Betulaceae

Stand of silver birch Betula pendula, copyright Percita.

Belongs within: Faganae.

The Betulaceae, birches and related taxa, is a group of deciduous trees and shrubs with pinnately-veined, sharp-toothed, simple leaves found mostly in temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere. Flowers are borne in unisexual inflorescences with staminate flowers forming elongate, pendulous catkins.

Characters (from Flora of North America): Trees and shrubs, deciduous. Winter buds stipitate or sessile, with either 2–3 valvate scales (stipules) or few to many imbricate scales (or occasionally naked); terminal bud absent. Leaves alternate, spirally arranged, 2–3-ranked, simple; stipules deciduous, distinct; petioles present. Leaf blade sometimes lobed, pinnately veined, margins toothed, serrate to nearly entire; surfaces glabrous to tomentose, abaxially often with resinous glands. Inflorescences unisexual; staminate catkins pendulous, elongate, cylindric, conspicuously bracteate, consisting of crowded, reduced, 1–3-flowered clusters; pistillate inflorescences either of erect to pendulous bracteate catkins, or of compact 2--3-flowered clusters subtended by leafy involucres; bracts often nearly foliaceous or woody in infructescences. Staminate flowers bracteate; stamens (1–)4–6; anthers 2-locular, dehiscing by longitudinal slits, pollen sacs often more or less distinct; pistillode sometimes present. Pistillate flowers small, highly reduced; pistil 1, 2(–3)-carpellate; ovary inferior, usually 2-locular proximally, 1-locular distally; placentation axile; ovules 1–2 per locule, pendulous; styles 2, distinct or nearly so; stigmas dry; staminodes usually absent. Fruits nuts, nutlets, or 2-winged samaras, 1-seeded, without multibracteate cupule, often subtended or enclosed by foliaceous hull developed from 2–3 bracts; seed coat membranous; endosperm present, thin at maturity; embryo straight, as long as seed; cotyledons flat or greatly thickened, oily.

Betulaceae [Betulanae, Betuloideae]
    `--Betuleae CBH93
         |--Alnus CBH93
         |    |--A. acuminata F11
         |    |--A. arguta BT87
         |    |--A. glutinosa WM09
         |    |--A. hirsuta M03
         |    |    |--A. h. var. hirsuta A80
         |    |    `--A. h. var. sibirica A80
         |    |--A. incana HP-W05
         |    |--A. japonica [=A. maritima var. japonica] LO98
         |    |--A. jorullensis WO92
         |    |--A. maccoyi Ettingshausen 1886 F71
         |    |--A. maximowiezii M03
         |    |--A. nepalensis D07
         |    |--A. rhombifolia H93
         |    |--A. rubra PHK96
         |    |--A. rugosa JVHN90
         |    |--A. sinuata WM09 [=A. viridis ssp. sinuata H93]
         |    |--A. tenuifolia ZB01 [=A. incana ssp. tenuifolia H93]
         |    `--A. viridis HP-W05
         `--Betula WB03
              |--B. alba WEE70
              |--B. alleghaniensis BFD01
              |--B. ermanii WB03
              |--E. glandulosa RJ11
              |--B. lenta CS05
              |--B. lutea S96
              |--B. mandshurica S00
              |--B. maximowicziana LO98
              |--B. nana K02
              |--B. nigra CB06
              |--B. occidentalis Z83
              |--B. papyrifera JVHN90
              |--B. pendula BS01
              |--B. platyphylla LO98
              |    |--B. p. var. platyphylla LO98
              |    `--B. p. var. japonica LO98
              |--B. populifolia JVHN90
              |--B. pubescens W01
              `--B. utilis O88

Betulaceae incertae sedis:
  Ostryopsis YY22
  Ostrya YY22
    |--O. carpinifolia SM08
    `--O. virginiana H03
  Carpinus SP04
    |--C. betulus SM08 [incl. C. caucasica SP04]
    |--C. caroliniana V72
    |--C. orientalis G98
    `--C. tschonoskii [incl. C. laxiflora] LO98
  Betuloxylon oligocenicum Kaiser 1880 CBH93
  Coryloxylon nemejcii Prakash et al. 1971 CBH93
  Alnipollenites CBH93
    |--A. eminens Miki 1977 CBH93
    |--A. trina (Stanley) Norton in Norton & Hall 1969 YB02
    `--A. verus (Potonié) Potonié 1960 YB02
  Betulaceoipollenites Jarzen & Norris 1975 CBH93

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A80] Aoki, J. 1980. A revision of the oribatid mites of Japan. I. The families Phthiracaridae and Oribotritiidae. Bulletin of the Institute of Environmental Science and Technology, Yokohama National University 6 (2): 1–89.

[BS01] Bannister, P., & G. L. Strong. 2001. The distribution and population structure of the temperate mistletoe Ileostylus micranthus in the Northern Cemetery, Dunedin, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Botany 39: 225–233.

[BFD01] Bowman, J., G. J. Forbes & T. G. Dilworth. 2001. The spatial component of variation in small-mammal abundance measured at three scales. Canadian Journal of Zoology 79: 137–144.

[CB06] Christopher, C. C., & G. W. Barrett. 2006. Coexistence of white-footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus) and golden mice (Ochrotomys nuttalli) in a southeastern forest. Journal of Mammalogy 87 (1): 102–107.

[CBH93] Collinson, M. E., M. C. Boulter & P. L. Holmes. 1993. Magnoliophyta (‘Angiospermae’). In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 809–841. Chapman & Hall: London.

[CS05] Connors, M. J., E. M. Schauber, A. Forbes, C. G. Jones, B. J. Goodwin & R. S. Ostfeld. 2005. Use of track plates to quantify predation risk at small spatial scales. Journal of Mammalogy 86 (5): 991–996.

[D07] Dash, S. S. 2007. Useful plants of Kabi Sacred Grove, Sikkim. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 49: 79–88.

[F71] Fletcher, H. O. 1971. Catalogue of type specimens of fossils in the Australian Museum, Sydney. Australian Museum Memoir 13: 1–167.

[F11] Fraga, R. M. 2011. Family Icteridae (New World blackbirds). In: Hoyo, J. del, A. Elliott & D. A. Christie (eds) Handbook of the Birds of the World vol. 16. Tanagers to New World Blackbirds pp. 684–807. Lynx Edicions: Barcelona.

