Orthopsidae

Orthopsis miliaris, copyright Sartha.

Belongs within: Euechinoidea.

The Orthopsidae are a group of echinoids of uncertain affinities known from the Lower Jurassic to the Upper Cretaceous (Fell & Pawson 1966).

Characters (from Fell & Pawson 1966): Test small or large, regularly hemispherical or globular. Lantern camarodont (known only in Orthopsis). Ambulacra simple, without compounded plates, at most with only incipient triads; zygopores arranged in straight meridians. Tubercles perforate, noncrenulate. Apical system dicyclic, exceptionally with posterior oculars insert. Spines unknown.

Orthopsidae [Orthopsida, Orthopsina, Orthopsinae] FP66
    |--Brochechinus Lambert & Thiéry 1908 FP66
    |    `--*B. elisae Lambert & Thiéry 1908 FP66
    |--Dubarechinus Lambert 1937 FP66
    |    `--*D. despujolsi Lambert 1937 FP66
    |--Gymnodiadema de Loriol 1884 FP66
    |    `--*G. choffati de Loriol 1884 FP66
    |--Orthocidaris Cotteau 1862 FP66
    |    `--*O. inermis (Gras 1848) [=Hemicidaris inermis] FP66
    |--Scaptodiadema de Loriol 1891 FP66
    |    `--*S. matheyi de Loriol 1891 FP66
    `--Orthopsis Cotteau 1864 (see below for synonymy) FP66
         |--*O. miliaris (d’Archiac 1835) [=Cidarites miliaris] FP66
         |--O. flouesti Cotteau 1867 [=*Miorthopsis flouesti] FP66
         `--O. similis Stoliczka 1873 [=*Arialopsis similis, *Stephanopsis similis, *Stephomma simile] FP66

Orthopsis Cotteau 1864 [incl. Arialopsis Lambert & Thiéry 1925, Miorthopsis Pomel 1883, Stephanopsis Lambert 1900 non Bedot 1896, Stephomma Stechow 1921] FP66

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[FP66] Fell, H. B., & D. L. Pawson. 1966. Echinacea. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt U. Echinodermata 3 vol. 2 pp. U367–U440. The Geological Society of America, Inc., and The University of Kansas Press.

Hemicidaroida

Tetragramma variolare, from the Natural History Museum.

Belongs within: Echinacea.

The Hemicidaroida are a group of echinoids with a stirodont lantern and perforate primary tubercles known from the Upper Triassic to the Upper Cretaceous (Fell & Pawson 1966).

<==Hemicidaroida [Hemicidarina]
    |  i. s.: Allomma Pomel 1883 FP66
    |           `--*A. normanniae (Cotteau 1863) [=Pseudodiadema normanniae] FP66
    |         Colpotiara Pomel 1883 FP66
    |           `--*C. matheyi (de Loriol 1870) [=Heterodiadema matheyi] FP66
    |         Trochodiadema de Loriol 1900 FP66
    |           `--*T. abramense de Loriol 1900 FP66
    |--Hemicidaridae FP66
    |    |--Cidaropsis Cotteau 1863 FP66
    |    |    `--*C. minor (Agassiz 1840) [=Hemicidaris minor] FP66
    |    |--Hessotiara Pomel 1883 FP66
    |    |    `--*H. florescens (Agassiz 1840) [=Diadema florescens] FP66
    |    |--Heterodiadema Cotteau 1864 FP66
    |    |    `--*H. libycum (Desor 1846) [=Hemicidaris libyca] FP66
    |    |--Asterocidaris Cotteau 1859 FP66
    |    |    |--*A. notodi Cotteau 1859 FP66
    |    |    `--A. minor FP66
    |    |--Gymnocidaris Agassiz 1838 [incl. Prodiadema Pomel 1869] FP66
    |    |    |--*G. diademata (Agassiz 1838) [=Hemicidaris diademata] FP66
    |    |    `--‘Cidarites’ agassizi Roemer 1839 [=*Prodiadema agassizi] FP66
    |    |--Plesiocidaris Pomel 1883 FP66
    |    |    |--*P. alpina (Agassiz 1840) [=Hemicidaris alpina] FP66
    |    |    `--P. durandi FP66
    |    |--Hemicidaris Agassiz 1838 [incl. Hemipygus Etallon 1859] FP66
    |    |    |--*H. crenularis (Lamarck 1816) (see below for synonymy) FP66
    |    |    |--H. glasvillei FP66
    |    |    `--H. mondegoensis FP66
    |    |--Hemitiaris Pomel 1883 FP66
    |    |    |--*H. stramonium (Agassiz 1840) [=Hemicidaris stramonium] FP66
    |    |    |--H. morinica FP66
    |    |    `--H. purbeckensis FP66
    |    |--Sphaerotiaris Lambert & Thiéry 1914 [=Tiaris Quenstedt 1873 (preoc.); incl. Dorytiaris Beurlin 1937] FP66
    |    |    |--*S. quenstedti (Merian in Desor 1858) [=Hemicidaris quenstedti, *Tiaris quenstedti] FP66
    |    |    |--‘Hemicidaris’ intermedia Fleming 1828 [=*Dorytiaris intermedia] FP66
    |    |    `--S. koechlini FP66
    |    `--Pseudocidaris Étallon 1859 FP66
    |         |--*P. thurmanni (Agassiz 1840) [=Hemicidaris thurmanni] FP66
    |         |--P. clunifera FP66
    |         |--P. lusitanica FP66
    |         |--P. mammosa FP66
    |         |--P. rupellensis FP66
    |         `--P. subcrenularis FP66
    `--Pseudodiadematidae FP66
         |--Dumblea Cragin 1893 FP66
         |    `--*D. symmetrica Cragin 1893 FP66
         |--Loriolia Neumayr 1881 [=Heterotiara Pomel 1883] FP66
         |    `--*L. foucardi (Cotteau 1851) [=Diadema foucardi, *Heterotiara foucardi] FP66
         |--Microdiadema Cotteau 1863 FP66
         |    `--*M. richerianum (Cotteau 1869) [=Arbacia richeriana] FP66
         |--Pedinopsis Cotteau 1863 FP66
         |    `--*P. meridanensis Cotteau 1863 FP66
         |--Tiaromma Pomel 1883 FP66
         |    `--*T. schlueteri (de Loriol 1887) [=Pseudodiadema schlueteri] FP66
         |--Diplopodia M’Coy 1848 [incl. Polyplodia Valette 1906, Pseudoplopodia Valette 1906] FP66
         |    |--*D. pentagona M’Coy 1848 FP66
         |    `--D. morieri FP66
         |--Pseudodiadema Desor 1855 [incl. Aplodiadema de Loriol 1902, Stereopyga Pomel 1883] FP66
         |    |--*P. pseudodiadema (Lamarck 1816) [=Cidarites pseudodiadema] FP66
         |    |--P. langi Desor 1868 [=*Aplodiadema langi] FP66
         |    `--P. moorei Wright 1857 [=*Stereopyga moorei] FP66
         |--Acrocidaris Agassiz 1840 [incl. Acrotiaris Quenstedt 1872] FP66
         |    |--*A. nobilis Agassiz 1840 FP66
         |    |--A. formosa FP66
         |    `--A. minor FP66
         |--Hypodiadema Desor 1858 [incl. Gymnotiara Pomel 1883] FP66
         |    |--*H. saleniforme (Desor 1853) [=Hemicidaris saleniformis] FP66
         |    |--H. desoriana FP66
         |    `--‘Pseudodiadema’ varusense Cotteau 1880 [=*Gymnotiara varusensis] FP66
         |--Polydiadema Lambert 1888 (see below for synonymy) FP66
         |    |--*P. mamillanum (Roemer 1836) (see below for synonymy) FP66
         |    |--‘*Leptarbacia’ argutus Clark & Twitchell 1915 FP66
         |    |--P. tenue FP66
         |    `--‘*Polypedina’ tounatensis Lambert 1933 FP66
         |--Trochotiara Lambert 1901 [incl. Tiarella Pomel 1883 nec Swainson 1840 nec Schultze 1876] FP66
         |    |--*T. prisca (Agassiz 1840) [=Diadema priscum] FP66
         |    |--T. bourgeti FP66
         |    |--T. guathieri FP66
         |    `--T. thiriai FP66
         `--Tetragramma Agassiz 1840 (see below for synonymy) FP66
              |--*T. variolare (Brongniart 1821) [=Cidarites variolare, *Acanthechinopsis variolare] FP66
              |--T. argonnensis Lambert 1925 [=*Strictotiara argonnensis] FP66
              |--T. malbosi FP66
              |--T. raulini FP66
              |--T. renevieri FP66
              `--‘Pseudodiadema’ subangulatum Stoliczka 1873 [=*Orthodiadema subangulatum] FP66

