Sclerotiniaceae

Sclerotinia sclerotiorum on bean Phaseolus vulgaris, copyright Rasbak.

Belongs within: Sordariomyceta.

The Sclerotiniaceae are a group of fungi that are pathogenic or saprobic on various parts of plants, particularly seeds and fruits (Kirk et al. 2001).

Characters (from Kirk et al. 2001): Stromata present, as well-differentiated sclerotia or mummified host tissue. Ascomata apothecial, often long-stalked, usually brown, cupulate, without hairs, the stalk often darker. Interascal tissue of simple paraphyses. Asci usually with a J+ apical ring. Ascospores large or small, ellipsoidal, usually aseptate, hyaline or pale brown, often more or less longitudinally symmetrical. Anamorphs often prominent, hyphomycetous, spermatial or disseminative.

Sclerotiniaceae
    |--Monilinia Honey 1928 SS09, KC01 (see below for synonymy)
    |    |--M. fructicola JK06
    |    |--M. fructigena SL02 [=Monilia fructigena KD83]
    |    `--M. laxa HM17
    `--+--Botryotinia Whetzel 1945 SS09, KC01 [incl. Amphobotrys Hennebert 1973 KC01]
       |    `--B. fuckeliana SS09
       `--Sclerotinia Fuckel 1870 (nom. cons.) SS09, KC01 [incl. Whetzelinia Korf & Dumont 1972 (nom. rej.) KC01]
            |--S. borealis KC01
            |--S. bulborum KC01
            |--S. fructicola KC01
            |--S. fructigena KC01
            |--S. homeocarpa KC01
            |--S. libertiana KC01
            |--S. minor SWW95
            |--S. narcissicola L86
            |--S. sclerotiorum SL02
            `--S. trifoliorum SWW95

Sclerotiniaceae incertae sedis:
  Asterocalyx Höhn. 1912 KC01
  Ciboria Fuckel 1870 (see below for synonymy) KC01
  Ciborinia Whetzel 1945 KC01
  Cudoniopsis Speg. 1925 KC01
  Dumontinia Kohn 1979 KC01
  Elliottinia Kohn 1979 KC01
  Grovesinia Cline, Crane & Cline 1983 [incl. Cristulariella Höhn. 1916] KC01
  Lambertellinia Korf & Lizoň 1993 KC01
  Martininia Dumont & Korf 1970 [=Martinia Whetzel 1942 nec M’Coy 1844 (ICZN) nec Vaniot 1903] KC01
  Mitrulinia Spooner 1987 KC01
  Moserella Pöder & Scheuer 1994 KC01
  Myriosclerotinia Buchw. 1947 KC01
  Ovulinia Weiss 1940 [incl. Ovulitis Buchw. 1970] KC01
    `--O. azaleae DAF07
  Phaeosclerotinia Hori 1916 KC01
  Poculinia Spooner 1987 KC01
  Pseudociboria Kanouse 1944 KC01
  Pycnopeziza White & Whetzel 1938 (see below for synonymy) KC01
  Sclerocrana Samuels & Kohn 1987 KC01
  Seaverinia Whetzel 1945 [incl. Verrucobotrys Hennebert 1973] KC01
  Septotinia Whetzel ex Groves & Elliott 1961 [incl. Septotis Buchw. ex Arx 1970] KC01
  Streptotinia Whetzel 1945 [incl. Streptobotrys Hennebert 1973] KC01
    |--'Streptobotrys’ arisaematis D03
    |--'Streptobotrys’ caulophyllii D03
    `--'Streptobotrys’ streptothrix D03
  Stromatinia (Boud.) Boud. 1907 KC01
    `--S. gladioli KC01
  Torrendiella Boud. & Torrend 1911 [incl. Zoellneria Velen. 1934] KC01
  Valdensinia Peyronel 1953 [incl. Asterobolus Redhead & Perrin 1972, Valdensia Peyronel 1923] KC01
  Encoelioideae EB03
    |--Cenangium Fr. 1818 E99, KC01 [incl. Cenangina Höhn. 1909 KC01, Clithris (Fr.) Karst. 1870 KC01]
    |    `--C. ferruginosum [incl. C. abietis] KC01
    |--Encoelia (Fr.) Karst. 1871 (nom. cons.) (see below for synonymy) KC01
    |    |--E. fascicularis EB03
    |    `--E. fimbriata LS03
    |--Cordierites Montagne 1840 EB03 (see below for synonymy)
    |    |--‘*Diplocarpa’ bloxamii EB03
    |    `--‘*Ionomidotis’ irregularis [incl. *Poloniodiscus fischeri Svrcùek & Kubicùka 1967] EB03
    `--Austrocenangium Gamundí 1997 EB03
         |--A. australe (Spegazzini) Gamundí 1997 EB03
         `--A. nanum (Cash) Gamundí 1997 EB03
  Botryophialophora Linder 1944 [incl. Myrioconium Syd. 1912 non Fr. 1823] KC01
  Botrytis Micheli ex Pers. 1794 (see below for synonymy) KC01
    |--B. aclada SL02
    |--B. allii KC01
    |--B. anthophila KC01
    |--B. bassiana F89
    |--B. cinerea KC01
    |--B. fabae KC01
    |--B. galanthina KC01
    |--‘Phymatotrichum’ omnivorum KC01
    |--B. paeoniae KC01
    `--B. tulipae KC01

Botrytis Micheli ex Pers. 1794 [incl. Cephalocladium Rchb. 1828, Coccotrichum Link 1824, Cristularia (Sacc.) Costantin 1888, Haplaria Link 1809, Penicillium Fr. 1832 non Link 1809, Phymatotrichum Bonord. 1851, Pleurobotrya, Polyactis Link 1809, Pterodinia Chevall. 1837] KC01

Ciboria Fuckel 1870 [incl. Ciboriopsis Dennis 1962, Moellerodiscus Henn. 1902, Piceomphale Svrček 1957] KC01

Cordierites Montagne 1840 EB03 [incl. Ameghiniella Spegazzini 1887 EB03, Diplocarpa Massee 1895 EB03, Ionomidotis Durand 1923 EB03, Phyllomyces Lloyd 1921 KC01, Poloniodiscus Svrcùek & Kubicùka 1967 EB03]

Encoelia (Fr.) Karst. 1871 (nom. cons.) [incl. Phaeangella (Sacc.) Massee 1895, Phibalis Wallr. 1833 (nom. rej.)] KC01

Monilinia Honey 1928 SS09, KC01 [incl. Epochnium Link 1809 KC01, Halobyssus Zukal 1893 KC01, Monilia Bonord. 1851 (nom. cons.) KC01; Moniliaceae]

Pycnopeziza White & Whetzel 1938 [incl. Acarosporium Bubák & Vleugel ex Bubák 1911, Chaetalysis Peyronel 1922, Ciliosira Syd. 1942] KC01

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[D03] David, J. C. 2003. Orthographic conundrums: the problem of -opsis and -botrys. Taxon 52: 603–608.

[DAF07] Department of Agriculture and Food. 2007. Common Seasonal Pests. State of Western Australia.

[E99] Eriksson, O. E. (ed.) 1999. Notes on ascomycete systematics. Nos 2440-2755. Myconet 2: 1–41.

[EB03] Eriksson, O. E., H. O. Barah, R. S. Currah, K. Hansen, C. P. Kurtzman, T. Laessøe & G. Rambold (eds.) 2003. Notes on ascomycete systematics. Nos 3580-3623. Myconet 9: 91–103.

[F89] Fallou, J. 1889. Une note sur une espèce de bombycide, le Lasiocampa otus, dont il montre le papillon, la chenille et le cocon. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France, 6^e série 9: lvii–lviii.

[HM17] Hongsanan, S., S. S. N. Maharachchikumbura, K. D. Hyde, M. C. Samarakoon, R. Jeewon, Q. Zhao, A. M. Al-Sadi & A. H. Bahkali. 2017. An updated phylogeny of Sordariomycetes based on phylogenetic and molecular clock evidence. Fungal Diversity 84: 25–41.

[JK06] James, T. Y., F. Kauff, C. L. Schoch, P. B. Matheny, V. Hofstetter, C. J. Cox, G. Celio, C. Gueidan, E. Fraker, J. Miadlikowska, H. T. Lumbsch, A. Rauhut, V. Reeb, A. E. Arnold, A. Amtoft, J. E. Stajich, K. Hosaka, G.-H. Sung, D. Johnson, B. O'Rourke, M. Crockett, M. Binder, J. M. Curtis, J. C. Slot, Z. Wang, A. W. Wilson, A. Schüßler, J. E. Longcore, K. O'Donnell, S. Mozley-Standridge, D. Porter, P. M. Letcher, M. J. Powell, J. W. Taylor, M. M. White, G. W. Griffith, D. R. Davies, R. A. Humber, J. B. Morton, J. Sugiyama, A. Y. Rossman, J. D. Rogers, D. H. Pfister, D. Hewitt, K. Hansen, S. Hambleton, R. A. Shoemaker, J. Kohlmeyer, B. Volkmann-Kohlmeyer, R. A. Spotts, M. Serdani, P. W. Crous, K. W. Hughes, K. Matsuura, E. Langer, G. Langer, W. A. Untereiner, R. Lücking, B. Büdel, D. M. Geiser, A. Aptroot, P. Diederich, I. Schmitt, M. Schultz, R. Yahr, D. S. Hibbett, F. Lutzoni, D. J. McLaughlin, J. W. Spatafora & R. Vilgalys. 2006. Reconstructing the early evolution of Fungi using a six-gene phylogeny. Nature 443: 818–822.