[G98] Gruber, J. 1998. Beiträge zur Systematik der Gattung Dicranolasma (Arachnida: Opiliones, Dicranolasmatidae). I. Dicranolasma thracium Staręga und verwandte Formen aus Südosteuropa und Südwestasien. Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museum in Wien. Serie B. Botanik und Zoologie 100: 489–537.

[H03] Healy, R. A. 2003. Mattirolomyces tiffanyae, a new truffle from Iowa, with ultrastructural evidence for its classification in the Pezizaceae. Mycologia 95 (4): 765–772.

[HP-W05] Heitland, W., & H. Pschorn-Walcher. 2005. Biology and parasitoids of the peculiar alder sawfly, Platycampus luridiventris (Fallen) (Insecta, Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae). Senckenbergiana Biologica 85 (2): 215–231.

[H93] Hickman, J. C. (ed.) 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press: Berkeley (California).

[JVHN90] Jennings, D. T., W. M. Vander Haegen & A. M. Narahara. 1990. A sampling of forest-floor spiders (Araneae) by expellant, Moosehorn National Wildlife Refuge, Maine. Journal of Arachnology 18: 173–180.

[K02] Koponen, S. 2002. Ground-living spiders in bogs in northern Europe. Journal of Arachnology 30 (2): 262–267.

[LO98] Lack, H. W., & H. Ohba. 1998. Die Xylothek des Chikusai Kato. Willdenowia 28: 263–276.

[M03] Mockford, E. L. 2003. New species and records of Psocoptera from the Kuril Islands. Mitt. Mus. Nat.kd. Berl., Dtsch. Entomol. Z. 50 (2): 191–230.

[O88] Ohba, H. 1988. The alpine flora of the Nepal Himalayas: an introductory note. In: Ohba, H., & S. B. Malla (eds) The Himalayan Plants vol. 1. The University Museum, University of Tokyo, Bulletin 31: 19–46.

[PHK96] Prescott, L. M., J. P. Harley & D. A. Klein. 1996. Microbiology 3^rd ed. Wm. C. Brown Publishers: Dubuque (Iowa).

[RJ11] Rising, J. D., A. Jaramillo, J. L. Copete, P. G. Ryan & S. C. Madge. 2011. Family Emberizidae (buntings and New World sparrows). In: Hoyo, J. del, A. Elliott & D. A. Christie (eds) Handbook of the Birds of the World vol. 16. Tanagers to New World Blackbirds pp. 428–683. Lynx Edicions: Barcelona.

[SP04] Schneeweiss, G. M., T. Palomeque, A. l. E. Colwell & H. Weiss-Schneeweiss. 2004. Chromosome numbers and karyotype evolution in holoparasitic Orobanche (Orobanchaceae) and related genera. American Journal of Botany 91 (3): 439–448.

[SM08] Schönhofer, A. L., & J. Martens. 2008. Revision of the genus Trogulus Latreille: the Trogulus coriziformis species-group of the western Mediterranean (Opiliones: Trogulidae). Invertebrate Systematics 22: 523–554.

[S00] Siddiqi, M. R. 2000. Tylenchida: Parasites of plants and insects 2^nd ed. CABI Publishing: Wallingford (UK).

[S96] Smith, D. R. 1996. Aulacidae (Hymenoptera) in the mid-Atlantic states, with a key to species of eastern North America. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 98 (2): 274–291.

[V72] Voss, E. G. 1972. Michigan Flora. Part I. Gymnosperms and Monocots. Cranbrook Institute of Science and University of Michigan Herbarium.

[WO92] Walter, D. E., & D. J. O'Dowd. 1992. Leaves with domatia have more mites. Ecology 73 (4): 1514–1518.

[WM09] Wang, H., M. J. Moore, P. S. Soltis, C. D. Bell, S. F. Brockington, R. Alexandre, C. C. Davis, M. Latvis, S. R. Manchester & D. E. Soltis. 2009. Rosid radiation and the rapid rise of angiosperm-dominated forests. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 106 (10): 3853–3858.

[WB03] Wang, Q.-M., F.-Y. Bai, J.-H. Zhao & J.-H. Jia. 2003. Bensingtonia changbaiensis sp. nov. and Bensingtonia sorbi sp. nov., novel ballistoconidium-forming yeast species from plant leaves. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 53: 2085–2089.

[W01] Wohltmann, A. 2001. Closely related species of Parasitengonae (Acari: Prostigmata) inhabiting the same areas: features facilitating coexistence. In: Halliday, R. B., D. E. Walter, H. C. Proctor, R. A. Norton & M. J. Colloff (eds) Acarology: Proceedings of the 10^th International Congress pp. 121–135. CSIRO Publishing: Melbourne.

[WEE70] Woodward, T. E., J. W. Evans & V. F. Eastop. 1970. Hemiptera (bugs, leafhoppers, etc.) In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers pp. 387–457. Melbourne University Press.

[YY22] Yampolsky, C., & H. Yampolsky. 1922. Distribution of sex forms in the phanerogamic flora. Bibliotheca Genetica 3: 1–62.

[YB02] Yi, S., & D. J. Batten. 2002. Palynology of Upper Cretaceous (uppermost Campanian-Maastrichtian) deposits in the South Yellow Sea Basin, offshore Korea. Cretaceous Research 23: 687–706.

[ZB01] Zhang, N., & M. Blackwell. 2001. Molecular phylogeny of dogwood anthracnose fungus (Discula destructiva) and the Diaporthales. Mycologia 93 (2): 355–365.

[Z83] Zink, R. M. 1983. Evolutionary and systematic significance of temporal variation in the fox sparrow. Systematic Zoology 32 (3): 223–238.

Last updated: 5 September 2020.

Castanopsis

Japanese chinquapin Castanopsis cuspidata, copyright Kenpei.

Belongs within: Fagaceae.

Castanopsis, the chinquapins, is a genus of trees found in tropical and subtropical eastern Asia. Many species are valued for their wood but a number have been threatened by over-logging.

