Delphinium

Hairy delphinium Delphinium vestitum, from here.

Belongs within: Ranunculaceae.

Delphinium is a genus of perennial herbs bearing bilateral flowers with the upper sepals spurred (Hickman 1993).

Characters (from Hickman 1993): Perennial; root gen <10 cm, more or less fibrous or fleshy; buds generally obscure. Stem generally 1, erect, generally unbranched; base generally more or less as wide as root, generally firmly attached to root, generally more or less reddish or purplish. Leaves simple, basal and cauline, petioled; blades generally palmately lobed, deep lobes generally 3-5, generally <6 mm wide, generally also lobed; lower leaves generally dry, often absent in flower; cauline merging into bracts upward. Inflorescence a raceme or somewhat branched, terminal; flowers generally 10-25; pedicels generally more or less spreading. Flower bilateral; sepals 5, petal-like, generally spreading, generally more or less dark blue, uppermost spurred; petals 4, smaller than sepals, upper 2 with nectar-secreting spurs enclosed in uppermost sepal, lower 2 clawed, with blades generally 4-8 mm, notched, generally more or less perpendicular to claws, generally colored like sepals, generally obviously hairy; pistils 3(—5). Fruit an aggregate of 3(-5) erect follicles, generally 2.5-4x longer than wide. Seed dark brown to black, often appearing white, generally winged when immature, generally without inflated collar; coat cell margins generally straight.

<==Delphinium
    |--D. ajacis TG88
    |--D. andersonii [incl. D. andersonii ssp. cognatum, D. decorum ssp. nevadense] H93
    |--D. anthriscifolium WC00
    |    |--D. a. var. anthriscifolium WC00
    |    `--D. a. var. savatieri (Franch.) Munz. 1967 WC00
    |--D. antoninum H93
    |--D. bakeri H93
    |--D. brunonianum O88
    |--D. caeruleum O88
    |--D. californicum H93
    |    |--D. c. ssp. californicum H93
    |    `--D. c. ssp. interius H93
    |--D. cardinale H93
    |--D. carolinianum S72
    |--D. consolida C55
    |--D. cooperi O88
    |--D. decorum H93
    |    |--D. d. ssp. decorum H93
    |    `--D. d. ssp. tracyi H93
    |--D. densiflorum O88
    |--D. depauperatum [incl. D. diversifolium ssp. harneyense] H93
    |--D. drepanocentrum O88
    |--D. elatum R35
    |--D. glaciale O88
    |--D. glaucum H93
    |--D. gracilentum [incl. D. patens ssp. greenei, D. pratense] H93
    |--D. gypsophilum H93
    |    |--D. g. ssp. gypsophilum H93
    |    `--D. g. ssp. parviflorum H93
    |--D. halteratum H90
    |--D. hansenii H93
    |    |--D. h. ssp. hansenii [incl. D. hansenii var. arcuatum] H93
    |    |--D. h. ssp. ewanianum H93
    |    `--D. h. ssp. kernense H93
    |--D. hesperium H93
    |    |--D. h. ssp. hesperium H93
    |    |--D. h. ssp. cuyamacae H93
    |    `--D. h. ssp. pallescens H93
    |--D. himalayai O88
    |--D. hutchinsoniae H93
    |--D. × inflexum H93
    |--D. inopinum H93
    |--D. kamaonense O88
    |--D. luteum H93
    |--D. nepalense O88
    |--D. nortonii O88
    |    |--D. n. var. nortonii O88
    |    `--D. n. var. curvicalcaratum O88
    |--D. nudicaule H93
    |--D. nuttallianum [incl. D. sonnei] H93
    |--D. parishii H93
    |    |--D. p. ssp. parishii H93
    |    |--D. p. ssp. pallidum H93
    |    `--D. p. ssp. subglobosum H93
    |--D. parryi H93
    |    |--D. p. ssp. parryi [incl. D. parryi ssp. seditiosum] H93
    |    |--D. p. ssp. blochmaniae H93
    |    |--D. p. ssp. eastwoodiae H93
    |    |--D. p. ssp. maritimum H93
    |    `--D. p. ssp. purpureum [=D. parishii ssp. purpureum] H93
    |--D. patens H93
    |    |--D. p. ssp. patens H93
    |    |--D. p. ssp. hepaticoideum H93
    |    `--D. p. ssp. montanum H93
    |--D. polycladon H93
    |--D. purpusii H93
    |--D. recurvatum H93
    |--D. stachydeum H93
    |--D. tricorne J23
    |--D. trolliifolium H93
    |--D. uliginosum H93
    |--D. umbraculorum H93
    |--D. variegatum H93
    |    |--D. v. ssp. variegatum [incl. D. variegatum f. superbum] H93
    |    |--D. v. ssp. kinkiense H93
    |    `--D. v. ssp. thornei H93
    |--D. vestitum O88
    `--D. viscosum O88

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[C55] Candolle, A. de. 1855. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 2. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[H90] Harden, G. J. (ed.) 1990. Flora of New South Wales vol. 1. New South Wales University Press.

[H93] Hickman, J. C. (ed.) 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press: Berkeley (California).

[J23] James, E. 1823. Account of an Expedition from Pittsburgh to the Rocky Mountains, performed in the years 1819 and '20, by order of the Hon. J. C. Calhoun, sec'y of war: under the command of Major Stephen H. Long. From the notes of Major Long, Mr. T. Say, and other gentlemen of the exploring party vol. 1. H. C. Carey & I. Lea: Philadelphia.

[O88] Ohba, H. 1988. The alpine flora of the Nepal Himalayas: an introductory note. In: Ohba, H., & S. B. Malla (eds) The Himalayan Plants vol. 1. The University Museum, University of Tokyo, Bulletin 31: 19–46.

[R35] Rayment, T. 1935. A Cluster of Bees: Sixty essays on the life-histories of Australian bees, with specific descriptions of over 100 new species. Endeavour Press: Sydney.

[S72] Shields, O. 1972. Flower visitation records for butterflies (Lepidoptera). Pan-Pacific Entomologist 48 (3): 189–203.