[KC01] Kirk, P. M., P. F. Cannon, J. C. David & J. A. Stalpers. 2001. Ainsworth & Bisby's Dictionary of the Fungi 9^th ed. CAB International: Wallingford (UK).

[KD83] Koç, N. K., & G. Défago. 1983. Studies on the host range of the hyperparasite Aphanocladium album. Phytopathologische Zeitschrift 107: 214–218.

[LS03] Landvik, S., T. K. Schumacher, O. E. Eriksson & S. T. Moss. 2003. Morphology and ultrastructure of Neolecta species. Mycological Research 107 (9): 1021–1031.

[L86] Lindquist, E. E. 1986. The world genera of Tarsonemidae (Acari: Heterostigmata): a morphological, phylogenetic, and systematic revision, with a reclassification of family-group taxa in the Heterostigmata. Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada 118 (S136): 1–517.

[SS09] Schoch, C. L., G.-H. Sung, F. López-Giráldez, J. P. Townsend, J. Miadlikowska, V. Hofstetter, B. Robbertse, P. B. Matheny, F. Kauff, Z. Wang, C. Gueidan, R. M. Andrie, K. Trippe, L. M. Ciufetti, A. Wynns, E. Fraker, B. P. Hodkinson, G. Bonito, J. Z. Groenewald, M. Arzanlou, G. S. de Hoog, P. W. Crous, D. Hewitt, D. H. Pfister, K. Peterson, M. Gryzenhout, M. J. Wingfield, A. Aptroot, S.-O. Suh, M. Blackwell, D. M. Hillis, G. W. Griffith, L. A. Castlebury, A. Y. Rossman, H. T. Lumbsch, R. Lücking, B. Büdel, A. Rauhut, P. Diederich, D. Ertz, D. M. Geiser, K. Hosaka, P. Inderbitzin, J. Kohlmeyer, B. Volkmann-Kohlmeyer, L. Mostert, K. O'Donnell, H. Sipman, J. D. Rogers, R. A. Shoemaker, J. Sugiyama, R. C. Summerbell, W. Untereiner, P. R. Johnston, S. Stenroos, A. Zuccaro, P. S. Dyer, P. D. Crittenden, M. S. Cole, K. Hansen, J. M. Trappe, R. Yahr, F. Lutzoni & J. W. Spatafora. 2009. The Ascomycota tree of life: a phylum-wide phylogeny clarifies the origin and evolution of fundamental reproductive and ecological traits. Systematic Biology 58 (2): 224–239.

[SL02] Schweigkofler, W., K. Lopandic, O. Molnár & H. Prillinger. 2002. Analysis of phylogenetic relationships among Ascomycota with yeast phases using ribosomal DNA sequences and cell wall sugars. Organisms Diversity & Evolution 2: 1–17.

[SWW95] Seifert, K. A., B. D. Wingfield & M. J. Wingfield. 1995. A critique of DNA sequence analysis in the taxonomy of filamentous Ascomycetes and ascomycetous anamorphs. Canadian Journal of Botany 73 (Suppl. 1): S760–S767.

Venturiaceae

Apple scab Venturia inaequalis, copyright Luke Milliron.

Belongs within: Pleosporomycetidae.

The Venturiaceae are a group of fungi that are usually biotrophic or nectrophic on the leaves or stems of plants (Kirk et al. 2001).

Characters (from Kirk et al. 2001): Ascomata perithecial, becoming superficial, usually small, more or less globose, sometimes aggregated into stromata, often setose or hairy, opening by a well-defined lysigenous pore; peridium composed of more or less small pseudoparenchymatous cells. Interascal tissue of narrowly cellular pseudoparaphyses, sometimes evanescent. Asci more or less cylindrical, fissitunicate. Ascospores variously pigmented, usually asymmetrical, 1-septate, sometimes with a sheath. Anamorphs usually prominent, hyphomycetous.

Venturiaceae
    |--Antennularia Rchb. 1828 (see below for synonymy) KC01
    |--Arkoola Walker & Stovold 1986 KC01
    |--Atopospora Petr. 1925 KC01
    |--Botryostroma Höhn. 1911 [incl. Parodiellina Viégas 1944 non Henn. ex Arnaud 1918, Robledia Chardón 1929] KC01
    |--Caproventuria Braun 1998 KC01
    |--Coleroa Rabenh. 1850 [incl. Aphysa Theiss. & Syd. 1917, Cyphospilea Syd. 1926, Hormotheca Bonord. 1864] KC01
    |--Crotone Theiss. & Syd. 1915 KC01
    |--Lasiobotrys Kunze 1823 KC01
    |--Lineostroma Swart 1988 KC01
    |--Metacoleroa Petr. 1927 KC01
    |--Phragmogibbera Samuels & Rogerson 1990 KC01
    |--Platychora Petr. 1925 KC01
    |--Polyrhizon Theiss. & Syd. 1914 KC01
    |--Pseudoparodia Theiss. & Syd. 1917 KC01
    |--Pseudoparodiella Stevens 1927 KC01
    |--Pyrenobotrys Theiss. & Syd. 1914 KC01
    |--Rhizogene Syd. & Syd. 1921 KC01
    |--Rosenscheldiella Theiss. & Syd. 1915 (see below for synonymy) KC01
    |--Trichodothella Petr. 1946 KC01
    |--Trichodothis Theiss. & Syd. 1914 KC01
    |--Uleodothis Theiss. & Syd. 1915 [=Didothis Clem. 1931] KC01
    |--Fusicladium Bonord. 1851 (see below for synonymy) KC01
    |--Gibbera Fr. 1825 (see below for synonymy) KC01
    |--Piggotia Berk. & Broome 1851 [incl. Basiascella Bubák 1914] KC01
    |--Acantharia Theiss. & Syd. 1918 [incl. Arnaudia Bat. 1960, Neogibbera Petr. 1947] KC01
    |    `--‘Fusicladium’ carpophilum [=Cladosporium carpophilum] KC01
    |--Apiosporina Höhn. 1910 [incl. Parodiodia Bat. 1960] KC01
    |    `--A. collinsii KC01
    |--Dibotryon Theiss. & Syd. 1915 KC01
    |    `--D. morbosum [=Apiosporina morbosa] KC01
    |--Xenomeris Syd. 1924 KC01
    |    `--X. abietis KC01
    |--Phaeocryptopus Naumov 1915 (see below for synonymy) KC01
    |    |--P. gaeumannii KC01
    |    `--‘Rhizosphaera’ kalkhoffii KC01
    `--Venturia Sacc. 1882 (nom. cons.) (see below for synonymy) KC01
         |--V. cerasi KC01
         |--V. chlorospora KC01
         |--V. inaequalis DAF07
         |--V. liriodendri E99
         |--‘Spilocaea’ oleaginea L98
         |--V. pirina KC01
         |--‘Spilocaea’ pomi [incl. S. dendriticum] KC01
         `--‘Polliccia’ radiosa KC01

Antennularia Rchb. 1828 [incl. Aloysiella Mattir. & Sacc. 1908, Antennaria Link 1809 non Gaertn. 1791, Antennataria Rchb. 1841, Antennina Fr. 1849, Cryptoparodia Petr. 1950, Dimerosporiopsis Henn. 1901, Melanostromella Petr. 1953, Periline Syd. 1939, Protoventuria Berl. & Sacc. 1887, Venturia De Not. 1844 (nom. rej.) non Sacc. 1882 (nom. cons.)] KC01

Fusicladium Bonord. 1851 [incl. Fusicladiopsis Karak. & Vassiljevsky 1937 non Maire 1907, Karakulinia Golovina 1964, Megacladosporium Vienn.-Bourg. 1949, Ramalia Bat. 1957] KC01

Gibbera Fr. 1825 [=Montagnina Höhn. 1910; incl. Dictyodochium Sivan. 1984, Maireella Syd. ex Maire 1908, Pseudotthia Henn. 1900, Winteromyces Speg. 1912] KC01

Phaeocryptopus Naumov 1915 [incl. Adelopus Theiss. 1918, Cryptopus Theiss. 1914 non Lindl. 1824, Ectosticta Speg. 1912, Gelatosphaera Bat. & Maia 1959, Rhizophoma Petr. & Syd. 1927, Rhizosphaera Mangin & Har. 1907 non Haeckel 1860 (ICZN)] KC01

Rosenscheldiella Theiss. & Syd. 1915 [incl. Botryothecium Syd. 1937, Monopus Theiss. & Syd. 1915, Scutelloidea Tim 1971] KC01

Venturia Sacc. 1882 (nom. cons.) [incl. Actinodothidopsis Stevens 1925, Actinonema Fr. 1849 non Pers. 1822, Asterula (Sacc.) Sacc. 1891, Basiascum Cavara 1888, Cycloconium Castagne 1845, Endocoleroa Petr. 1969, Endostigme Syd. 1923, Napicladium Thüm. 1875, Phaeosphaerella Karst. 1888, Phaeosporella Keissl. 1922, Phasya Syd. 1934, Phlyctidium Wallr. 1833, Pollaccia Bald. & Cif. 1937, Sphaerellopsis Kleb. 1918 non Cooke 1883, Spilocaea Fr. 1819, Spilosticta Syd. 1923] KC01

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[DAF07] Department of Agriculture and Food. 2007. Common Seasonal Pests. State of Western Australia.

