Gruiformes

Grey-winged trumpeters Psophia crepitans, copyright A. Vinot.

Belongs within: Neognathae.
Contains: Rallidae, Sarothrura, Eogruidae, Gruidae.

The Gruiformes, cranes, rails and their relatives, are a group of generally large-footed birds commonly associated with damp habitats. A number of families previously associated with this group, such as the Otididae (bustards), Cariamidae (cariamas), and Eurypygiformes (sunbittern and kagu), are now recognised as independent lineages within the birds. The living Gruiformes are divisible into two main groups: the Ralloidea includes the rails (Rallidae) and finfoots (Heliornithidae) whereas the Gruoidea include the cranes (Gruidae), limpkins (Aramus) and trumpeters (Psophia).

Synapomorphies (from Livezey 1998, as Grues): Body of 'os' entoglossum unossified; facies ventralis of extremitas omalis coracoidei with foramen pneumaticum present.

<==Gruiformes
    |  i. s.: Aptornis Mantell 1848 [=Apterornis Owen 1848; Aptornithidae] CC10
    |          |--*A. otidiformis (Owen 1844) [=Dinornis otidiformis] CC10
    |          `--A. defossor Owen 1871 CC10 [=A. otidiformis defossor GM91; incl. A. bulleri Owen in Buller 1888 CC10]
    |         Walbeckornis Mayr 2007 M09, M07
    |           `--*W. creber Mayr 2007 M07
    |         Wanshuina lii Hou 1994 M09
    |--+--Messelornithidae M05b
    |  |    |--Itardiornis Mourer-Chauviré 1995 M02
    |  |    |    `--*I. hessae Mourer-Chauviré 1995 M02
    |  |    `--Messelornis Hesse 1988 M02
    |  |         |--*M. cristata Hesse 1988 M02
    |  |         |--M. nearctica Hesse 1992 M02
    |  |         `--M. russelli Mourer-Chauviré 1995 M02
    |  `--Ralloidea L98
    |       |  i. s.: Megagallinula harundinea Kurochkin 1968 M09
    |       |         Songzia [Songziidae] M09
    |       |           `--S. heidangkouensis Hou 1990 M09
    |       |--Rallidae L98
    |       `--+--Heliornithidae [Heliornithes, Podoanidae] L98
    |          |    |--Heliopais Sharpe 1893 L98
    |          |    |    `--H. personata (Gray 1849) L98
    |          |    `--+--Podica Lesson 1831 [Podicidae] L98
    |          |       |    `--P. senegalensis (Vieillot 1817) L98
    |          |       `--Heliornis Bonnaterre 1791 L98 [incl. Podoa Illiger 1811 B94]
    |          |            `--H. fulica (Boddaert 1783) L98
    |          `--+--Sarothrura G-RGT14
    |             `--+--Canirallus Bonaparte 1856 G-RGT14, L98 [incl. Mentocrex L98]
    |                |    |--C. beankaensis G-RGT14
    |                |    |--C. kioloides (Pucheran 1845) [=Mentocrex kioloides] L98
    |                |    `--C. oculeus (Hartlaub 1855) L98
    |                `--Nesotrochis Wetmore 1918 L98
    |                     |--N. debooyi Wetmore 1918 L98
    |                     |--N. picapicensis (Fischer & Stephan 1971) L98
    |                     `--N. steganinos Olson 1974 L98
    `--Gruoidea L98
         |  i. s.: Geranoididae M09
         |           |--Geranoides jepseni Wetmore 1933 M09
         |           |--Eogeranoides campivagus Cracraft 1969 M09
         |           |--Geranodornis aenigma Cracraft 1969 M09
         |           |--Palaeophasianus Shufeldt 1913 M07
         |           |    |--P. incompletus Cracraft 1969 M09
         |           |    `--P. meleagroides Shufeldt 1913 M09
         |           `--Paragrus M09
         |                |--P. prentici (Loomis 1906) M09
         |                `--P. shufeldti Cracraft 1969 M09
         |         Gypsornis Milne-Edwards 1869 M09, M02 [incl. Percolinus Harrison & Walker 1977 M02]
         |           |--*G. cuvieri Milne-Edwards 1869 M02
         |           `--G. venablesi (Harrison & Walker 1977) [=*Percolinus venablesi] M02
         |--Parvigruidae M09
         |    |--Parvigrus Mayr 2005 M05a
         |    |    `--*P. pohli Mayr 2005 M05a
         |    `--Rupelrallus Fischer 1997 M09, M05b
         |           `--R. saxoniensis Fischer 1997 M09
         `--+--+--Eogruidae M09
            |  `--Grues M09
            |       |--Gruidae M05a
            |       `--Aramidae M09
            |            |--Loncornis erectus Ameghino 1899 M09
            |            |--Aramus Vieillot 1816 L98
            |            |    |--A. guaranus (Linnaeus 1766) L98
            |            |    `--A. scolpaceau ZJM03
            |            `--Badistornis aramus Wetmore 1940 U93
            `--Psophiidae [Psophioidea] L98
                 |--Anisolornis excavatus Ameghino 1891 U93
                 `--Psophia Linnaeus 1758 L98
                      |  i. s.: P. ochroptera [=P. crepitans ochroptera, P. leucoptera ochroptera] C88
                      |         P. undulata G97
                      |--*P. crepitans Linnaeus 1758 L58, L98
                      |    |--P. c. crepitans C88
                      |    `--P. c. napensis C88
                      `--+--P. leucoptera Spix 1825 L98
                         `--P. viridis Spix 1825 L98
                              |--P. v. viridis C88
                              |--P. v. dextralis C88
                              |--P. v. interjecta C88
                              `--P. v. obscura C88

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B94] Bock, W. J. 1994. History and nomenclature of avian family-group names. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 222: 1–281.

[CC10] Checklist Committee (OSNZ). 2010. Checklist of the Birds of New Zealand, Norfolk and Macquarie Islands, and the Ross Dependency, Antarctica 4^th ed. Ornithological Society of New Zealand and Te Papa Press: Wellington.

[C88] Cracraft, J. 1988. Deep-history biogeography: retrieving the historical pattern of evolving continental biotas. Systematic Zoology 37 (3): 221–236.

[G-RGT14] Garcia-R, J. C., G. C. Gibb & S. A. Trewick. 2014. Deep global evolutionary radiation in birds: diversification and trait evolution in the cosmopolitan bird family Rallidae. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 81: 96–108.

[G97] Geoffroy, É. L. 1797. Note sur les genres Psophia et Palamedea de Linné. Bulletin des Sciences, par la Societé Philomathique de Paris 1 (7): 50–51.

[GM91] Gill, B., & P. Martinson. 1991. New Zealand’s Extinct Birds. Random Century: Auckland (New Zealand).

[L58] Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Laurentii Salvii: Holmiae.

[L98] Livezey, B. C. 1998. A phylogenetic analysis of the Gruiformes (Aves) based on morphological characters, with an emphasis on the rails (Rallidae). Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B—Biological Sciences 353: 2077–2151.

[M05a] Mayr, G. 2005a. A chicken-sized crane precursor from the early Oligocene of France. Naturwissenschaften 92: 389–393.

[M05b] Mayr, G. 2005b. The Paleogene fossil record of birds in Europe. Biological Reviews 80: 515–542.

[M07] Mayr, G. 2007. The birds from the Paleocene fissure filling of Walbeck (Germany). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 27 (2): 394–408.

[M09] Mayr, G. 2009. Paleogene Fossil Birds. Springer.