Characters (from Flora of China): Trees evergreen. Winter buds ovoid to ellipsoid, with decussate scales. Stipules extrapetiolar. Leaves alternate, distichous, or for a few species spirally arranged. Inflorescences usually unisexual, erect, spicate or paniculate. Male flowers in fascicles of 3-7, rarely solitary and scattered; perianth 5- or 6(-8)-lobed; stamens (8 or)9-12; rudimentary pistil very small, densely covered with curved woolly hairs. Female flowers solitary or in clusters of 3-5(-7) per cupule; staminodes when present opposite perianth lobes; ovary 3-loculed; styles (2 or)3(or 4); stigmas punctiform or shallow terminal pores. Cupules solitary on rachis, actinomorphic or zygomorphic, rarely indehiscent, completely or partially enclosing nut; bracts sparsely to densely covering outside of cupule, spinelike or rarely scalelike or tubercles (cupule measurement always includes bracts). Nuts 1-3 per cupule, maturing after 2nd year or rarely in 1st year; abortive ovule apical. Germination hypogeal; cotyledons slightly convex, rarely cerebriform rugose.

<==Castanopsis
    |--C. acuminatissima C78
    |--C. benthami Ettingshausen 1883 F71
    |--C. cuspidata [=Quercus cuspidata] LO98
    |    |--C. c. var. cuspidata LO98
    |    `--C. c. var. sieboldii LO98
    |--C. densinervia H03
    |--C. endertii H03
    |--C. indica D07
    |--C. lancifolia D07
    |--C. sclerophylla LI89
    `--C. tribuloides D07

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[C78] Clunie, N. M. U. 1978. The vegetation. In: Womersley, J. S. (ed.) Handbooks of the Flora of Papua New Guinea vol. 1 pp. 1–11. Melbourne University Press: Carlton South (Australia).

[D07] Dash, S. S. 2007. Useful plants of Kabi Sacred Grove, Sikkim. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 49: 79–88.

[F71] Fletcher, H. O. 1971. Catalogue of type specimens of fossils in the Australian Museum, Sydney. Australian Museum Memoir 13: 1–167.

[H03] Heads, M. 2003. Ericaceae in Malesia: vicariance biogeography, terrane tectonics and ecology. Telopea 10 (1): 311–449.

[LO98] Lack, H. W., & H. Ohba. 1998. Die Xylothek des Chikusai Kato. Willdenowia 28: 263–276.

[LI89] Liang L.-R. & K. Ishikawa. 1989. Occurrence of Gamasellus (Acarina, Gamasida, Ologamasidae) on Tian-mu Mountains in east China. Reports of Research, Matsuyama Shinonome Junior College 20: 143–152.

Last updated: 5 September 2020.

Juglandanae

Forest dominated by myrtle beech Nothofagus cunninghamii, photographed by Simon Fraser.

Belongs within: Faganae.
Contains: Juglandoideae.

The Juglandanae was listed by Doweld (2001) as a taxon uniting the wind-pollinated families Myricaceae, Juglandaceae and Nothofagus; the molecular analysis of Rosidae by Wang et al. (2009) supports a clade of Myrica and Juglans within the Fagales. The Juglandaceae are a group of trees (rarely shrubs) found in Eurasia and the Americas, characterised by production of fruit as nuts surrounded by a thick husk formed from the involucre. Members of the Juglandaceae are grown for their edible nuts, particularly species of Juglans (walnuts) and Carya (hickory nuts). The Myricaceae are a family of small trees and shrubs, most of which are aromatic and resinous. Nothofagus, the southern beeches, is a genus of trees found in South America and Australasia, primarily in cooler habitats.

Juglandanae
    |  i. s.: Normapolles CBH93
    |         Manningia [incl. Trudopollis] CBH93
    |         Caryanthus CBH93
    |         Plicapollis usitatus Tschudy 1975 CBH93, CP02
    |--Juglandaceae [Juglandales] WM09
    |    |  i. s.: Juglandiphyllum integrifolium CBH93
    |    |         Momipites Wodehouse 1933 CBH93, CP02
    |    |           |--M. actinus Nichols & Orr 1978 CP02
    |    |           |--M. fragilis CBH93
    |    |           |--M. leffingwellii Nichols 1973 CP02
    |    |           |--M. rotundus (Leffingwell 1971) Nichols 1973 CP02
    |    |           |--M. tenuipolus Anderson 1960 CP02
    |    |           |--M. triorbicularis (Leffingwell 1971) Nichols 1973 CP02
    |    |           `--M. ventoifluminis Nichols 1973 CP02
    |    |--Platycarya [Platycaryoideae] T00
    |    |--Juglandoideae T00
    |    `--Engelhardioideae T00
    |         |--Alfaroa T00
    |         |--Oreomunnea T00
    |         `--Engelhardia D07
    |              |--E. orsbergensis HL08
    |              `--E. spicata D07
    |--Myricaceae [Myricales, Myricineae] D01
    |    |--Canacomyrica T00
    |    |--Comptonia peregrina H93, C38
    |    |--‘Myricophyllum’ longepetiolatum von Ettingshausen 1893 CBH93
    |    |--Triatriopollenites CBH93
    |    `--Myrica WM09
    |         |--M. californica HL08
    |         |--M. cerifera WM09
    |         |--M. esculenta P88
    |         |--M. faya Z02
    |         |--M. gale RJ11
    |         |--M. hartwegii H93
    |         |--M. longifolia Unger 1850 [incl. M. ophir Unger 1850] HL08
    |         |--M. matheroniana [=Comptonia matheroniana] S89
    |         |--M. mexicana BT87
    |         |--M. picardae J87
    |         |--M. rubra MH98
    |         |--M. salicifolia PB27
    |         `--M. vernassiensis GT02
    `--Nothofagus Blume 1850 A61 [Nothofagaceae, Nothofagales D01]
         |  i. s.: N. × blairii (Kirk) Cockayne 1911 [=Fagus blairii Kirk 1885; N. cliffortioides × N. fusca] A61
         |--N. subg. Lophozonia LC95
         |    |--+--N. cunninghamii LC95
         |    |  `--+--N. menziesii (Hooker) Oerst. 1873 LC95, A61 [=Fagus menziesii Hooker 1844 A61]
         |    |     `--N. moorei LC95
         |    `--+--N. glauca LC95
         |       `--+--N. alpina LC95
         |          `--N. obliqua LC95
         `--+--N. subg. Fuscospora LC95
            |    |  i. s.: N. × apiculata (Colenso) Cockayne 1911 (see below for synonymy) A61
            |    |           |--N. a. var. apiculata A61
            |    |           `--N. a. var. dubia (Kirk) Cheeseman 1925 (see below for synonymy) A61
            |    |--N. alessandri LC95
            |    `--+--N. gunnii LC95
            |       `--+--N. solandri (Hooker) Oerst. 1873 LC95, A61 [=Fagus solandri Hooker 1844 A61, N. solanderi A61]
            |          |    |--N. s. var. solandri A61
            |          |    `--N. s. var. cliffortioides (Hooker) Poole 1958 (see below for synonymy) A61
            |          `--+--N. fusca (Hooker) Oerst. 1873 LC95, A61 (see below for synonymy)
            |             `--N. truncata (Col.) Cockayne 1926 LC95, A61 (see below for synonymy)
            `--+--N. subg. Nothofagus LC95
               |    |--+--N. antarctica LC95
               |    |  `--N. pumilio LC95
               |    `--+--N. nitida LC95
               |       `--+--N. betuloides LC95
               |          `--N. dombeyi LC95
               `--N. subg. Brassospora LC95
                    |--N. rubra LC95
                    |--+--N. discoidea LC95
                    |  `--+--N. aequilateralis LC95
                    |     `--+--N. balansae LC95
                    |        `--N. codonandra LC95
                    `--+--+--N. carrii LC95
                       |  `--+--N. flaviramea LC95
                       |     `--N. pullei LC95
                       `--+--+--N. crenata LC95
                          |  `--+--N. brassii LC95
                          |     `--N. starkenborghii LC95
                          `--+--N. perryi LC95
                             `--+--N. grandis LC95
                                `--N. resinosa LC95