[E99] Eriksson, O. E. (ed.) 1999. Notes on ascomycete systematics. Nos 2440–2755. Myconet 2: 1–41.

[KC01] Kirk, P. M., P. F. Cannon, J. C. David & J. A. Stalpers. 2001. Ainsworth & Bisby's Dictionary of the Fungi 9^th ed. CAB International: Wallingford (UK).

[L98] Lienhard, C. 1998. Faune de France. France et Régions Limitrophes. 83. Psocoptères Euro-Méditerranéens. Fédération Française des Sociétés de Sciences Naturelles: Paris.

Ascomycota

Thelocarpon epibolum growing on Baeomyces rufus, from here.

Belongs within: Opisthokonta.
Contains: Taphrinales, Saccharomycetales, Parmulariaceae, Parodiopsidaceae, Schizothyriaceae, Pezizales, Orbiliaceae, Geoglossaceae, Sordariomyceta, Lichinales, Eurotiomycetes, Lecanoromycetes, Xylonales, Dothideomyceta.

The Ascomycota is a diverse group of often multicellular fungi in which spores are produced within saccate asci.

Characters (from Adl et al. 2019): Sexual reproduction within asci (saccate structures); meiosis usually followed by mitosis to produce from one to over 1,000 ascospores, but usually eight; ascospore walls form inside ascus; mating types heterothallic, homothallic (selfing) or both; may reproduce sexually (teleomorph) or asexually (anamorph) only, or both sexually and asexually (holomorph); asci cylindrical, fusiform, clavate or globose, persistent or evanescent, with or without a fruiting structure (ascoma, -ata); asci developing directly from ascogenous hyphae, from a crozier or from a single cell; asexual reproduction by conidiospores (mitospores) formed by fragmentation of vegetative hyphae (thallic), blastically from single cells, hyphae or conidiophores; vegetative body of single cells or tubular, septate filaments (hyphae); septa with simple pores, except for those associated with ascogenous hyphae and asci; cell walls lamellate with a thin electron-dense outer layer and a relatively thick electrontransparent inner layer, consisting of varying proportions of chitin and glucans.

<==Ascomycota [Ascodiomycetes, Ascomycetes, Ascomycotina, Deuteromycotina, Hemiascomycotina, Hyphomycetes]
    |--Taphrinomycota [Archiascomycetes, Protomycetes, Taphrinomycotina] SS09
    |    |--Neolecta Spegazzini 1881 AS12 (see below for synonymy)
    |    |    |--*N. flavovirescens LS03
    |    |    |--N. irregularis [=Geoglossum irregulare] LS03
    |    |    `--N. vitellina [=Geoglossum vitellinum] LS03
    |    `--+--+--Taphrinales SS09
    |       |  `--Saitoella complicata SS09
    |       `--+--Archaeorhizomyces Rosling & James in Rosling, Cox et al. 2011 (see below for synonymy) RC11
    |          |    `--*A. finlayi Rosling & James in Rosling, Cox et al. 2011 RC11
    |          `--+--Pneumocystis Delanoë & Delanoë 1912 RC11, AS12 (see below for synonymy)
    |             |    |--P. carinii Frenkel 1999 KFS03
    |             |    `--P. jirovecii Frenkel 1999 KFS03
    |             `--Schizosaccharomyces Lindner 1893 RC11, AS12 (see below for synonymy)
    |                  |--S. japonicus EB03N
    |                  |    |--S. j. var. japonicus YK99
    |                  |    `--S. j. var. versatilis YK99
    |                  |--S. octosporus SL02
    |                  `--S. pombe EB03N
    `--Saccharomyceta SS09
         |--Saccharomycetales SS09
         `--Pezizomycotina (see below for synonymy) SS09
              |  i. s.: Sesquicillium SL02
              |         Coniocybaceae EB03O
              |           |--Coniocybe EB03O
              |           |--Chaenotheca EB03O
              |           `--Sclerophora EB03O
              |         Malcaria flagellata (Hansford) Hansford 1946 [=Paranectria flagellata Hansford 1941] DP72
              |         Argynnaceae EB03O
              |           |--Argynna EB03O
              |           `--Lepidopterella EB03O
              |         Arthopyreniaceae EB03O
              |           |--Athrisidium EB03O
              |           `--Mycoicrothelia EB03O
              |         Aulographaceae EB03O
              |           |--Aulographum EB03O
              |           `--Polyclypeolina EB03O
              |         Cookellaceae EB03O
              |           |--Pycnoderma EB03O
              |           `--Uleomyces EB03O
              |         Corynesporasca [Corynesporascaceae] EB03O
              |           `--C. cassiicola BSA97
              |         Englerulaceae EB03O
              |           |--Englerula macarangae EB03O, DP72
              |           |--Parenglerula EB03O
              |           |--Rhizotexis EB03O
              |           |--Rhytidenglerula homalanthi EB03O, DP72 [=Englerulella homalanthi DP72]
              |           |--Schiffnerula solani EB03O, DP72
              |           `--Thrauste EB03O
              |         Eremomycetaceae EB03O
              |           |--Eremomyces EB03O
              |           `--Rhexothecium EB03O
              |         Euantennariaceae EB03O
              |           |--Euantennaria EB03O
              |           |--Rasutoria EB03O
              |           |--Strigopodia EB03O
              |           `--Trichopeltheca EB03O
              |         Hypsostromataceae EB03O
              |           |--Hypsostroma EB03O
              |           `--Manglicola EB03O
              |         Leptopeltidaceae EB03O
              |           |--Dothiopeltis EB03O
              |           |--Leptopeltis EB03O
              |           |--Nannfeldtia EB03O
              |           |--Phacidina EB03O
              |           |--Ronnigeria EB03O
              |           `--Staibia EB03O
              |         Lichenotheliaceae EB03O
              |           |--Lichenostigma EB03O
              |           `--Lichenothelia EB03O
              |         Meliolina [Meliolinaceae] ST99
              |           |--M. cladotricha [incl. M. arborescens, M. octospora] DP72
              |           `--M. sydowiana ST99
              |         Mesnieraceae EB03O
              |           |--Bondiella EB03O
              |           |--Helochora EB03O
              |           |--Mesniera EB03O
              |           `--Stegasphaeria EB03O
              |         Microtheliopsis EB03O (see below for synonymy)
              |           `--*M. uleana (see below for synonymy) E99
              |         Moriola [Moriolaceae] EB03O
              |         Mycoporum [Mycoporaceae] EB03O
              |         Naetrocymbaceae EB03O
              |           |--Jarxia EB03O
              |           |--Leptorhaphis EB03O
              |           |--Naetrocymbe EB03O
              |           `--Tomasellia EB03O
              |         Parmulariaceae EB03O
              |         Parodiella [Parodiellaceae] EB03O
              |         Parodiopsidaceae EB03O
              |         Polystomellaceae EB03O
              |           |--Dothidella EB03O
              |           |--Munkiella EB03O
              |           `--Parastigmatea EB03O
              |         Protoscypha [Protoscyphaceae] EB03O
              |         Pyrenotrichaceae EB03O
              |           |--Cyanoporina EB03O
              |           `--Pyrenothrix EB03O
              |         Schizothyriaceae EB03O
              |         Vizellaceae EB03O
              |           |--Blasdalea EB03O
              |           `--Vizella EB03O
              |         Hormiscium myrmecophilum Thaxter 1914 ES12
              |         Xanthopyreniaceae [Collemopsidiales, Collemopsidiomycetes] AB19
              |           |--Collemopsidium EB03O
              |           |--Didymellopsis EB03O
              |           |--Pyrenocollema EB03O
              |           `--Zwackhiomyces EB03O
              |--Pezizales SS09
              `--+--Orbiliaceae SS09
                 `--Leotiomyceta SS09
                      |--Geoglossaceae SS09
                      `--+--Sordariomyceta SS09
                         `--+--+--Lichinales SS09
                            |  `--+--+--Sarcosagium campestre LK04
                            |     |  `--Biatoridium monasteriense LK04
                            |     `--Thelocarpaceae [Thelocarpeae] EB03O
                            |          |--Melanophloea EB03O
                            |          |--Sarcosagium EB03O
                            |          `--Thelocarpon Nylander 1853 LK04, RS99 (see below for synonymy)
                            |               |--*T. albidum Nylander 1853 RS99
                            |               |--T. citrum (Wallroth) Rossman in Rossman, Samuels et al. 1999 (see below for synonymy) RS99
                            |               |--T. epibolum A96
                            |               |--T. laureri LK04
                            |               |--T. lichenicola (Fuckel) Poelt & Hafellner 1975 (see below for synonymy) RS99
                            |               `--‘*Cyanocephalium’ murorum Zukal 1893 RS99
                            `--+--+--Eurotiomycetes JK06
                               |  `--Lecanoromycetes SS09
                               `--+--+--Xylonales SS09
                                  |  `--Dothideomyceta SS09
                                  `--Candelariaceae [Candelariales] SS09
                                       |--Candelina EB03O
                                       |--Clarouxia EB03O
                                       |--Placomaronea EB03O
                                       `--Candelariella EB03O
                                            |--C. antennaria SS09
                                            |--C. reflexa SS09
                                            |--C. terrigena SS09
                                            `--C. vitellina C74