[TG88] Tepfer, D., A. Goldmann, N. Pamboukdjian, M. Maille, A. Lepingle, D. Chevalier, J. Dénarié & C. Rosenberg. 1988. A plasmid of Rhizobium meliloti 41 encodes catabolism of two compounds from root exudate of Calystegium sepium. Journal of Bacteriology 170 (3): 1153–1161.

[WC00] Wang R.-J. & Chen Z.-Y. 2000. New data of some Ranunculaceae plants in China. Acta Botanica Yunnanica 22: 126–128.

Anemone

Poppy anemone Anemone coronaria, copyright Stefano.

Belongs within: Ranunculaceae.

Anemone is a genus of perennial herbs found in temperate regions worldwide, a number of species of which are cultivated as ornamentals (Hickman 1993).

Characters (from Hickman 1993): Perennial from stout, simple to branched caudex, rhizome, or tuber. Stems 1-several, erect, generally simple. Leaves simple to 1-ternate, blade or leaflet toothed to dissected; basal leaves rosetted, petioled, in flower or fruit withered or persistent; cauline leaves generallu 2-3, in whorls, petiole absent to short. Inflorescence terminal; peduncles 1—5, erect, 1-flowered, in fruit elongated. Flower radial; receptacle in fruit elongated; sepals 5-8(10), petal-like; petals absent; pistils many, styles in fruit generally persistent, generally glabrous to puberulent. Fruit achenes, densely clustered.

<==Anemone Linnaeus 1753 A61
    |--*A. coronaria BGS05
    |--A. alpina C55a
    |--A. apennina C55b
    |--A. deltoidea H93
    |--A. demissa O88
    |    |--A. d. var. demissa O88
    |    `--A. d. var. vilosissima O88
    |--A. drummondii H93
    |--A. fuscopurpurea O88
    |--A. geum O88
    |--A. hepatica [incl. Hepatica triloba] J23
    |--A. hortensis BGS05
    |--A. multifida D03
    |--A. obtusiloba O88
    |--A. occidentalis H93
    |--A. oregana [=A. quinquefolia var. oregana; incl. A. quinquefolia var. grayii, A. oregana var. minor] H93
    |--A. palmata BGS05
    |--A. pavonina PT98
    |--A. polyanthes O88
    |--A. polycarpa O88
    |--A. rivularis O88
    |--A. rupestris O88
    |--A. rupicola O88
    |--A. smithiana O88
    |--A. tenella J23
    |--A. tenuicaulis (Cheesem.) Parkin & Sledge 1935 [=Ranunculus tenuicaulis Cheesem. 1885] A61
    |--A. thalictroides J23
    |--A. trullifolia O88
    `--A. tuberosa H93

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A61] Allan, H. H. 1961. Flora of New Zealand vol. 1. Indigenous Tracheophyta: Psilopsida, Lycopsida, Filicopsida, Gymnospermae, Dicotyledones. R. E. Owen, Government Printer: Wellington (New Zealand).

[BGS05] Banfi, E., G. Galasso & A. Soldano. 2005. Notes on systematics and taxonomy for the Italian vascular flora. 1. Atti Soc. It. Sci. Nat. Museo Civ. Stor. Nat. Milano 146 (2): 219–244.

[C55a] Candolle, A. de. 1855a. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 1. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[C55b] Candolle, A. de. 1855b. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 2. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[D03] Dusén, P. 1903. The vegetation of western Patagonia. In: Scott, W. B. (ed.) Reports of the Princeton University Expeditions to Patagonia, 1896–1899 vol. 8. Botany pp. 1–34. The University: Princeton (New Jersey).

[H93] Hickman, J. C. (ed.) 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press: Berkeley (California).

[J23] James, E. 1823. Account of an Expedition from Pittsburgh to the Rocky Mountains, performed in the years 1819 and '20, by order of the Hon. J. C. Calhoun, sec'y of war: under the command of Major Stephen H. Long. From the notes of Major Long, Mr. T. Say, and other gentlemen of the exploring party vol. 1. H. C. Carey & I. Lea: Philadelphia.

[O88] Ohba, H. 1988. The alpine flora of the Nepal Himalayas: an introductory note. In: Ohba, H., & S. B. Malla (eds) The Himalayan Plants vol. 1. The University Museum, University of Tokyo, Bulletin 31: 19-46.

[PT98] Panitsa, M., & D. Tzanoudakis. 1998. Contribution to the study of the Greek flora: flora and vegetation of the E Aegean islands Agathonisi and Pharmakonisi. Willdenowia 28: 95–116.

Meconopsis

Blue poppy Meconopsis grandis, copyright Kenpei.

Belongs within: Papaveraceae.

Meconopsis is a genus of large-flowered herbs found primarily in the Sino-Himalayan region.

Characters (from Flora of China): Herbs, monocarpic or perennial, yellow lactiferous. Taproot distinct in monocarpic species, plump, extended or napiform thickened, accompanied by fibrous roots, or fibrous. Stems, when present, branched or not, bristly, setose, pubescent, or glabrous. Leaves cauline and basal or all basal and forming a rosette; rosette leaves persistent in winter or dying away to a resting bud or buds; blade entire, serrate, or pinnatifid to pinnate, glabrous to bristly; basal leaves and lower cauline leaves usually petiolate; upper cauline leaves shortly petiolate or sessile, sometimes amplexicaul. Inflorescence a raceme, panicle, or pseudoumbel, with uppermost flower opening first, or flowers solitary, then often on basal scapes. Flowers large, often bowl- or saucer-shaped. Sepals 2, very rarely 3 or 4 in terminal flowers, caducous. Petals 4-10, occasionally more, blue, purple, pink, red, or yellow, rarely white. Stamens numerous; filaments mostly linear, rarely dilated in lower part. Ovary nearly spherical, ovoid, or obovoid to narrowly terete, 1-loculed, with 3 or more carpels, containing numerous ovules; styles distinct, usually short, sometimes almost absent, regularly stout or basally expanding into a disk covering top of ovary; stigmas free or united, capitate or clavate. Capsule nearly spherical, ovoid, obovoid, or elliptic to cylindrical, spiny, setose, pubescent, or glabrous, 3-12(-18)-valvate; segments slightly lobed or divided to 1/3 length or more from apex to base. Seeds many, ovoid, reniform, falcate-oblong, or oblong, smooth or longitudinally concave, without a caruncle.