Nothofagus × apiculata (Colenso) Cockayne 1911 [=Fagus apiculata Colenso 1884; N. solandri × N. truncata] A61

Nothofagus apiculata var. dubia (Kirk) Cheeseman 1925 [=Fagus fusca var. dubia Kirk 1889; incl. F. fusca var. obsoleta Kirk 1889] A61

Nothofagus fusca (Hooker) Oerst. 1873 LC95, A61 [=Fagus fusca Hooker 1844 A61; incl. F. punctata ms A61]

Nothofagus solandri var. cliffortioides (Hooker) Poole 1958 [=Fagus cliffortioides Hooker 1844, N. cliffortioides (Hooker) Oerst. 1873] A61

Nothofagus truncata (Col.) Cockayne 1926 LC95, A61 [=Fagus truncata Col. 1899 A61; incl. F. fusca var. colensoi Hooker 1854 A61, Nothofagus fusca var. colensoi (Hooker) Cheesem. 1925 A61, F. rotundifolia ms A61]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A61] Allan, H. H. 1961. Flora of New Zealand vol. 1. Indigenous Tracheophyta: Psilopsida, Lycopsida, Filicopsida, Gymnospermae, Dicotyledones. R. E. Owen, Government Printer: Wellington (New Zealand).

[BT87] Baker, E. W., & D. M. Tuttle. 1987. The false spider mites of Mexico (Tenuipalpidae: Acari). United States Department of Agriculture, Technical Bulletin 1706: 1–237.

[CP02] Christopher, R. A., & D. C. Prowell. 2002. A palynological biozonation for the Maastrichtian stage (Upper Cretaceous) of South Carolina, USA. Cretaceous Research 23: 639–669.

[CBH93] Collinson, M. E., M. C. Boulter & P. L. Holmes. 1993. Magnoliophyta (‘Angiospermae’). In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 809–841. Chapman & Hall: London.

[C38] Crawford, J. C. 1938. Some new or little known Thysanoptera. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 40 (2): 35–43.

[D07] Dash, S. S. 2007. Useful plants of Kabi Sacred Grove, Sikkim. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 49: 79–88.

[D01] Doweld, A. B. 2001. The systematic relevance of fruit and seed structure in Bersama and Melianthus (Melianthaceae). Plant Systematics and Evolution 227: 75–103.

[GT02] Gomez, B., F. Thévenard, M. Fantin & L. Guisberti. 2002. Late Cretaceous plants from the Bonarelli Level of the Venetian Alps, northeastern Italy. Cretaceous Research 23: 671–685.

[HL08] Henniger, M., & R. Leder. 2008. Eozäne Makroflora der Querfurter Mulde. Mauritiana 20 (2): 229–251.

[H93] Hickman, J. C. (ed.) 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press: Berkeley (California).

[J87] Judd, W. S. 1987. Floristic study of Morne La Visite and Pic Macaya National Parks, Haiti. Bulletin of the Florida State Museum—Biological Sciences 32 (1): 1–136.

[LC95] Linder, H. P., & M. D. Crisp. 1995. Nothofagus and Pacific biogeography. Cladistics 11: 5–32.

[MH98] Morikawa, H., A. Higaki, M. Nohno, M. Takahashi, M. Kamada, M. Nakata, G. Toyohara, Y. Okamura, K. Matsui, S. Kitani, K. Fujita, K. Irifune & N. Goshima. 1998. More than a 600-fold variation in nitrogen dioxide assimilation among 217 plant taxa. Plant, Cell and Environment 21: 180–190.

[PB27] Pilsbry, H. A., & J. Bequaert. 1927. The aquatic mollusks of the Belgian Congo, with a geographical and ecological account of Congo malacology. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 53 (2): 69–602, pls 10–77.

[P88] Polunin, I. 1988. Plants and Flowers of Malaysia. Times Editions: Singapore.

[RJ11] Rising, J. D., A. Jaramillo, J. L. Copete, P. G. Ryan & S. C. Madge. 2011. Family Emberizidae (buntings and New World sparrows). In: Hoyo, J. del, A. Elliott & D. A. Christie (eds) Handbook of the Birds of the World vol. 16. Tanagers to New World Blackbirds pp. 428–683. Lynx Edicions: Barcelona.

[S89] Squinabol, S. 1889. Res Ligusticae. VII.—Cenno preliminare sulla flora fossile di Santa Giustina. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, Serie 2^a, 7: 73–76.