Ascomycota incertae sedis:
  Lahmia [Lahmiaceae, Lahmiales] EB03O
  Medeolaria [Medeolariaceae, Medeolariales] EB03O
  Triblidiaceae [Triblidiales] EB03O
    |--Huangshania EB03O
    `--Pseudographis EB03O
  Amorphotheca [Amorphothecaceae] EB03O
  Aphanopsis [Aphanopsidaceae] EB03O
  Diporotheca Gordon & Shaw 1960 [Diporothecaceae EB03O]
  Eoterfeziaceae EB03O
    |--Acanthogymnomyces EB03O
    `--Eoterfezia EB03O
  Epigloea [Epigloeaceae] EB03O
  Mastodiaceae EB03O
    |--Mastodia EB03O
    `--Turgidosculum EB03O
  Microcalicium [Microcaliciaceae] EB03O
  Phyllobatheliaceae EB03O
    |--Phyllocratera EB03O
    |--Opercularia firma E99
    `--Phyllobathelium [incl. Septoriomyces] E99
         `--P. leguminosae (Cavalc. & Silva) Lücking & Sérus 1998 [=*Septoriomyces leguminosae] E99
  Daruvedia [Pleurotremataceae] EB03O
  Protothelenellaceae EB03O
    |--Mycowinteria EB03O
    `--Prothelenella EB03O
  Saccardiaceae EB03O
    |--Angatia EB03O
    |--Ascolectus EB03O
    |--Cyanodiscus EB03O
    |--Epibelonium EB03O
    |--Johansonia EB03O
    |--Phillipsiella EB03O
    |--Rivilata EB03O
    |--Saccardia EB03O
    `--Vonarxella EB03O
  Seuratiaceae EB03O
    |--Seuratia EB03O
    `--Seuratiopsis EB03O
  Thrombium [Thrombiaceae] EB03O
  Calycidium [Calycidiaceae] EB03O
  Allophoron EB03O
  Antimanoa EB03O
  Argentinomyces EB03O
  Arthopyreniomyces EB03O
  Ascocorticiellum EB03O
  Ascomauritania EB03O
  Ascosorus EB03O
  Ascosubramania EB03O
  Ascoxyta EB03O
  Atractobolus EB03O
  Baculospora EB03O
  Batistospora EB03O
  Berggrenia EB03O
  Biflua EB03O
  Bresadolina EB03O
  Carnia EB03O
  Clathroporinopsis EB03O
  Coryneliella EB03O
  Coscinocladium EB03O
  Crinigera EB03O
  Cyanopyrenia EB03O
  Cystodium EB03O
  Diaboliumbilicus EB03O
  Diehliomyces EB03O
  Dipyrgis EB03O
  Discocera EB03O
  Dryinosphaera EB03O
  Eiona EB03O
  Elaeomyces EB03O
  Endocolium EB03O
  Enduria EB03O
  Erispora Patouillard 1922 (n. d.) EB03O, RS99
    `--*E. parasitica Patouillard 1922 (n. d.) RS99
  Farriolla EB03O
  Feracia Rolland 1905 (n. d.) EB03O, RS99
    `--*F. balearica Rolland 1905 (n. d.) RS99
  Frigidospora EB03O
  Gaeumanniella EB03O
  Gonidiomyces EB03O
  Gyrophthorus EB03O
  Haematomyxa EB03O
  Haplopyrenulomyces EB03O
  Hapsidascus EB03O
  Harmandiana EB03O
  Heterocyphelium EB03O
  Heuflera EB03O
  Hyalodermella EB03O
  Hyalopyrenula EB03O
  Hypnotheca EB03O
  Leucoconiella EB03O
  Leucoconis EB03O
  Lichenopeziza EB03O
  Lithopythium EB03O
  Lohwagiella EB03O
  Ludwigomyces EB03O
  Lyromma EB03O [incl. Anconomyces E99, Lyrommotheca (nom. illeg.) E99]
    |--*L. nectandrae E99
    |--L. dolicobelum E99
    `--L. palmae E99
  Marisolaris EB03O
  Micromastia EB03O
  Molgosphaera EB03O
  Mycotodea EB03O
  Myriococcum EB03O
  Nemacola EB03O
  Normandina EB03O
  Ochrosphaera EB03O
  Phacidiostromella EB03O
  Phaeodothiopsis EB03O
  Phellostroma EB03O
  Phelonitis EB03O
  Phialisphaera EB03O
  Phragmitensis EB03O
  Phthora EB03O
  Porinula EB03O
  Potamomyces EB03O
  Protocalicium EB03O
  Pseudohepatica EB03O
  Pseudoperitheca EB03O
  Psilosphaeria EB03O
  Pteromycula EB03O
  Pycnodermellina EB03O
  Roeslerina EB03O
  Rostafinskia EB03O
  Sachsia EB03O
  Schistophoron EB03O
  Stellifraga EB03O
  Stigmatisphaera EB03O
  Stigmea EB03O
  Syphosphaera EB03O
  Telioclipeum EB03O
  Thallisphaera EB03O
  Trichoplacia EB03O
  Trichosphaera EB03O
  Tylophorella EB03O
  Tylophoron EB03O
  Wadeana EB03O
  Wolkia EB03O
  Xenomyxa EB03O
  Xylobotryum EB03O
  Xylogone EB03O
  *Aciesia xylopiae (n. d.) E99
  Arthrobotryomyces amazonensis (n. d.) E99
  Asbolisiomyces ingae (n. d.) E99
  Astrabomyces amazonensis (n. d.) E99
  Podoxyphiomyces manaosensis (n. d.) E99
  *Pyriomyces protii E99
  Fellhanera E99
  *Pyripnomyces maranhensis E99
  Phyllophiale [incl. Stephosia] E99
    |--P. alba Santesson 1952 LV98
    `--P. fusca LV98
  Puiggarina costaricensis RS99
  Zeus olympius RS99
  Sphaceloma ampelinum [incl. Gloeosporium ampelophagum, Fusarium cesatii, Chrysogluten cesatii] RS99
  Porphyrosoma Patouillard 1928 (n. d.) RS99
    `--*P. episphaeria Patouillard 1928 (n. d.) [=Hypocreopsis episphaeria] RS99
  Lecythium Zukal 1893 non Hertwig & Lesser 1874 (ICZN) [=Lecithium (l. c.)] RS99
    `--*L. aerugineum Zukal 1893 RS99
  Eleutheromyces subulatus (see below for synonymy) RS99
  Kasachstania africana C-S18
  Ramulina yemensis B15
  Clypeoseptoria aparothospermi MS98
  Cryptosporium lunasporum MS98
  Helicodendron giganteum T93

Archaeorhizomyces Rosling & James in Rosling, Cox et al. 2011 [Archaeorhizomycetales, Archaeorhizomycetes] RC11

Eleutheromyces subulatus [=Sphaeronaema subulata, Sphaeronaemella subulata; incl. Sphaeronaema oxysporum, Sphaeronaemella oxyspora] RS99

Microtheliopsis EB03O [incl. Byrsomyces E99, Chaetomodorus E99, Scutomyces E99; Microtheliopsidaceae]

*Microtheliopsis uleana [incl. *Chaetomonodorus brosimi, *Scutomyces concentricus, *Byrsomyces olivaceus] E99

Neolecta Spegazzini 1881 AS12 [incl. Ascocorynium LS03, Spragueola LS03; Neolectaceae, Neolectales, Neolectomycetes SS09]

Pezizomycotina [Ascohymeniales, Calycomycetidae, Discomycetes, Euascomycetae, Euascomycetes, Euascomycotina, Hymenoascomycetes, Loculoascomycetae, Loculoascomycetes, Loculoascomycetidae, Loculomycetes, Meliolineae, Pezomycetidae] SS09

Pneumocystis Delanoë & Delanoë 1912 RC11, AS12 [Pneumocystidaceae, Pneumocystidales, Pneumocystidomycetes]

Schizosaccharomyces Lindner 1893 RC11, AS12 [Schizosaccharomycetaceae, Schizosaccharomycetales, Schizosaccharomycetes]

Thelocarpon Nylander 1853 LK04, RS99 [incl. Ahlesia Fuckel 1870 RS99, Cyanocephalium Zukal 1893 RS99, Metanectria Saccardo 1878 RS99]

Thelocarpon citrum (Wallroth) Rossman in Rossman, Samuels et al. 1999 [=Sphaeria citrum Wallroth 1833, *Metanectria citrum (Wallroth) Saccardo 1878, Nectria citrum (Wallroth) Montagne 1858; incl. Thelocarpon vicinellum Nylander 1885] RS99

Thelocarpon lichenicola (Fuckel) Poelt & Hafellner 1975 [=Peziza lichenicola Fuckel 1864, *Ahlesia lichenicola (Fuckel) Fuckel 1870] RS99

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[AB19] Adl, S. M., D. Bass, C. E. Lane, J. Lukeš, C. L. Schoch, A. Smirnov, S. Agatha, C. Berney, M. W. Brown, F. Burki, P. Cárdenas, I. Čepička, L. Chistyakova, J. del Campo, M. Dunthorn, B. Edvardsen, Y. Eglit, L. Guillou, V. Hampl, A. A. Heiss, M. Hoppenrath, T. Y. James, A. Karnkowska, S. Karpov, E. Kim, M. Kolisko, A. Kudryavtsev, D. J. G. Lahr, E. Lara, L. Le Gall, D. H. Lynn, D. G. Mann, R. Massana, E. A. D. Mitchell, C. Morrow, J. S. Park, J. W. Pawlowski, M. J. Powell, D. J. Richter, S. Rueckert, L. Shadwick, S. Shimano, F. W. Spiegel, G. Torruella, N. Youssef, V. Zlatogursky & Q. Zhang. 2019. Revisions to the classification, nomenclature, and diversity of eukaryotes. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 66: 4–119.