<==Meconopsis
    |--M. bella O88
    |--M. dhwojii O88
    |--M. discigera O88
    |--M. gracilipes O88
    |--M. grandis O88
    |--M. horridula O88
    |--M. lyrata O88
    |--M. napaulensis O88
    |--M. paniculata O88
    |--M. regia O88
    |--M. simplicifolia O88
    `--M. taylorii O88

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[O88] Ohba, H. 1988. The alpine flora of the Nepal Himalayas: an introductory note. In: Ohba, H., & S. B. Malla (eds) The Himalayan Plants vol. 1. The University Museum, University of Tokyo, Bulletin 31: 19–46.

Corydalis

Fumewort Corydalis solida, copyright Bernd Haynold.

Belongs within: Papaveraceae.

Corydalis is a genus of soft-leaved herbs found primarily in temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere.

Characters (from Flora of China): Herbs, annual, biennial, or perennial, soft, juicy, usually glabrous. Leaves usually alternate, pinnately or ternately divided. Inflorescence a simple bracteate raceme (occasionally compound with cymose or racemose partial inflorescences). Flowers blue, purple, orange, yellow, or white. Sepals petaloid, usually dentate. Corolla zygomorphic; upper petal spurred. Stamens 2 (i.e., filaments of each triplet completely fused); median upper stamen with a nectariferous appendage at base frequently fused to spur for a shorter or longer portion. Stigma variable. Fruit a usually many-seeded capsule with persistent style. Seeds black, usually with whitish elaiosomes.

<==Corydalis
    |--C. alburyi O88
    |--C. ambigua T03
    |--C. cashmeriana O88
    |--C. casimiriana O88
    |--C. chaerophylla O88
    |--C. chasmophila O88
    |--C. clavibracteata O88
    |--C. elegans O88
    |--C. flaccida O88
    |--C. gerdae O88
    |--C. govaniana O88
    |--C. hamata O88
    |--C. hendersonii O88
    |--C. hookeri O88
    |--C. juncea O88
    |--C. lathyroides O88
    |--C. latiflora O88
    |--C. longipes O88
    |--C. lutea C55
    |--C. megacalyx O88
    |--C. meifolia O88
    |    |--C. m. var. meifolia O88
    |    `--C. m. var. sikkimensis O88
    |--C. nana O88
    |--C. pachypoda O88
    |--C. polygalina O88
    |--C. pseudojuncea O88
    |--C. solida C55
    |--C. staintonii O88
    |--C. stricta O88
    |--C. sykesii O88
    `--C. trifoliata O88

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[C55] Candolle, A. de. 1855. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 2. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[O88] Ohba, H. 1988. The alpine flora of the Nepal Himalayas: an introductory note. In: Ohba, H., & S. B. Malla (eds) The Himalayan Plants vol. 1. The University Museum, University of Tokyo, Bulletin 31: 19–46.

[T03] Tsurusaki, N. 2003. Phenology and biology of harvestmen in and near Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan, with some taxonomical notes on Nelima suzukii n. sp. and allies (Arachnida: Opiliones). Acta Arachnologica 52: 5–24.

Aconitum

Monk's-hood Aconitum napellus, copyright Bernd Haynold.

Belongs within: Ranunculaceae.

Aconitum, the aconites, is a diverse genus of often highly toxic herbs found in temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere.

Characters (from Flora of China): Herbs perennial or pseudoannual, rarely annual, with taproots or 2 to several caudices. Stem erect or twining. Leaves simple or compound, cauline ones alternate, sometimes all basal, palmately divided, rarely undivided. Inflorescence usually racemose. Pedicel with 2 bracteoles. Flowers bisexual, zygomorphic. Sepals 5, petaloid, purple, blue, or yellow; lower sepals 2, narrowly lanceolate or oblong, small; lateral sepals 2, suborbicular; upper sepal falcate, navicular, galeate to cylindric. Petals 2, clawed; limb usually with lip and spur, secretory tissue usually at limb apex, rarely abaxial. Staminodes usually absent. Stamens numerous; anthers ellipsoid-globose. Carpels 3–5(–13); style short, persistent.

<==Aconitum
    |--A. alpino-nepalense O88
    |--A. amplexicaule O88
    |--A. angulatum O88
    |--A. anthora C55
    |--A. bhutanicum Kadota 1988 K88
    |--A. coreanum WB03
    |--A. dhwojii O88
    |--A. gammiei O88
    |--A. gymnandrum K88
    |--A. heterophylloides O88
    |    |--A. h. var. heterophylloides O88
    |    `--A. h. var. leucanthum O88
    |--A. heterophyllum K88
    |--A. hookeri O88
    |--A. japonicum K88
    |--A. laciniatum O88
    |--A. napellus C55
    |--A. naviculare O88
    |    |--A. n. var. naviculare O88
    |    `--A. n. var. leiocarpum O88
    |--A. nepalense O88
    |--A. novoluridum O88
    |--A. orochryseum O88
    |--A. pulchellum O88
    |--A. rotundifolium Kar. & Kir. 1842 (see below for synonymy) K88
    |--A. senanense K88
    |--A. spicatum O88
    |--A. staintonii O88
    |--A. tamuranum O88
    |--A. tanguticum (Maximowicz) Stapf 1905 (see below for synonymy) K88
    `--A. violaceum O88

Aconitum rotundifolium Kar. & Kir. 1842 [=A. napellus var. rotundifolium (Kar. & Kir.) Hooker & Thoms. 1872; incl. A. rotundifolium ssp. iliense Worosch. 1945, A. rotundifolium var. obtusilobum Tamura 1960, A. tianshanicum Ost. Sacken & Ruprecht 1896] K88

Aconitum tanguticum (Maximowicz) Stapf 1905 [=A. rotundifolium var. tanguticum Maximowicz 1889; incl. A. popovii Steinb. & Schisch. ex Sipliv. 1974, A. tanguticum var. trichocarpum Hand.-Mazz. 1939] K88

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[C55] Candolle, A. de. 1855. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 1. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[K88] Kadota, Y. 1988. Aconitum bhutanicum (Ranunculaceae), a new species from Bhutan. In: Ohba, H., & S. B. Malla (eds) The Himalayan Plants vol. 1. The University Museum, University of Tokyo, Bulletin 31: 211–216.