[T00] Thorne, R. F. 2000. The classification and geography of the flowering plants: dicotyledons of the class Angiospermae (subclasses Magnoliidae, Ranunculidae, Caryophyllidae, Dilleniidae, Rosidae, Asteridae, and Lamiidae). The Botanical Review 66: 441–647.

[WM09] Wang, H., M. J. Moore, P. S. Soltis, C. D. Bell, S. F. Brockington, R. Alexandre, C. C. Davis, M. Latvis, S. R. Manchester & D. E. Soltis. 2009. Rosid radiation and the rapid rise of angiosperm-dominated forests. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 106 (10): 3853–3858.

[Z02] Zherikhin, V. V. 2002. Ecological history of the terrestrial insects. In: Rasnitsyn, A. P., & D. L. J. Quicke (eds) History of Insects pp. 331–388. Kluwer Academic Publishers: Dordrecht.

Last updated: 5 September 2020.

Casuarinaceae

'Cones' of Casuarina equisetifolia, photographed by Atamari.

Belongs within: Faganae.

The Casuarinaceae, sheoaks, are a family of just under 100 species of small trees that bear a superficial resemblance to conifers, with scale-like leaves and cone-like inflorescences. Species of Casuarinaceae are found in south-east Asia and Australasia; the genus Allocasuarina is restricted to Australia but Casuarina is more widespread. Species of Allocasuarina bear 'cones' with thinly woody, prominent bracteoles extending well beyond the body of the cone whereas cones of Casuarina species have thickly woody, convex bracteoles mostly extending only slightly beyond the cone body (Harden 1990).

Characters (from the Angiosperm Phylogeny Website): Roots with N-fixing Frankia, rootlets clustered, of limited growth ; flavonols and biflavonoids present, flavones and myricetin absent; nodes 1:1; stomata usually tetracytic, transversely oriented; leaves 4-16-whorled, scale-like, margins entire, stipules absent; plant monoecious or dioecious, inflorescence capitate-spicate, one flower/bract, bracts and bracteoles more or less well-developed; staminate flowers with perianth ["inner bracteoles"] 2, median, androecium 1, filaments incurved in bud, anthers more or less longer than connective; pollen granular layer absent; pistillode absent; carpellate flowers with bracteoles large; perianth absent; gynoecium naked, only abaxial fertile; ovules bitegmic, outer integument 3-4 cells across, inner integument 2-3 cells across, micropyle endostomal, nucellar tracheids present, vascular bundle branched in chalaza; archesporium multicellular, embryo sac with micropylar and chalazal caecum/haustoria; fruit a samara, freed as the much accrescent bracteoles separate; seed coat adnate to pericarp; endosperm anbsent; n = 8-14.

Casuarinaceae [Casuarinales, Casuarinanae]
    |--Casuaroxylon anglica Goeppert & Stache 1855 CBH93
    |--Gymnostoma CBH93
    |--Haloragacidites harrisii Mildenhall 1980 [=Triorites harrisii] CBH93
    |--Casuarina W95
    |    |--C. cristata [incl. C. cambagei, C. lepidophloia] H90
    |    |--C. cunninghamiana M04
    |    |--C. decaisneana B05
    |    |--C. equisetifolia B88
    |    |    |--C. e. ssp. equisetifolia H90
    |    |    `--C. e. ssp. incana H90
    |    |--C. fraserana W95
    |    |--C. glauca C74
    |    |--C. humilis SM06
    |    |--C. litorea A80
    |    |--C. littoralis S00 [=Allocasuarina littoralis H90; incl. C. suberosa H90]
    |    |--C. muelleriana G76
    |    |--C. nobilis P88
    |    |--C. obesa OS04
    |    |--C. papuana C78
    |    |--C. pauper M04
    |    `--C. sumatrana K03
    `--Allocasuarina SM06
         |--A. acutivalvis G04b
         |--A. brachystachya H90
         |--A. campestris OS04
         |--A. corniculata G04a
         |--A. decussata M06
         |--A. defungens H90
         |--A. diminuta H90
         |    |--A. d. ssp. diminuta H90
         |    |--A. d. ssp. annectens H90
         |    `--A. d. ssp. mimica H90
         |--A. distyla [=Casuarina distyla]
         |--A. eriochlamys G04a
         |--A. fraseriana SM06
         |--A. glareicola H90
         |--A. gymnanthera H90
         |--A. helmsii G04a
         |--A. huegeliana SB04
         |--A. humilis OS04
         |--A. inophloia [=Casuarina inophloia] H90
         |--A. luehmannii [=Casuarina luehmannii] H90
         |--A. microstachya OS04
         |--A. nana [=Casuarina nana] H90
         |--A. ophiolitica H90
         |--A. paludosa [=Casuarina paludosa; incl. C. distyla var. prostrata] H90
         |--A. portuensis H90
         |--A. rigida [=Casuarina rigida] H90
         |--A. rupicola H90
         |--A. simulans H90
         |--A. thuyoides G04b
         |--A. torulosa [=Casuarina torulosa] H90
         `--A. verticillata [incl. Casuarina quadrivalvis, C. stricta] H90

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A80] Aoki, J. 1980. A revision of the oribatid mites of Japan. I. The families Phthiracaridae and Oribotritiidae. Bulletin of the Institute of Environmental Science and Technology, Yokohama National University 6 (2): 1–89.

[B05] Beard, J. S. 2005. Drainage evolution in the Lake Disappointment Catchment, Western Australia—a discussion. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 88 (2): 57–64.

[B88] Bouček, Z. 1988. Australasian Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera): A biosystematic revision of genera of fourteen families, with a reclassification of species. CAB International: Wallingford (UK).

[C78] Clunie, N. M. U. 1978. The vegetation. In: Womersley, J. S. (ed.) Handbooks of the Flora of Papua New Guinea vol. 1 pp. 1–11. Melbourne University Press: Carlton South (Australia).

[CBH93] Collinson, M. E., M. C. Boulter & P. L. Holmes. 1993. Magnoliophyta (‘Angiospermae’). In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 809–841. Chapman & Hall: London.

[C74] Crowder, J. P. 1974. Exotic Plant Pests of South Florida. Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife (USA).