[AS12] Adl, S. M., A. G. B. Simpson, C. E. Lane, J. Lukeš, D. Bass, S. S. Bowser, M. W. Brown, F. Burki, M. Dunthorn, V. Hampl, A. Heiss, M. Hoppenrath, E. Lara, E. Le Gall, D. H. Lynn, H. McManus, E. A. D. Mitchell, S. E. Mozley-Stanridge, L. W. Parfrey, J. Pawlowski, S. Rueckert, L. Shadwick, C. L. Schoch, A. Smirnov & F. W. Spiegel. 2012. The revised classification of eukaryotes. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 59 (5): 429–493.

[A96] Alstrup, V. 1996. Nectria tatrensis sp. nov. and other lichenicolous fungi found on the bryo-lichenological excursion in Slovakia 1993. Biologia 51: 13–14.

[B15] Benjamin, M. S. 1915. A note on the occurrence of urease in legume nodules and other plant parts. Journal and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New South Wales 49 (1): 78–80.

[BSA97] Breton, F., C. Sanier & J. d’Auzac. 1997. Scopoletin production and degradation in relation to resistance of Hevea brasiliensis to Corynespora cassiicola. Journal of Plant Physiology 151: 595–602.

[C-S18] Cavalier-Smith, T. 2018. Kingdom Chromista and its eight phyla: a new synthesis emphasising periplastid protein targeting, cytoskeletal and periplastid evolution, and ancient divergences. Protoplasma 255: 297–357.

[C74] Coineau, Y. 1974. Éléments pour une monographie morphologique, écologique et biologique des Caeculidae (Acariens). Mémoires du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, nouvelle série, Série A, Zoologie 81: 1–299, 24 pls.

[DP72] Deighton, F. C., & K. A. Pirozynski. 1972. Microfungi. V. More hyperparasitic hyphomycetes. Mycological Papers 128: 1–110.

[E99] Eriksson, O. E. (ed.) 1999. Notes on ascomycete systematics. Nos 2440–2755. Myconet 2: 1–41.

[EB03N] Eriksson, O. E., H. O. Barah, R. S. Currah, K. Hansen, C. P. Kurtzman, T. Laessøe & G. Rambold (eds.) 2003. Notes on ascomycete systematics. Nos 3580–3623. Myconet 9: 91–103.

[EB03O] Eriksson, O. E., H. O. Barah, R. S. Currah, K. Hansen, C. P. Kurtzman, G. Rambold & T. Laessøe (eds.) 2003. Outline of Ascomycota—2003. Myconet 9: 1–89.

[ES12] Espadaler, X., & S. Santamaria. 2012. Ecto- and endoparasitic fungi on ants from the Holarctic region. Psyche 2012: 168478.

[KFS03] Keely, S. P., J. M. Fischer & J. R. Stringer. 2003. Evolution and speciation of Pneumocystis. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 50: 624–626.

[LS03] Landvik, S., T. K. Schumacher, O. E. Eriksson & S. T. Moss. 2003. Morphology and ultrastructure of Neolecta species. Mycological Research 107 (9): 1021–1031.

[LV98] Lücking, R., & A. Vězda. 1998. Taxonomic status in foliicolous species of the genus Porina (lichenized Ascomycotina: Trichotheliaceae)—II. The Porina epiphylla group. Willdenowia 28: 181–226.

[LK04] Lutzoni, F., F. Kauff, C. J. Cox, D. McLaughlin, G. Celio, B. Dentinger, M. Padamsee, D. Hibbett, T. Y. James, E. Baloch, M. Grube, V. Reeb, V. Hofstetter, C. Schoch, A. E. Arnold, J. Miadlikowska, J. Spatafora, D. Johnson, S. Hambleton, M. Crockett, R. Shoemaker, G.-H. Sung, R. Lücking, T. Lumbsch, K. O'Donnell, M. Binder, P. Diederich, D. Ertz, C. Gueidan, K. Hansen, R. C. Harris, K. Hosaka, Y.-W. Lim, B. Matheny, H. Nishida, D. Pfister, J. Rogers, A. Rossman, I. Schmitt, H. Sipman, J. Stone, J. Sugiyama, R. Yahr & R. Vilgalys. 2004. Assembling the fungal tree of life: progress, classification, and evolution of subcellular traits. American Journal of Botany 91 (10): 1446–1480.

[MS98] Margulis, L., & K. V. Schwartz. 1998. Five Kingdoms: An Illustrated Guide to the Phyla of Life on Earth 3^rd ed. W. H. Freeman and Company: New York.

[RC11] Rosling, A., F. Cox, K. Cruz-Martinez, K. Ihrmark, G.-A. Grelet, B. D. Lindahl, A. Menkis & T. Y. James. 2011. Archaeorhizomycetes: unearthing an ancient class of ubiquitous soil fungi. Science 333: 876–879.

[RS99] Rossman, A. Y., G. J. Samuels, C. T. Rogerson & R. Lowen. 1999. Genera of Bionectriaceae, Hypocreaceae and Nectriaceae (Hypocreales, Ascomycetes). Studies in Mycology 42: 1–248.

[ST99] Saenz, G. S., & J. W. Taylor. 1999. Phylogenetic relationships of Meliola and Meliolina inferred from nuclear small subunit rRNA sequences. Mycological Research 103 (8): 1049–1056.

[SS09] Schoch, C. L., G.-H. Sung, F. López-Giráldez, J. P. Townsend, J. Miadlikowska, V. Hofstetter, B. Robbertse, P. B. Matheny, F. Kauff, Z. Wang, C. Gueidan, R. M. Andrie, K. Trippe, L. M. Ciufetti, A. Wynns, E. Fraker, B. P. Hodkinson, G. Bonito, J. Z. Groenewald, M. Arzanlou, G. S. de Hoog, P. W. Crous, D. Hewitt, D. H. Pfister, K. Peterson, M. Gryzenhout, M. J. Wingfield, A. Aptroot, S.-O. Suh, M. Blackwell, D. M. Hillis, G. W. Griffith, L. A. Castlebury, A. Y. Rossman, H. T. Lumbsch, R. Lücking, B. Büdel, A. Rauhut, P. Diederich, D. Ertz, D. M. Geiser, K. Hosaka, P. Inderbitzin, J. Kohlmeyer, B. Volkmann-Kohlmeyer, L. Mostert, K. O'Donnell, H. Sipman, J. D. Rogers, R. A. Shoemaker, J. Sugiyama, R. C. Summerbell, W. Untereiner, P. R. Johnston, S. Stenroos, A. Zuccaro, P. S. Dyer, P. D. Crittenden, M. S. Cole, K. Hansen, J. M. Trappe, R. Yahr, F. Lutzoni & J. W. Spatafora. 2009. The Ascomycota tree of life: a phylum-wide phylogeny clarifies the origin and evolution of fundamental reproductive and ecological traits. Systematic Biology 58 (2): 224–239.

[SL02] Schweigkofler, W., K. Lopandic, O. Molnár & H. Prillinger. 2002. Analysis of phylogenetic relationships among Ascomycota with yeast phases using ribosomal DNA sequences and cell wall sugars. Organisms Diversity & Evolution 2: 1–17.

[T93] Taylor, T. N. 1993. Fungi. In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 9–13. Chapman & Hall: London.

[YK99] Yamada, Y., H. Kawasaki, Y. Nagatsuka, K. Mikata & T. Seki. 1999. The phylogeny of the cactophilic yeasts based on the 18S ribosomal RNA gene sequences: the proposals of Phaffomyces antillensis and Starmera caribaea, new combinations. Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry 63: 827–832.

Trichocomaceae

Aspergillus fumigatus, from here.

Belongs within: Eurotiomycetes.
Contains: Penicillium.

The Trichocomaceae are a group of saprobic fungi that are often able to tolerate extreme environmental conditions.