[O88] Ohba, H. 1988. The alpine flora of the Nepal Himalayas: an introductory note. In: Ohba, H., & S. B. Malla (eds) The Himalayan Plants vol. 1. The University Museum, University of Tokyo, Bulletin 31: 19–46.

[WB03] Wang, Q.-M., F.-Y. Bai, J.-H. Zhao & J.-H. Jia. 2003. Bensingtonia changbaiensis sp. nov. and Bensingtonia sorbi sp. nov., novel ballistoconidium-forming yeast species from plant leaves. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 53: 2085–2089.

Papaveraceae

California poppy Eschscholzia californica, copyright Kevin Stanchfield.

Belongs within: Ranunculales.
Contains: Meconopsis, Corydalis, Papaver.

The Papaveraceae are a mostly Northern Hemisphere family of flowering plants including the poppies and related taxa. Laticifers, latex-producing secretory cells, are present in the stems of members of the subfamilies Eschscholzioideae and Papaveroideae.

Characters (from M. Zhang et al.): Herbs, annual, biennial, monocarpic perennial, perennial, or shrubby. Laticifers or elongated idioblasts present. Leaves alternate or in a basal rosette, rarely opposite or whorled, usually without stipules; leaf blade entire to compound. Inflorescences racemes, panicles, dichasia, pseudoumbels, or solitary flowers. Flowers actinomorphic, bisymmetric, or zygomorphic, always bisexual, usually 2-merous, rarely 3- or 4-merous. Calyx caducous, green or petaloid. Corolla choripetalous or quasi-sympetalous, very rarely absent. Anthers opening by slits. Ovary superior, syncarpous with 2 to several carpels; placentation parietal.

Papaveraceae
    |--Hypecoum [Hypecoaceae, Hypecoideae] T00
    |    `--H. leptocarpum O88
    |--Eschscholzioideae T00
    |    |--Hunnemannia fumariifolia T00, H93
    |    |--Dendromecon T00
    |    |    |--D. harfordii (see below for synonymy) H93
    |    |    `--D. rigida H93
    |    `--Eschscholzia T00
    |         |--E. caespitosa H93
    |         |--E. californica H93 (see below for synonymy)
    |         |--E. cristata [=Esholtzia (l. c.) cristata] C55
    |         |--E. glyptosperma H93
    |         |--E. hypecoides H93
    |         |--E. lemmonii H93
    |         |    |--E. l. ssp. lemmonii H93
    |         |    `--E. l. ssp. kernensis [=E. caespitosa ssp. kernensis] H93
    |         |--E. lobbii H93
    |         |--E. minutiflora [incl. E. minutiflora ssp. covillei, E. minutiflora ssp. twisselmannii] H93
    |         |--E. parishii H93
    |         |--E. ramosa H93
    |         `--E. rhombipetala H93
    |--Fumarioideae [Fumariaceae] T00
    |    |--Corydalis NDG98
    |    |--Dicentra NDG98
    |    |    |--D. chrysantha H93
    |    |    |--D. cucullaria HH03
    |    |    |--D. formosa [incl. D. formosa ssp. oregana] H93
    |    |    |--D. nevadensis H93
    |    |    |--D. ochroleuca H93
    |    |    |--D. pauciflora H93
    |    |    |--D. spectabilis H90
    |    |    `--D. uniflora H93
    |    `--Fumaria PP07
    |         |--F. bastardii H90
    |         |--F. capreolata OS04
    |         |--F. densiflora [incl. F. micrantha] H90
    |         |--F. indica [=F. vaillantii var. indica] H90
    |         |--F. macrocarpa PT98
    |         |--F. muralis [=F. caprolata ssp. muralis] C06
    |         |--F. officinalis ACW01
    |         |    |--F. o. ssp. officinalis H90
    |         |    `--F. o. ssp. wirtgenii H90
    |         |--F. pallidiflora R13
    |         `--F. parviflora PT98
    `--Papaveroideae [Platystemonoideae] T00
         |--Papaver H09
         |--Platystemon californicus (see below for synonymy) H93
         |--Canbya candida H93
         |--Stylomecon heterophylla H93
         |--Romneya H93
         |    |--R. coulteri H93
         |    `--R. trichocalyx H93
         |--Arctomecon H93
         |    |--A. californica H93
         |    `--A. merriamii H93
         |--Meconella H93
         |    |--M. californica H93
         |    |--M. denticulata [=M. oregana var. denticulata] H93
         |    `--M. linearis [=Hesperomecon linearis] H93
         |--Glaucium H93
         |    |--G. corniculatum Y98
         |    |--G. flavum V09
         |    |--G. luteum [incl. Chelidonium glaucium] C55
         |    `--G. violaceum C55
         `--Argemone H93
              |--A. alba J23
              |--A. corymbosa H93
              |--A. mexicana PP07
              |--A. munita [incl. A. munita ssp. argentea, A. munita ssp. robusta, A. munita ssp. rotundata] H93
              |--A. ochroleuca [=A. mexicana var. ochroleuca] H90
              `--A. subfusiformis H90

Papaveraceae incertae sedis:
  Sanguinaria canadensis BA03
  Bocconia frutescens BA03
  Stylophorum BA03
  Dicranostigma lactucoides O88
  Meconopsis O88
  Pseudofumaria alba GR98
  Glaucinia flava B88
  Macleaya cordata V09
  Chelidonium majus C06
  Capnites (DC.) Dumort. 1827 KC01

Dendromecon harfordii [=D. rigida ssp. harfordii; incl. D. harfordii var. rhamnoides, D. rigida ssp. rhamnoides] H93

Eschscholzia californica H93 [=Escholtzia (l. c.) californica C55; incl. Eschs. californica ssp. mexicana H93, Eschs. procera H93]

Platystemon californicus [incl. P. californicus var. ciliatus, P. californicus var. crinitus, P. californicus var. horridulus, P. californicus var. nutans, P. californicus var. ornithopus] H93

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[ACW01] Aguilar, H., C. C. Childers & W. C. Welbourn. 2001. Relative abundance and seasonal occurrence of mites in the family Tydeidae on citrus in Florida. In: Halliday, R. B., D. E. Walter, H. C. Proctor, R. A. Norton & M. J. Colloff (eds) Acarology: Proceedings of the 10^th International Congress pp. 376–380. CSIRO Publishing: Melbourne.