[M02] Mlíkovský, J. 2002. Cenozoic Birds of the World. Part 1: Europe. Ninox Press: Praha.

[U93] Unwin, D. M. 1993. Aves. In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 717–737. Chapman & Hall: London.

[ZJM03] Zeffer, A., L. C. Johansson & Å. Marmebro. 2003. Functional correlation between habitat use and leg morphology in birds (Aves). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 79: 461–484.

Fulica

Australian coot Fulica atra australis with chick, copyright Bernard Spragg.

Belongs within: Gallinula.

Fulica, the coots, are a cosmopolitan genus of strongly swimming rails with a well-developed frontal shield and broad lateral lobes on the toes.

<==Fulica Linnaeus 1758 CC10 (see below for synonymy)
    |  i. s.: F. chathamensis Forbes 1892 [=*Nesophalaris chathamensis] CC10
    |         F. newtoni Milne-Edwards 1867 L98 [=*Palaeolimnas newtoni CC10]
    |         F. prisca Hamilton 1893 CC10 [=F. chathamensis prisca GM91, Nesophalaris prisca CC10]
    |         F. spinosa Linnaeus 1758 L58
    |--F. rufifrons Philippi & Landbeck 1861 L98
    `--+--F. cornuta Bonaparte 1853 JT12, L98 [=*Lycornis cornuta L98]
       `--+--+--F. armillata Vieillot 1817 JT12, L98
          |  `--F. gigantea Eydoux & Souleyet 1841 JT12, L98 [=*Phalaria gigantea L98]
          `--+--*F. atra Linnaeus 1758 G-RGT14
             |    |--F. a. atra CC10
             |    `--F. a. australis Gould 1845 (see below for synonymy) CC10
             `--+--F. cristata Gmelin 1789 G-RGT14
                `--+--+--F. ardesiaca Tschudi 1843 G-RGT14 [incl. F. atrura L98]
                   |  `--F. leucoptera Vieillot 1817 G-RGT14
                   `--+--F. alai Peale 1848 G-RGT14 [=F. americana alai USDI77]
                      `--+--F. americana Gmelin 1789 JT12, L98 [incl. F. columbiana L98]
                         `--F. caribaea Ridgway 1884 L98

Fulica Linnaeus 1758 CC10 [incl. Lycornis Bonaparte 1856 L98, Nesophalaris Brodkorb & Dawson 1962 CC10, Palaeolimnas Forbes 1893 CC10, Phalaria Reichenbach 1853 L98]

Fulica atra australis Gould 1845 [incl. F. atra ingrami Mathews 1912, F. tasmanica Grant 1846, F. atra tasmanica] CC10

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[CC10] Checklist Committee (OSNZ). 2010. Checklist of the Birds of New Zealand, Norfolk and Macquarie Islands, and the Ross Dependency, Antarctica 4^th ed. Ornithological Society of New Zealand and Te Papa Press: Wellington.

[G-RGT14] Garcia-R, J. C., G. C. Gibb & S. A. Trewick. 2014. Deep global evolutionary radiation in birds: diversification and trait evolution in the cosmopolitan bird family Rallidae. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 81: 96–108.

[GM91] Gill, B., & P. Martinson. 1991. New Zealand’s Extinct Birds. Random Century: Auckland (New Zealand).

[JT12] Jetz, W., G. H. Thomas, J. B. Joy, K. Hartmann & A. Ø. Mooers. 2012. The global diversity of birds in space and time. Nature 491: 444–448.

[L58] Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Laurentii Salvii: Holmiae.

[L98] Livezey, B. C. 1998. A phylogenetic analysis of the Gruiformes (Aves) based on morphological characters, with an emphasis on the rails (Rallidae). Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B—Biological Sciences 353: 2077–2151.

[USDI77] USDI (United States Department of the Interior). 1977. Endangered and threatened wildlife and plants—republication of list of species. Federal Register 42: 36420–36431.

Porphyrio

American purple gallinule Porphyrio martinica, copyright Carmelo López.

Belongs within: Rallidae.

Porphyrio, the swamphens or gallinules, are a group of relatively large, heavy-bodied rails with generally blue or purple underparts and a well-developed frontal shield. The frontal shield is a bright red in Old World species related to the purple swamphen P. porphyrio but pale blue in the American purple gallinule P. martinica and greenish-yellow in the azure gallinule P. flavirostris of South America.

<==Porphyrio Brisson 1760 [incl. Caesarornis Reichenbach 1853, Mantellornis Mathews 1911, Notornis Owen 1848] CC10
    |  i. s.: P. calvus [incl. P. smaragdinus] S13
    |           |--P. c. calvus S13
    |           `--P. c. caledonicus Sarasin 1913 S13
    |         P. coerulescens HSS13
    |         P. paepae Steadman 1988 L98
    |--+--P. alleni Thompson 1842 G-RGT14
    |  |--P. flavirostris (Gmelin 1789) JT12, G-RGT14 [=Fulica flavirostris G-RGT14]
    |  `--P. martinica (Linnaeus 1766) [=Fulica martinica] G-RGT14
    `--+--+--P. hochstetteri (Meyer 1883) JT12, CC10 (see below for synonymy)
       |  `--P. kukwiedei Balouet & Olson 1989 [=P. (Notornis) kukwiedei] L98
       `--+--P. indicus Horsfield 1821 L98 [=P. poliocephalus indicus RN72; incl. P. palliatus L98]
          `--+--P. pulverulentus Temminck 1826 L98
             `--+--+--P. madagascariensis (Latham 1801) [incl. P. aegyptiacus] L98
                |  `--+--*P. porphyrio (Linnaeus 1758) CC10, JT12, CC10 [=Fulica porphyrio CC10]
                |     `--P. poliocephalus (Latham 1801) L98 (see below for synonymy)
                `--+--+--P. ellioti Salvadori 1879 [incl. P. caledonicus, P. neobritanicus] L98
                   |  `--P. viridis Begbie 1834 [incl. P. edwardsi] L98
                   `--+--P. albus (White 1790) L98 [=Fulica alba G-RGT14]
                      `--+--P. mantelli (Owen 1848) WH02 [=*Notornis mantelli CC10]
                         `--P. melanotus Temminck 1820 [=P. melanonotus; incl. P. norfolkensis] L98
                              |--P. m. melanotus (see below for synonymy) CC10
                              |--P. ‘samoensis’ aneiteumensis S13
                              |--P. m. bellus Gould 1840 CC10 (see below for synonymy)
                              |--P. m. melanopterus Bonaparte 1856 CC10, L98 [incl. P. mertoni L98]
                              |--P. m. pelewensis CC10
                              `--P. m samoensis Peale 1848 CC10, L98 [incl. P. tongensis L98, P. vitiensis L98]

Inorganic: Notornis notornis minilorientalis Okamura 1987 O87

Porphyrio hochstetteri (Meyer 1883) JT12, CC10 [=Notornis hochstetteri CC10, *Mantellornis hochstetteri CC10, Porphyrio mantelli hochstetteri CC10; incl. Notornis parkeri Forbes 1892 CC10]

Porphyrio melanotus bellus Gould 1840 CC10 [=P. poliocephalus bellus RN72, P. porphyrio bellus WS48; incl. P. melanotus woodwardi Mathews 1912 WS48]

Porphyrio melanotus melanotus Temminck 1820 [=P. porphyrio melanotus; incl. P. chathamensis Sharpe 1893, P. melanotus chathamensis, P. melanotus fletcherae Mathews 1911, P. melanotus neomelanotus Mathews 1911, P. stanleyi Rowley 1875, P. melanotus stanleyi] CC10

Porphyrio poliocephalus (Latham 1801) L98 [=Gallinula poliocephala CC10, *Caesarornis poliocephalus CC10, Porphyrio porphyrio poliocephalus L81; incl. P. seistanicus L98]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[CC10] Checklist Committee (OSNZ). 2010. Checklist of the Birds of New Zealand, Norfolk and Macquarie Islands, and the Ross Dependency, Antarctica 4^th ed. Ornithological Society of New Zealand and Te Papa Press: Wellington.

[G-RGT14] Garcia-R, J. C., G. C. Gibb & S. A. Trewick. 2014. Deep global evolutionary radiation in birds: diversification and trait evolution in the cosmopolitan bird family Rallidae. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 81: 96–108.

[HSS13] Hirschfeld, E., A. Swash & R. Still. 2013. The World's Rarest Birds. Princeton University Press: Princeton (New Jersey).

[JT12] Jetz, W., G. H. Thomas, J. B. Joy, K. Hartmann & A. Ø. Mooers. 2012. The global diversity of birds in space and time. Nature 491: 444–448.

[L98] Livezey, B. C. 1998. A phylogenetic analysis of the Gruiformes (Aves) based on morphological characters, with an emphasis on the rails (Rallidae). Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B—Biological Sciences 353: 2077–2151.

[L81] Long, J. L. 1981. Introduced Birds of the World: The worldwide history, distribution and influence of birds introduced to new environments. Reed: Sydney.

[O87] Okamura, C. 1987. New facts: Homo and all Vertebrata were born simultaneously in the former Paleozoic in Japan. Original Report of the Okamura Fossil Laboratory 15: 347–573.

[RN72] Rutgers, A., & K. A. Norris (eds) 1972. Encyclopaedia of Aviculture vol. 1. London, Blandford Press.

[S13] Sarasin, F. 1913. Die Vögel Neu-Caledoniens und der Loyalty-Inseln. In: Sarasin, F., & J. Roux (eds) Nova Caledonia: Forschungen in Neu-Caledonian und auf den Loyalty-Inseln. A. Zoologie vol. 1 pt 1 pp. 1–78, pls 1–3. C. W. Kreidels Verlag: Wiesbaden.

[WS48] Whittell, H. M., & D. L. Serventy. 1948. A systematic list of the birds of Western Australia. Public Library, Museum and Art Gallery of Western Australia, Special Publication 1: 1–126.

[WH02] Worthy, T. H., & R. N. Holdaway. 2002. The Lost World of the Moa: Prehistoric life of New Zealand. Indiana University Press: Bloomington (Indiana).

Last updated: 20 August 2019.

Gallirallus

Tongan banded rail Gallirallus ecaudatus, photographed by Duncan.

Belongs within: Rallidae.

Gallirallus is a genus of long-billed rails with a distribution centred around the southern Pacific. The taxonomy of this group differs between authors: some have restricted the name Gallirallus to the New Zealand weka G. australis, a large flightless rail, with other species often included in the broad genus Rallus. Also subject to disagreement is the treatment of the buff-banded rails (G. philippensis to G. goodsoni in the tree below) which are often treated as a single widespread species G. philippensis. Nesoclopeus is a small genus of largish, dark-plumaged, possibly flightless rails native to the Solomon Islands and Fiji, though extinct in the latter, that appears to be phylogenetically nested within Gallirallus.

<==Gallirallus Lafresnaye 1841 CC10 (see below for synonymy)
    |  i. s.: G. mirificus (Parkes & Amadon 1959) L98
    |         G. pacificus (Gmelin 1789) [=Rallus pacificus] G-RGT14
    |         G. ripleyi Steadman 1986 L98
    |         G. sharpei (Büttikofer 1893) [=Stictolimnas sharpei] L98
    |--G. calayanensis Allen et al. 2004 G-RGT14
    `--+--Eulabeornis Gould 1844 G-RGT14, L98
       |    `--*E. castaneoventris Gould 1844 G-RGT14, WS48 [incl. E. castaneoventris rogersi Mathews 1912 WS48]
       `--+--G. australis (Sparrman 1786) G-RGT14, CC10 (see below for synonymy)
          |    |--G. a. australis (see below for synonymy) CC10
          |    |--G. a. greyi (Buller 1888) [=Ocydromus greyi] CC10
          |    |--G. a. hectori (Hutton 1873) [=Ocydromus hectori; incl. G. hectori reischeki Iredale 1913] CC10
          |    `--G. a. scotti (Ogilvie-Grant 1905) [=Ocydromus scotti] CC10
          `--+--+--G. lafresnayanus Verreaux & Des Murs 1860 G-RGT14, L98 (see below for synonymy)
             |  `--+--G. modestus (Hutton 1872) G-RGT14, CC10 (see below for synonymy)
             |     `--Capellirallus Falla 1954 L98
             |          `--*C. karamu Falla 1954 CC10
             `--+--+--G. celebensis Quoy & Gaimard 1830 L98 [=Habropteryx celebensis L98, Hypotaenidia celebensis WH02]
                |  `--+--G. torquatus Linnaeus 1766 G-RGT14 [=Rallus torquatus G-RGT14, Habropteryx torquatus L98]
                |     `--+--G. okinawae (Yamashina & Mano 1981) G-RGT14 [=Rallus okinawae L98, Habropteryx okinawae L98]
                |        `--G. sulcirostris Wallace 1862 (see below for synonymy) L98
                `--+--G. dieffenbachii (Gray 1843) G-RGT14 (see below for synonymy)
                   `--+--G. insignis (Sclater 1880) G-RGT14 [=Rallus insignis G-RGT14, Habropteryx insignis L98]
                      `--+--+--G. owstoni (Rothschild 1895) G-RGT14 [=Hypotaenidia owstoni L98, Rallus owstoni L98]
                         |  `--Nesoclopeus Peters 1932 G-RGT14, L98
                         |       |--*N. poecilopterus (Hartlaub 1866) [=Rallina poeciloptera] G-RGT14
                         |       |--N. immaculatus Mayr 1949 L98
                         |       `--N. woodfordi (Ogilvie-Grant 1889) [=Rallina woodfordi] G-RGT14
                         `--+--+-‘Tricholimnas’ conditicius Peters & Grisom 1928 L98
                            |  `--G. sylvestris (Sclater 1869) G-RGT14 (see below for synonymy)
                            `--+--+--G. rovianae Diamond 1991 L98
                               |  `--G. wakensis (Rothschild 1903) G-RGT14 (see below for synonymy)
                               `--+--G. philippensis (Linnaeus 1766) G-RGT14 (see below for synonymy)
                                  |    |--G. p. philippensis CC10
                                  |    |--G. p. assimilis (Gray in Dieffenbach 1843) (see below for synonymy) CC10
                                  |    |--G. p. macquariensis (Hutton 1879) (see below for synonymy) CC10
                                  |    `--G. p. mellori (Mathews 1912) CC10 (see below for synonymy)
                                  `--+--G. christophori (Mayr 1939) L98
                                     `--+--G. sethsmithi (Mathews 1911) L98
                                        `--+--G. ecaudatus (Miller 1783) [=Rallus ecaudatus] L98
                                           `--G. goodsoni (Mathews 1911) L98

Gallirallus Lafresnaye 1841 CC10 [incl. Brachypteryx Owen 1848 non Horsfield 1822 CC10, Cabalus Hutton 1874 WH02, Habropteryx Stresemann 1932 L98, Huttonena Mathews 1929 CC10, Hypotaenidia Reichenbach 1853 CC10, Nesolimnas Andrews 1896 CC10, Ocydromus Wagler 1830 non Schellenberg 1806 CC10, Sylvestrornis Mathews 1928 L98, Tricholimnas Sharpe 1893 L98; Ocydrominae]

Gallirallus australis (Sparrman 1786) G-RGT14, CC10 [=Rallus australis CC10, *Brachypteryx australis CC10, *Ocydromus australis CC10; incl. Rallus fuscus Ellman 1861 non Linnaeus 1758 CC10, O. insignis Forbes 1892 CC10, O. minor Hamilton 1893 CC10, Gallirallus minor CC10, Rallus niger Ellman 1861 CC10, R. punctatus Ellman 1861 CC10, R. rufus Ellman 1861 CC10, R. strepitans Ellman 1861 CC10]

Gallirallus australis australis (Sparrman 1786) [incl. Ocydromus assimilis Buller 1888, *G. brachypterus Lafresnaye 1841, O. brachypterus, O. earli Gray 1862, O. finschi Hutton 1873, Gallirallus fuscus de Bus de Gisignies 1847, O. fuscus, O. nigricans Buller 1869, Gallirallus townsoni Mathews & Iredale 1914, Rallus troglodytes Gmelin 1789, G. troglodytes] CC10

Gallirallus dieffenbachii (Gray 1843) G-RGT14 [=Rallus dieffenbachii CC10, Cabalus dieffenbachii CC10, Hypotaenidia dieffenbachii CC10, *Nesolimnas dieffenbachii CC10, Ocydromus dieffenbachii CC10, Rallus philippensis dieffenbachii CC10]

Gallirallus lafresnayanus Verreaux & Des Murs 1860 G-RGT14, L98 [=Eulabeornis lafresnayanus S13, Tricholimnas lafresnayanus S13]

Gallirallus modestus (Hutton 1872) G-RGT14, CC10 [=Rallus modestus CC10, *Cabalus modestus CC10, *Huttonena modesta CC10; incl. Ocydromus pygmaeus Forbes 1892 CC10]

Gallirallus philippensis (Linnaeus 1766) G-RGT14 [=Rallus philippensis CC10, Hypotaenidia philippensis CC10]

Gallirallus philippensis assimilis (Gray in Dieffenbach 1843) [=Rallus assimilis, Eulabeornis philippensis assimilis, Hypotaenidia philippensis assimilis, Rallus philippensis assimilis; incl. R. pictus Potts 1872] CC10

Gallirallus philippensis macquariensis (Hutton 1879) [=Rallus macquariensis, Eulabeornis philippensis macquariensis, Hypotaenidia philippensis macquariensis, Rallus philippensis macquariensis] CC10

Gallirallus philippensis mellori (Mathews 1912) CC10 [=Eulabeornis philippensis mellori CC10; incl. Hypotaenidia australis Pelzeln 1873 non Rallus australis Sparrman 1786 CC10, Rallus philippensis australis CC10, H. philippensis australis WS48, H. philippensis norfolkensis Mathews 1931 CC10, Rallus philippensis norfolkensis CC10, R. pectoralis Gould 1848 non Temminck 1831 CC10, *Hypotaenidia pectoralis CC10]

Gallirallus sulcirostris Wallace 1862 [=Habropteryx sulcirostris; incl. G. kuehni, G. limarius, G. remigialis] L98

Gallirallus sylvestris (Sclater 1869) G-RGT14 [=Ocydromus sylvestris G-RGT14, Cabalus sylvestris WH02, Rallus sylvestris WH02, *Sylvestrornis sylvestris L98, Tricholimnas sylvestris L98]

Gallirallus wakensis (Rothschild 1903) G-RGT14 [=Hypotaenidia wakensis L98, Rallus wakensis L98]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[CC10] Checklist Committee (OSNZ). 2010. Checklist of the Birds of New Zealand, Norfolk and Macquarie Islands, and the Ross Dependency, Antarctica 4^th ed. Ornithological Society of New Zealand and Te Papa Press: Wellington.

[G-RGT14] Garcia-R, J. C., G. C. Gibb & S. A. Trewick. 2014. Deep global evolutionary radiation in birds: diversification and trait evolution in the cosmopolitan bird family Rallidae. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 81: 96–108.

[L98] Livezey, B. C. 1998. A phylogenetic analysis of the Gruiformes (Aves) based on morphological characters, with an emphasis on the rails (Rallidae). Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B—Biological Sciences 353: 2077–2151.

[M03] Morcombe, M. 2003. Field Guide to Australian Birds 2^nd ed. Steve Parish Publishing.

[S13] Sarasin, F. 1913. Die Vögel Neu-Caledoniens und der Loyalty-Inseln. In: Sarasin, F., & J. Roux (eds) Nova Caledonia: Forschungen in Neu-Caledonian und auf den Loyalty-Inseln. A. Zoologie vol. 1 pt 1 pp. 1–78, pls 1–3. C. W. Kreidels Verlag: Wiesbaden.

[WS48] Whittell, H. M., & D. L. Serventy. 1948. A systematic list of the birds of Western Australia. Public Library, Museum and Art Gallery of Western Australia, Special Publication 1: 1–126.

[WH02] Worthy, T. H., & R. N. Holdaway. 2002. The Lost World of the Moa: Prehistoric life of New Zealand. Indiana University Press: Bloomington (Indiana).

Last updated: 17 August 2019.

Gallinula

Common moorhens Gallinula chloropus, photographed by Neil Phillips.

Belongs within: Rallidae.
Contains: Porzana, Fulica.

The genus Gallinula contains the moorhens, aquatic birds that are all fairly similar in appearance, with dark heads and bodies and commonly a red frontal shield. The typical moorhens of the subgenus Gallinula are found nearly worldwide; except for the dusky moorhen G. tenebrosa of Australasia and the lesser moorhen G. angulata of Africa, they are often treated as subspecies of a single widespread species, the common moorhen G. chloropus. The subgenus Porphyriornis includes two species from the islands of Tristan da Cunha and Gough Island in the South Atlantic (Livezey 1998), though the Tristan species (G. nesiotis) is now extinct. The native hens G. ventralis and G. mortierii of Australia are sometimes treated as a separate genus Tribonyx; they differ from the typical moorhens in having a green or yellow frontal shield. The spot-flanked gallinule G. melanops of South America has black and white-spotted sides and a yellow-green frontal shield; it is similar in overall appearance to the crakes of the genus Porzana and, indeed, may be more closely related to that genus than to other Gallinula species.

<==Gallinula Brisson 1760 (see below for synonymy) CC10
    |  i. s.: G. balcanica Boev 1999 M02
    |         G. disneyi Boles 2005 M09
    |         G. gigantea Tchernov 1980 M02
    |         G. hodgenorum (Scarlett 1955) CC10 (see below for synonymy)
    |         G. pacifica (Hartlaub & Finsch 1871) [=Pareudiastes pacificus] G-RGT14
    |         G. silvestris (Mayr 1933) G-RGT14 [=Edithornis silvestris G-RGT14, Pareudiastes silvestris L98]
    |--+--+--G. melanops (Vieillot 1819) [=Rallus melanops] G-RGT14
    |  |  `--Porzana G-RGT14
    |  `--+--G. ventralis Gould 1836 G-RGT14 (see below for synonymy)
    |     `--+--G. mortierii (DuBus 1840) G-RGT14 [=*Tribonyx mortierii CC10; incl. *Brachyptrallus ralloides CC10]
    |        `--‘Tribonyx’ repertus (De Vis 1888) L98
    `--+--G. (Porphyriornis Allen 1892) L98
       |    |--G. (P.) comeri (Allen 1892) L98 [=G. nesiotis comeri L81]
       |    `--G. (P.) nesiotis (Sclater 1861) L98
       `--G. (Gallinula) L98
            |--G. (G.) angulata Sundevall 1850 G-RGT14
            `--+--Fulica G-RGT14
               `--+--G. (G.) tenebrosa Gould 1836 G-RGT14 (see below for synonymy)
                  `--+--*G. (G.) chloropus (Linnaeus 1758) CC10, L98, CC10 (see below for synonymy)
                     |    |--G. c. chloropus FR98
                     |    |--G. c. guami FR98
                     |    `--G. c. meridionalis L81
                     |--G. (G.) cachinnans Bangs 1815 [incl. G. cerceris] L98
                     |--G. (G.) galeata (Lichtenstein 1818) [=Crex galeata] G-RGT14
                     |    |--G. g. galeata G-RGT14
                     |    `--G. g. sandvicensis Streets 1877 G-RGT14, L98 [=G. chloropus sandvicensis L81]
                     `--G. (G.) pyrrhorrhoa Newton 1861 [incl. G. seychellarum] L98

Inorganic: Gallinula chloropus minilorientalis Okamura 1987 O87

Gallinula Brisson 1760 [=Hydrogallina Lacépède 1799, Stagnicola Brehm 1831; incl. Brachyptrallus Lafresnaye 1840, Microtribonyx Sharpe 1893, Pareudiastes Hartlaub & Finsch 1871 L98, Pyramida Oliver 1955, Tribonyx du Bus de Gisignies 1840; Gallinulinae] CC10

Gallinula hodgenorum (Scarlett 1955) CC10 [=Rallus hodgeni CC10, Capellirallus hodgeni CC10, Gallinula (Tribonyx) hodgeni CC10, *Pyramida hodgeni CC10, Tribonyx hodgenorum L98; incl. Gallirallus hartreei Scarlett 1970 CC10]

Gallinula ventralis Gould 1836 G-RGT14 [=*Microtribonyx ventralis CC10, Tribonyx ventralis L98; incl. T. ventralis territorii Mathews 1912 CC10, T. ventralis whitei Mathews 1912 CC10]

*Gallinula (Gallinula) chloropus (Linnaeus 1758) CC10, L98, CC10 [=Fulica chloropus CC10, *Hydrogallina chloropus CC10, *Stagnicola chloropus CC10; incl. G. correiana L98, G. chloropus indica Blyth 1842 CC10, G. orientalis L98]

Gallinula (Gallinula) tenebrosa Gould 1836 G-RGTR14 [incl. G. tenebrosa magnirostris Mathews 1912 CC10, G. tenebrosa subfrontata Mathews 1912 CC10]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[CC10] Checklist Committee (OSNZ). 2010. Checklist of the Birds of New Zealand, Norfolk and Macquarie Islands, and the Ross Dependency, Antarctica 4^th ed. Ornithological Society of New Zealand and Te Papa Press: Wellington.

[FR98] Fritts, T. H., & G. H. Rodda. 1998. The role of introduced species in the degradation of island ecosystems: a case history of Guam. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 29: 113–140.

[G-RGT14] Garcia-R, J. C., G. C. Gibb & S. A. Trewick. 2014. Deep global evolutionary radiation in birds: diversification and trait evolution in the cosmopolitan bird family Rallidae. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 81: 96–108.

[L98] Livezey, B. C. 1998. A phylogenetic analysis of the Gruiformes (Aves) based on morphological characters, with an emphasis on the rails (Rallidae). Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B—Biological Sciences 353: 2077–2151.

[L81] Long, J. L. 1981. Introduced Birds of the World: The worldwide history, distribution and influence of birds introduced to new environments. Reed: Sydney.

[M09] Mayr, G. 2009. Paleogene Fossil Birds. Springer.

[M02] Mlíkovský, J. 2002. Cenozoic Birds of the World. Part 1: Europe. Ninox Press: Praha.

[O87] Okamura, C. 1987. New facts: Homo and all Vertebrata were born simultaneously in the former Paleozoic in Japan. Original Report of the Okamura Fossil Laboratory 15: 347–573.

Last updated: 17 August 2019.

Rallidae

White-breasted waterhen Amaurornis phoenicurus, copyright JJ Harrison.

Belongs within: Gruiformes.
Contains: Rallus, Gallirallus, Gallinula, Aramides, Porphyrio, Laterallus, Rallina.

Rallidae, the rails, are a group of ground-dwelling birds found mostly in swampy or other damp habitats. They are commonly narrow-bodied birds with strong, moderately long legs. Taxonomic arrangements within the family have often been unstable though Garcia-R et al. (2014) identified support for eight major clades corresponding to genera or genus groups. The basalmost of these in their analysis was a cosmopolitan group of mostly longer-billed rails including the genera Rallus and Gallirallus. The more aquatic Gallinula group may form a clade with the Aramides group, an assemblage of New World rails with mostly olive-brown upperparts, dark grey underparts, finely barred flanks and a buffy vent.

Synapomorphies (from Livezey 1998): Os lacrimale with processus supraorbitalis present; margo medialis of extremitas sternalis coracoidei with medial, variably prominent crista medialis, continued cranially by crista procoracoidei; ala postacetabularis ilii, margo lateralis, crista dorsolateralis ilii, angulus caudolateralis marked by comparatively prominent, ventrally curved flange, undercut by deep concavitas infracristalis; ala postacetabularis ilii, facies ventralis, facies renalis ilii flat or convex, delimiting comparatively dorsoventrally deep fossa renalis, recessus iliacus; extremitas proximalis femoris, trochanter femoris, crista trochanteris, facies caudalis distal to facies articularis antitrochantericus with thickening weakly developed; hypotarsus, lamina medialis hypotarsi, plantar prominence relative to corpus tarsometatarsi, facies plantaris, less than or equal to that of lamina lateralis hypotarsi; sulcus extensorius of corpus tarsometatarsi with arcus extensorius present.

<==Rallidae [Crecina, Crecinae, Eulabeornithini, Fulicarina, Fulicina, Fulicinae, Rallia, Rallinae, Rallini]
    |--Rallina L98
    |    |  i. s.: Aphanapteryx Frauenfeld 1868 L98
    |    |           |--A. bonasia (Sélys-Longchamps 1848) L98
    |    |           `--A. leguati (Milne-Edwards 1874) L98 [=Erythromachus leguati WH02]
    |    |         Atlantisia Lowe 1923 G-RGT14, L98
    |    |           |--*A. rogersi Lowe 1923 G-RGT14
    |    |           `--A. elpenor Olson 1973 L98
    |    |         Rougetius Bonaparte 1856 G-RGT14, L98
    |    |           `--*R. rougetii (Guérin-Méneville 1843) G-RGT14 (see below for synonymy)
    |    |--‘Rallus’ madagascariensis Verreaux 1833 L98
    |    `--+--Rallus G-RGT14
    |       `--+--+--Gallirallus G-RGT14
    |          |  `--+--Diaphorapteryx Forbes 1892 G-RGT14, CC10
    |          |     |    `--*D. hawkinsi (Forbes 1892) [=Aphanapteryx hawkinsi, D. hawkingi (l. c.)] CC10
    |          |     `--Gymnocrecini L98
    |          |          |--Habroptila Gray 1860 G-RGT14
    |          |          |    `--*H. wallacii Gray 1860 G-RGT14, L98 [=Rallus wallacii L98]
    |          |          `--Gymnocrex Salvadori 1875 L98
    |          |               |--*G. rosenbergii (Schlegel 1866) G-RGT14 (see below for synonymy)
    |          |               |--G. plumbeiventris (Gray 1862) G-RGT14 (see below for synonymy)
    |          |               `--G. talaudensis Lambert 1998 L98
    |          `--+--Dryolimnas Sharpe 1893 G-RGT14, L98
    |             |    |--*D. cuvieri (Pucheran 1845) [=Rallus cuvieri] G-RGT14
    |             |    |--D. abbotti (Ridgway 1894) L98
    |             |    `--D. aldabranus (Günther 1879) L98 [=D. cuvieri aldabranus MS55]
    |             `--+--Crex Bechstein 1803 G-RGT14, CC10 (see below for synonymy)
    |                |    |--C. crex (Linnaeus 1758) (see below for synonymy) CC10
    |                |    `--C. egregia (Peters 1854) G-RGT14 (see below for synonymy)
    |                `--+--Aramidopsis Sharpe 1893 G-RGT14, L98
    |                   |    `--*A. plateni (Blasius 1886) G-RGT14, L98 [=Rallus plateni L98]
    |                   `--+--‘Rallus’ striatus Linnaeus 1766 G-RGT14 (see below for synonymy)
    |                      `--Lewinia Gray 1855 G-RGT14 (see below for synonymy)
    |                           |--L. mirifica (Parkers & Amadon 1959) [=Rallus mirificus] G-RGT14
    |                           `--+--L. pectoralis (Temminck 1831) G-RGT14 (see below for synonymy)
    |                              `--L. muelleri (Rothschild 1893) G-RGT14 (see below for synonymy)
    `--+--+--Gallinula G-RGT14
       |  `--+--+--Aramides G-RGT14
       |     |  `--Amaurolimnas Sharpe 1893 G-RGT14, L98
       |     |       `--*A. concolor (Gosse 1847) G-RGT14, L98 [=Rallus concolor G-RGT14]
       |     `--+--+--‘Rallus’ albicollis Vieillot 1819 G-RGT14 [=Crex albicollis L98, Porzana albicollis G-RGT14]
       |        |  |    |--R. a. albicollis PP62
       |        |  |    `--‘Porzana’ a. typhoeca Peters 1932 PP62
       |        |  `--Neocrex Sclater & Salvin 1869 G-RGT14
       |        |       |--*N. erythrops (Sclater 1867) [=Porzana erythrops] G-RGT14
       |        |       `--N. columbiana Bangs 1898 G-RGT14 [=N. columbianus G-RGT14, Porzana columbiana L98]
       |        |            |--N. c. columbiana HSS13
       |        |            `--N. c. ripleyi HSS13
       |        `--Pardirallina L98
       |             |--Cyanolimnas Barbour & Peters 1927 L98
       |             |    `--*C. cerverai Barbour & Peters 1927 G-RGT14, L98
       |             `--+--Ortygonax Heine 1890 L98
       |                |    |--O. nigricans (Vieillot 1819) L98
       |                |    `--O. sanguinolentus (Swainson 1838) L98
       |                `--Pardirallus Bonaparte 1856 G-RGT14
       |                     |--*P. maculatus (Boddaert 1783) [=Rallus maculatus] G-RGT14
       |                     `--+--P. nigricans (Vieillot 1819) [=Rallus nigricans] G-RGT14
       |                        `--P. sanguinolentus (Swainson 1838) [=Rallus sanguinolentus] G-RGT14
       `--+--Porphyrionini [Porphyrioninae, Porphyriornithini] L98
          |    |--Aphanocrex Wetmore 1963 L98
          |    |    `--A. podarces Wetmore 1963 [=Atlantisia podarces] L98
          |    `--+--Porphyrio G-RGT14
          |       `--Porphyrula Blyth 1852 L98
          |            |--P. alleni (Thompson 1842) L98
          |            `--+--P. flavirostris (Gmelin 1789) L98
          |               `--P. martinica (Linnaeus 1766) L98
          `--+--+--+--Himantornis Hartlaub 1855 G-RGT14, L98 [Himantornithinae]
             |  |  |    `--*H. haematopus Hartlaub 1855 G-RGT14, L98
             |  |  `--+--‘Rallina’ isabellinus Schlegel 1865 G-RGT14 [=Amaurornis isabellinus L98, G-RGT14]
             |  |     `--Megacrex Albertis & Salvadori 1879 G-RGT14
             |  |          `--*M. inepta D’Albertis & Salvadori 1879 G-RGT14 [=Amaurornis ineptus L98]
             |  `--+--+--Gallicrex Blyth 1849 G-RGT14
             |     |  |    `--*G. cinerea (Gmelin 1789) [=Fulica cinerea] G-RGT14
             |     |  `--Porphyriops Pucheran 1845 L98
             |     |       `--P. melanops (Vieillot 1819) L98
             |     `--Amaurornis Reichenbach 1853 G-RGT14, CC10 [Amaurornithina]
             |          |  i. s.: A. bicolor (Walden 1872) G-RGT14 (see below for synonymy)
             |          |         A. olivieri (Grandidier & Berlioz 1927) G-RGT14 (see below for synonymy)
             |          |--A. phoenicurus (Pennant 1769) L98 [=Gallinula phoenicurus G-RGT14]
             |          `--+--*A. olivacea (Meyen 1834) CC10, JT12, L98 [=Gallinula olivacea G-RGT14]
             |             |--A. magnirostris Lambert 1998 L98
             |             |--A. moluccana (Wallace 1865) JT12, L98 (see below for synonymy)
             |             `--A. ruficrissus L98
             `--+--Laterallus G-RGT14
                `--+--Rallina G-RGT14
                   `--+--‘Gallinula’ flavirostra Swainson 1837 G-RGT14 (see below for synonymy)
                      `--+--Corethrura Gray 1846 L98
                         |    |--C. fusca (Linné 1766) L98 [=Rallus fuscus G-RGT14, Porzana fusca G-RGT14]
                         |    |--C. paykullii (Ljungh 1813) L98 (see below for synonymy)
                         |    `--C. sandwichensis (Gmelin 1789) L98 (see below for synonymy)
                         `--+--‘Rallus’ akool Sykes 1832 [=Amaurornis akool] G-RGT14
                            |    |--R. a. akool VP89
                            |    `--‘Amaurornis’ a. coccineipes VP89
                            `--+--Limnocorax Peters 1854 L98 [incl. Porzanoidea Mathews 1912 CC10]
                               |    `--L. tabuensis (Gmelin 1789) L98, CC10 (see below for synonymy)
                               `--+--Zapornia Stephens in Shaw 1824 (see below for synonymy) CC10
                                  |    `--‘Rallus’ parvus Scopoli 1769 G-RGT14 (see below for synonymy)
                                  `--Schoenocrex Roberts 1922 CC10
                                       `--*S. pusillus (Pallas 1776) CC10 (see below for synonymy)
                                            |--S. p. pusillus CC10
                                            |--‘Porzana pusilla’ affinis (Gray 1845) [=Ortygometra affinis] CC10
                                            |--‘Porzana pusilla’ intermedia RN72
                                            `--‘Porzana pusilla’ palustris Gould 1843 (see below for synonymy) CC10

Rallidae incertae sedis:
  Palaeorallus FP64
    |--P. alienus Kurochkin 1968 M09
    `--P. troxelli FP64
  Pennula sandwichensis FP64
  Ibidopsis Lydekker 1891 M05
    `--*I. hordwelliensis Lydekker 1891 M02
  Quercyrallus Brodkorb 1952 M02
    |--*Q. arenarius (Milne-Edwards 1892) [=Rallus arenarius] M02
    `--Q. quercy Cracraft 1973 M05
  Parvirallus Harrison & Walker 1979 M02
    |--*P. gracilis Harrison & Walker 1979 M02
    |--P. bassetti Harrison 1984 M02
    |--P. gassoni Harrison 1984 M02
    `--P. medius Harrison 1984 M02
  Latipons Harrison & Walker 1979 M02
    |--*L. gardneri Harrison & Walker 1979 M02
    `--L. robinsoni Harrison & Walker 1979 M02
  Montirallus Mlíkovský 1981 M02
    `--*M. gypsorum (Gervais 1848) [=Numenius gypsorum, N. (Limosa) gypsorum, Villetus gypsorum] M02
  Rallicrex Lambrecht 1933 M02
    |--*R. kolozsvarensis Lambrecht 1933 M02
    `--R. polgardiensis Jánossy 1991 M02
  Paraortygometra Lambrecht 1933 [incl. Microrallus Švec 1983] M02
    `--*P. porzanoides (Milne-Edwards 1869) [=Rallus porzanoides; incl. *Microrallus fejfari Švec 1983] M02
  Palaeoaramides Lambrecht 1933 [incl. Tertiariaporphyrula Kuročkin & Ganea 1972] M02
    |--*P. christyi (Milne-Edwards 1869) (see below for synonymy) M02
    |--P. beaumontii (Milne-Edwards 1869) (see below for synonymy) M02
    |--P. lungi (Kuročkin & Ganea 1972) [=Tertiariaporphyrula lungi] M02
    |--P. minutus Cracraft 1973 M02
    `--P. tugarinovi Kuročkin 1980 M02
  Miorallus Lambrecht 1933 M02
    `--*M. major (Milne-Edwards 1869) [=Rallus major] M02
  Mundia elpenor HSS13
  Ionornis martinicus S18
  Belgirallus Mayr & Smith 2001 M05
    |--B. minutus Mayr & Smith 2001 M09
    `--B. oligocaenus Mayr & Smith 2001 M09
  Hovacrex roberti L98
  Pleistorallus Worthy 1997 CC10
    `--*P. flemingi Worthy 1997 CC10
  Aphanolimnas Sharpe 1892 L98
    `--*A. monasa Kittlitz 1858 L98 [=Rallus monasa G-RGT14, Porzana (Limnocorax) monasa L98]
  Nesophylax Murphy 1924 L98
    `--*N. ater (North 1908) [=Porzana (Limnocorax) atra] L98
  Porzanula Frohawk 1892 G-RGT14, L98
    `--*P. palmeri Frohawk 1892 [=Porzana palmeri] L98
  Poliolimnas Sharpe 1893 L98
    `--P. cinereus (Vieillot 1819) WS48, L98 (see below for synonymy)
         |--P. c. cinereus WS48
         |--P. c. brevipes (Ingram 1911) I92
         `--P. c. leucophrys (Gould 1847) (see below for synonymy) WS48
  Aenigmatolimnas Peters 1932 L98
    `--*A. marginalis (Hartlaub 1857) G-RGT14 [=Porzana marginalis G-RGT14, P. (Poliolimnas) marginalis L98]
  Anurolimnas Sharpe 1893 L98
    `--*A. castaneiceps (Sclater & Salvin 1868) [=Porzana castaneiceps] G-RGT14

Amaurornis bicolor (Walden 1872) G-RGT14 [=Porzana bicolor G-RGT14, P. (Limnocorax) bicolor L98]

Amaurornis moluccana (Wallace 1865) JT12, L98 [=Porzana moluccana G-RGT14; incl. A. frankii L98, A. nigrifrons L98, A. ultimus L98]

Amaurornis olivieri (Grandidier & Berlioz 1927) G-RGT14 [=Porzana olivieri G-RGT14, P. (Limnocorax) olivieri L98]

Corethrura paykullii (Ljungh 1813) L98 [=Rallus paykullii G-RGT14, Rallina paykullii L98, Porzana (Corethrura) paykullii L98]

Corethrura sandwichensis (Gmelin 1789) L98 [=Rallus sandwichensis G-RGT14, Porzana (Corethrura) sandwichensis L98]

Crex Bechstein 1803 G-RGT14, CC10 [incl. Crecopsis Sharpe 1893 L98, Ortygometra Forster 1817 B94; Ortygometrinae]

Crex crex (Linnaeus 1758) [=Rallus crex, Ortygometra crex; incl. R. featherstonii Buller 1865, *Crex pratensis] CC10

Crex egregia (Peters 1854) G-RGT14 [=Ortygometra egregia G-RGT14, *Crecopsis egregia L98, Porzana egregia L98]

‘Gallinula’ flavirostra Swainson 1837 G-RGT14 [=Amaurornis flavirostra G-RGT14, Porzana (Limnocorax) flavirostra L98]

Gymnocrex plumbeiventris (Gray 1862) G-RGT14 [=Rallina plumbeiventris G-RGT14, Eulabeornis plumbeiventris L98]

*Gymnocrex rosenbergii (Schlegel 1866) G-RGT14 [=Rallina rosenbergii G-RGT14, Eulabeornis rosenbergii L98]

Lewinia Gray 1855 G-RGT14 [=Donacias Heine & Reichenow 1890 CC10; incl. Hyporallus Iredale & Mathews 1926 CC10]

Lewinia muelleri (Rothschild 1893) G-RGT14 [=Rallus muelleri CC10, Dryolimnas pectoralis muelleri CC10, Gallirallus muelleri L98, *Hyporallus muelleri CC10, Hypotaenidia muelleri CC10, Rallus pectoralis muelleri CC10]

Lewinia pectoralis (Temminck 1831) G-RGT14 [=Rallus pectoralis G-RGT14, Dryolimnas pectoralis HWT01, Gallirallus pectoralis HWT01; incl. G. alberti L98, Rallus brachipus Swainson 1838 CC10, R. pectoralis brachipus WS48, Gallirallus captus L98, R. pectoralis clelandi Mathews 1911 WS48, G. exsul L98, G. insulus L98, Rallus lewinii CC10, *Donacias lewinii CC10, *Lewinia lewinii CC10, Gallirallus mayri L98]

Limnocorax tabuensis (Gmelin 1789) L98, CC10 [=Rallus tabuensis CC10, Ortygometra tabuensis CC10, Porzana tabuensis G-RGT14; incl. Porzanoidea plumbea campbelli Mathews 1912 CC10, Gallinula immaculata Swainson 1828 CC10, Porzana tabuensis immaculata RN72, *Porzanoidea immaculata CC10, Rallus minor Ellman 1861 CC10, Crex plumbea Gray in Griffith 1829 CC10, Porzana tabuensis plumbea CC10, Porzanoidea plumbea CC10, Porzana plumbea roberti Mathews 1912 CC10, Rallus rufopes Ellman 1861 CC10]

Palaeoaramides beaumontii (Milne-Edwards 1869) [=Rallus beaumontii, Pararallus beaumonti, *Tertiariaporphyrula beaumonti] M02

*Palaeoaramides christyi (Milne-Edwards 1869) [=Rallus christyi; incl. R. eximius Milne-Edwards 1869, Palaeoaramides eximius] M02

Poliolimnas cinereus (Vieillot 1819) WS48, L98 [=Porphyrio cinereus WS48, Porzana cinerea G-RGT14; incl. Ortygometra quadristrigata S13]