Trichocomaceae [Aspergillaceae]
    |--+--Penicillium SS09
    |  `--Eupenicillium SS09
    |       |--E. javanicum GSSC02
    |       `--E. limosum SS09
    |--+--Byssochlamys nivea LK04
    |  |--Hamigera avellanea SS09
    |  `--Monascaceae EB03
    |       |--Xeromyces bisporus EB03, PHK96
    |       `--Monascus purpureus SS09
    `--Aspergillus SS09
         |  i. s.: A. amstelodami HD91
         |         A. awamori GL98
         |         A. flavipes PG-V03
         |         A. flavus SL02
         |         A. glaucus PHK96
         |         A. niger PHK96
         |         A. ochraceus ZU10
         |         A. oryzae PHK96
         |         A. parasiticus MN03
         |         A. penicilloides HD91
         |         A. soyae PHK96
         |         A. sydowii GSSH02
         |         A. terreus MN03
         |--A. fumigatus SS09
         `--+--A. protuberus SS09
            `--Emericella nidulans SS09 [=Aspergillus nidulans]

Trichocomaceae incertae sedis:
  Eurotium EB03
    |--E. repens [incl. Aspergillus reptans] C91
    `--E. rubrum LS01
  Chaetosartorya EB03
  Chaetotheca EB03
  Cristaspora EB03
  Dactylomyces EB03
  Dendrosphaera EB03
  Dichlaena EB03
  Dichotomomyces EB03
  Edyuillia EB03
  Erythrogymnotheca EB03
  Fennellia EB03
  Hemicarpenteles EB03
  Neosartorya EB03
  Penicilliopsis EB03
  Petromyces EB03
  Sagenoma EB03
  Trichocoma EB03
  Warcupiella EB03
  Chromocleista EB03
    |--C. cinnabarina PA-W02
    `--C. malachitea JC03
  Talaromyces EB03
    |--T. bacillisporus SL02
    `--T. flavus GSSC03
         |--T. f. var. flavus ST02
         `--T. f. var. macrospora ST02
  Thermoascus EB03
    |--T. aurantiacus BY03
    `--T. crustaceus ST99
  Cryptocolax T93
    |--C. clarnensis Scott 1956 T93
    `--C. parvular T93

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BY03] Baumgartner, M., A. Yapi, R. Gröbner-Ferreira & K. O. Stetter. 2003. Cultivation and properties of Echinamoeba thermarum n. sp., an extremely thermophilic amoeba thriving in hot springs. Extremophiles 7: 267–274.

[C91] Colloff, M. J. 1991. Practical and theoretical aspects of the ecology of house dust mites (Acari: Pyroglyphidae) in relation to the study of mite-mediated allergy. Review of Medical and Veterinary Entomology 79 (11–12): 611–630.

[EB03] Eriksson, O. E., H. O. Barah, R. S. Currah, K. Hansen, C. P. Kurtzman, G. Rambold & T. Laessøe (eds.) 2003. Outline of Ascomycota—2003. Myconet 9: 1–89.

[GSSC02] Gibas, C. F. C., L. Sigler, R. C. Summerbell & R. S. Currah. 2002. Phylogeny of the genus Arachnomyces and its anamorphs and the establishment of Arachnomycetales, a new eurotiomycete order in the Ascomycota. Studies in Mycology 47: 131–139.

[GSSH02] Gibas, C. F. C., L. Sigler, R. C. Summerbell, S. L. R. Hofstader & A. K. Gupta. 2002. Arachnomyces kanei (anamorph Onychocola kanei) sp. nov., from human nails. Medical Mycology 40: 573–580.

[GL98] Giesbert, S., H.-B. Lepping, K. B. Tenberge & P. Tudzynski. 1998. The xylanolytic system of Claviceps purpurea: cytological evidence for secretion of xylanases in infected rye tissue and molecular characterization of two xylanase genes. Phytopathology 88: 1020–1030.

[HD91] Hart, B. J., & A. E. Douglas. 1991. The relationship between house-dust mites and fungi. In: Schuster, R., & P. W. Murphy (eds) The Acari: Reproduction, development and life-history strategies pp. 319–324. Chapman & Hall: London.

[JC03] Jacobs, A., M. P. A. Coetzee, B. D. Wingfield, K. Jacobs & M. J. Wingfield. 2003. Phylogenetic relationships among Phialocephala species and other ascomycetes. Mycologia 95 (4): 637–645.

[LS01] Lumbsch, H. T., I. Schmitt, H. Döring & M. Wedin. 2001. Molecular systematics supports the recognition of an additional order of Ascomycota: the Agyriales. Mycological Research 105 (1): 16–23.

[LK04] Lutzoni, F., F. Kauff, C. J. Cox, D. McLaughlin, G. Celio, B. Dentinger, M. Padamsee, D. Hibbett, T. Y. James, E. Baloch, M. Grube, V. Reeb, V. Hofstetter, C. Schoch, A. E. Arnold, J. Miadlikowska, J. Spatafora, D. Johnson, S. Hambleton, M. Crockett, R. Shoemaker, G.-H. Sung, R. Lücking, T. Lumbsch, K. O'Donnell, M. Binder, P. Diederich, D. Ertz, C. Gueidan, K. Hansen, R. C. Harris, K. Hosaka, Y.-W. Lim, B. Matheny, H. Nishida, D. Pfister, J. Rogers, A. Rossman, I. Schmitt, H. Sipman, J. Stone, J. Sugiyama, R. Yahr & R. Vilgalys. 2004. Assembling the fungal tree of life: progress, classification, and evolution of subcellular traits. American Journal of Botany 91 (10): 1446–1480.

[MN03] Moffitt, M. C., & B. A. Neilan. 2003. Evolutionary affiliations within the superfamily of ketosynthases reflect complex pathway associations. Journal of Molecular Evolution 56: 446–457.

[PA-W02] Pang, K.-L., M. A. Abdel-Wahab, S. Sivichai, H. M. El-Sharouney & E. B. G. Jones. 2002. Jahnulales (Dothideomycetes, Ascomycota): a new order of lignicolous freshwater ascomycetes. Mycological Research 106 (9): 1031–1042.

[PG-V03] Petrosyan, P., M. García-Varela, A. Luz-Madrigal, C. Huitrón & M. E. Flores. 2003. Streptomyces mexicanus sp. nov., a xylanolytic micro-organism isolated from soil. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 53: 269–273.

[PHK96] Prescott, L. M., J. P. Harley & D. A. Klein. 1996. Microbiology 3^rd ed. Wm. C. Brown Publishers: Dubuque (Iowa).

[ST99] Saenz, G. S., & J. W. Taylor. 1999. Phylogenetic relationships of Meliola and Meliolina inferred from nuclear small subunit rRNA sequences. Mycological Research 103 (8): 1049–1056.

[SS09] Schoch, C. L., G.-H. Sung, F. López-Giráldez, J. P. Townsend, J. Miadlikowska, V. Hofstetter, B. Robbertse, P. B. Matheny, F. Kauff, Z. Wang, C. Gueidan, R. M. Andrie, K. Trippe, L. M. Ciufetti, A. Wynns, E. Fraker, B. P. Hodkinson, G. Bonito, J. Z. Groenewald, M. Arzanlou, G. S. de Hoog, P. W. Crous, D. Hewitt, D. H. Pfister, K. Peterson, M. Gryzenhout, M. J. Wingfield, A. Aptroot, S.-O. Suh, M. Blackwell, D. M. Hillis, G. W. Griffith, L. A. Castlebury, A. Y. Rossman, H. T. Lumbsch, R. Lücking, B. Büdel, A. Rauhut, P. Diederich, D. Ertz, D. M. Geiser, K. Hosaka, P. Inderbitzin, J. Kohlmeyer, B. Volkmann-Kohlmeyer, L. Mostert, K. O'Donnell, H. Sipman, J. D. Rogers, R. A. Shoemaker, J. Sugiyama, R. C. Summerbell, W. Untereiner, P. R. Johnston, S. Stenroos, A. Zuccaro, P. S. Dyer, P. D. Crittenden, M. S. Cole, K. Hansen, J. M. Trappe, R. Yahr, F. Lutzoni & J. W. Spatafora. 2009. The Ascomycota tree of life: a phylum-wide phylogeny clarifies the origin and evolution of fundamental reproductive and ecological traits. Systematic Biology 58 (2): 224–239.

[SL02] Schweigkofler, W., K. Lopandic, O. Molnár & H. Prillinger. 2002. Analysis of phylogenetic relationships among Ascomycota with yeast phases using ribosomal DNA sequences and cell wall sugars. Organisms Diversity & Evolution 2: 1–17.

[T93] Taylor, T. N. 1993. Fungi. In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 9–13. Chapman & Hall: London.

[ZU10] Zvereva, L. V., & L. N. Usheva. 2010. Opportunistic filamentous fungi isolated from pathologically changed internal organs of the mussel Mytilus trossulus (Bivalvia) from Peter the Great Bay, Sea of Japan. In: China-Russia Bilateral Symposium: Proceedings of the China-Russia Bilateral Symposium of "Comparison on Marine Biodiversity in the Northwest Pacific Ocean", 10–11 October 2010, Qingdao (China) pp. 227–231. Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; A. V. Zhirmunsky Institute of Marine Biology, Far East Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

Myriangiales

Elsinoe veneta on raspberry leaf, copyright James Lindsey.

Belongs within: Dothideomyceta.

The Myriangiales are a group of mostly plant-pathogenic fungi, characterised by the development of a single ascus in each chamber of a well-developed, often gelatinous stroma.

Myriangiales
    |--Myriangiaceae EB03
    |    |--Myriangium duriaei EB03, PA-W02
    |    |--Anhellia EB03
    |    `--Eurytheca EB03
    `--Elsinoaceae EB03
         |--Beelia EB03
         |--Butleria EB03
         |--Hemimyriangium EB03
         |--Hyalotheles EB03
         |--Micularia EB03
         |--Molleriella EB03
         |--Saccardinula EB03
         |--Stephanotheca EB03
         |--Xenodium EV03
         `--Elsinoe EB03
              |  i. s.: E. fawcetti RA07
              |--E. veneta SS09
              `--+--E. centrolobi SS09
                 `--E. phaseoli SS09

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[EB03] Eriksson, O. E., H. O. Barah, R. S. Currah, K. Hansen, C. P. Kurtzman, G. Rambold & T. Laessøe (eds.) 2003. Outline of Ascomycota—2003. Myconet 9: 1–89.