[BA03] Bergthorsson, U., K. L. Adams, B. Thomason & J. D. Palmer. 2003. Widespread horizontal transfer of mitochondrial genes in flowering plants. Nature 424: 197–201.

[B88] Bouček, Z. 1988. Australasian Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera): A biosystematic revision of genera of fourteen families, with a reclassification of species. CAB International: Wallingford (UK).

[C55] Candolle, A. de. 1855. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 2. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[C06] Cheeseman, T. F. 1906. Manual of the New Zealand Flora. John Mackay, Government Printer: Wellington.

[GR98] Greuter, W., & T. Raus (eds.) 1998. Med-Checklist Notulae, 17. Willdenowia 28: 163–174.

[H90] Harden, G. J. (ed.) 1990. Flora of New South Wales vol. 1. New South Wales University Press.

[H09] Heltmann, H. 2009. Der Königstein (Piatra Craiului), die Perle der Burzenländer Gebirge. Mauritiana 20 (3): 515–527.

[HH03] Hernández, J. R., & J. F. Hennen. 2003. Rust fungi causing galls, witches’ brooms, and other abnormal plant growths in northwestern Argentina. Mycologia 95 (4): 728–755.

[H93] Hickman, J. C. (ed.) 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press: Berkeley (California).

[J23] James, E. 1823. Account of an Expedition from Pittsburgh to the Rocky Mountains, performed in the years 1819 and '20, by order of the Hon. J. C. Calhoun, sec'y of war: under the command of Major Stephen H. Long. From the notes of Major Long, Mr. T. Say, and other gentlemen of the exploring party vol. 1. H. C. Carey & I. Lea: Philadelphia.

[KC01] Kirk, P. M., P. F. Cannon, J. C. David & J. A. Stalpers. 2001. Ainsworth & Bisby's Dictionary of the Fungi 9^th ed. CAB International: Wallingford (UK).

[NDG98] Neal, P. R., A. Dafni & M. Giurfa. 1998. Floral symmetry and its role in plant-pollinator systems: terminology, distribution, and hypotheses. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 29: 345–373.

[OS04] Obbens, F. J., & L. W. Sage. 2004. Vegetation and flora of a diverse upland remnant of the Western Australian wheatbelt (Nature Reserve A21064). Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 87 (1): 19–28.

[O88] Ohba, H. 1988. The alpine flora of the Nepal Himalayas: an introductory note. In: Ohba, H., & S. B. Malla (eds) The Himalayan Plants vol. 1. The University Museum, University of Tokyo, Bulletin 31: 19–46.

[PP07] Pandey, R. P., & P. M. Padhye. 2007. Studies on phytodiversity of Arid Machia Safari Park-Kailana in Jodhpur (Rajasthan). Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 49: 15–78.

[PT98] Panitsa, M., & D. Tzanoudakis. 1998. Contribution to the study of the Greek flora: flora and vegetation of the E Aegean islands Agathonisi and Pharmakonisi. Willdenowia 28: 95–116.

[R13] Reuter, O. M. 1913. Lebensgewohnheiten und Instinkte der Insekten bis zum Erwachen der sozialen Instinkte. R. Friedländer & Sohn: Berlin.

[T00] Thorne, R. F. 2000. The classification and geography of the flowering plants: dicotyledons of the class Angiospermae (subclasses Magnoliidae, Ranunculidae, Caryophyllidae, Dilleniidae, Rosidae, Asteridae, and Lamiidae). The Botanical Review 66: 441–647.

[V09] Verdcourt, B. (ed.) 2009. Additions to the wild fauna and flora of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. XXVI. Miscellaneous records. Kew Bulletin 64 (1): 183–194.

[Y98] Yannitsaros, A. 1998. Additions to the flora of Kithira (Greece) I. Willdenowia 28: 77–94.

Last updated: 8 June 2022.

Clematis

Purple clematis Clematis viticella, photographed by Mirna & Attilio Marzorati.

Belongs within: Ranunculaceae.

Clematis is a genus of flowering vines found primarily in temperate regions of the world. Members include traveller's joy C. vitalba, widely grown as an ornamental but also known as an invasive species in many parts of the world.

Characters (from J. S. Pringle): Vines , ± woody, sometimes only at base, climbing by means of tendril-like petioles and leaf rachises, or erect, herbaceous perennials, from elongate rhizomes. Leaves cauline, opposite, simple or compound, sessile or petiolate. Leaf blade undivided or 1-3-pinnately or -ternately compound; leaf or leaflets cordate to orbiculate, oblong, lanceolate, or oblanceolate, lobed or unlobed, margins entire or toothed. Inflorescences axillary and/or terminal, 1-many-flowered cymes or panicles or flowers solitary or in fascicles, to 15 cm; bracts present and leaflike or ± scalelike or absent, not forming involucre. Flowers bisexual or unisexual, radially symmetric; sepals not persistent in fruit, 4, white, blue, violet, red, yellow, or greenish, plane, ovate to obovate or linear, 6-60 mm; petals absent; sometimes anther-bearing staminodes between sepals and stamens; stamens many; filaments filiform to flattened; pistils 5-150, simple; ovule 1 per pistil; beak present. Fruits achenes, aggregate, sessile, lenticular, nearly terete, or flattened-ellipsoid, sides not prominently veined; beak terminal, straight or curved, 12-110 mm. x = 8.

<==Clematis Linnaeus 1753 A61
    |--C. (sect. Clematis) vitalba BVJ01
    |--C. (sect. Atragene) alpina BVJ01
    |--C. (sect. Viorna) pitcheri BVJ01
    `--C. sect. Viticella [incl. C. sect. Patentes] BVJ01
         |--C. patens BVJ01
         `--C. viticella Linnaeus 1753 BVJ01
              |--C. viticella ssp. viticella (see below for synonymy) BVJ01
              `--C. viticella ssp. campaniflora (Brotero) Font Quer ex Bolòs & Vigo 1984 (see below for synonymy) BVJ01

Clematis incertae sedis:
  C. afoliata Buchan. 1871 [incl. C. aphylla Colenso 1887] A61
  C. aristata GK00
  C. australis Kirk 1899 A61
    |--C. a. var. australis A61
    `--C. a. var. rutifolia (Hooker) Allan 1961 (see below for synonymy) A61
  C. brachiata M30
  C. cirrhosa Y98
  C. coriacea C45
  C. dioica J87
  C. fawcettii H90
  C. flammula Y98
  C. florida BVJ01
  C. foetida Raoul 1846 [incl. C. foetida var. depauperata Hooker 1852, C. parkinsoniana Col. 1880] A61
  C. foetidissima BKS98
  C. forsteri Gmel. 1791 (see below for synonymy) A61
  C. fremontii D51
    |--C. f. ssp. fremontii D51
    `--C. f. ssp. riehlii D51
  C. glycinoides C08
    |--C. g. var. glycinoides H90
    `--C. g. var. submutica H90
  C. hookeriana Allan 1961 [=C. hexasepala Hook. f. 1852 non DC. 1817] A61
    |--C. h. var. hookeriana A61
    `--C. h. var. lobulata Allan 1961 non C. paniculata var. lobulata Kirk 1899 A61
  C. lanuginosa BVJ01
  C. lasiantha H93
  C. leschenaultiana DC. 1818 [incl. C. leschenaultiana var. denticulata Merr. 1927] WC00
  C. ligusticifolia H93
  C. marata Armst. f. 1881 A61
  C. microphylla H90
    |--C. m. var. microphylla H90
    `--C. m. var. leptophylla H90
  C. montana O88
  C. oweniae M30
  C. paniculata Gmel. 1791 A61 (see below for synonymy)
  C. parviflora Cunn. 1840 A61 (see below for synonymy)
  C. pauciflora H93
  C. petriei Allan 1961 A61
  C. pickeringii LK14
  C. pubescens RL05
  C. quadribracteolata Colenso 1882 A61
  C. recta ED02
  C. stanleyi [=Anemone stanleyi] M30
  C. texensis BVJ01
  C. tibetana O88
  C. virginiana EBS98

Clematis australis var. rutifolia (Hooker) Allan 1961 [=C. colensoi var. rutaefolia Hook. f. 1864, C. hexasepala var. rutaefolia Hook. f. 1852] A61

Clematis forsteri Gmel. 1791 [incl. C. colensoi Hook. f. 1852, C. hexapetala Linnaeus 1781 non Pallas 1776, C. hexasepala DC. 1817] A61

Clematis paniculata Gmel. 1791 A61 [incl. C. paniculata var. decomposita Kirk 1899 A61, C. indivisa Willd. 1800 A61, C. integrifolia Forst. f. 1786 non Linnaeus 1753 A61, C. paniculata var. linearis Kirk 1899 A61, C. paniculata var. lobulata Kirk 1899 A61, C. indivisa var. lobulata C06]

Clematis parviflora Cunn. 1840 A61 [incl. C. cunninghamii MM04, C. parviflora var. depauperata Hooker 1864 non Hooker 1852 A61, C. hillii Col. 1899 A61, C. parviflora var. trilobata Kirk 1899 A61]

Clematis viticella ssp. campaniflora (Brotero) Font Quer ex Bolòs & Vigo 1984 [=C. campaniflora Brotero 1804, C. viticella var. campaniflora (Brotero) Willkomm & Lange 1880] BVJ01

Clematis viticella Linnaeus 1753 ssp. viticella [=Viticella deltoidea Moench 1794; incl. C. baccata Persoon 1806, C. viticella ssp. sibthorpii var. coriacea Kuntze 1885, C. lugubris Salisbury 1796, C. viticella ssp. sibthorpii var. obtusiloba Kuntze 1885, C. revoluta Desfontaines ex Steudel 1821, C. viticella ssp. revoluta (Desfontaines) Kuntze 1885, C. viticella ssp. revoluta var. scandens Kuntze 1885, C. viticella ssp. sibthorpii Kuntze 1885, C. viticella ssp. sibthorpii var. villosa Kuntze 1885] BVJ01

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A61] Allan, H. H. 1961. Flora of New Zealand vol. 1. Indigenous Tracheophyta: Psilopsida, Lycopsida, Filicopsida, Gymnospermae, Dicotyledones. R. E. Owen, Government Printer: Wellington (New Zealand).

[BKS98] Baars, R., D. Kelly & A. D. Sparrow. 1998. Liane distribution within native forest remnants in two regions of the South Island, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Ecology 22 (1): 71–85.

[BVJ01] Brandenburg, W. A., J. G. van de Vooren & C. E. Jarvis. 2001. Lectotypification and description of Clematis viticella L. (Ranunculaceae). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 135 (1): 13–23.

[C08] Cambage, R. H. 1908. Notes on the native flora of New South Wales. Part VI. Deepwater to Torrington and Emmaville. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 33 (1): 45–65, pls 1–2.

[C06] Cheeseman, T. F. 1906. Manual of the New Zealand Flora. John Mackay, Government Printer: Wellington.

[C45] Colenso, W. 1845. Memoranda of an excursion, made in the Northern Island of New Zealand, in the summer of 1841-2; intended as a contribution towards the natural productions of the New Zealand groupe: with particular reference to their botany. Tasmanian Journal of Natural Science 2: 210–234.

[D51] Dobzhansky, T. 1951. Genetics and the Origin of Species 3^rd ed. Columbia University Press: New York.

[EBS98] Elliott, K. J., L. R. Boring & W. T. Swank. 1998. Changes in vegetation structure and diversity after grass-to-forest succession in a southern Appalachian watershed. American Midland Naturalist 140: 219–232.

[ED02] Evtushenko, L. I., L. V. Dorofeeva, V. I. Krausova, E. Y. Gavrish, S. G. Yashina & M. Takeuchi. 2002. Okibacterium fritillariae gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel genus of the family Microbacteriaceae. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 52: 987–993.

[GK00] Gibson, N., & G. J. Keighery. 2000. Flora and vegetation of the Byenup-Muir reserve system, south-west Western Australia. CALMScience 3 (3): 323–402.