[G04a] Gibson, N. 2004a. Flora and vegetation of the Eastern Goldfields Ranges: part 6. Mt Manning Range. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 87 (2): 35–47.

[G04b] Gibson, N. 2004b. Flora and vegetation of the Eastern Goldfields Ranges: part 7. Middle and South Ironcap, Digger Rock and Hatter Hill. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 87 (2): 49–62.

[G76] Gross, G. F. 1976. Plant-feeding and Other Bugs (Hemiptera) of South Australia. Heteroptera—Part II. Handbook of the Flora and Fauna of South Australia.

[H90] Harden, G. J. (ed.) 1990. Flora of New South Wales vol. 1. New South Wales University Press.

[K03] Kulip, J. 2003. An ethnobotanical survey of medicinal and other useful plants of Muruts in Sabah, Malaysia. Telopea 10 (1): 81–98.

[M06] McCaw, W. L. 2006. Asplenium aethiopicum recolonises karri forest following timber harvesting and burning. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 89 (3): 119–122.

[M04] Mound, L. A. 2004. Australian Thysanoptera—biological diversity and a diversity of studies. Australian Journal of Entomology 43 (3): 248–257.

[OS04] Obbens, F. J., & L. W. Sage. 2004. Vegetation and flora of a diverse upland remnant of the Western Australian wheatbelt (Nature Reserve A21064). Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 87 (1): 19–28.

[P88] Polunin, I. 1988. Plants and Flowers of Malaysia. Times Editions: Singapore.

[SB04] Sage, L. W., P. A. Blankendaal, A. Moylett & K. Agar. 2004. The occurrence and impact of Phytophthora cinnamomi in the central-western Avon Wheatbelt bioregion of Western Australia. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 87 (1): 15–18.

[SM06] Semeniuk, C. A., L. A. Milne, P. Ladd & V. Semeniuk. 2006. Pollen in the surface sediments of wetlands in the Becher Point area, southwestern Australia: a baseline for use in interpreting Holocene sequences. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 89 (1): 27–43.

[S00] Siddiqi, M. R. 2000. Tylenchida: Parasites of plants and insects 2^nd ed. CABI Publishing: Wallingford (UK).

[W95] Wang, Q. 1995. A taxonomic revision of the Australian genus Phoracantha Newman (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). Invertebrate Taxonomy 9: 865–958.

Last updated: 6 July 2020.

Fagaceae

Stand of cork oak Quercus suber, photographed by Guiliano Campus.

Belongs within: Faganae.
Contains: Castanopsis.

The Fagaceae (including beech, oaks and chestnuts) are a family of trees found in a band across the Americas and Eurasia, with species in northernmost Africa and New Guinea. Many species are dominant forest trees in parts of their ranges, and the chestnuts of the genus Castanea are important food plants. As well as chestnuts, important genera in the family include the beeches Fagus and the oaks Quercus. Species of Fagus and Castanea produce one or more nuts enclosed in a spiny or prickled cupule; Quercus species produce a single acorn contained in a scaly cup (K. C. Nixon). Many oak species are used as sources as wood; the thick bark of the cork oak Quercus suber is used as the source for natural cork. Lithocarpus, the stone oaks, are a genus similar to Quercus but with erect male spikes, found in southeast and east Asia. The Trigonobalanoideae is a small group found in south-east Asia and northern South America producing one to seven trigonous nuts in an open cupule.

Characters (from the Angiosperm Phylogeny Website): Hairs often stellate/branched; sclereid nests in bark, cells with large rhomboidal crystals; stomata also cyclocytic; leaves conduplicate-plicate; inflorescence branched or not; flowers often trimerous; perianth biseriate or not, 4-6(-7)-lobed; staminate flowers: bract; pollen prolate-spheroidal, not spiny, tectum with more or less flat-lying and fused rod-like elements, pistillode present; carpellate flowers: staminodes present; cupule of valves more or less spiny, fruit nut-like, trigonous; endocarp hairy inside; seed pachychalazal.

Fagaceae
    |--Trigonobalanoideae T00
    |    |--Colombobalanus T00
    |    |--Formanodendron T00
    |    `--Trigonobalanus T00
    |--Castanea B14 [Castaneoideae T00]
    |    |--C. crenata [incl. C. vulgaris] LO98
    |    |--C. dentata B14
    |    |--C. sativa G98
    |    `--C. vesca C55
    |--Fagus CD07 [Fagoideae T00]
    |    |--F. benthami Ettingshausen 1886 F71
    |    |--F. crenata TMS91
    |    |--F. cunninghamii C45
    |    |--F. engleriana LI89
    |    |--F. grandifolia Ehrh. 1788 CD07
    |    |--F. hookeri Ettingshausen 1886 F71
    |    |--F. muelleri Ettingshausen 1886 F71
    |    |--F. orientalis M06
    |    |--F. sylvatica R-CT01
    |    `--F. wilkinsoni Ettingshausen 1883 F71
    `--Quercus B14 [Quercoideae T00]
         |  i. s.: Q. acuta [=Q. aluta (l. c.)] LO98
         |         Q. × acutidens [Q. cornelius-mulleri × Q. engelmannii] H93
         |         Q. acutissima MH98
         |         Q. agrifolia M93
         |           |--Q. a. var. agrifolia H93
         |           `--Q. a. var. oxyadenia H93
         |         Q. alba Linnaeus 1753 DSA04
         |         Q. alnifolia D30
         |         Q. × alvordiana [Q. douglasii × Q. john-tuckeri] H93
         |         Q. aristata BTA75
         |         Q. arizonica BT87
         |         Q. austini Ettingshausen 1886 F71
         |         Q. berberidifolia H93
         |         Q. buckleyi HH05
         |         Q. calliprinos HF03
         |         Q. candicans RJ11
         |         Q. catesbaei C55
         |         Q. chrysolepis [incl. Q. chrysolepis var. nana] H93
         |         Q. coccinea S00
         |         Q. conzatii BT87
         |         Q. copyiensis MM96
         |         Q. cornelius-mulleri H93
         |         Q. crispula MH98
         |         Q. dalechampii R-CT01
         |         Q. dampieri Ettingshausen 1886 F71
         |         Q. darwinii Ettingshausen 1883 F71
         |         Q. delechampii RCT96
         |         Q. dentata T86
         |         Q. douglasii HH05
         |         Q. drymejoides Ettingshausen 1883 F71
         |         Q. dumosa H93
         |         Q. durata H93
         |           |--Q. d. var. durata H93
         |           `--Q. d. var. gabrielensis H93
         |         Q. engelmannii H93
         |         Q. eumoryi SZ03
         |         Q. faginea R-RR-GM-S98
         |         Q. falcata S00
         |         Q. frainetto G98
         |         Q. gambellii RJ11
         |         Q. garryiana B-PEC05
         |           |--Q. g. var. garryiana H93
         |           `--Q. g. var. breweri H93
         |         Q. glauca [incl. Q. shalassica (l. c.)] LO98
         |         Q. glaucoides FZ77
         |         Q. gravesii SZ03
         |         Q. hapaloneuron Ettingshausen 1886 F71
         |         Q. harvardi W01
         |         Q. hookeri Ettingshusen 1883 F71
         |         Q. humboldtii R96
         |         Q. humilis C55
         |         Q. incana B14
         |         Q. ithaburensis HF03
         |         Q. john-tuckeri [incl. Q. turbinella var. californica] H93
         |         Q. kelloggii H93
         |         Q. laevis CS90
         |         Q. laurina BT87
         |         Q. leucotrichophora N02
         |         Q. lobata S62
         |         Q. lusitanica R-RR-GM-S98
         |         Q. × macdonaldii [Q. berberidifolia × Q. lobata] H93
         |         Q. macrocarpa Heal03
         |         Q. magnoliaefolia BT87
         |         Q. minor G17
         |         Q. mongolica LO98
         |           |--Q. m. var. mongolica LO98
         |           `--Q. m. var. grosseserrata LO98
         |         Q. myrsinaefolia MH98
         |         Q. nigra CB06
         |         Q. palmeri [incl. Q. dunnii] H93
         |         Q. palustris B00
         |         Q. parvula H93
         |           |--Q. p. var. parvula H93
         |           `--Q. p. var. shrevei H93
         |         Q. phillyraeoides MH98 [=Q. phyllirioides LO98]
         |         Q. praephilippinensis Ettingshausen 1883 F71
         |         Q. prinus CS05
         |         Q. pubescens R-CT01
         |         Q. rotundifolia [=Q. ilex ssp. rotundifolia] R-RR-GM-S98
         |         Q. rubra HH05
         |         Q. rugosa RJ11
         |         Q. sadleriana H93
         |         Q. semecarpifolia M18
         |         Q. serrata MH98 [incl. Q. glandulifera LO98]
         |         Q. sessilis N77
         |         Q. tolimensis R96
         |         Q. tomentella RJ11
         |         Q. toza C55
         |         Q. turbinella MBJ83
         |         Q. vaccinifolia H93
         |         Q. velutina CS05
         |         Q. virens P09
         |         Q. virginiana F11
         |         Q. wilkinsoni Ettingshausen 1886 F71
         |         Q. wislizenii H93
         |           |--Q. w. var. wislizenii H93
         |           `--Q. w. var. frutescens H93
         |--Q. subg. Quercus R-RR-GM-S98
         |    |--Q. petraea R-RR-GM-S98
         |    |--Q. pyrenaica R-RR-GM-S98
         |    `--Q. robur R-RR-GM-S98 [incl. Q. pedunculata C55, Q. sessiliflora C55]
         |--Q. subg. Cerris R-RR-GM-S98
         |    |--Q. cerris R-RR-GM-S98
         |    |--Q. macrolepis R-RR-GM-S98
         |    |--Q. suber R-RR-GM-S98
         |    `--Q. trojana R-RR-GM-S98
         `--Q. subg. Sclerophyllodrys R-RR-GM-S98
              |--Q. coccifera Linnaeus 1753 R-RR-GM-S98, PL04 [incl. Q. pseudococcifera R-RR-GM-S98]
              `--Q. ilex R-RR-GM-S98
                   |--Q. i. ssp. ilex R-RR-GM-S98
                   `--Q. i. ssp. ballota R-RR-GM-S98

Fagaceae incertae sedis:
  Lithocarpus Head03
    |--L. densiflorus H93
    |    |--L. d. var. densiflorus H93
    |    `--L. d. var. echinoides H93
    |--L. edulis MH98
    `--L. henryi LI89
  Castanopsis Head03
  Pasania YY22
  Eotrigonobalanus Walther & Kvaček 1989 HL08
    |--E. andreanszkyi JD05
    `--E. furcinervis (Rossmässler) Walther & Kvaček 1989 (see below for synonymy) HL08
  Chrysolepis H93
    |--C. chrysophylla [=Castanopsis chrysophylla] H93
    |    |--C. c. var. chrysophylla H93
    |    `--C. c. var. minor [=Castanopsis chrysophylla var. minor] H93
    `--C. sempervirens [=Castanopsis sempervirens] H93

Eotrigonobalanus furcinervis (Rossmässler) Walther & Kvaček 1989 [=Phyllites furcinervis Rossmässler 1840, Dryophyllum furcinerve; incl. D. album Rüffle, Müller-Stoll & Litke 1976] HL08

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BT87] Baker, E. W., & D. M. Tuttle. 1987. The false spider mites of Mexico (Tenuipalpidae: Acari). United States Department of Agriculture, Technical Bulletin 1706: 1–237.

[BTA75] Baker, E. W., D. M. Tuttle & M. J. Abbatiello. 1975. The false spider mites of northwestern and north central Mexico (Acarina: Tenuipalpidae). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 194: 1–23.

[B-PEC05] Behan-Pelletier, V. M., B. Eamer & M. Clayton. 2005. Dendroeremaeidae n. fam., from forest trees in western North America (Acari: Oribatida: Licneremaeoidea). Acarologia 46 (4): 321–339.

[B14] Bouchard, P. (ed.) 2014. The Book of Beetles: A lifesize guide to six hundred of nature's gems. Ivy Press: Lewes (United Kingdom).

[B00] Braby, M. F. 2000. Butterflies of Australia: their identification, biology and distribution vol. 2. CSIRO Publishing: Collingwood (Victoria).

[C55] Candolle, A. de. 1855. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 2. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[CD07] Cantino, P. D., J. A. Doyle, S. W. Graham, W. S. Judd, R. G. Olmstead, D. E. Soltis, P. S. Soltis & M. J. Donoghue. 2007. Towards a phylogenetic nomenclature of Tracheophyta. Taxon 56 (3): E1–E44.

[CB06] Christopher, C. C., & G. W. Barrett. 2006. Coexistence of white-footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus) and golden mice (Ochrotomys nuttalli) in a southeastern forest. Journal of Mammalogy 87 (1): 102–107.

[C45] Colenso, W. 1845. Memoranda of an excursion, made in the Northern Island of New Zealand, in the summer of 1841–2; intended as a contribution towards the natural productions of the New Zealand groupe: with particular reference to their botany. Tasmanian Journal of Natural Science 2: 210–234.

[CS05] Connors, M. J., E. M. Schauber, A. Forbes, C. G. Jones, B. J. Goodwin & R. S. Ostfeld. 2005. Use of track plates to quantify predation risk at small spatial scales. Journal of Mammalogy 86 (5): 991–996.

[CS90] Corey, D. T., & I. J. Stout. 1990. Ground surface arachnids in sandhill communities of Florida. Journal of Arachnology 18: 167–172.

[DSA04] Dayrat, B., C. Schander & K. A. Angielczyk. 2004. Suggestions for a new species nomenclature. Taxon 53 (2): 485–491.

[D30] Druce, G. C. 1930. Account of a botanical tour in Cyprus. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of London 141: 50–52.

[F71] Fletcher, H. O. 1971. Catalogue of type specimens of fossils in the Australian Museum, Sydney. Australian Museum Memoir 13: 1–167.

[F11] Fraga, R. M. 2011. Family Icteridae (New World blackbirds). In: Hoyo, J. del, A. Elliott & D. A. Christie (eds) Handbook of the Birds of the World vol. 16. Tanagers to New World Blackbirds pp. 684–807. Lynx Edicions: Barcelona.

[FZ77] Fullington, R. W., & E. G. Zimmerman. 1977. A new species of Humboldtiana (Helminthoglyptidae) from Coahuila, Mexico. Veliger 20 (2): 134–136.

[G17] Girault, A. A. 1917. New chalcid flies. Privately published (reprinted Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 72–77).

[G98] Gruber, J. 1998. Beiträge zur Systematik der Gattung Dicranolasma (Arachnida: Opiliones, Dicranolasmatidae). I. Dicranolasma thracium Staręga und verwandte Formen aus Südosteuropa und Südwestasien. Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museum in Wien. Serie B. Botanik und Zoologie 100: 489–537.

[HH05] Haas, J. P., & E. J. Heske. 2005. Experimental study of the effects of mammalian acorn predators on red oak acorn survival and germination. Journal of Mammalogy 86 (5): 1015–1021.

[HF03] Halperin, J., & J. Fremuth. 2003. Contribution to the knowledge of Curculionoidea (Coleoptera) and their host plants in Israel. Zoology in the Middle East 29: 93–100.

[Head03] Heads, M. 2003. Ericaceae in Malesia: vicariance biogeography, terrane tectonics and ecology. Telopea 10 (1): 311–449.

[Heal03] Healy, R. A. 2003. Mattirolomyces tiffanyae, a new truffle from Iowa, with ultrastructural evidence for its classification in the Pezizaceae. Mycologia 95 (4): 765–772.

[HL08] Henniger, M., & R. Leder. 2008. Eozäne Makroflora der Querfurter Mulde. Mauritiana 20 (2): 229–251.

[H93] Hickman, J. C. (ed.) 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press: Berkeley (California).

[JD05] Junge, F. W., M. Dolezych, H. Walther, T. Böttger, A. Kühl, L. Kunzmann, P. Morgenstern, T. Steinberg & R. Stange. 2005. Ein Fenster in Landschaft und Vegetation vor 37 Millionen Jahren: Lithologische, sedimentgeochemische und paläobotanische Befunde aus einem Paläoflusssystem des Weißelsterbeckens. Mauritiana 19 (2): 185–273.

[LO98] Lack, H. W., & H. Ohba. 1998. Die Xylothek des Chikusai Kato. Willdenowia 28: 263–276.

[LI89] Liang L.-R. & K. Ishikawa. 1989. Occurrence of Gamasellus (Acarina, Gamasida, Ologamasidae) on Tian-mu Mountains in east China. Reports of Research, Matsuyama Shinonome Junior College 20: 143–152.

[M06] Martens, J. 2006. Weberknechte aus dem Kaukasus (Arachnida, Opiliones, Nemastomatidae). Senckenbergiana Biologica 86 (2): 145–210.

[M18] Martens, J. 2018. Remarkable new harvestman species from the Nepalese and Indian Himalayas (Arachnida, Opiliones: Phalangiidae and Sclerosomatidae). In: M. Hartmann, M. V. L. Barclay & J. Weipert (eds) Biodiversität und Naturausstattung im Himalaya VI pp. 169–178. Verein der Freunde und Förderer des Naturkundemuseum Erfurt.

[M93] Mockford, E. L. 1993. North American Psocoptera (Insecta). Sandhill Crane Press, Inc.

[MH98] Morikawa, H., A. Higaki, M. Nohno, M. Takahashi, M. Kamada, M. Nakata, G. Toyohara, Y. Okamura, K. Matsui, S. Kitani, K. Fujita, K. Irifune & N. Goshima. 1998. More than a 600-fold variation in nitrogen dioxide assimilation among 217 plant taxa. Plant, Cell and Environment 21: 180–190.

[MM96] Mound, L. A., & R. Marullo. 1996. The thrips of Central and South America: an introduction (Insecta: Thysanoptera). Memoirs on Entomology, International 6: 1–487.

[MBJ83] Munger, J. C., M. A. Bowers & W. T. Jones. 1983. Desert rodent populations: factors affecting abundance, distribution, and genetic structure. Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs 7: 91–116.

[N02] Negi, H. R. 2002. Abundance and diversity of moss communities of Chopta-Tunganath in the Garhwal Himalaya. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 99 (3): 418–433.

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Last updated: 25 November 2018.