[PA-W02] Pang, K.-L., M. A. Abdel-Wahab, S. Sivichai, H. M. El-Sharouney & E. B. G. Jones. 2002. Jahnulales (Dothideomycetes, Ascomycota): a new order of lignicolous freshwater ascomycetes. Mycological Research 106 (9): 1031–1042.

[RA07] Rodrigues, J. C. V., D. Achor, E. W. Kitajima, N. L. Nogueira & C. C. Childers. 2007. Plant diseases and injuries associated with Brevipalpus mites. In: Morales-Malacara, J. B., V. M. Behan-Pelletier, E. Ueckermann, T. M. Pérez, E. G. Estrada-Venegas & M. Badii (eds) Acarology XI: Proceedings of the International Congress pp. 381–390. Instituto de Biología and Faculdad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Sociedad Latinoamericana de Acarología: México.

[SS09] Schoch, C. L., G.-H. Sung, F. López-Giráldez, J. P. Townsend, J. Miadlikowska, V. Hofstetter, B. Robbertse, P. B. Matheny, F. Kauff, Z. Wang, C. Gueidan, R. M. Andrie, K. Trippe, L. M. Ciufetti, A. Wynns, E. Fraker, B. P. Hodkinson, G. Bonito, J. Z. Groenewald, M. Arzanlou, G. S. de Hoog, P. W. Crous, D. Hewitt, D. H. Pfister, K. Peterson, M. Gryzenhout, M. J. Wingfield, A. Aptroot, S.-O. Suh, M. Blackwell, D. M. Hillis, G. W. Griffith, L. A. Castlebury, A. Y. Rossman, H. T. Lumbsch, R. Lücking, B. Büdel, A. Rauhut, P. Diederich, D. Ertz, D. M. Geiser, K. Hosaka, P. Inderbitzin, J. Kohlmeyer, B. Volkmann-Kohlmeyer, L. Mostert, K. O'Donnell, H. Sipman, J. D. Rogers, R. A. Shoemaker, J. Sugiyama, R. C. Summerbell, W. Untereiner, P. R. Johnston, S. Stenroos, A. Zuccaro, P. S. Dyer, P. D. Crittenden, M. S. Cole, K. Hansen, J. M. Trappe, R. Yahr, F. Lutzoni & J. W. Spatafora. 2009. The Ascomycota tree of life: a phylum-wide phylogeny clarifies the origin and evolution of fundamental reproductive and ecological traits. Systematic Biology 58 (2): 224–239.

Hypocreaceae

Conidiophores of Trichoderma harzianum, from the US Dept of Agriculture.

Belongs within: Hypocreales.

The Hypocreaceae are a group of fungi with stroma ranging from 1 mmm to 5 cm or more in diameter, commonly found growing on bark, wood, or on the fruiting bodies of macrofungi (Rossman et al 1999).

Characters (from Rossman et al. 1999): Stroma generally discrete or effuse, often light- to bright-coloured in shades of white, pale yellow, orange or red, rarely black. Ascomata generally immersed in stroma; if superfical then on thin, compact stroma on gill-less basidiocarps; rarely subiculum absent with a Gliocadium anamorph; anamorphs otherwise generally phialidic. Ascospores generally disarticulating, rarely transversely striate, if non-disarticulating then ascal apex often thickened and ascomata immmersed in thin to cottony subiculum on basidiocarp.

Hypocreaceae
    |--Sphaerostilbella (Henn.) Saccardo & Saccardo 1905 HM17, RS99 (see below for synonymy)
    |    |--*S. lutea (Henn.) Saccardo & Saccardo 1905 (see below for synonymy) RS99
    |    |--S. aureonitens (Tulasne & Tulasne) Seifert, Samuels & Gams 1985 (see below for synonymy) RS99
    |    |--S. berkeleyana (Plowr. & Cooke) Samuels & Candoussau 1995 (see below for synonymy) RS99
    |    `--S. novaezelandiae Seifert, Samuels & Gams 1985 (see below for synonymy) RS99
    `--+--Arachnocrea Moravec 1956 HM17, RS99
       |    |--*A. stipata (Fuckel) Moravec 1956 (see below for synonymy) RS99
       |    `--A. scabrida Doi 1972 RS99
       `--Trichoderma HM17
            |--*T. viride RS99, HM17
            |--T. harzianum [incl. Hypocrea nigricans] O96
            |--T. koningii ZU10
            |--T. lignorum C07
            |--T. reesei HH99
            `--T. rufa HM17

Hypocreaceae incertae sedis:
  Dialhypocrea Spegazzini 1919 RS99
    `--*D. puiggariana Spegazzini 1919 (see below for synonymy) RS99
  Pseudohypocrea Doi 1972 RS99
    `--*P. citrinella (Ellis & Everh.) Doi 1972 (see below for synonymy) RS99
  Rogersonia Samuels & Lodge 1996 RS99
    `--*R. striolata Samuels & Lodge 1996 RS99
  Aphysiostroma Barrasa, Martínez & Moreno 1986 RS99
    `--*A. stercorarium Barrasa, Martínez & Moreno 1986 RS99
  Hypocreopsis Karsten 1873 [=Dozya Karsten 1873 non Lacoste 1866] RS99
    |--H. lichenoides (Tode) Seaver 1910 (see below for synonymy) RS99
    `--H. rhododendri RS99
  Sarawakus Lloyd 1924 RS99
    |--*S. lycogaloides (Berkeley & Broome) Lloyd 1924 (see below for synonymy) RS99
    `--S. succisus RS99
  Podostroma Karsten 1892 [incl. Podocrea Lindau in Engler & Prantl 1897] RS99
    |--P. alutaceum (Persoon: Fries) Atkinson 1905 (see below for synonymy) RS99
    |--‘Podocrea’ cornu-damae RS99
    `--‘Podocrea’ solmsii RS99
  Protocrea Petch 1937 RS99
    |--*P. farinosa (Berkeley & Broome) Petch 1937 [=Hypocrea farinosa Berkeley & Broome 1851] RS99
    |--P. delicatula Tulasne & Tulasne 1860 RS99
    `--P. latissima Mercuri & Ranalli 1976 RS99
  Hypomyces (Fries) Tulasne 1860 (see below for synonymy) RS99
    |--*H. lactifluorum [=Sphaeria lactifluorum] RS99
    |--H. armeniacus [incl. Hypocrea apiculata, *Clintoniella apiculata, Hypomyces apiculatus] RS99
    |--H. asterophorus H04
    |--H. aurantius [=Sphaeria aurantia, *Bonordenia aurantia] RS99
    |--H. banningiae RS99
    |--H. chrysospermus [=*Apiocrea chrysosperma] RS99
    |--H. lateritius RS99
    |--H. lithuanicus RS99
    |--H. luteovirens [incl. Sphaeria viridis, Hypomyces viridis, *Peckiella viridis] RS99
    |--H. polyporinus RS99
    |--H. rosellus [incl. Sphaeria rhodomela, *Chiajaea rhodomela] RS99
    |--H. tremellicola [=Hypocreopsis tremellicola, Nectriopsis tremellicola] RS99
    `--H. trichothecoides RS99
  Hypocrea Fries 1825 (see below for synonymy) RS99
    |--*H. rufa (Persoon: Fries) Fries 1849 [=Sphaeria rufa Persoon 1796: Fries 1822] RS99
    |--H. americana SS09
    |--H. aureoviridis RS99 [=Trichoderma aureoviride ZB10]
    |    |--H. a. f. aureoviridis RS99
    |    `--H. a. f. macrospora RS99
    |--H. avellanea RS99
    |--H. brevipes RS99
    |--H. ceramica [=Chromocrea ceramica] RS99
    |--H. cerebriformis RS99
    |--H. cervina RS99
    |--H. cinereoflava RS99
    |--H. citrina RS99
    |--H. crustalina (Schulzer, Kanitz & Knapp) Saccardo & Traverso 1910 (n. d.) (see below for synonymy) RS99
    |--H. gelatinosa [=Sphaeria gelatinosa, *Chromocrea gelatinosa, *Creopus gelatinosus] RS99
    |--H. lactea RS99
    |--H. larvata RS99
    |--H. lutea JKW03
    |--H. pallida RS99
    |--H. petersii RS99
    |--H. poronioidea RS99
    |--H. pseudokoningii RS99
    |--H. pulvinata [incl. Protocrea fungicola (Karsten) Vassilyeva 1998] RS99
    |--H. schweinitzii RS99
    `--H. spinulosa [=Chromocrea spinulosa, Creopus spinulosus] RS99
  Polystigmites T93

*Arachnocrea stipata (Fuckel) Moravec 1956 [=Hypocrea stipata Fuckel 1871, Protocrea stipata (Fuckel) Petch 1937, Sphaeria stipata Lib. 1837 non Schweinitz 1832; incl. Hypomyces arachnoideus Schroeter in Cohn 1908, Hypocrea papyracea Ellis & Holw. 1886, Arachnocrea papyracea (Ellis & Holw.) Müller 1962, Hypomyces papyraceus (Ellis & Holw.) Seaver 1910] RS99

*Dialhypocrea puiggariana Spegazzini 1919 [=Hypocrea puiggariana (Spegazzini) Müller in Müller & von Arx 1962, Neoskofitzia puiggariana (Spegazzini) Weese 1927] RS99

Hypocrea Fries 1825 [incl. Chromocrea Seaver 1910, Creopus Link 1833, Debarya Schulzer, Kanitz & Knapp 1866] RS99