*Hemicidaris crenularis (Lamarck 1816) [=Cidarites crenularis; incl. H. intermedia Cotteau 1880 non Fleming 1828] FP66

Polydiadema Lambert 1888 [=Plesiodiadema Duncan 1885 non Pomel 1883; incl. Leptarbacia Clark & Twitchell 1915, Placodiadema Duncan 1889, Polypedina Lambert 1933] FP66

*Polydiadema mamillanum (Roemer 1836) [=Cidaris mamillanum, *Plesiodiadema mamillanum; incl. Pseudodiadema davidsoni Wright 1857, Polydiadema davidsoni] FP66

Tetragramma Agassiz 1840 [=Acanthechinopsis Gregory 1906; incl. Hexagramma Pomel 1883, Orthodiadema Lambert & Thiéry 1908, Strictotiara Lambert & Thiéry 1925] FP66

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[FP66] Fell, H. B., & D. L. Pawson. 1966. Echinacea. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt U. Echinodermata 3 vol. 2 pp. U367–U440. The Geological Society of America, Inc., and The University of Kansas Press.

Salenioida

Salenia texana, copyright Ecphora.

Belongs within: Echinacea.

The Salenioida are a group of echinoids known from the Lower Jurassic (possibly the Upper Triassic) to the present. Members of this group commonly have one or more large suranal plates over the apical system that superficially resemble a calyx. They are first represented in the fossil record by the Acrosaleniidae, which survived to the Upper Cretaceous and possess perforate primary tubercles. The Saleniidae, with imperforate primary tubercles, are known from the Upper Jurassic to the present (Fell & Pawson 1966).

Characters (from Fell & Pawson 1966): Lantern stirodont. Test of cidaroid facies (each interambulacral plate with single large primary tubercle and number of much smaller secondary tubercles). Ambulacrals simple or compounded in diadematoid manner. Apical svstem with one or several large, polygonal suranal plates, closely connected with the oculogenital ring, simulating a calyx. Inner border of oculogenital ring angular, not circular or oval. Periproct posterior (toward genital 5) or posterodextral (toward ocular I), encroaching on posterior edge of suranal plate, or plates, which become emarginated. Primary tubercles usually crenulate. Primary spines of cidaroid facies, with collar and cortex layer.

<==Salenioida [Calycina]
    |--Acrosaleniidae FP66
    |    |--Monodiadema de Loriol 1890 FP66
    |    |    `--*M. cotteaui de Loriol 1890 FP66
    |    |--Polysalenia Mortensen 1932 FP66
    |    |    `--*P. notabilis Mortensen 1932 FP66
    |    |--Recrosalenia Currie 1925 FP66
    |    |    `--*R. somaliensis Currie 1925 FP66
    |    |--Heterosalenia Cotteau 1861 [incl. Metacrosalenia Currie 1925] FP66
    |    |    |--*H. martini Cotteau 1861 FP66
    |    |    `--‘*Metacrosalenia’ pseudocidaroides Currie 1925 FP66
    |    |--Pseudosalenia Cotteau 1859 [=Amphisalenia Pomel 1883, Perisalenia Valette 1906] FP66
    |    |    |--P. aspera (Agassiz 1838) [=Acrosalenia aspera; incl. *P. flexuosa Cotteau 1859] FP66
    |    |    |--‘Acrosalenia’ gauthieri [=*Perisalenia gauthieri] FP66
    |    |    `--P. zumoffeni FP66
    |    `--Acrosalenia Agassiz 1840 (see below for synonymy) FP66
    |         |--*A. spinosa Agassiz 1840 FP66
    |         |--‘Hemicidaris’ angularis Agassiz 1846 [=*Milnia angularis] FP66
    |         |--A. colcanapi FP99
    |         |--A. hemicidaroides FP66
    |         |--A. marcotti MD66
    |         |--A. patella [=Hemicidaris patella, *Thylosalenia patella] FP66
    |         `--A. pentagona [=*Plesiosalenia pentagona] FP66
    `--Saleniidae [Salenies] FP66
         |--Hyposaleniinae FP66
         |    |--Idiocidaris de Loriol 1909 FP66
         |    |    `--*I. lamberti de Loriol 1909 FP66
         |    |--Glyphopneustes Pomel 1869 [=Coptophyma Peron & Gauthier 1879] FP66
         |    |    `--*G. problematicus (Cotteau 1880) [=Goniophorus problematicus, *Coptophyma problematicum] FP66
         |    |--Goniophorus Agassiz 1838 [incl. Gonosalenia Quenstedt 1872] FP66
         |    |    `--*G. lunulatus Agassiz 1838 FP66
         |    |--Poropeltaris Quenstedt 1875 [=Poropeltis (l. c.)] FP66
         |    |    `--*P. sculptopunctata Quenstedt 1875 FP66
         |    `--Hyposalenia Desor 1856 (see below for synonymy) FP66
         |         |--*H. acanthoides [=Echinus acanthoides, *Peltastes acanthoides, *Peltosalenia acanthoides] FP66
         |         |--H. clathrata FP66
         |         |--H. heliophora FP66
         |         `--H. wrighti FP66
         `--Saleniinae FP66
              |--Trisalenia Lambert 1895 FP66
              |    `--*T. loveni (Cotteau 1859) [=Salenia loveni] FP66
              |--Valsalenia Mortensen 1934 FP66
              |    `--*V. garumnensis (Valette 1905) [=Salenia garumnensis] FP66
              |--Salenocidaris Agassiz 1869 FP66
              |    |--*S. varispina Agassiz 1869 FP66
              |    `--S. miliaris FP66
              |--Salenidia Pomel 1883 [incl. Pleurosalenia Pomel 1883] FP66
              |    |--*S. gibba [=Salenia gibba] FP66
              |    |--S. blandfordi FP66
              |    `--S. heberti FP66
              `--Salenia Gray 1835 [incl. Bathysalenia Pomel 1838, Cidarelle Desmoulins 1835] FP66
                   |--*S. scutigera (Münster in Goldfuss 1826) [=Cidarites scutigera] FP66
                   |--S. goesiana FP66
                   |--S. neocomensis FP66
                   |--‘Echinus’ petaliferus [=*Cidarelle petalifera] FP66
                   |--S. rejaudryi FP66
                   |--S. texana K79
                   `--S. tumidula FP66

Acrosalenia Agassiz 1840 [incl. Milnia Haime 1849, Plesiosalenia Valette 1906, Thylosalenia Pomel 1883] FP66

Hyposalenia Desor 1856 [=Peltaris Quenstedt 1873, Peltastes Agassiz 1838 non Illiger 1807, Peltosalenia Quenstedt 1874] FP66

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[FD66] Fell, H. B., & D. L. Pawson. 1966. Echinacea. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt U. Echinodermata 3 vol. 2 pp. U367–U440. The Geological Society of America, Inc., and The University of Kansas Press.

[FP99] Flynn, J. J., J. M. Parrish, B. Rakotosamimanana, W. F. Simpson & A. R. Wyss. 1999. A Middle Jurassic mammal from Madagascar. Nature 401: 57–60.

[K79] Kauffman, E. G. 1979. Cretaceous. In: Robison, R. A., & C. Teichert (eds) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt A. Introduction. Fossilisation (Taphonomy), Biogeography and Biostratigraphy pp. A418–A487. The Geological Society of America, Inc.: Boulder (Colorado), and The University of Kansas: Lawrence (Kansas).

[MD66] Melville, R. V., & J. W. Durham. 1966. Echinoids—skeletal morphology. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt U. Echinodermata 3 vol. 1 pp. U220–U251. The Geological Society of America, Inc., and The University of Kansas Press.

Temnopleuroida

Temnotrema maculatum, from here.

Belongs within: Echinacea.

The Temnopleuroida are a group of echinoids with a camarodont lantern known from the Lower Jurassic to the present (Fell & Pawson 1966).

Characters (from Fell & Pawson 1966): Lantern camarodont (unknown in Glyphocyphidae). Test usually sculptured with ridges (epistroma) or sutural depressions or both, at least in immature stages; if test not sculptured, then gill slits very deep and conspicuous. Radioles solid.

<==Temnopleuroida [Temnopleurina]
    |  i. s.: Gagaria Duncan 1889 [incl. Leiopleurus Lambert 1902] FP66
    |           |--*G. venustula (Duncan & Sladen 1884) [=Micropsis venustula] FP66
    |           |--G. mossomi FP66
    |           `--‘Psammechinus’ orbignyi Cotteau 1883 [=*Leiopleurus orbignyi] FP66
    |--Glyphocyphidae [Glyphocyphinae] FP66
    |    |--Arachniopleurus Duncan & Sladen 1882 FP66
    |    |    `--*A. reticulatus Duncan & Sladen 1882 FP66
    |    |--Glyptodiadema Pomel 1883 FP66
    |    |    `--*G. cayluxense (Cotteau 1880) [=Pseudodiadema cayluxense] FP66
    |    |--Progonechinus Duncan & Sladen 1882 FP66
    |    |    `--*P. eocenicus Duncan & Sladen 1882 FP66
    |    |--Radiocyphus Cotteau 1890 FP66
    |    |    `--*R. villanovae Cotteau 1890 FP66
    |    |--Dictyopleurus Duncan & Sladen 1882 FP66
    |    |    |--*D. ziczac Duncan & Sladen 1882 FP66
    |    |    `--D. haimei FP66
    |    |--Echinopsis Agassiz 1840 [incl. Hebertia Michelin 1859] FP66
    |    |    |--*E. elegans (Desmoulins 1837) [=Echinus elegans] FP66
    |    |    `--E. parisiensis (Michelin 1859) [=*Hebertia parisiensis] FP66
    |    |--Glyphocyphus Haime 1853 FP66
    |    |    |--*G. (Glyphocyphus) radiatus (Hoeninghaus 1826) [=Echinus radiatus] FP66
    |    |    `--G. (Rhabdopleurus Cotteau 1893) [=Cryptocyphus Lambert & Thiéry 1914] FP66
    |    |         `--G. (*R.) ataxensis Cotteau 1886 [=*Cryptocyphus ataxensis] FP66
    |    |--Hemidiadema Agassiz 1846 FP66
    |    |    |--*H. rugosum Agassiz 1846 FP66
    |    |    |--H. intermedium FP66
    |    |    `--H. neocomiense FP66
    |    `--Ambipleurus Lambert 1932 [incl. Medochechinus Jeannet 1935] FP66
    |         |--*A. douvillei (Lambert 1824) [=Dictyopleurus douvillei] FP66
    |         |--A. darchiaci FP66
    |         |--A. darguini FP66
    |         `--‘*Medochechinus’ fabrei Jeannet 1935 FP66
    |--Toxopneustidae FP66
    |    |--Pseudocentrotus Mortensen 1903 FP66
    |    |    `--*P. depressus (Agassiz 1863) [=Toxocidaris depressa] FP66
    |    |--Cyrtechinus Mortensen 1942 FP66
    |    |    `--*C. verruculatus (Lutken 1864) [=Psammechinus verruculatus] FP66
    |    |--Goniopneustes Duncan 1889 FP66
    |    |    `--*G. pentagonus (Agassiz 1872) [=Amblypneustes pentagonus] FP66
    |    |--Gymnechinus Mortensen 1903 FP66
    |    |    `--*G. robillardi (de Loriol 1883) [=Echinus robillardi] FP66
    |    |--Scoliechinus Arnold & Clark 1927 FP66
    |    |    `--*S. axiologus Arnold & Clark 1927 FP66
    |    |--Nudechinus Clark 1912 [incl. Taxophyma Lambert 1899] FP66
    |    |    |--*N. scotiopremnus Clark 1912 FP66
    |    |    `--N. lyonsi (Gregory 1898) [=Psammechinus lyonsi, *Taxophyma lyonsi] FP66
    |    |--Toxopneustes Agassiz 1841 [=Boletia Desor 1846; incl. Hemiechinus Girard in Agassiz 1872] FP66
    |    |    |--*T. pileolus (Lamarck 1816) [=Echinus pileolus, *Boletia pileolus] FP66
    |    |    `--T. roseus FP66
    |    |--Pseudoboletia Troschel 1869 FP66
    |    |    |--*P. stenostoma Troschel 1869 FP66
    |    |    `--P. indiana (Michelin 1862) MG-H11
    |    |--Lytechinus Agassiz 1863 [=Psilechinus Lutken 1864] FP66
    |    |    |--*L. variegatus (Lamarck 1816) FP66 (see below for synonymy)
    |    |    `--L. anamesus BK77
    |    |--Oligophyma Pomel 1869 FP66
    |    |    |--*O. oranense Pomel 1869 FP66
    |    |    `--O. cellense FP66
    |    |--Schizechinus Pomel 1869 [incl. Toxophyma Lambert & Thiéry 1925] FP66
    |    |    |--*S. tuberculatus (Pomel 1887) [=Anapesus tuberculatus] FP66
    |    |    `--S. duciei FP66
    |    |--Sphaerechinus Desor 1856 B01
    |    |    |--*S. granularis (Lamarck 1816) [=Echinus granularis] FP66
    |    |    |--S. esculentus H04
    |    |    `--S. lividus D56
    |    `--Tripneustes Agassiz 1841 [incl. Heliechinus Girard 1850, Hipponoe Gray 1840 (n. n.)] FP66
    |         |--*T. ventricosus (Lamarck 1816) [=Echinus ventricosus; incl. *Heliechinus gouldii Girard 1850] FP66
    |         |--T. esculentus W79
    |         `--T. gratilla (Linnaeus 1758) BM09
    `--Temnopleuridae FP66
         |--Mespilia Desor 1846 FP66
         |    `--*M. globulus (Linnaeus 1758) [=Echinus globulus] FP66
         |--Asterechinus Mortensen 1942 FP66
         |    `--*A. elegans Mortensen 1942 FP66
         |--Erbechinus Jeannet 1935 FP66
         |    `--*E. erbi Jeannet 1935 FP66
         |--Genocidaris Agassiz 1869 FP66
         |    `--*G. maculata Agassiz 1869 FP66
         |--Glyptechinus de Loriol 1873 FP66
         |    `--*G. rochati de Loriol 1873 FP66
         |--Goniosigma Fell 1964 FP66
         |    `--*G. enysi (Hutton 1873) [=Echinus enysi] FP66
         |--Grammechinus Duncan & Sladen 1885 FP66
         |    `--*G. regularis Duncan & Sladen 1885 FP66
         |--Graphepleurus Clark 1945 [=Graphechinus (l. c.)] FP66
         |    `--*G. granularis Clark 1945 FP66
         |--Hypsiechinus Mortensen 1903 FP66
         |    `--*H. coronatus Mortensen 1903 FP66
         |--Irenechinus Fell 1964 FP66
         |    `--*I. hentyi Fell 1964 FP66
         |--Lamprechinus Döderlein 1905 FP66
         |    `--*L. nitidus Döderlein 1905 FP66
         |--Leiocyphus Cotteau 1866 FP66
         |    `--*L. conjunctus (Agassiz 1840) [=Arbacia conjuncta] FP66
         |--Martinechinus Jeannet 1937 FP66
         |    `--*M. molengraaffi Jeannet 1937 FP66
         |--Orechinus Döderlein 1905 FP66
         |    `--*O. monolini (Agassiz 1879) [=Trigonocidaris monolini] FP66
         |--Paratrema Koehler 1927 FP66
         |    `--*P. doederleini (Mortensen 1904) [=Pleurechinus doederleini] FP66
         |--Printechinus Koehler 1927 FP66
         |    `--*P. impressus Koehler 1927 FP66
         |--Prionechinus Agassiz 1879 FP66
         |    `--*P. sagittiger Agassiz 1879 FP66
         |--Pseudarbacina Fourtau 1920 FP66
         |    `--*P. fraasi (Gauthier in Fourtau 1902) [=Arbacina fraasi] FP66
         |--Pseudodicoptella Jeannet 1935 FP66
         |    `--*P. reicheli Jeannet 1935 FP66
         |--Salmaciella Mortensen 1942 FP66
         |    `--*S. dussumieri (Agassiz 1846) [=Salmacis dussumieri] FP66
         |--Temnechinus Forbes 1852 FP66
         |    `--*T. excavatus Forbes 1852 FP66
         |--Zeuglopleurus Gregory 1889 FP66
         |    `--*Z. costulatus Gregory 1889 FP66
         |--Salmacis Agassiz 1841 FP66 (see below for synonymy)
         |    |--*S. bicolor Agassiz 1841 FP66
         |    `--‘Echinus’ sphaeroides Linnaeus 1758 [incl. *Melebosis mirabilis Girard 1850] FP66
         |--Amblypneustes Agassiz 1841 FP66
         |    |--*A. ovum (Lamarck 1816) [=Echinus ovum] FP66
         |    `--A. pachistus FP66
         |--Arbacina Pomel 1869 FP66
         |    |--*A. monilis (Desmarest 1816) [=Echinus monilis] FP66
         |    `--A. romana FP66
         |--Desmechinus Clark 1923 [incl. Javanechinus Jeannet 1935] FP66
         |    |--*D. anomalus Clark 1923 FP66
         |    `--‘*Javanechinus’ rembangensis Jeannet 1935 FP66
         |--Echinocyphus Cotteau 1860 FP66
         |    |--*E. tenuistriatus (Desor 1857) [=Glyphocyphus tenuistriatus] FP66
         |    `--E. matronensis FP66
         |--Holopneustes Agassiz 1841 FP66
         |    |--*H. porosissimus Agassiz 1841 FP66
         |    `--H. inflatus FP66
         |--Leptopleurus Lambert & Thiéry 1910 (see below for synonymy) FP66
         |    |--*L. hemisphaericus (Duncan & Sladen 1885) [=*Lepidopleurus hemisphaericus] FP66
         |    `--L. balli FP66
         |--Paradoxechinus Laube 1869 [incl. Coptechinus Cotteau 1883, Ortholophus Duncan 1887] FP66
         |    |--*P. novus Laube 1869 [incl. Temnechinus lineatus Duncan 1876, *Ortholophus lineatus] FP66
         |    `--P. bardini (Cotteau 1883) [=*Coptechinus bardini] FP66
         |--Scolechinus Lambert & Thiéry 1925 FP66
         |    |--*S. dallonii Lambert & Thiéry 1925 FP66
         |    `--S. catenata FP66
         |--Trigonocidaris Agassiz 1869 FP66
         |    |--*T. albida Agassiz 1869 FP66
         |    `--T. micropora FP66
         |--Brochopleurus Fourtau 1920 FP66
         |    |--*B. stellulatus (Duncan & Sladen 1886) [=Temnechinus stellulatus] FP66
         |    |--B. gajensis FP66
         |    `--B. sadeki FP66
         |--Pseudechinus Mortensen 1903 [incl. Notechinus Döderlein 1905] FP66
         |    |--*P. albocinctus (Hutton 1872) [=Echinus albocinctus] FP66
         |    |--P. flemingi FP66
         |    `--‘Echinus’ magellanicus Philippi 1857 [=*Notechinus magellanicus] FP66
         |--Triplacidia Bittner 1891 [incl. Acrocircus Lambert 1911] FP66
         |    |--*T. veronensis (Bittner 1883) [=Micropsis veronensis] FP66
         |    |--T. biarritzensis (Cotteau 1863) [=Micropsis biarritzensis, *Acrocircus biarritzensis] FP66
         |    |--T. fraasi FP66
         |    `--T. stachei FP66
         |--Temnopleurus Agassiz 1841 (see below for synonymy) FP66
         |    |    i. s.: ‘*Prymnechinus’ proctalis Koehler 1927 FP66
         |    |--*T. (Temnopleurus) toreumatica (Leske 1778) [=Cidaris toreumatica] FP66
         |    `--T. (Toreumatica Gray 1855) [incl. Coptopleura Ikeda 1940] FP66
         |         |--T. (*T.) reevesi (Gray 1855) [=*Toreumatica reevesi] FP66
         |         `--‘*Coptopleura’ sema Ikeda 1940 FP66
         |--Opechinus Desor 1856 [=Pseudopechinus Lambert & Thiéry 1910; incl. Trumechinus Lambert & Thiéry 1910] FP66
         |    |--*O. costatus (d’Archiac & Haime 1853) [=Temnopleurus costatus, *Pseudopechinus costatus] FP66
         |    |--‘*Trumechinus’ batheri Lambert & Thiéry 1910 FP66
         |    |--O. gerthi FP66
         |    |--O. hookeri FP66
         |    `--O. rousseaui FP66
         |--Microcyphus Agassiz 1846 [incl. Anthechinus Agassiz 1863, Salmacopsis Döderlein 1885] FP66
         |    |--*M. macalatus Agassiz 1846 FP66
         |    |--M. annulatus Mortensen 1904 MG-H11
         |    |--M. javanus FP66
         |    |--M. keiensis Mortensen 1942 MG-H11
         |    |--‘*Salmacopsis’ olivacea Döderlein 1885 FP66
         |    `--‘*Anthechinus’ roseus Agassiz 1863 FP66
         `--Temnotrema Agassiz 1863 [incl. Dicoptella Lambert 1907, Paradicoptella Jeannet 1935] FP66
              |--*T. sculptum Agassiz 1863 [incl. *Dicoptella agassizi Lambert 1907] FP66
              |--T. elegans Mortensen 1918 BM09
              |--T. maculatum (Mortensen 1904) MG-H11
              |--T. pulchellum FP66
              |--‘*Paradicoptella’ rutteni Jeannet 1935 FP66
              |--T. scillae (Mazzetti 1894) MG-H11
              `--T. siamense (Mortensen 1904) MG-H11

Leptopleurus Lambert & Thiéry 1910 [=Lepidopleurus Duncan & Sladen 1885 nec Risso 1826 nec Claparède 1868 nec Carpenter in Dall 1879] FP66

*Lytechinus variegatus (Lamarck 1816) FP66 [=Echinus variegatus FP66, *Psilechinus variegatus FP66, Toxopneustes variegata BK77]

Salmacis Agassiz 1841 FP66 [incl. Diploporus Troschel 1866 FP66, Melebosis Girard 1850 FP66, Malebosis (l. c.) FP66, Melobosis Girard 1851 A66]

Temnopleurus Agassiz 1841 [incl. Prymnechinus Koehler 1927, Temnotrema Lambert & Jeannet 1935 non Agassiz 1863] FP66

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A66] Anon. 1966. Doubtful nominal genera of echinoids. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt U. Echinodermata 3 vol. 2 pp. U633. The Geological Society of America, Inc., and The University of Kansas Press.

[BK77] Barel, C. D. N., & P. G. N. Kramers. 1977. A survey of the echinoderm associates of the north-east Atlantic area. Zoologische Verhandelingen 156: 1–159.

[B01] Boczarowski, A. 2001. Isolated sclerites of Devonian non-pelmatozoan echinoderms. Palaeontologia Polonica 59: 1–219.

[BM09] Bryce, C., & L. Marsh. 2009. Echinodermata (Asteroidea, Echinoidea and Holothuroidea) of Mermaid (Rowley Shoals), Scott and Seringapatam Reefs, Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 77: 209–220.

[D56] Dawes, B. 1956. The Trematoda with special reference to British and other European forms. University Press: Cambridge.

[FP66] Fell, H. B., & D. L. Pawson. 1966. Echinacea. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt U. Echinodermata 3 vol. 2 pp. U367–U440. The Geological Society of America, Inc., and The University of Kansas Press.

[H04] Haeckel, E. 1899–1904. Kunstformen der Natur. Bibliographisches Institut: Leipzig und Wien.

[MG-H11] McEnnulty, F. R., K. L. Gowlett-Holmes, A. Williams, F. Althaus, J. Fromont, G. C. B. Poore, T. D. O’Hara, L. Marsh, P. Kott, S. Slack-Smith, P. Alderslade & M. V. Kitahara. 2011. The deepwater megabenthic invertebrates on the western continental margin of Australia (100–1100 m depths): composition, distribution and novelty. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 80: 1–191.

[W79] Warner, G. F. 1979. Aggregation in echinoderms. In: Larwood, G., & B. R. Rosen (eds) Biology and Systematics of Colonial Organisms pp. 375–396. Academic Press: London.

Echinoida

Purple sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, copyright Kirt L. Onthank.

Belongs within: Echinacea.
Contains: Echinus.

The Echinoida are a group of echinoids with a camarodont lantern known from the Palaeocene (possibly the Upper Cretaceous) to the present (Fell & Pawson 1966).

Characters (from Fell & Pawson 1966): Lantern camarodont. Test not sculptured. Gill slits shallow. Tubercles imperforate, noncrenulate. Spines solid.

<==Echinoida [Echinina]
    |  i. s.: Spaniocyphus Pomel 1883 FP66
    |           `--*S. fallax [=Echinus fallax] FP66
    |         Trochoechinus de Loriol 1909 FP66
    |           |--*T. zumoffeni (de Loriol 1902) [=Psammechinus zumoffeni] FP66
    |           `--T. tortonicus FP66
    |--Parasaleniidae [Parasaleninae] FP66
    |    |--Diplosalenia Mortensen 1942 FP66
    |    |    `--*D. gosseleti (Cotteau 1894) [=Parasalenia gosseleti] FP66
    |    `--Parasalenia Agassiz 1863 [=Cladosalenia Agassiz 1872] FP66
    |         |--*P. gratiosa Agassiz 1863 [=*Cladosalenia gratiosa] FP66
    |         `--P. poehli Pfeffer 1887 BM09
    |--Strongylocentrotidae FP66
    |    |--Allocentrotus Mortensen 1942 FP66
    |    |    `--*A. fragilis (Jackson 1912) [=Strongylocentrotus fragilis] FP66
    |    |--Hemicentrotus Mortensen 1942 [incl. Discaster Agassiz 1872] FP66
    |    |    `--*H. pulcherrimus (Agassiz 1863) [=Sphaerechinus pulcherrimus] FP66
    |    `--Strongylocentrotus Brandt 1835 B01 [=Euryechinus Verrill 1866 FP66]
    |         |--S. droebachiensis (Müller 1776) FP66 (see below for synonymy)
    |         |--S. echinoides BK77
    |         |--S. franciscanus BK77
    |         |--S. intermedius KBC03
    |         |--S. nudus BK77
    |         |--S. polyacanthus BH95
    |         |--S. pulchellus BK77
    |         |--S. pulcherrimus HR95
    |         `--S. purpuratus (Stimpson 1857) W01
    |--Echinidae [Triplechinidae] FP66
    |    |--Echinus FP66
    |    |--Dermechinus Mortensen 1942 FP66
    |    |    `--*D. horridus (Agassiz 1879) [=Echinus horridus] FP66
    |    |--Paracentrotus Mortensen 1903 B01
    |    |    `--*P. lividus (Lamarck 1816) FP66 (see below for synonymy)
    |    |--Atactus Pomel 1883 [=Rotulechinus Lambert & Thiéry 1914] FP66
    |    |    `--*A. fischeri (Cotteau 1880) [=Psammechinus fischeri, *Rotulechinus fischeri] FP66
    |    |--Hypechinus Desor 1856 FP66
    |    |    `--*H. patagonensis (d’Orbigny 1842) [=Echinus patagonensis] FP66
    |    |--Isechinus Lambert 1903 FP66
    |    |    `--*I. praecursor (Ortmann 1904) [=Toxopneustes praecursor] FP66
    |    |--Loxechinus Desor 1856 FP66
    |    |    `--*L. albus (Molina 1782) [=Echinus albus] FP66
    |    |--Parechinus Mortensen 1903 [=Protocentrotus Döderlein 1906] FP66
    |    |    `--*P. angulosus (Leske 1778) [=Cidaris angulosa, *Protocentrotus angulosus] FP66
    |    |--Polyechinus Mortensen 1942 FP66
    |    |    `--*P. agulhensis (Döderlein 1905) [=Paracentrotus agulhensis] FP66
    |    |--Stirechinus Desor 1856 [=Styrechinus (l. c.)] FP66
    |    |    `--*S. scillae Desor 1856 FP66
    |    |--Sterechinus Koehler 1901 FP66
    |    |    |--*S. antarcticus Koehler 1901 FP66
    |    |    `--S. neumayeri AB01
    |    |--Psammechinus Agassiz & Desor 1846 FP66
    |    |    |--*P. miliaris (Müller 1771) FP66 [=Echinus miliaris FP66, Parechinus miliaris BK77]
    |    |    `--P. microtuberculatus [=Parechinus microtuberculatus] BK77
    |    `--Gracilechinus Fell & Pawson 1966 FP66
    |         |--*G. gracilis (Agassiz 1869) [=Echinus gracilis] FP66
    |         |--G. acutus FP66
    |         `--G. multidentatus (de Meijere 1904) MG-H11
    `--Echinometridae [Echinometradae] FP66
         |--Colobocentrotus Brandt 1835 [=Colobocentrus Gray 1840] FP66
         |    `--*C. mertensii Brandt 1835 [=*Colobocentrus mertensii] FP66
         |--Evechinus Verrill 1871 FP66
         |    `--*E. chloroticus (Valenciennes 1846) [=Echinus chloroticus] FP66
         |--Anthocidaris Lutken 1864 FP66
         |    `--*A. crassispina (Agassiz 1863) [=Toxocidaris crassispina] FP66
         |--Caenocentrotus Clark 1912 FP66
         |    `--*C. gibbosus (Agassiz & Desor 1840) [=Echinus gibbosus] FP66
         |--Pachycentrotus Clark 1912 [=Cryptopora Agassiz 1872 non Jeffreys 1869, Pachechinus Agassiz 1872] FP66
         |    `--*P. australiae (Agassiz 1872) (see below for synonymy) FP66
         |--Podophora Agassiz 1840 FP66
         |    `--*P. atrata (Linnaeus 1758) [=Echinus atratus] FP66
         |--Selenechinus de Meijere in Delage & Hérouard 1903 FP66
         |    `--*S. armatus (de Meijere 1902) [=Echinus armatus] FP66
         |--Zenocentrotus Clark 1931 FP66
         |    `--*Z. kellersi Clark 1931 FP66
         |--Heterocentrotus Brandt 1835 [=Holocentronotus Gray 1855; incl. Acrocladia Agassiz & Desor 1846] FP66
         |    |--*H. mammillatus (Linnaeus 1758) FP66 [=Echinus mamillatus L58, *Holocentronotus mammillatus FP66]
         |    `--H. trigonarius (Lamarck 1816) [=Echinus trigonarius, *Acrocladia trigonaria] FP66
         |--Echinostrephus Agassiz 1863 (see below for synonymy) FP66
         |    |--*E. aciculatus Agassiz 1863 FP66
         |    `--E. molaris (de Blainville 1825) BM09 [=Echinus molaris FP66, *Raphidechinus molaris FP66]
         |--Heliocidaris Agassiz & Desor 1846 [incl. Toxocidaris Agassiz 1863] FP66
         |    |--*H. tuberculata (Lamarck 1816) [=Echinus tuberculatus] FP66
         |    `--H. erythrogramma (Valenciennes 1846) (see below for synonymy) FP66
         `--Echinometra Gray 1825 (see below for synonymy) FP66
              |--*E. lucunter (Linnaeus 1758) [=Echinus lucunter] FP66
              |--E. mathaei (de Blainville 1825) BM09
              |--‘Echinus’ oblonga de Blainville 1825 [=*Mortensenia oblonga] FP66
              |--E. prisca Cotteau 1875 [=*Plagiechinus priscus] FP66
              `--E. vanbrunti Agassiz 1863 [incl. *Ellipsechinus macrostomus Lutken 1864] FP66

Echinometra Gray 1825 [incl. Ellipsechinus Lutken 1864, Ellipsocidaris Pomel 1869 (n. n.), Mortensenia Döderlein 1906, Plagiechinus Pomel 1883] FP66

Echinostrephus Agassiz 1863 [incl. Perinatus Agassiz 1872 (n. n.), Raphidechinus Lambert & Thiéry 1914] FP66

Heliocidaris erythrogramma (Valenciennes 1846) [=Echinus erythrogrammus; incl. Toxopneustes delalandi Agassiz & Desor 1846, *Toxocidaris delalandi] FP66

*Pachycentrotus australiae (Agassiz 1872) [=Sphaerechinus australiae, *Cryptopora australiae, *Pachechinus australiae] FP66

*Paracentrotus lividus (Lamarck 1816) FP66 [=Echinus lividus BK77, Strongylocentrotus lividus BK77, Toxopneustes lividus BK77]

Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis (Müller 1776) FP66 [=Echinus droebachiensis FP66, Toxopneustes droebachiensis BK77; incl. *Strongylocentrotus chlorocentrotus Brandt 1835 FP66, *Euryechinus chlorocentrotus FP66, Echinus neglectus BK77, Ec. pictus BK77]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[AB01] Aronson, R. B., & D. B. Blake. 2001. Global climate change and the origin of modern benthic communities in Antarctica. American Zoologist 41: 27–39.

[BK77] Barel, C. D. N., & P. G. N. Kramers. 1977. A survey of the echinoderm associates of the north-east Atlantic area. Zoologische Verhandelingen 156: 1–159.

[B01] Boczarowski, A. 2001. Isolated sclerites of Devonian non-pelmatozoan echinoderms. Palaeontologia Polonica 59: 1–219.

[BH95] Bousfield, E. L., & E. A. Hendrycks. 1995. The amphipod family Pleustidae on the Pacific coast of North America: Part II. Subfamilies Parapleustinae, Dactylopleustinae, and Pleusirinae. Systematics and distributional ecology. Amphipacifica 2: 65–133.

[BM09] Bryce, C., & L. Marsh. 2009. Echinodermata (Asteroidea, Echinoidea and Holothuroidea) of Mermaid (Rowley Shoals), Scott and Seringapatam Reefs, Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 77: 209–220.

[FP66] Fell, H. B., & D. L. Pawson. 1966. Echinacea. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt U. Echinodermata 3 vol. 2 pp. U367–U440. The Geological Society of America, Inc., and The University of Kansas Press.

[HR95] Haya, D., & M. B. Régis. 1995. Comportement trophique de Paracentrotus lividus (Lam.) (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) soumis à six régimes alimentaires dans des conditions expérimentales. Mésogée 54: 35–42.

[KBC03] Kashin, I. A., E. V. Bagaveeva & S. F. Chaplygina. 2003. Fouling communities of hydrotechnical constructions in Nakhodka Bay (Sea of Japan). Russian Journal of Marine Biology 29: 267–283.

[L58] Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Laurentii Salvii: Holmiae.

[MG-H11] McEnnulty, F. R., K. L. Gowlett-Holmes, A. Williams, F. Althaus, J. Fromont, G. C. B. Poore, T. D. O’Hara, L. Marsh, P. Kott, S. Slack-Smith, P. Alderslade & M. V. Kitahara. 2011. The deepwater megabenthic invertebrates on the western continental margin of Australia (100–1100 m depths): composition, distribution and novelty. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 80: 1–191.

[W01] Williamson, D. I. 2001. Larval transfer and the origins of larvae. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 131: 111–122.

Thylechinus

Apical view of female Thylechinus said, from the Natural History Museum.

Belongs within: Phymosomatoida.

Thylechinus is a genus of echinoids known from the Upper Cretaceous to the Oligocene of Eurasia, northern Africa and South America (Fell & Pawson 1966).

Characters (from Fell & Pawson 1966): Test hemispherical, of moderate size. Ambulacral plates trigeminate. Apical system dicyclic, oculars usually widely exsert. Female (of type species) with sunken aboral marsupia in interambulacrals.

<==Thylechinus Pomel 1883 [incl. Cenchritechinus Lambert 1911, Terina Agassiz 1838 (n. n.)] FP66
    |--T. (Thylechinus) FP66
    |    |--T. (*T.) said (Peron & Gauthier 1881) [=Cyphosoma said] FP66
    |    `--T. (T.) aublini FP66
    |--T. (Mistechinus de Loriol 1897) [incl. Egyptechinus Lambert 1936] FP66
    |    |--T. (*M.) mayeri (de Loriol 1897) [=*Mistechinus mayeri] FP66
    |    `--‘*Egyptechinus’ cuvillieri Lambert 1936 FP66
    |--T. (Orthechinus Gauthier 1889) FP66
    |    `--T. (*O.) tunetanus (Gauthier 1889) [=*Orthechinus tunetanus] FP66
    `--T. (Orthocyphus Arnaud 1896) FP66
         `--T. (*O.) pulchellus [=Cyphosoma pulchellus] FP66

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[FP66] Fell, H. B., & D. L. Pawson. 1966. Echinacea. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt U. Echinodermata 3 vol. 2 pp. U367–U440. The Geological Society of America, Inc., and The University of Kansas Press.

Phymosomatoida

Adoral view of Phymosoma koenigi, from the Natural History Museum.

Belongs within: Echinacea.
Contains: Thylechinus.

The Phymosomatoida are a group of echinoids known from the Lower Jurassic to the present, characterised by the possession of a stirodont lantern and imperforate primary tubercles (Fell & Pawson 1966).

Characters (from Fell & Pawson 1966): Lantern stirodont. Apical system lacking large polygonal suranal plates, not simulating calyx. Primary tubercles imperforate. Ambulacral plates simple throughout, or (more usually) compounded in diadematoid manner, trigeminate or polyporous.

<==Phymosomatoida [Phymosomina]
    |  i. s.: Boletechinus Cooke 1955 FP66
    |           `--*B. macglameryae Cooke 1955 FP66
    |--Phymosomatidae [Cyphosominae] FP66
    |    |--Thylechinus FP66
    |    |--Acanthechinus Duncan & Sladen 1882 FP66
    |    |    `--*A. nodulosus Duncan & Sladen 1882 FP66
    |    |--Actinophyma Cotteau & Gauthier 1895 FP66
    |    |    `--*A. spectabile Cotteau & Gauthier 1895 FP66
    |    |--Aeolopneustes Duncan & Sladen 1882 FP66
    |    |    `--*A. delorioli Duncan & Sladen 1882 FP66
    |    |--Eurypneustes Duncan & Sladen 1882 FP66
    |    |    `--*E. grandis Duncan & Sladen 1882 FP66
    |    |--Hemithylus Arnaud 1895 FP66
    |    |    `--*H. rejaudryi (Cotteau 1894) [=Thylechinus rejaudryi] FP66
    |    |--Jacquiertia Mercier 1936 FP66
    |    |    `--*J. minuta Mortensen & Mercier 1939 FP66
    |    |--Micropsis Cotteau 1856 [incl. Micropsidia Pomel 1869] FP66
    |    |    `--*M. desori Cotteau 1856 FP66
    |    |--Narindechinus Lambert 1933 FP66
    |    |    `--*N. checchiai Lambert 1933 FP66
    |    |--Rachiosoma Pomel 1883 [incl. Miocyphosoma Pomel 1883] FP66
    |    |    `--*R. delamarrei (Deshayes 1831) [=Cyphosoma delamarrei] FP66
    |    |--Gauthieria Lambert 1888 FP66
    |    |    |--*G. radiata [=Cyphosoma radiata] FP66
    |    |    `--G. speciosa FP66
    |    |--Glyptocidaris Agassiz 1853 (see below for synonymy) FP66
    |    |    |--*G. crenularis Agassiz 1853 FP66
    |    |    `--‘*Heteractis’ heteroporus Lambert 1897 [=*Heteractechinus heteroporus] FP66
    |    |--Glyptocyphus Pomel 1883 FP66
    |    |    |--*G. difficilis [=Cyphosoma difficilis] FP66
    |    |    `--G. rotatus FP66
    |    |--Lambertechinus Cossman 1899 (see below for synonymy) FP66
    |    |    |--*L. lapparenti (Cotteau 1883) [=*Asteropsis lapparenti, *Actinopsis lapparenti] FP66
    |    |    `--L. arnaudi FP66
    |    |--Leptechinus Gauthier 1889 [=Peronia Duncan 1899 non Fleming 1822; incl. Prototiara Lambert 1900] FP66
    |    |    |--*L. heinzi (Peron & Gauthier 1889) [=Cyphosoma heinzi, *Peronia heinzi] FP66
    |    |    `--‘Pleurodiadema’ jutieri [=*Prototiara jutieri] FP66
    |    |--Pleurodiadema de Loriol 1870 [incl. Phalacrechinus Lambert 1900] FP66
    |    |    |--*P. stutzi de Loriol 1870 FP66
    |    |    `--P. gauthieri Cotteau 1883 [=*Phalacrechinus gauthieri] FP66
    |    |--Porosoma Cotteau 1856 (see below for synonymy) FP66
    |    |    |--*P. cribrum [=Cyphosoma cribrum, *Coptosoma cribrum] FP66
    |    |    |--‘Coptosoma’ lefebvrei Gauthier 1901 [=*Euporophyma lefebvrei] FP66
    |    |    `--P. rousseli FP66
    |    `--Phymosoma Haime 1853 (see below for synonymy) FP66
    |         |--*P. koenigi (Mantell 1822) [=Cidaris koenigi, *Phymatosoma koenigi] FP66
    |         |--P. girumnense FP66
    |         |--P. regulare FP66
    |         |--‘Cyphosoma’ salmanni [=*Cosmocyphus salmanni] FP66
    |         |--P. subnudum FP66
    |         `--P. taeniatum FP66
    `--Stomechinidae [Stomopneustidae] FP66
         |--Stomopneustes Agassiz 1841 FP66
         |    `--*S. variolaris (Lamarck 1816) [=Echinus variolaris] FP66
         |--Codechinus Desor 1856 FP66
         |    `--*C. rotundus (Gras 1848) [=Echinus rotundus] FP66
         |--Diplechinus Lambert 1931 FP66
         |    `--*D. hebbriensis Lambert 1931 FP66
         |--Diplotagma Schlüter 1870 FP66
         |    `--*D. altum Schlüter 1870 FP66
         |--Gomphechinus Pomel 1883 FP66
         |    `--*G. selim [=Leiosoma selim] FP66
         |--Phymotaxis Lambert & Thiéry 1914 [=Micropeltis Pomel 1883 nec Redtenbacher 1867 nec Kraatz 1880] FP66
         |    `--*P. tournoueri (Cotteau 1867) [=Leiosoma tournoueri, *Micropeltis tournoueri] FP66
         |--Polycyphus Agassiz & Desor 1846 [incl. Sporadocyphus Pomel 1883] FP66
         |    `--*P. normannus Agassiz & Desor 1846 FP66
         |--Pseudarbacia Lambert 1897 FP66
         |    `--*P. archiaci (Cotteau 1866) [=Leiosoma archiaci] FP66
         |--Thierychinus Lambert 1910 FP66
         |    `--*T. delaunayi Lambert 1910 FP66
         |--Tiarechinopsis Lambert 1936 FP66
         |    `--*T. besairei Lambert 1936 FP66
         |--Triadechinus Arnold & Clark 1927 FP66
         |    `--*T. multiporus Arnold & Clark 1927 FP66
         |--Jeannetia Mercier 1936 [incl. Parastomechinus Philip 1963] FP66
         |    |--*J. mortenseni Mercier 1936 FP66
         |    `--‘*Parastomechinus’ broughtoni Philip 1963 FP66
         |--Noetlingaster Vredenburg 1911 (see below for synonymy) FP66
         |    |--*N. paucituberculatus (Noetling 1897) (see below for synonymy) FP66
         |    `--N. sanfilippoi FP66
         |--Phymechinus Desor 1856 [incl. Alternechinus Schlüter 1870] FP66
         |    |--*P. mirabilis [=Echinus mirabilis] FP66
         |    `--‘*Alternechinus’ cretaceus Schlüter 1870 FP66
         |--Echinotiara Pomel 1883 [=Echinodiadema Cotteau 1869 non Verrill 1867] FP66
         |    |--*E. bruni (Cotteau 1885) [=*Echinodiadema bruni] FP66
         |    |--E. neocomiensis FP66
         |    `--E. somaliensis FP66
         |--Psephechinus Pomel 1883 [incl. Tiarotropus Pomel 1883] FP66
         |    |--*P. michelini (Cotteau 1884) [=Stomechinus michelini] FP66
         |    |--P. hyatti FP66
         |    `--P. morierei FP66
         |--Stomechinus Desor 1856 [incl. Cretacechinus Lambert & Thiéry 1911, Sporotaxis Pomel 1883 (n. n.)] FP66
         |    |--*S. bigranularis (Lamarck 1816) [=Echinus bigranularis] FP66
         |    |--S. camarensis de Loriol 1887 [=*Cretacechinus camarensis] FP66
         |    |--S. choffati FP66
         |    `--S. perlatus FP66
         |--Circopeltis Pomel 1883 (see below for synonymy) FP66
         |    |--*C. meridanensis (Cotteau 1867) [=Leiosoma meridanensis] FP66
         |    |--‘*Circopeltaris’ baicheri Valette 1907 FP66
         |    |--‘*Micropsina’ baudoni Cotteau 1893 FP66
         |    `--‘*Strictechinus’ pouechi Cotteau 1893 FP66
         `--Trochalosoma Lambert 1897 (see below for synonymy) FP66
              |  i. s.: ‘Circopeltis’ gourdoni Cotteau 1889 [=*Plesiopeltis gourdoni] FP66
              |--*T. (Trochalosoma) rugosum (Cotteau 1860) [=*Leiosoma rugosum] FP66
              `--T. (Plistophyma Peron & Gauthier 1881) FP66
                   |--T. (*P.) africanum (Peron & Gauthier 1881) [=*Plistophyma africanum] FP66
                   `--T. (P.) vidali FP66

Circopeltis Pomel 1883 [incl. Circopeltaris Valette 1893, Micropsina Cotteau 1893, Strictechinus Cotteau 1893] FP66

Glyptocidaris Agassiz 1853 [incl. Heteractechinus Lambert & Thiéry 1910, Heteractis Lambert 1897 non Milne-Edwards & Haime 1853; Glyptocidaridae] FP66

Lambertechinus Cossman 1899 [=Actinopsis Lambert 1897 (preoc.), Asteropsis Cotteau 1883 non Müller & Troschel 1840; incl. Psilosoma Pomel 1883 (preoc.)] FP66

Noetlingaster Vredenburg 1911 [=Noetlingia Lambert 1898 non Hall & Clark 1893, Protechinus Noetling 1897 (preoc.)] FP66

*Noetlingaster paucituberculatus (Noetling 1897) [=*Protechinus paucituberculatus, *Noetlingia paucituberculata] FP66

Phymosoma Haime 1853 [=Phymatosoma Lambert & Thiéry 1910; incl. Cosmocyphus Pomel 1883, Cyphosoma Agassiz 1838 non Mannerheim 1837, Dixieus Cooke 1948, Pliocyphosoma Pomel 1883] FP66

Porosoma Cotteau 1856 [=Coptosoma Desor 1855 non Laporte 1833; incl. Euporophyma Gauthier 1901, Microsoma Cotteau 1886] FP66

Trochalosoma Lambert 1897 [=Leiosoma Cotteau 1860 nec Stephens 1829 nec Chevrolat 1837 nec Nicolet 1855; incl. Plesiopeltis Lambert 1897] FP66

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

Fell, H. B., & D. L. Pawson. 1966. Echinacea. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt U. Echinodermata 3 vol. 2 pp. U367–U440. The Geological Society of America, Inc., and The University of Kansas Press.

Cassiduloida

Lateral view of Pygurus montmollini, from here.

Belongs within: Atelostomata.
Contains: Pliolampadidae, Nucleolitidae.

The Cassiduloida are a group of irregular echinoids with a more or less flat oral surface and rounded aboral surface, known from the Jurassic to the present (Kier 1966).

Characters (from Kier 1966): Ambulacra petaloid adapically; periproct outside apical system; phyllodes and bourrelets usually present; no jaws or gill slits in adult.

<==Cassiduloida
    |--Clypeidae K66
    |    |--Bothryopneustes Fourtau 1924 [incl. Clypeobrissus Currie 1925] K66
    |    |    |--*B. lamberti Fourtau 1924 K66
    |    |    `--B. somaliensis (Currie 1925) [=*Clypeobrissus somaliensis] K66
    |    `--+--Astrolampas Pomel 1883 K66
    |       |    `--*A. productus (Agassiz 1836) [=Pygurus productus] K66
    |       `--+--Clypeus Leske 1778 (see below for synonymy) K66
    |          |    |--*C. plotii Leske 1778 [=*Echinoclypeus plotii] K66
    |          |    |--‘Nucleolites’ agassizi Wright 1851 [=*Crotoclypeus agassizi] K66
    |          |    |--‘Nucleolites’ michelini Wright 1851 [=*Auloclypeus michelini] K66
    |          |    |--C. sinuatus K66
    |          |    `--C. wylliei Currie 1925 [=*Dactyloclypeus wylliei] K66
    |          `--+--Pseudopygurus Lambert 1911 K66
    |             |    `--*P. letteroni Lambert 1911 K66
    |             `--Pygurus Agassiz 1839 [incl. Echinanthites Leske 1778] K66
    |                  |--P. (Mepygurus Pomel 1883) K66
    |                  |    `--P. (M.) depressus Agassiz 1847 [=P. (*M.) michelini Cotteau 1849] K66
    |                  `--+--P. (Pygurus) K66 [incl. Echinonaus de la Beche 1822 A66, Echinopygus d’Orbigny 1856 K66]
    |                     |    |--*P. (P.) montmollini (Agassiz 1836) [=Echinopygus montmollini] K66
    |                     |    `--‘Clypeaster’ oviformis Lamarck 1816 [=*Echinopygus oviformis] K66
    |                     `--P. (Pyguropsis de Loriol 1902) K66
    |                          `--P. (*P.) noetlingi de Loriol 1899 K66
    `--+--Galeropygidae K66
       |    |--Galeropygus Cotteau 1856 [=Galeopygus (l. c.); incl. Ressopygus Pomel 1883] K66
       |    |    |--*G. agariciformis (Wright 1851) [=Hyboclypus agariciformis] K66
       |    |    `--‘Clypeus’ constantini Cotteau 1873 [=*Ressopygus constantini] K66
       |    `--Hyboclypus Agassiz 1839 (see below for synonymy) K66
       |         |--*H. gibberulus Agassiz 1839 K66
       |         `--H. caudatus Wright 1851 [=*Aulacopygus caudatus] K66
       `--+--Nucleolitidae K66
          |--Apatopygus Hawkins 1920 [Apatopygidae] K66
          |    `--*A. recens (Edwards 1836) [=Nucleolites recens] K66
          `--Cassidulidae K66
               |--Nucleopygus Agassiz 1840 [=Lychnidius Pomel 1883, Porobrissus Lambert 1916] K66
               |    |--*N. minor Desor 1842 K66
               |    |--‘Echinobrissus’ angustatus Clark 1915 [=*Porobrissus angustatus] K66
               |    `--‘Nucleolites’ scrobiculatus Goldfuss 1826 [=*Lychnidius scrobiculatus] K66
               `--+--Ochetes Pomel 1883 K66
                  |    `--*O. morrisii (Forbes 1849) [=Nucleolites morrisii] K66
                  `--+--Hypsopygaster Bajarunas 1915 K66
                     |    `--*H. ungosensis Bajarunas 1915 K66
                     |--Cassidulus Lamarck 1801 K66 (see below for synonymy)
                     |    |--*C. cariboearum Lamarck 1801 K66
                     |    `--C. sorigneti Cotteau 1887 [=*Glossaster sorigneti] K66
                     |--Rhynchopygus d’Orbigny 1856 (see below for synonymy) K66
                     |    |--*R. marmini (Agassiz in Agassiz & Desor 1847) [=Cassidulus marmini] K66
                     |    |--‘Echinites’ lapiscaneri Leske 1778 [=*Procassidulus lapiscaneri] K66
                     |    `--‘*Paralampas’ pileus Duncan & Sladen 1882 K66
                     `--Rhyncholampas Agassiz 1869 (see below for synonymy) K66
                          |--*R. pacificus (Agassiz 1863) [=Pygorhynchus pacificus] K66
                          |--‘*Anisopetalus’ ellipticus Arnold & Clark 1927 K66
                          |--‘Nucleolites’ grignonensis Defrance 1825 (see below for synonymy) K66
                          |--‘Rhynchopygus’ navillei de Loriol 1880 [=*Gisopygus navillei] K66
                          `--‘*Galerolampas’ sorigneti Cotteau 1889 K66

Cassiduloida incertae sedis:
  Archiaciidae [Archiacidae] K66
    |--Archiacia Agassiz 1847 K66
    |    `--*A. sandalina Agassiz 1847 K66
    `--Gentilia Lambert 1918 [incl. Thomasaster Lambert 1920, Thomasia Lambert 1918 non Poche 1908] K66
         |--*G. tafiletensis Lambert 1918 K66
         |--‘Archiacia’ araidahensis Gauthier 1889 [=*Thomasaster araidahensis, *Thomasia araidahensis] K66
         `--G. syriensis K66
  Pliolampadidae K66
  Astropygaulus Checchia-Rispoli 1945 K66
    `--*A. trigonopygus Checchia-Rispoli 1945 K66
  Centropygus Ebray 1858 [=Antropygus (l. c.), Centroclypus (l. c.)] K66
    `--*C. guetinicus Ebray 1859 [=Antropygus guetinicus] K66
  Claviaster d’Orbigny 1856 [incl. Passalaster Pomel 1883] K66
    |--*C. cornutus (Agassiz 1847) [=Archiacia cornuta] K66
    `--‘C. cornutus’ Pomel 1883 non Archiacia cornuta Agassiz 1847 [=*Passalaster cornutus] K66
  Clypeanthus Cotteau 1894 K66
    `--*C. pentagonalis (Fraas 1878) [=Toxaster pentagonalis] K66
  Echinanthus Leske 1778 (n. d.) K66
    `--*E. ivatus Leske 1778 K66
  Jolyclypus Lambert 1918 K66
    `--*J. jolyi (Gauthier 1898) [=Galeropygus jolyi] K66
  Lovenilampas Maury 1934 K66
    `--*L. baixadoleitensis (Maury 1934) [=Lovenia baixadoleitensis] K66
  Platipygus de Loriol 1902 K66
    `--*P. posthumum (Ortmann 1901) [=Cyrtoma posthumum] K66
  Corystus Pomel 1883 (n. d.) A66

Cassidulus Lamarck 1801 K66 [=Cassidula (l. c.) non Gray 1847 BR05; incl. Glossaster Lambert 1918 K66]

Clypeus Leske 1778 [=Echinoclypeus de Blainville 1830; incl. Auloclypeus Pomel 1883, Crotoclypeus Pomel 1883, Dactyloclypeus Maccagno 1847] K66

Hyboclypus Agassiz 1839 [=Hyboclipus (l. c.), Hyboclybus (l. c.), Hyboclypeus (l. c.), Hybodyhus (l. c.); incl. Aulacopygus Pomel 1883] K66

‘Nucleolites’ grignonensis Defrance 1825 [=*Plagiopygus grignonensis, *Pleuropygus grignonensis] K66

Rhyncholampas Agassiz 1869 [incl. Anisopetalus Arnold & Clark 1927, Galerolampas Cotteau 1889, Gisopygus Gauthier 1889, Plagiopygus Lambert 1898, Pleuropygus Lambert & Thiéry 1913] K66

Rhynchopygus d’Orbigny 1856 [incl. Paralampas Duncan & Sladen 1882, Procassidulus Lambert 1918] K66

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A66] Anon. 1966. Doubtful nominal genera of echinoids. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt U. Echinodermata 3 vol. 2 pp. U633. The Geological Society of America, Inc., and The University of Kansas Press.

[BR05] Bouchet, P., & J.-P. Rocroi. 2005. Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families. Malacologia 47 (1–2): 1–397.

[K66] Kier, P. M. 1966. Cassiduloids. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt U. Echinodermata 3 vol. 2 pp. U492–U523. The Geological Society of America, Inc., and The University of Kansas Press.