[H90] Harden, G. J. (ed.) 1990. Flora of New South Wales vol. 1. New South Wales University Press.

[H93] Hickman, J. C. (ed.) 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press: Berkeley (California).

[J87] Judd, W. S. 1987. Floristic study of Morne La Visite and Pic Macaya National Parks, Haiti. Bulletin of the Florida State Museum—Biological Sciences 32 (1): 1–136.

[LK14] Lyons, M. N., G. J. Keighery, L. A. Gibson & T. Handasyde. 2014. Flora and vegetation communities of selected islands off the Kimberley coast of Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 81: 205–244.

[MM04] Martin, N. A., & L. A. Mound. 2004. Host plants for some New Zealand thrips (Thysanoptera: Terebrantia). New Zealand Entomologist 27: 119–123.

[M30] Moss, C. E. 1930. Some natural hybrids of Clematis, Anemone, and Gerbera from the Transvaal. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of London 141: 36–40.

[O88] Ohba, H. 1988. The alpine flora of the Nepal Himalayas: an introductory note. In: Ohba, H., & S. B. Malla (eds) The Himalayan Plants vol. 1. The University Museum, University of Tokyo, Bulletin 31: 19–46.

[RL05] Rafferty, C., & B. B. Lamont. 2005. Selective feeding by macropods on vegetation regenerating following fire. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 88 (4): 155–165.

[WC00] Wang R.-J. & Chen Z.-Y. 2000. New data of some Ranunculaceae plants in China. Acta Botanica Yunnanica 22: 126–128.

[Y98] Yannitsaros, A. 1998. Additions to the flora of Kithira (Greece) I. Willdenowia 28: 77–94.

Last updated: 3 April 2022.

Menispermaceae

Broom creeper Cocculus hirsutus, photographed by B. Wursten.

Belongs within: Ranunculales.

The Menispermaceae, the moonseeds, are a plant family primarily composed of vines and lianas though some species are trees or shrubs. A number of species contain alkaloids; a species of Chondrodendron is a significant source of the neurotoxin curare. The east Asian Fibraruea tinctoria has historically been used as a source of yellow dye.

Characters (from D. G. Rhodes): Vines and lianas (occasionally shrubs or trees), deciduous, woody at least at base, twining or clambering. Stems striate, without spines. Leaves alternate, simple; stipules absent; petioles present. Leaf blade palmately veined, often palmately lobed. Inflorescences axillary or terminal, fascicles, cymes, racemes, or panicles, flowers pedicillate. Flowers unisexual, staminate and pistillate on different plants, never showy; sepaloid bracteoles absent; perianth hypogynous, segments distinct or fused, not showy, greenish white to white or cream, imbricate or valvate. Staminate flowers: sepals usually 6, not spurred; petals usually 6, sometimes absent, distinct or connate, ± concave, frequently minute; nectaries absent; stamens either opposite petals and equal in number, or numerous; filaments distinct or united; anthers dehiscing longitudinally (rarely transversely); pistillodes sometimes present. Pistillate flowers: sepals (4-)6, sometimes reduced to 1; petals often 6 or reduced to 1, ± concave, usually minute; nectaries absent; staminodes frequently present; pistils 1-6; ovules 2, aborting to 1, amphitropous; style often recurved; stigma entire or lobed. Fruits drupes, straight or horseshoe-shaped; exocarp membranous; mesocarp ± pulpy; endocarp (stone) bony, often warty, ribbed. Seeds never stalked; endosperm present or absent; embryo usually curved.

Menispermaceae
    |--Triclisieae B87
    |    |--Triclisia YY22
    |    `--Curarea B87
    |--Anomospermeae B87
    |    |--Anomospermum YY22
    |    |--Caryomene B87
    |    |--Abuta B87
    |    `--Cionomene Krukoff 1978 B87
    |         `--C. javariensis B87
    `--Cocculeae B87
         |--Sciadotenia B87
         `--Cocculus PP07
              |--C. hirsutus PP07
              |--C. moorei M87
              |--C. pendulus PP07
              `--C. villosus KJ05

Menispermaceae incertae sedis:
  Coscinium fenestratum K03
  Fibraruea tinctoria K03
  Pycnarrhena tumetacta K03
  Legnephora moorei H90
  Albertisia YY22
  Parabaena YY22
  Adeliopsis YY22
  Anamirta cocculus UB06
  Antizoma YY22
  Arcangelisia YY22
  Aristega YY22
  Aspidocarya YY22
  Bania YY22
  Burasaia YY22
  Calycocarpum YY22
  Carronia multisepala H90
  Chasmanthera YY22
  Chelonecarya YY22
  Chlaenandra YY22
  Chondrodendron YY22
  Cyclea peltata UB06
  Dioscoreophyllum YY22
  Diploclisia YY22
  Disciphania YY22
  Elissarrhena YY22
  Epinetrum YY22
  Gamopoda YY22
  Glossopholis YY22
  Haematocarpus YY22
  Heptacyclum YY22
  Husemannia YY22
  Hyperbaena YY22
  Hypserpa decumbens H90
  Hypsiodes YY22
  Jateorhiza YY22
  Kolobopetalum YY22
  Limaciopsis YY22
  Macrococculus YY22
  Miersiophytum YY22
  Menispermum YY22
  Odontocarya YY22
  Orthogynium YY22
  Pachygone ovata LK14
  Penianthus YY22
  Peraphora YY22
  Pericampylus YY22
  Perichasma YY22
  Platytinospora YY22
  Pleogyne australis LK14
  Pselium YY22
  Pycnostyles YY22
  Rameya YY22
  Rhaptonema YY22
  Rhigiocarya YY22
  Rhopalandria YY22
  Sarcopetalum harveyanum H90
  Sinomenium YY22
  Somphoxylon YY22
  Sphenocentrum YY22
  Spirospermum YY22
  Strychnopsis YY22
  Sychnosepalum YY22
  Synclisia YY22
  Syntriandrum YY22
  Syrrheonema YY22
  Taubertia YY22
  Telotia YY22
  Tiliacora acuminata YY22, HU08
  Tinomiscium YY22
  Tripodandra YY22
  Welwitschiina YY22
  Stephania LK14
    |--S. aculeata H90
    |--S. corymbosa K03
    `--S. japonica LK14
         |--S. j. var. japonica H90
         `--S. j. var. discolor H90
  Cissampelos MM96
    |--C. pareira BB07
    `--C. tropaeolifolium MM96
  Tinospora LK14
    |--T. cordifolia BB07
    |--T. crispa K03
    |--T. sinensis SR07
    |--T. smilacina LK14
    `--T. tinosporoides [=Fawcettia tinosporoides] H90
  Menispermophyllum celakovskii Velenovsky 1900 CBH93

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BB07] Baishya, A. K., & P. J. Bora. 2007. Cross community ethno-medico botany of Dibru-Saikhowa Biosphere Reserve, Assam. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 49: 121–154.