Poliolimnas cinereus leucophrys (Gould 1847) [=Porzana cinerea leucophrys; incl. Por. cinerea parryi Mathews 1912] WS48

‘Porzana pusilla’ palustris Gould 1843 [incl. P. pusilla fitzroyi Mathews 1912] CC10

‘Rallus’ parvus Scopoli 1769 G-RGT14 [=*Phalaridion parvum CC10, Porzana parva G-RGT14, *Rallites parva CC10; incl. *Zapornia pusilla CC10]

‘Rallus’ striatus Linnaeus 1766 G-RGT14 [=Gallirallus striatus G-RGT14, Hypotaenidia striata L98]

*Rougetius rougetii (Guérin-Méneville 1843) G-RGT14 [=Rallus rougetii S05; incl. Rallus obscurus Gray 1844 (n. n.) S05, Rallus abyssinicus Rüppell 1845 S05]

*Schoenocrex pusillus (Pallas 1776) CC10 [=Rallus pusillus CC10, Porzana pusilla G-RGT14]

Zapornia Stephens in Shaw 1824 [=Zaporina Forster 1827; incl. Phalaridion Kaup 1829, Rallites Pucheran 1845; Zaporniinae] CC10

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B94] Bock, W. J. 1994. History and nomenclature of avian family-group names. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 222: 1–281.

[CC10] Checklist Committee (OSNZ). 2010. Checklist of the Birds of New Zealand, Norfolk and Macquarie Islands, and the Ross Dependency, Antarctica 4^th ed. Ornithological Society of New Zealand and Te Papa Press: Wellington.

[FP64] Fisher, J., & R. T. Peterson. 1964. The World of Birds: A comprehensive guide to general ornithology. Macdonald: London.

[G-RGT14] Garcia-R, J. C., G. C. Gibb & S. A. Trewick. 2014. Deep global evolutionary radiation in birds: diversification and trait evolution in the cosmopolitan bird family Rallidae. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 81: 96–108.

[HSS13] Hirschfeld, E., A. Swash & R. Still. 2013. The World's Rarest Birds. Princeton University Press: Princeton (New Jersey).

[HWT01] Holdaway, R. N., T. H. Worthy & A. J. D. Tennyson. 2001. A working list of breeding bird species of the New Zealand region at first human contact. New Zealand Journal of Zoology 28: 119–187.

[I92] Iwahashi, J. (ed.) 1992. Reddo Deeta Animaruzu: a pictorial of Japanese fauna facing extinction. JICC: Tokyo.

[JT12] Jetz, W., G. H. Thomas, J. B. Joy, K. Hartmann & A. Ø. Mooers. 2012. The global diversity of birds in space and time. Nature 491: 444–448.

[L98] Livezey, B. C. 1998. A phylogenetic analysis of the Gruiformes (Aves) based on morphological characters, with an emphasis on the rails (Rallidae). Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B—Biological Sciences 353: 2077–2151.

[M05] Mayr, G. 2005. The Paleogene fossil record of birds in Europe. Biological Reviews 80: 515–542.

[M09] Mayr, G. 2009. Paleogene Fossil Birds. Springer.

[MS55] Mertens, R., & J. Steinbacher. 1955. Die im Senckenberg-Museum vorhandenen Arten ausgestorbener, aussterbender oder seltener Vögel. Senckenbergiana Biologica 36 (3–4): 241–265.

[M02] Mlíkovský, J. 2002. Cenozoic Birds of the World. Part 1: Europe. Ninox Press: Praha.

[PP62] Phelps, W. H., & W. H. Phelps Jr. 1962. Two new subspecies of birds from Venezuela, the rufous phase of Pauxi pauxi, and other notes. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 75: 199–204.

[RN72] Rutgers, A., & K. A. Norris (eds.) 1972. Encyclopaedia of Aviculture vol. 1. Blandford Press: London.

[S13] Sarasin, F. 1913. Die Vögel Neu-Caledoniens und der Loyalty-Inseln. In: Sarasin, F., & J. Roux (eds) Nova Caledonia: Forschungen in Neu-Caledonian und auf den Loyalty-Inseln. A. Zoologie vol. 1 pt 1 pp. 1–78, pls 1–3. C. W. Kreidels Verlag: Wiesbaden.

[S05] Steinheimer, F. D. 2005. Eduard Rüppel’s avian types at the Natural History Museum, Tring (Aves). Senckenbergiana Biologica 85 (2): 233–264.

[S18] Stone, W. 1918. Birds of the Panama Canal Zone, with special reference to a collection made by Mr. Lindsey L. Jewel. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 70: 239–280.

[VP89] Viney, C., & K. Phillipps. 1989. Birds of Hong Kong 5^th ed. Government Printer: Hong Kong.

[WS48] Whittell, H. M., & D. L. Serventy. 1948. A systematic list of the birds of Western Australia. Public Library, Museum and Art Gallery of Western Australia, Special Publication 1: 1–126.

[WH02] Worthy, T. H., & R. N. Holdaway. 2002. The Lost World of the Moa: Prehistoric life of New Zealand. Indiana University Press: Bloomington (Indiana).

Last updated: 20August 2019.

Porzana

Spotted crake Porzana porzana, from here.

Belongs within: Gallinula.

Porzana has historically been recognised as one of the primary genera of crakes, short-billed rails without significant aquatic adaptations (Livezey 1998). However, recent phylogenetic analyses indicate that the genus as previously recognised is polyphyletic with only a small number of species directly related to the type species, the spotted crake P. porzana. This species breeds in western Eurasia and migrates to Africa and India; it is brown above with black barring and white spots on the flanks, a yellow bill with a red base, and green legs.

<==Porzana Vieillot 1816 CC10
    |  i. s.: P. astrictocarpus Olson 1973 L98
    |         P. estramosi Jánossy 1979 [incl. P. estramosi veterior Jánossy 1979] M02
    |         P. keplororum Olson & James 1991 L98
    |         P. menehune Olson & James 1991 L98
    |         P. nigra HSS13
    |         P. ralphorum Olson & James 1991 L98
    |         P. rua Steadman 1986 L98
    |         P. severnsi Olson & James 1991 L98
    |         P. ziegleri Olson & James 1991 L98
    |--P. carolina (Linnaeus 1758) L98 [=Rallus carolinus G-RGT14]
    `--+--*P. porzana (Linnaeus 1766) CC10, L98, M02 [=Rallus porzana M02]
       `--P. fluminea Gould 1842 L98, G-RGT14 [=Ortygometra fluminea CC10]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[CC10] Checklist Committee (OSNZ). 2010. Checklist of the Birds of New Zealand, Norfolk and Macquarie Islands, and the Ross Dependency, Antarctica 4^th ed. Ornithological Society of New Zealand and Te Papa Press: Wellington.

[G-RGT14] Garcia-R, J. C., G. C. Gibb & S. A. Trewick. 2014. Deep global evolutionary radiation in birds: diversification and trait evolution in the cosmopolitan bird family Rallidae. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 81: 96–108.

[HSS13] Hirschfeld, E., A. Swash & R. Still. 2013. The World's Rarest Birds. Princeton University Press: Princeton (New Jersey).

[L98] Livezey, B. C. 1998. A phylogenetic analysis of the Gruiformes (Aves) based on morphological characters, with an emphasis on the rails (Rallidae). Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B—Biological Sciences 353: 2077–2151.

[M02] Mlíkovský, J. 2002. Cenozoic Birds of the World. Part 1: Europe. Ninox Press: Praha.

Last updated: 20 August 2019.