Hypocrea crustalina (Schulzer, Kanitz & Knapp) Saccardo & Traverso 1910 (n. d.) [=*Debarya crustalina Schulzer, Kanitz & Knapp 1866] RS99

Hypocreopsis lichenoides (Tode) Seaver 1910 [=Acrospermum lichenoides Tode 1790, incl. Stromatocrea cerebriformis Cooke 1952, Hypocrea digitata Ellis & Everh. 1885, Sphaeria parmelioides Montagne 1836, Hypocrea parmelioides (Montagne) Montagne 1856, S. riccioidea Bolton 1791, Dozya riccioidea (Bolton) Karsten 1873, Hypocrea riccioidea (Bolton) Berkeley 1860, *Hypocreopsis riccioidea (Bolton) Karsten 1873] RS99

Hypomyces (Fries) Tulasne 1860 [=Hypocrea subg. Hypomyces Fries 1825; incl. Apiocrea Sydow & Sydow 1921, Bonordenia Schulzer 1866, Chiajaea von Höhnel 1920, Hypocrea subg. Clintoniella Saccardo 1883, Clintoniella (Saccardo) Rehm 1900, Hypomyces subg. Peckiella Saccardo 1883, Peckiella (Saccardo) Saccardo 1891, Sepedonium] RS99

Podostroma alutaceum (Persoon: Fries) Atkinson 1905 [=Sphaeria alutacea Persoon 1797: Fries 1822, *Podocrea alutacea (Persoon: Fries) Lindau 1897; incl. *Podostroma leucopus Karsten 1892] RS99

*Pseudohypocrea citrinella (Ellis & Everh.) Doi 1972 [=Hypocrea citrinella Ellis & Everh. 1876, Arachnocrea citrinella (Ellis) Moravec 1956, Hypomyces citrinellus (Ellis) Seaver 1910] RS99

*Sarawakus lycogaloides (Berkeley & Broome) Lloyd 1924 [=Hypoxylon lycogaloides Berkeley & Broome 1873, Penzigia lycogaloides (Berkeley & Broome) Saccardo 1891, Sarcoxylon lycogaloides (Berkeley & Broome) Cooke 1883; incl. Hypocrea rhytidospora Ces. 1879, Clintoniella rhytidospora (Ces.) Saccardo & Sydow 1902] RS99

Sphaerostilbella (Henn.) Saccardo & Saccardo 1905 HM17, RS99 [=Sphaerostilbe subg. Sphaerostilbella Henn. 1901 RS99; incl. Gliocladium RS99]

Sphaerostilbella aureonitens (Tulasne & Tulasne) Seifert, Samuels & Gams 1985 [=Hypomyces aureonitens Tulasne & Tulasne 1865, Hyphonectria aureonitens (Tulasne & Tulasne) Petch 1937, Hypolyssus aureonitens (Tulasne & Tulasne) Kuntze 1898, Nectriopsis aureonitens (Tulasne & Tulasne) Maire 1911; incl. Hypomyces arenaceus Smith 1901, Nectria mycetophila Peck 1873, Nectriella mycetophila (Peck) Saccardo 1883, Nectria parvispora Winter 1886, Cucurbitaria parvispora (Winter) Kuntze 1898, *Gliocladium penicillioides, Dialonectria sulfurea Ellis & Calk. 1888, C. sulfurea (Ellis & Calk.) Kuntze 1898, Nectria sulfurea (Ellis & Calk.) Saccardo 1891] RS99

Sphaerostilbella berkeleyana (Plowr. & Cooke) Samuels & Candoussau 1995 [=Hypomyces berkeleyanus Plowr. & Cooke 1882, Hyphonectria berkeleyana (Plowr. & Cooke) Petch 1937, Hypolyssus berkeleyanus (Plowr. & Cooke) Kuntze 1898, Nectria berkeleyana (Plowr. & Cooke) Dingley 1951, Nectriopsis berkeleyana (Plowr. & Cooke) Maire 1911] RS99

*Sphaerostilbella lutea (Henn.) Saccardo & Saccardo 1905 [=Sphaerostilbe lutea Henn. 1901; incl. Stilbum aurifilum Gerard 1874, Ciliciopodium aurifilum (Gerard) Cooke 1890, Dendrostilbella aurifila (Gerard) Seifert & MacKinnon 1983, Gliocladium aurifilum (Gerard) Seifert, Samuels & Gams 1985, Stilbum mycetophilum Ahmad 1961, St. zacalloxanthum Moore 1959] RS99

Sphaerostilbella novaezelandiae Seifert, Samuels & Gams 1985 [incl. Gliocladium novaezelandiae Seifert, Samuels & Gams 1985] RS99

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[C07] Camerik, A. M. 2007. Ecological studies on phoretic females of dung-inhabiting Pediculaster (Acari: Heterostigmata, Pygmephoridae) species in South Africa: emigration patterns from cow and horse dung. In: Morales-Malacara, J. B., V. M. Behan-Pelletier, E. Ueckermann, T. M. Pérez, E. G. Estrada-Venegas & M. Badii (eds) Acarology XI: Proceedings of the International Congress pp. 649–655. Instituto de Biología and Faculdad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Sociedad Latinoamericana de Acarología: México.

[H04] Haeckel, E. 1899–1904. Kunstformen der Natur. Bibliographisches Institut: Leipzig und Wien.

[HH99] Hasegawa, M., & T. Hashimoto. 1999. Phylogenetic position of amitochondriate protists in the evolution of eukaryotes. Biological Bulletin 196: 389–392.

[HM17] Hongsanan, S., S. S. N. Maharachchikumbura, K. D. Hyde, M. C. Samarakoon, R. Jeewon, Q. Zhao, A. M. Al-Sadi & A. H. Bahkali. 2017. An updated phylogeny of Sordariomycetes based on phylogenetic and molecular clock evidence. Fungal Diversity 84: 25–41.

[JKW03] Jacobs, K., T. Kirisits & M. J. Wingfield. 2003. Taxonomic re-evaluation of three related species of Graphium, based on morphology, ecology and phylogeny. Mycologia 95 (4): 714–727.

[O96] Okabe, K. 1996. Inhibition of hatching of Histiogaster sp. (Acaridae) by shiitake mushrooms (Lentinus edodes). In: Mitchell, R., D. J. Horn, G. R. Needham & W. C. Welbourn (eds) Acarology IX vol. 1. Proceedings pp. 641–643. Ohio Biological Survey: Columbus (Ohio).

[RS99] Rossman, A. Y., G. J. Samuels, C. T. Rogerson & R. Lowen. 1999. Genera of Bionectriaceae, Hypocreaceae and Nectriaceae (Hypocreales, Ascomycetes). Studies in Mycology 42: 1–248.

[SS09] Schoch, C. L., G.-H. Sung, F. López-Giráldez, J. P. Townsend, J. Miadlikowska, V. Hofstetter, B. Robbertse, P. B. Matheny, F. Kauff, Z. Wang, C. Gueidan, R. M. Andrie, K. Trippe, L. M. Ciufetti, A. Wynns, E. Fraker, B. P. Hodkinson, G. Bonito, J. Z. Groenewald, M. Arzanlou, G. S. de Hoog, P. W. Crous, D. Hewitt, D. H. Pfister, K. Peterson, M. Gryzenhout, M. J. Wingfield, A. Aptroot, S.-O. Suh, M. Blackwell, D. M. Hillis, G. W. Griffith, L. A. Castlebury, A. Y. Rossman, H. T. Lumbsch, R. Lücking, B. Büdel, A. Rauhut, P. Diederich, D. Ertz, D. M. Geiser, K. Hosaka, P. Inderbitzin, J. Kohlmeyer, B. Volkmann-Kohlmeyer, L. Mostert, K. O'Donnell, H. Sipman, J. D. Rogers, R. A. Shoemaker, J. Sugiyama, R. C. Summerbell, W. Untereiner, P. R. Johnston, S. Stenroos, A. Zuccaro, P. S. Dyer, P. D. Crittenden, M. S. Cole, K. Hansen, J. M. Trappe, R. Yahr, F. Lutzoni & J. W. Spatafora. 2009. The Ascomycota tree of life: a phylum-wide phylogeny clarifies the origin and evolution of fundamental reproductive and ecological traits. Systematic Biology 58 (2): 224–239.

[T93] Taylor, T. N. 1993. Fungi. In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 9–13. Chapman & Hall: London.

[ZB10] Zvereva, L. V., & O. G. Borzykh. 2010. Filamentous fungi in the epigrowth of the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas (Bivalvia) in Peter the Great Bay, Sea of Japan. In: China-Russia Bilateral Symposium: Proceedings of the China-Russia Bilateral Symposium of "Comparison on Marine Biodiversity in the Northwest Pacific Ocean", 10–11 October 2010, Qingdao (China) pp. 215–219. Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; A. V. Zhirmunsky Institute of Marine Biology, Far East Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

[ZU10] Zvereva, L. V., & L. N. Usheva. 2010. Opportunistic filamentous fungi isolated from pathologically changed internal organs of the mussel Mytilus trossulus (Bivalvia) from Peter the Great Bay, Sea of Japan. In: China-Russia Bilateral Symposium: Proceedings of the China-Russia Bilateral Symposium of "Comparison on Marine Biodiversity in the Northwest Pacific Ocean", 10–11 October 2010, Qingdao (China) pp. 227–231. Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; A. V. Zhirmunsky Institute of Marine Biology, Far East Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences.