegatum H93
    |    |--D. v. ssp. variegatum [incl. D. variegatum f. superbum] H93
    |    |--D. v. ssp. kinkiense H93
    |    `--D. v. ssp. thornei H93
    |--D. vestitum O88
    `--D. viscosum O88

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[C55] Candolle, A. de. 1855. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 2. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[H90] Harden, G. J. (ed.) 1990. Flora of New South Wales vol. 1. New South Wales University Press.

[H93] Hickman, J. C. (ed.) 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press: Berkeley (California).

[J23] James, E. 1823. Account of an Expedition from Pittsburgh to the Rocky Mountains, performed in the years 1819 and '20, by order of the Hon. J. C. Calhoun, sec'y of war: under the command of Major Stephen H. Long. From the notes of Major Long, Mr. T. Say, and other gentlemen of the exploring party vol. 1. H. C. Carey & I. Lea: Philadelphia.

[O88] Ohba, H. 1988. The alpine flora of the Nepal Himalayas: an introductory note. In: Ohba, H., & S. B. Malla (eds) The Himalayan Plants vol. 1. The University Museum, University of Tokyo, Bulletin 31: 19–46.

[R35] Rayment, T. 1935. A Cluster of Bees: Sixty essays on the life-histories of Australian bees, with specific descriptions of over 100 new species. Endeavour Press: Sydney.

[S72] Shields, O. 1972. Flower visitation records for butterflies (Lepidoptera). Pan-Pacific Entomologist 48 (3): 189–203.

[TG88] Tepfer, D., A. Goldmann, N. Pamboukdjian, M. Maille, A. Lepingle, D. Chevalier, J. Dénarié & C. Rosenberg. 1988. A plasmid of Rhizobium meliloti 41 encodes catabolism of two compounds from root exudate of Calystegium sepium. Journal of Bacteriology 170 (3): 1153–1161.

[WC00] Wang R.-J. & Chen Z.-Y. 2000. New data of some Ranunculaceae plants in China. Acta Botanica Yunnanica 22: 126–128.

Anemone

Poppy anemone Anemone coronaria, copyright Stefano.

Belongs within: Ranunculaceae.

Anemone is a genus of perennial herbs found in temperate regions worldwide, a number of species of which are cultivated as ornamentals (Hickman 1993).

Characters (from Hickman 1993): Perennial from stout, simple to branched caudex, rhizome, or tuber. Stems 1-several, erect, generally simple. Leaves simple to 1-ternate, blade or leaflet toothed to dissected; basal leaves rosetted, petioled, in flower or fruit withered or persistent; cauline leaves generallu 2-3, in whorls, petiole absent to short. Inflorescence terminal; peduncles 1—5, erect, 1-flowered, in fruit elongated. Flower radial; receptacle in fruit elongated; sepals 5-8(10), petal-like; petals absent; pistils many, styles in fruit generally persistent, generally glabrous to puberulent. Fruit achenes, densely clustered.

<==Anemone Linnaeus 1753 A61
    |--*A. coronaria BGS05
    |--A. alpina C55a
    |--A. apennina C55b
    |--A. deltoidea H93
    |--A. demissa O88
    |    |--A. d. var. demissa O88
    |    `--A. d. var. vilosissima O88
    |--A. drummondii H93
    |--A. fuscopurpurea O88
    |--A. geum O88
    |--A. hepatica [incl. Hepatica triloba] J23
    |--A. hortensis BGS05
    |--A. multifida D03
    |--A. obtusiloba O88
    |--A. occidentalis H93
    |--A. oregana [=A. quinquefolia var. oregana; incl. A. quinquefolia var. grayii, A. oregana var. minor] H93
    |--A. palmata BGS05
    |--A. pavonina PT98
    |--A. polyanthes O88
    |--A. polycarpa O88
    |--A. rivularis O88
    |--A. rupestris O88
    |--A. rupicola O88
    |--A. smithiana O88
    |--A. tenella J23
    |--A. tenuicaulis (Cheesem.) Parkin & Sledge 1935 [=Ranunculus tenuicaulis Cheesem. 1885] A61
    |--A. thalictroides J23
    |--A. trullifolia O88
    `--A. tuberosa H93

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A61] Allan, H. H. 1961. Flora of New Zealand vol. 1. Indigenous Tracheophyta: Psilopsida, Lycopsida, Filicopsida, Gymnospermae, Dicotyledones. R. E. Owen, Government Printer: Wellington (New Zealand).

[BGS05] Banfi, E., G. Galasso & A. Soldano. 2005. Notes on systematics and taxonomy for the Italian vascular flora. 1. Atti Soc. It. Sci. Nat. Museo Civ. Stor. Nat. Milano 146 (2): 219–244.

[C55a] Candolle, A. de. 1855a. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 1. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[C55b] Candolle, A. de. 1855b. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 2. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[D03] Dusén, P. 1903. The vegetation of western Patagonia. In: Scott, W. B. (ed.) Reports of the Princeton University Expeditions to Patagonia, 1896–1899 vol. 8. Botany pp. 1–34. The University: Princeton (New Jersey).

[H93] Hickman, J. C. (ed.) 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press: Berkeley (California).

[J23] James, E. 1823. Account of an Expedition from Pittsburgh to the Rocky Mountains, performed in the years 1819 and '20, by order of the Hon. J. C. Calhoun, sec'y of war: under the command of Major Stephen H. Long. From the notes of Major Long, Mr. T. Say, and other gentlemen of the exploring party vol. 1. H. C. Carey & I. Lea: Philadelphia.

[O88] Ohba, H. 1988. The alpine flora of the Nepal Himalayas: an introductory note. In: Ohba, H., & S. B. Malla (eds) The Himalayan Plants vol. 1. The University Museum, University of Tokyo, Bulletin 31: 19-46.

[PT98] Panitsa, M., & D. Tzanoudakis. 1998. Contribution to the study of the Greek flora: flora and vegetation of the E Aegean islands Agathonisi and Pharmakonisi. Willdenowia 28: 95–116.

Haloragaceae

Parrot's feather Myriophyllum aquaticum, copyright Harry Rose.

Belongs within: Hamamelidaceae.

The Haloragaceae are a group of often aquatic plants that are most diverse in the Southern Hemisphere (Hickman 1993).

Characters (from Hickman 1993): Annuals, perennials or shrubs, generally monoecious, generally aquatic. Leaves cauline, opposite, alternate, or whorled; submersed blades with pinnate, thread-like divisions; aerial leaves simple, entire to divided. Inflorescence a panicle, raceme, or spike; flowers 1 or clustered, short-pedicelled to more or less sessile. Flowers generally unisexual, small, biradial; calyx tube short, fused to ovary, lobes 2-4; petals generally 2-4; stamens 4 or 8, filaments generally short; ovary inferior, chambers 1-4, styles 2-4, separate, stigmas generally plumose. Fruit fleshy or nut-like, dehiscent or not. Seeds generally 1 per chamber.

Haloragaceae [Haloragales]
    |--Laurembergia YY22
    |--Haloragodendron glandulosum G04b
    |--Hippuridella stacheana Edwards 1932 CBH93
    |--Proserpinaca palustris CBH93, M83
    |--Glischrocaryon RL05
    |    |--G. aureum RL05
    |    |    |--G. a. var. aureum G04b
    |    |    `--G. a. var. angustifolium G04b
    |    `--G. flavescens G04a
    |--Gonocarpus LK14
    |    |--G. aggregatus W91
    |    |--G. chinensis LK14
    |    |--G. cordiger GK00
    |    |--G. hexandrus GK00
    |    |    |--G. h. ssp. hexandrus GK00
    |    |    `--G. h. ssp. integrifolius GK00
    |    |--G. implexus LK14
    |    |--G. leptothecus LK14
    |    |--G. nodulosus G04a
    |    |--G. paniculatus GK00
    |    `--G. pithyoides GK00
    |--Myriophyllum Linnaeus 1753 A61
    |    |--M. alterniflorum C55
    |    |--M. aquaticum [incl. M. brasiliense] H93
    |    |--M. callitrichoides LK14
    |    |    |--M. c. ssp. callitrichoides LK14
    |    |    `--M. c. ssp. striatum LK14
    |    |--M. costatum LK14
    |    |--M. crispatum LK14
    |    |--M. dicoccum LK14
    |    |--M. drummondii GK00
    |    |--M. elatinoides Gaud. 1825 A61
    |    |--M. exalbescens B97
    |    |--M. filiforme LK14
    |    |--M. heterophyllum H63
    |    |--M. hippuroides H93
    |    |--M. limnophilum GK00
    |    |--M. pedunculatum Hook. f. 1847 A61
    |    |--M. propinquum Cunn. 1839 (see below for synonymy) A61
    |    |--M. robustum Hook. f. 1864 A61
    |    |--M. sibiricum H93
    |    |--M. spicatum H06
    |    |--M. tenellum V72
    |    |--M. tillaeoides GK00
    |    |--M. trachycarpum LK14
    |    |--M. verrucosum LK14
    |    |--M. verticillatum D03
    |    `--M. votschii Schindler 1905 A61
    `--Haloragis Forster & Forster 1776 A61
         |  i. s.: H. aspera NDA05
         |         H. asperrima A61
         |         H. brownii GK00
         |         H. depressa (Cunn.) Walp. 1843 (see below for synonymy) A61
         |           |--H. d. var. depressa C06
         |           `--H. d. var. serpyllifolia [=Gonicarpus serpyllifolius; incl. G. vernicosus] C06
         |         H. exalata A61
         |         H. gossei KM08
         |         H. incana (Cunn.) Walp. 1843 (see below for synonymy) A61
         |         H. laevis A61
         |         H. masafuerana Skottsberg 1922 A61
         |         H. masatierrana Skottsberg 1922 A61
         |         H. micrantha (Thunb.) Br. ex Siebold & Zucc. 1843 (see below for synonymy) A61
         |         H. procumbens Cheesem. 1910 (see below for synonymy) A61
         |         H. salsoloides H87
         |         H. serra NDA05
         |         H. tetragyna A61 [=Goniocarpus tetragynus C06]
         |         H. trigonocarpa A61
         `--H. subsect. Cercodia A61
              |--H. cartilaginea Cheesem. 1897 [=H. alata var. cartilaginea Cheesem. 1906] A61
              |--H. colensoi Skottsberg 1922 A61
              `--H. erecta (Banks ex Murr.) Eichl. 1878 (see below for synonymy) A61

Haloragis depressa (Cunn.) Walp. 1843 [=Goniocarpus depressus Cunn. 1839; incl. H. aggregata Buchan. 1872, H. depressa var. aggregata (Buchan.) Kirk 1899, H. bibracteolata Col. 1890, H. uniflora var. bibracteolata (Col.) Schindler 1905, H. spicata Petrie 1887, H. depressa var. spicata (Petrie) Schindler 1905, H. uniflora Kirk 1877, H. depressa var. uniflora (Kirk) Cheesem. 1910] A61

Haloragis erecta (Banks ex Murr.) Eichl. 1878 [=Cercodia erecta Banks ex Murr. 1781; incl. H. alata Jacquin 1781, C. alternifolia Cunn. 1839, H. caprae Chiovenda & Vaccari 1933] A61

Haloragis incana (Cunn.) Walp. 1843 [=Cercodia incana Cunn. 1839, H. tetragyna var. incana Kirk 1899] A61

Haloragis micrantha (Thunb.) Br. ex Siebold & Zucc. 1843 [=Gonocarpus micranthus Thunb. 1783; incl. G. citriodorus Cunn. 18739, Haloragis minima Colenso 1886, H. tenella Brong. 1829 (preoc.)] A61

Haloragis procumbens Cheesem. 1910 [incl. H. tetragyna var. diffusa Hook. f. 1852, H. diffusa (Hook. f.) Ckn. 1909 non Diels 1904] A61

Myriophyllum propinquum Cunn. 1839 [=M. propinquum var. tenuifolium Schindler 1905; incl. M. propinquum var. genuinum Schindler 1905, M. intermedium Kirk 1899 (preoc.), M. variaefolium Hook. f. 1840] A61

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A61] Allan, H. H. 1961. Flora of New Zealand vol. 1. Indigenous Tracheophyta: Psilopsida, Lycopsida, Filicopsida, Gymnospermae, Dicotyledones. R. E. Owen, Government Printer: Wellington (New Zealand).

[B97] Brown, K. M. 1997. Temporal and spatial patterns of abundance in the gastropod assemblage of a macrophyte bed. American Malacological Bulletin 14 (1): 27–33.

[C55] Candolle, A. de. 1855. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 2. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[C06] Cheeseman, T. F. 1906. Manual of the New Zealand Flora. John Mackay, Government Printer: Wellington.

[CBH93] Collinson, M. E., M. C. Boulter & P. L. Holmes. 1993. Magnoliophyta (‘Angiospermae’). In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 809–841. Chapman & Hall: London.

[D03] Dusén, P. 1903. The vegetation of western Patagonia. In: Scott, W. B. (ed.) Reports of the Princeton University Expeditions to Patagonia, 1896–1899 vol. 8. Botany pp. 1–34. The University: Princeton (New Jersey).

[G04a] Gibson, N. 2004a. Flora and vegetation of the Eastern Goldfields Ranges: part 6. Mt Manning Range. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 87 (2): 35–47.

[G04b] Gibson, N. 2004b. Flora and vegetation of the Eastern Goldfields Ranges: part 7. Middle and South Ironcap, Digger Rock and Hatter Hill. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 87 (2): 49–62.

[GK00] Gibson, N., & G. J. Keighery. 2000. Flora and vegetation of the Byenup-Muir reserve system, south-west Western Australia. CALMScience 3 (3): 323–402.

[H87] Haviland, E. 1887. Flowering seasons of Australian plants. No. I—List of plants indigenous in the neighbourhood of Sydney, flowering during July. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, series 2, 1 (4): 1049–1051.

[H63] Heard, W. H. 1963. Reproductive features of Valvata. Nautilus 77 (2): 64–68.

[H06] Henderson, L. 2006. Comparisons of invasive plants in southern Africa originating from southern temperate, northern temperate and tropical regions. Bothalia 36 (2): 201–222.

[H93] Hickman, J. C. (ed.) 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press: Berkeley (California).

[KM08] Keighery, G. J., & W. Muir. 2008. Vegetation and vascular flora of Faure Island, Shark Bay, Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 75: 11–19.

[LK14] Lyons, M. N., G. J. Keighery, L. A. Gibson & T. Handasyde. 2014. Flora and vegetation communities of selected islands off the Kimberley coast of Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 81: 205–244.

[M83] Myers, R. L. 1983. Site susceptibility to invasion by the exotic tree Melaleuca quinquenervia in southern Florida. Journal of Applied Ecology 20: 645–658.

[NDA05] Nickrent, D. L., J. P. Der & F. E. Anderson. 2005. Discovery of the photosynthetic relatives of the "Maltese mushroom" Cynomorium. BMC Evolutionary Biology 5: 38.

[RL05] Rafferty, C., & B. B. Lamont. 2005. Selective feeding by macropods on vegetation regenerating following fire. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 88 (4): 155–165.

[V72] Voss, E. G. 1972. Michigan Flora. Part I. Gymnosperms and Monocots. Cranbrook Institute of Science and University of Michigan Herbarium.

[YY22] Yampolsky, C., & H. Yampolsky. 1922. Distribution of sex forms in the phanerogamic flora. Bibliotheca Genetica 3: 1–62.

Saxifragaceae

Iowa golden saxifrage Chrysosplenium iowense, copyright Tab Tannery.

Belongs within: Hamamelidaceae.
Contains: Heuchera, Saxifraga.

The Saxifragaceae are a diverse group of perennial herbs and subshrubs that are most diverse in temperate and boreal regions.

Characters (from Hickman 1993): Perennial or subshrub from caudex or rhizome, generally more or less hairy. Stem often more or less leafy on lower half, rarely trailing and leafy throughout. Leaves generally simple, basal or sometimes cauline, generally alternate, generally petioled; veins more or less palmate. Inflorescence a panicle, generally more or less scapose. Flowers generally bisexual, generally radial; hypanthium free to more or less fused to ovary; calyx lobes generally 5: petals generally 5, free, generally clawed, generally white; stamens generally 5 or 10; pistils 2 and simple or 1 and compound (chambers 1-2, placentas 2-4, axile or parietal), ovary superior to inferior, sometimes more superior in fruit, styles generally 2. Fruit 2 follicles or 2—4-valved capsule. Seeds generally many, small.

Saxifragaceae [Saxifragoideae]
    |--Saxifragella albowiana NDA05
    `--+--+--Astilbe [Astilboideae] NDA05
       |  |    `--A. taquetii NDA05
       |  `--+--+--Tanakaea radicans NDA05
       |     |  `--Leptarrhena pyrifolia NDA05
       |     `--+--+--Telesonix heucheriformis NDA05
       |        |  `--Jepsonia NDA05
       |        |       |--J. heterandra [=J. parryi var. heterandra] H93
       |        |       |--J. malvifolia H93
       |        |       `--J. parryi NDA05
       |        `--+--Sullivantia oregana NDA05
       |           `--+--Bolandra NDA05
       |              |    |--B. californica H93
       |              |    `--B. oregana NDA05
       |              `--Boykinia NDA05
       |                   |--B. intermedia NDA05
       |                   |--B. major H93
       |                   |--B. occidentalis [incl. B. elata] H93
       |                   `--B. rotundifolia NDA05
       `--+--+--+--Tolmiea menziesii NDA05
          |  |  `--Bensoniella oregona NDA05 [=Bensonia oregana H93]
          |  `--+--Elmera racemosa NDA05
          |     `--+--Tiarella NDA05
          |        |    |--T. polyphylla O88
          |        |    `--T. trifoliata H93
          |        |         |--T. t. var. trifoliata H93
          |        |         `--T. t. var. unifoliata H93
          |        `--+--Heuchera NDA05
          |           `--+--Tellima grandiflora NDA05
          |              `--Mitella NDA05
          |                   |--M. breweri H93
          |                   |--M. caulescens H93
          |                   |--M. diversifolia NDA05
          |                   |--M. nuda NDA05
          |                   |--M. ovalis H93
          |                   |--M. pentandra NDA05
          |                   `--M. trifida H93
          `--+--+--+--Astilboides tabularis NDA05
             |  |  |--Darmera peltata NDA05 [=Peltiphyllum peltatum H93]
             |  |  `--Rodgersia pinnata NDA05
             |  `--+--Mukdenia rosii NDA05
             |     `--Bergenia NDA05
             |          |--B. cordifolia JK80
             |          `--B. purpurascens O88
             `--+--Saxifraga NDA05
                `--+--Peltoboykinia tellimoides NDA05
                   `--Chrysosplenium Linnaeus 1753 NDA05, KC01
                        |--C. carnosum O88
                        |--C. forrestii O88
                        |--C. glechomifolium H93
                        |--C. iowense NDA05
                        |--C. nepalense O88
                        |--C. nudicaule O88
                        |    |--C. n. var. nudicaule O88
                        |    `--C. n. var. intermedium O88
                        |--C. tenellum O88
                        `--C. uniflorum O88

Saxifragaceae incertae sedis:
  Broussaissia YY22
  Jurraniodendron YY22
  Dedea YY22
  Suksdorfia ranunculifolia H93
  Lithophragma H93
    |--L. affine [incl. L. affine ssp. mixtum, L. tripartita] H93
    |--L. bolanderi [incl. L. scabrella] H93
    |--L. cymbalaria H93
    |--L. glabrum [incl. L. bulbiferum] H93
    |--L. heterophyllum H93
    |--L. maximum H93
    |--L. parviflorum H93
    |    |--L. p. var. parviflorum H93
    |    `--L. p. var. trifoliatum H93
    `--L. tenellum [incl. L. breviloba, L. rupicola] H93
  Saxifragopsis fragarioides [=Saxifraga fragarioides] H93
  Saxifragispermum spinosissimum Reid & Chandler 1933 CBH93
  Elmeria Ridl. 1905 KC01
  Adenanthemum P92
  Stephanostemon P92
  Micranthes BGS05
    |--M. engleri (Dalla Torre) Galasso, Banfi & Soldano in Banfi, Galasso & Soldano 2005 (see below for synonymy) BGS05
    |--‘Saxifraga’ gageana WO88
    |--‘Saxifraga’ pallida WO88
    `--M. stellaris (L.) Galasso, Banfi & Soldano in Banfi, Galasso & Soldano 2005 (see below for synonymy) BGS05
  Cascadia BGS05
  Oresitrophe BGS05

Micranthes engleri (Dalla Torre) Galasso, Banfi & Soldano in Banfi, Galasso & Soldano 2005 [=Saxifraga engleri Dalla Torre 1882, S. stellaris ssp. engleri; incl. S. stellaris ssp. alpigena, S. stellaris ssp. robusta] BGS05

Micranthes stellaris (L.) Galasso, Banfi & Soldano in Banfi, Galasso & Soldano 2005 [=Saxifraga stellaris L. 1753] BGS05

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BGS05] Banfi, E., G. Galasso & A. Soldano. 2005. Notes on systematics and taxonomy for the Italian vascular flora. 1. Atti Soc. It. Sci. Nat. Museo Civ. Stor. Nat. Milano 146 (2): 219–244.

[CBH93] Collinson, M. E., M. C. Boulter & P. L. Holmes. 1993. Magnoliophyta (‘Angiospermae’). In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 809–841. Chapman & Hall: London.

[H93] Hickman, J. C. (ed.) 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press: Berkeley (California).

[JK80] John, J., & K.-P. Kolbe. 1980. The systematic position of the “Theales” from the viewpoint of serology. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 8: 241–248.

[KC01] Kirk, P. M., P. F. Cannon, J. C. David & J. A. Stalpers. 2001. Ainsworth & Bisby's Dictionary of the Fungi 9^th ed. CAB International: Wallingford (UK).

[NDA05] Nickrent, D. L., J. P. Der & F. E. Anderson. 2005. Discovery of the photosynthetic relatives of the "Maltese mushroom" Cynomorium. BMC Evolutionary Biology 5: 38.

[O88] Ohba, H. 1988. The alpine flora of the Nepal Himalayas: an introductory note. In: Ohba, H., & S. B. Malla (eds) The Himalayan Plants vol. 1. The University Museum, University of Tokyo, Bulletin 31: 19–46.

[P92] Poinar, G. O., Jr. 1992. Life in Amber. Stanford University Press: Stanford.

[YY22] Yampolsky, C., & H. Yampolsky. 1922. Distribution of sex forms in the phanerogamic flora. Bibliotheca Genetica 3: 1–62.

Vitaceae

California wild grape Vitis californica, from Wikimedia Commons.

Belongs within: Gunneridae.

The Vitaceae are a pantropical group of flowering plants including the grapes of the genus Vitis and related taxa. Most are woody vines with tendrils opposite the leaves except for the genus Leea, species of which are herbs or trees.

Characters (from Hickman 1993): Woody vines; tendrils opposite leaves; flowers sometimes unisexual. Leaves generally many, cauline, simple or compound, alternate, petioled, deciduous; stipules generally deciduous. Inflorescence a cyme or panicle, generally opposite leaf, peduncled. Flowers radial; sepals generally reduced, generally fused, lobes 5 or absent; petals generally 5, free, reflexed and falling individually (or adherent at tips, more or less erect, and falling as unit), reddish or yellowish; stamens generally 5, opposite petals; nectaries absent or between stamens as more or less free glands; ovary 1, superior, chambers generally 2(—4), style 1 or absent, stigma inconspicuous or head-like. Fruit a berry. Seeds 1-6, large.

<==Vitaceae [Ampelideae, Vitales, Vitineae]
    |  i. s.: ‘Tricolporopollenites’ marcodurensis Gruas-Cavagnetto 1978 CBH93
    |--Ampelopsis YY22
    |    |--A. hederacea C55
    |    `--A. heterophyla T72
    |--Clematicissus YY22
    |--Landukia YY22
    |--Pteresanthes YY22
    |--Quinaria YY22
    |--Cayratia LK14
    |    |--C. japonica DD73
    |    |--C. pedata DD73
    |    `--C. trifolia LK14
    |--Ievlevia dorofeevii Samylina 1976 CBH93
    |--Lagenula Lour. 1790 KC01
    |--Parthenocissus P93
    |    |--P. quinquefolia BT87
    |    |--P. tricuspidata BTA75
    |    `--P. vitacea H93
    |--Leea [Leeaceae, Leeoideae] WM09
    |    |--L. acuminata DD73
    |    |--L. asiatica BB07
    |    |--L. bracteata DD73
    |    |--L. edgeworthii P03
    |    |--L. guineensis WM09
    |    |--L. indica DD73
    |    |--L. robusta DD73
    |    `--L. umbraculifera DD73
    |--Ampelocissus LK14
    |    |--A. acetosa LK14
    |    |--A. barbata DD73
    |    |--A. latifolia P03
    |    `--A. tomentosa P03
    |--Cyphostemma CV06
    |    |--C. bainesii CV06
    |    |--C. currorii CV06
    |    |--C. juttae CV06
    |    `--C. omburense CV06
    |--Tetrastigma DL07
    |    |--T. bracteolatum DD73
    |    |--T. dichotomum A78
    |    |--T. diepenhostii K03
    |    |--T. dubium DW04
    |    |--T. hypoclaucum DW04
    |    |--T. lanceolarium A78
    |    |--T. leucostaphylum NDA05
    |    |--T. mutabile A78
    |    |--T. nitens M04
    |    |--T. obovatum NDA05
    |    |--T. papillosum A78
    |    |--T. pergamaceum [=Vitis pergamacea] A78
    |    |--T. rumicisperma DD73
    |    `--T. serrulatum D07
    |--Cissus LK14
    |    |--C. adenocaulis H91
    |    |--C. adnata LK14
    |    |--C. antarctica [=Vitis antarctica; incl. V. baudiniana, Cissus glandulosa] H97
    |    |--C. assamica DD73
    |    |--C. dissecta J87
    |    |--C. hypoglauca WO92
    |    |--C. palmata F11
    |    |--C. reniformis LK14
    |    |--C. repanda KJ05
    |    |--C. sisyoides BT87
    |    |--C. sterculiifolia WO95
    |    `--C. verticillata J87
    `--Vitis [Vitoideae] TE00
         |--V. aestivalis Michx. 1803 CD07
         |--V. californica H93
         |--V. forestdalensis Traverse 1955 CBH93
         |--V. girdiana H93
         |--V. labrusca TE00
         |--V. munsoniana WD91
         |--V. oblongata H97
         |--V. papillosa A78
         |--V. riparia TE00
         |--V. rupestris CGW91
         |--V. shifunensis A78
         |--V. sterculifolia H97
         |--V. trifolia K03
         |--V. vinifera WM09
         `--V. vitiginea KJ05

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A78] Ananthakrishnan, T. N. 1978. Thrips galls and gall thrips. Zoological Survey of India, Technical Monograph 1: 1–69, 26 pls.

[BB07] Baishya, A. K., & P. J. Bora. 2007. Cross community ethno-medico botany of Dibru-Saikhowa Biosphere Reserve, Assam. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 49: 121–154.

[BT87] Baker, E. W., & D. M. Tuttle. 1987. The false spider mites of Mexico (Tenuipalpidae: Acari). United States Department of Agriculture, Technical Bulletin 1706: 1–237.

[BTA75] Baker, E. W., D. M. Tuttle & M. J. Abbatiello. 1975. The false spider mites of northwestern and north central Mexico (Acarina: Tenuipalpidae). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 194: 1–23.

[C55] Candolle, A. de. 1855. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 2. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[CGW91] Carver, M., G. F. Gross & T. E. Woodward. 1991. Hemiptera (bugs, leafhoppers, cicadas, aphids, scale insects etc.) In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers vol. 1 pp. 429–509. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[CD07] Cantino, P. D., J. A. Doyle, S. W. Graham, W. S. Judd, R. G. Olmstead, D. E. Soltis, P. S. Soltis & M. J. Donoghue. 2007. Towards a phylogenetic nomenclature of Tracheophyta. Taxon 56 (3): E1–E44.

[CBH93] Collinson, M. E., M. C. Boulter & P. L. Holmes. 1993. Magnoliophyta (‘Angiospermae’). In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 809–841. Chapman & Hall: London.

[CV06] Craven, P., & P. Vorster. 2006. Patterns of plant diversity and endemism in Namibia. Bothalia 36 (2): 175–189.

[D07] Dash, S. S. 2007. Useful plants of Kabi Sacred Grove, Sikkim. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 49: 79–88.

[DL07] Davis, C. C., M. Latvis, D. L. Nickrent, K. J. Wurdack & D. A. Baum. 2007. Floral gigantism in Rafflesiaceae. Science 315: 1812.

[DW04] Davis, C. C., & K. J. Wurdack. 2004. Host-to-parasite gene transfer in flowering plants: phylogenetic evidence from Malpighiales. Science 305 (5684): 676–678.

[DD73] Deb, D. B., & R. M. Dutta. 1973. Contribution to the flora of Tirap Frontier Division. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 69 (3): 547–573.

[F11] Fraga, R. M. 2011. Family Icteridae (New World blackbirds). In: Hoyo, J. del, A. Elliott & D. A. Christie (eds) Handbook of the Birds of the World vol. 16. Tanagers to New World Blackbirds pp. 684–807. Lynx Edicions: Barcelona.

[H97] Hamilton, A. G. 1897. On domatia in certain Australian and other plants. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 21 (4): 758–792, pl. 57.

[H93] Hickman, J. C. (ed.) 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press: Berkeley (California).

[H91] Hokkanen, H. M. T. 1991. Trap cropping in pest management. Annual Review of Entomology 36: 119–138.

[J87] Judd, W. S. 1987. Floristic study of Morne La Visite and Pic Macaya National Parks, Haiti. Bulletin of the Florida State Museum—Biological Sciences 32 (1): 1–136.

[KJ05] Katewa, S. S., A. Jain, B. L. Chaudhary & P. Galav. 2005. Some unreported medicinal uses of plants from the tribal area of Southern Rajasthan. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 47: 121–130.

[KC01] Kirk, P. M., P. F. Cannon, J. C. David & J. A. Stalpers. 2001. Ainsworth & Bisby's Dictionary of the Fungi 9^th ed. CAB International: Wallingford (UK).

[K03] Kulip, J. 2003. An ethnobotanical survey of medicinal and other useful plants of Muruts in Sabah, Malaysia. Telopea 10 (1): 81–98.

[LK14] Lyons, M. N., G. J. Keighery, L. A. Gibson & T. Handasyde. 2014. Flora and vegetation communities of selected islands off the Kimberley coast of Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 81: 205–244.

[M04] Mound, L. A. 2004. Australian long-tailed gall thrips (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripinae, Leeuweniini), with comments on related Old World taxa. Australian Journal of Entomology 43: 28–37.

[NDA05] Nickrent, D. L., J. P. Der & F. E. Anderson. 2005. Discovery of the photosynthetic relatives of the "Maltese mushroom" Cynomorium. BMC Evolutionary Biology 5: 38.

[P03] Paul, T. K. 2003. Botanical observations on the Purulia pumped storage hydropower project area, Bagmundi Hills, Purulia district, West Bengal. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 45: 121–142.

[P93] Pittaway, A. R. 1993. The Hawkmoths of the Western Palaearctic. Harley Books: Colchester.

[TE00] Tibbetts, T. J. & F. W. Ewers. 2000. Root pressure and specific conductivity in temperate lianas: exotic Celastrus orbiculatus (Celastraceae) vs. native Vitis riparia (Vitaceae). American Journal of Botany 87: 1272–1278.

[T72] Tsuneki, K. 1972. Studies on the scoliid wasps of eastern Asia (Hymenoptera). Etizenia 62: 1–41.

[WD91] Walter, D. E., & H. A. Denmark. 1991. Use of leaf domatia on wild grape (Vitis munsoniana) by arthropods in central Florida. Florida Entomologist 74 (3): 440–446.

[WO92] Walter, D. E., & D. J. O'Dowd. 1992. Leaf morphology and predators: effect of leaf domatia on the abundance of predatory mites (Acari: Phytoseiidae). Environmental Entomology 21 (3): 478–484.

[WO95] Walter, D. E., & D. J. O'Dowd. 1995. Beneath biodiversity: factors influencing the diversity and abundance of canopy mites. Selbyana 16 (1): 12–20.

[WM09] Wang, H., M. J. Moore, P. S. Soltis, C. D. Bell, S. F. Brockington, R. Alexandre, C. C. Davis, M. Latvis, S. R. Manchester & D. E. Soltis. 2009. Rosid radiation and the rapid rise of angiosperm-dominated forests. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 106 (10): 3853–3858.

[YY22] Yampolsky, C., & H. Yampolsky. 1922. Distribution of sex forms in the phanerogamic flora. Bibliotheca Genetica 3: 1–62.

Last updated: 7 June 2022.

Alismatales

Streaked arrowgrass Triglochin striatum, copyright Tim Rudman.

Belongs within: Lilianae.
Contains: Araceae, Alismataceae, Hydrocharitaceae, Potamogetonales.

The Alismatanae are a clade of monocotyledonous flowering plants supported by molecular data, many of which are aquatic or semi-aquatic. Members of the clade have extrorse anthers (releasing pollen outside the flower) and seeds with a large cotyledon.

<==Alismatales [Alismatanae, Helobieae, Juncagineae, Naiadeae, Najadales, Potameae, Zostereae] DS04
    |--Tofieldiaceae DS04
    |    |--Pleea tenuifolia DS04
    |    `--Tofieldia SR07
    |         |--T. calyculata DS04
    |         |--T. glutinosa (Michx.) Persoon 1805 CD07
    |         |--T. occidentalis H93
    |         |--T. palustris H44
    |         `--T. pusilla DS04
    `--+--Araceae SR07
       `--+--Alismataceae DS04
          `--+--Butomales HE80
             |    |--Hydrocharitaceae HE80
             |    |--Limnocharis P88 [Limnocharitaceae W03]
             |    |    |--L. flava W03
             |    |    `--L. humboldtii [=Hydrocleis humboldtii] B78
             |    `--Butomaceae DS04
             |         |--Hydrocleys nymphoides (von Humboldt & Bonpland) Buchenau 1868 HE80
             |         |--Butomus umbellatus SR07, DS04
             |         `--Butomites cretaceus Velenivsky 1889 CBH93
             `--+--Scheuchzeriaceae DS04
                |    |--Tetroncium magellanicum YY22, CL85
                |    `--Scheuchzeria palustris SR07, DS04
                |         |--S. p. ssp. palustris H93
                |         `--S. p. ssp. americana H93
                `--+--Potamogetonales DS04
                   `--Juncaginaceae [Juncaginales] DS04
                        |--Lilaea scilloides H93
                        |--Lamprocarpites nitidus Heer 1882 CBH93
                        `--Triglochin Linnaeus 1753 DS04, ME70
                             |  i. s.: T. concinna H93
                             |           |--T. c. var. concinna H93
                             |           `--T. c. var. debilis H93
                             |         T. maritima DS04 [incl. T. elatum V72]
                             |         T. palustre Linnaeus 1753 ME70
                             |--T. sect. Cycnogeton B78
                             |    |--T. maundii [incl. Maundia triglochinoides] B78
                             |    `--T. procera B78 (see below for synonymy)
                             |         |--T. p. var. procera B78
                             |         |--T. p. var. dubia [=T. dubium] B78
                             |         `--T. p. var. eleutherocarpa B78
                             `--T. sect. Eutriglochin B78
                                  |--T. centrocarpa [incl. T. minutissima, T. nanum, T. trichophora] B78
                                  |    |--T. c. var. centrocarpa B78
                                  |    `--T. c. var. calcitrapa B78
                                  |--T. mucronata B78
                                  `--T. striatum Ruiz & Pav. 1802 B78, ME70 (see below for synonymy)
                                       |--T. s. var. striatum C06
                                       `--T. s. var. filifolium Buch. 1868 [incl. T. triandrum] C06

Alismatales incertae sedis:
  Maundiaceae APG16
  Posidonia S95 [Posidoniaceae APG16]
    |--P. australis PP64
    |--P. oceanica [=Caulinia oceanica] B78
    `--P. sinuosa S95
  Zannichelliaceae HE80
    |--Zannichellia Linnaeus 1753 ME70
    |    |--Z. palustris Linnaeus 1753 ME70
    |    `--Z. pedunculata CS77
    `--Lepilaena Drum. ex Harv. 1855 ME70 [incl. Hexatheca B78]
         |--*L. australis Drum. ex Harv. 1855 ME70
         |--L. bilocularis Kirk 1896 ME70
         |--L. cylindrocarpa [=Zannichellia cylindrocarpa; incl. Hexatheca australis ms] B78
         `--L. preissii ME70 [=Zannichellia preissii C06]

Triglochin procera B78 [incl. Cycnogeton huegelii B78, T. huegelii GK00, C. linearis B78, T. linearis B78]

Triglochin striatum Ruiz & Pav. 1802 B78, ME70 [incl. T. decipiens B78, T. flaccidum Cunn. 1837 ME70, T. montevidense B78]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[APG16] Angiosperm Phylogeny Group. 2016. An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 181: 1–20.

[B78] Bentham, G. 1878. Flora Australiensis: A description of the plants of the Australian Territory vol. 7. Roxburghiaceae to Filices. L. Reeve & Co.: London.

[CD07] Cantino, P. D., J. A. Doyle, S. W. Graham, W. S. Judd, R. G. Olmstead, D. E. Soltis, P. S. Soltis & M. J. Donoghue. 2007. Towards a phylogenetic nomenclature of Tracheophyta. Taxon 56 (3): E1–E44.

[C06] Cheeseman, T. F. 1906. Manual of the New Zealand Flora. John Mackay, Government Printer: Wellington.

[CL85] Cokendolpher, J. C., & D. Lanfranco L. 1985. Opiliones from the Cape Horn Archipelago: new southern records for harvestmen. Journal of Arachnology 13: 311–319.

[CBH93] Collinson, M. E., M. C. Boulter & P. L. Holmes. 1993. Magnoliophyta (‘Angiospermae’). In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 809–841. Chapman & Hall: London.

[CS77] Cramp, S., & K. E. L. Simmons (eds) 1977. Handbook of the Birds of Europe, the Middle East and North Africa: The Birds of the Western Palaearctic vol. 1. Ostrich to Ducks. Oxford University Press: Oxford.

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Lilianae

Tasmanian Christmas bell Blandfordia punicea, copyright Natalie Tapson.

Belongs within: Mesangiospermae.
Contains: Alismatales, Pandanales, Dioscoreales, Liliales, Commelinidae, Orchidaceae, Boryaceae, Asteliaceae, Hypoxidaceae, Iridaceae, Hemerocallidaceae, Xanthorrhoea, Asphodelaceae, Amaryllidaceae, Alliaceae, Laxmanniaceae, Asparagaceae, Eriospermum, Ruscaceae, Hyacinthaceae, Agavaceae, Anthericaceae.

The Lilianae, monocotyledons, are a well-defined clade mostly distinguished from other flowering plants by their elongate leaves with parallel veins, and flowers with parts (sepals, petals, etc.) in multiples of three. The embryo bears a single cotyledon, the stem has scattered vascular bundles, and sieve tube plastids bear cuneate proteinaceous crystalloids (Cantino et al. 2007). Under the name Monocotyledoneae, a corresponding clade was defined by Cantino et al. (2007) as the least inclusive clade containing Acorus calamus, Gymnostachys anceps, Tofieldia glutinosa and Lilium superbum. Most recent studies agree in placing the sweet flags Acorus, a genus of rhizomatous plants found in wetlands of Eurasia and North America, as the sister clade to other living monocots.

See also: Reference review: The monocot tree.

Lilianae [Acoranae, Alismatidae, Arecidae, Liliopsida, Monocotyledoneae, Monocotyledones, Nudiflorae, Triurididae] EN20
    |  i. s.: Odyssea R-S02
    |         Syringodium L85
    |           |--S. filiforme CH97
    |           `--S. isoetifolium L85
    |         Acaciaephyllum FPC04
    |         Pennistemon FPC04
    |         Caulinities loipopytis S89
    |--Acorus [Acoraceae, Acorales] CD07
    |    |  i. s.: A. americanus WM14
    |    |--A. calamus Linnaeus 1753 DS04, CD07
    |    `--+--A. gramineus DS04
    |       `--A. tatarinowii DS04
    `--Nartheciidae CD07
         |--Alismatales CD07
         `--Petrosaviidae [Bromelianae, Haemodorales, Liliidae] CD07
              |--Petrosaviaceae [Petrosaviales, Petrosavianae] DS04
              |    |--Japonolirion osense DS04
              |    `--Petrosavia stellaris Becc. 1871 CD07
              `--+--+--Pandanales DS04
                 |  `--Dioscoreales APG16
                 `--Liliiflorae [Baccatae, Capsulares, Chlorophyteae, Coronarieae, Xanthorrheae] J87
                      |  i. s.: Roxburghia [Roxburghiaceae] B78
                      |           `--R. javanica B78
                      |                |--R. j. var. javanica B78
                      |                `--R. j. var. australiana Bentham 1878 [incl. Dioscorea lucida] B78
                      |--Liliales DS04
                      `--+--Commelinidae DS04
                         `--Asparagales (see below for synonymy) DS04
                              |  i. s.: Maianthemum SR07
                              |           |--M. bifolium C55
                              |           |--M. canadense M73
                              |           |    |--M. c. var. canadense V72
                              |           |    `--M. c. var. interius V72
                              |           `--M. dilatatum H93
                              |         Liliacidites RG07
                              |           |--L. intermedius RG07
                              |           |--L. kaitangataensis RG07
                              |           |--L. minutus RG07
                              |           `--L. pollucibilis RG07
                              |--Orchidaceae RG07
                              `--+--+--Boryaceae DS04
                                 |  `--+--+--Asteliaceae RG07
                                 |     |  `--+--Lanaria [Lanariaceae] RG07
                                 |     |     `--Hypoxidaceae RG07
                                 |     `--Blandfordia Smith 1804 (nom. cons.) DS04, CC87 [Blandfordiaceae]
                                 |          |--*B. nobilis Smith 1804 (see below for synonymy) CC87
                                 |          |--B. cunninghamii Lindley 1845 (see below for synonymy) CC87
                                 |          |--B. × flammea-elegans Smith 1874 [B. cunninghamii × B. grandiflora] CC87
                                 |          |--B. grandiflora Br. 1810 (see below for synonymy) CC87
                                 |          `--B. punicea (Labill.) Sweet 1830 (see below for synonymy) CC87
                                 `--+--Cyanastrum SR07
                                    `--+--+--Ixiolirion DS04 [Ixioliriaceae EN20, Ixiolirionaceae]
                                       |  |    `--I. tataricum DS04
                                       |  `--Tecophilaeaceae EN20
                                       |       |--Tecophilaea cyanocrocus DS04
                                       |       `--Eremolirion amboensis [=Cyanella amboensis] CV06
                                       `--+--Doryanthes Corrêa 1802 [Doryanthaceae] EN20
                                          |    |--*D. excelsa Corrêa 1802 (see below for synonymy) EN20
                                          |    `--D. palmeri Hill ex Bentham 1873 (see below for synonymy) EN20
                                          `--+--Iridaceae EN20
                                             `--+--Xeronema Brong. & Gris 1864 ME70 [Xeronemataceae EN20]
                                                |    |--X. callistemon Oliver 1926 ME70
                                                |    |    |--X. c. var. callistemon ME70
                                                |    |    `--X. c. var. bracteosa Moore 1969 ME70
                                                |    `--X. moorei CR00
                                                `--+--+--Hemerocallidaceae EN20
                                                   |  `--+--Xanthorrhoea EN20
                                                   |     `--Asphodelaceae EN20
                                                   `--+--+--+--Amaryllidaceae CR00
                                                      |  |  `--Alliaceae CR00
                                                      |  `--Agapanthus L’Hér. 1788 (nom. cons.) CC87 (see below for synonymy)
                                                      |       |--A. africanus (see below for synonymy) CC87
                                                      |       `--A. praecox Willd. 1809 CC87
                                                      |            |--A. p. ssp. praecox CC87
                                                      |            `--A. p. ssp. orientalis (Leighton) Leighton 1965 (see below for synonymy) CC87
                                                      `--+--+--Laxmanniaceae CR00
                                                         |  `--+--Asparagaceae EN20
                                                         |     `--+--Eriospermum EN20
                                                         |        `--Ruscaceae EN20
                                                         `--+--Themidaceae CR00
                                                            `--+--+--Aphyllanthes EN20 [Aphyllanthaceae CR00]
                                                               |  `--Hyacinthaceae CR00
                                                               `--+--Anemarrhena JS02 [Anemarrhenaceae CR00]
                                                                  |    `--A. asphodeloides JS02
                                                                  `--+--Agavaceae CR00
                                                                     `--+--Behnia EN20 [Behniaceae CR00]
                                                                        `--+--Herreria EN20 [Herreriaceae CR00]
                                                                           `--Anthericaceae DS04

Agapanthus L’Hér. 1788 (nom. cons.) CC87 [Agapanthaceae CR00, Agapantheae]

Agapanthus africanus [incl. A. umbellatus L’Hér. 1788 (nom. illeg.)] CC87

Agapanthus praecox ssp. orientalis (Leighton) Leighton 1965 [=A. orientalis Leighton 1938] CC87

Asparagales [Anthericeae, Asparageae, Bowieae, Caesieae, Euasparageae, Hemerocallideae, Orchidales] DS04

Blandfordia cunninghamii Lindley 1845 [incl. B. grandiflora var. elongata Benth. 1878] CC87

Blandfordia grandiflora Br. 1810 [incl. B. aurea Hook. 1869, B. flammea var. aurea Bailey 1883, B. flammea Lindley ex Paxton 1849, B. intermedia Herbert in Lindley 1845, B. grandiflora var. intermedia (Herbert) Baker 1871, B. princeps Smith 1875, B. flammea var. princeps (Smith) Baker 1876] CC87

*Blandfordia nobilis Smith 1804 [incl. B. nobilis var. imperialis Miller & Norman Taylor in Bailey 1914] CC87

Blandfordia punicea (Labill.) Sweet 1830 [=Aletris punicea Labill. 1805; incl. B. backhousii Lindley 1845, B. grandiflora var. backhousii (Lindley) Hook. 1858, B. marginata Herbert in Lindley 1842, B. grandiflora var. marginata (Herbert) Hook. 1858] CC87

*Doryanthes excelsa Corrêa 1802 [incl. Furcraea australis Haworth 1812, Agave australis (Haworth) Steudel 1821] EN20

Doryanthes palmeri Hill ex Bentham 1873 [=D. excelsa var. palmeri (Hill ex Bentham) Bailey 1883; incl. D. guilfoylei Bailey 1893, D. excelsa var. guilfoylei (Bailey) Bailey 1902, D. larkinii Moore 1885, D. palmeri var. larkinii (Moore) Moore & Betche 1893] EN20

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

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