[B87] Barneby, R. C. 1987. The fruit and tribal affinity of genus Cionomene Menispermaceae. Brittonia 39 (2): 258–259.

[CBH93] Collinson, M. E., M. C. Boulter & P. L. Holmes. 1993. Magnoliophyta (‘Angiospermae’). In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 809–841. Chapman & Hall: London.

[H90] Harden, G. J. (ed.) 1990. Flora of New South Wales vol. 1. New South Wales University Press.

[HU08] Hore, U., & V. P. Uniyal. 2008. Diversity and composition of spider assemblages in five vegetation types of the Terai Conservation Area, India. Journal of Arachnology 36 (2): 251–258.

[KJ05] Katewa, S. S., A. Jain, B. L. Chaudhary & P. Galav. 2005. Some unreported medicinal uses of plants from the tribal area of Southern Rajasthan. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 47: 121–130.

[K03] Kulip, J. 2003. An ethnobotanical survey of medicinal and other useful plants of Muruts in Sabah, Malaysia. Telopea 10 (1): 81–98.

[LK14] Lyons, M. N., G. J. Keighery, L. A. Gibson & T. Handasyde. 2014. Flora and vegetation communities of selected islands off the Kimberley coast of Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 81: 205–244.

[MM96] Mound, L. A., & R. Marullo. 1996. The thrips of Central and South America: an introduction (Insecta: Thysanoptera). Memoirs on Entomology, International 6: 1–487.

[M87] Mueller, F. von. 1887. Some hitherto undescribed plants of New South Wales. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, series 2, 1 (4): 1105–1110.

[PP07] Pandey, R. P., & P. M. Padhye. 2007. Studies on phytodiversity of Arid Machia Safari Park-Kailana in Jodhpur (Rajasthan). Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 49: 15–78.

[SR07] Sankar, R. V., K. Ravikumar, N. M. Ganesh Babu & D. K. Ved. 2007. Botany of Anapady MPCA, Palghat district, Kerala with special emphasis on species of conservation concern. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 49: 165–172.

[UB06] Udayan, P. S. & I. Balachandran. 2006. Cleistanthus sankunnianus Sivar. & Indu Balach.—a rare and little known endemic plant rediscovered from wild populations in Kollam district of Kerala state, India. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 48: 217–218.

[YY22] Yampolsky, C., & H. Yampolsky. 1922. Distribution of sex forms in the phanerogamic flora. Bibliotheca Genetica 3: 1–62.

Last updated: 7 June 2022.

Ranunculus

Mt Cook 'lily' Ranunculus lyallii, photographed by Andy Reisinger.

Belongs within: Ranunculaceae.

Ranunculus, the buttercups, is a cosmopolitan genus of about 300 species. The majority of species have yellow flowers (hence the vernacular name) but some have white, orange or red flowers. The genus name means 'little frog', and refers to the preference of many species for damp habitats; some species even grow aquatically. A number of species have become spread widely around the world, and may be considered a pest for poisoning livestock. These include the creeping buttercup R. repens, a native of the Palaearctic with strong, prostrate running stems.

Characters (from A. T. Whittemore): Herbs, annual or perennial, from tuberous roots, caudices, rhizomes, stolons, or bulbous stem bases. Leaves basal, cauline, or both, simple, variously lobed or parted, or compound, all petiolate or distal leaves sessile; cauline leaves alternate (rarely a distal pair opposite). Leaf blade reniform to linear, margins entire, crenate, or toothed. Inflorescences terminal or axillary, 2-50-flowered cymes to 25 cm or solitary flowers; bracts present or absent, small or large and leaflike, not forming involucre. Flowers bisexual, radially symmetric; sepals sometimes persistent in fruit, 3-5(-6), green or sometimes purple, yellow, or white, plane (base saccate in R. ficaria), oblong to elliptic, ovate, or lanceolate, 1-15 mm; petals 0-22(-150), distinct, yellow, rarely white, red, or green, plane, linear to orbiculate, 1-26 mm; nectary present, usually covered by scale; stamens (5-)10-many; filaments filiform; staminodes absent between stamens and pistils; pistils 4-250, simple; ovule 1 per ovary; style present or absent. Fruits achenes, rarely utricles, aggregate, sessile, discoid, lenticular, globose, obovoid, or cylindric, sides sometimes veined; beak present or absent, terminal, straight or curved, 0-4.5 mm. x = 7, 8.

<==Ranunculus Linnaeus 1753 A61 [incl. Batrachium H98, Casalea H98]
    |--R. acaulis Banks & Sol. ex DC. 1817 [incl. R. stenopetalus Hook. 1844, R. uniflora Colenso 1898] A61
    |--R. aconitifolius H98
    |--R. acris Rich. 1832 H93, A61
    |--R. adoneus GS99
    |--R. adoxifolius O88
    |--R. alismifolius H93
    |    |--R. a. var. alismifolius [incl. R. alismifolius var. hartwegii, R. alismifolius var. lemmonii] H93
    |    `--R. a. var. alismellus H93
    |--R. alpestris H44
    |--R. amphitrichus Colenso 1885 H90, A61
    |--R. andersonii H93
    |--R. anemoneus H90
    |--R. aquatilus H93
    |    |--R. a. var. aquatilus H93
    |    |--R. a. var. capillaceus [incl. R. aquatilus var. harrisii] H93
    |    |--R. a. var. hispidulus H93
    |    `--R. a. var. subrigidus H93
    |--R. argoviensis H98
    |--R. arvensis BO08
    |--R. aucklandicus Gray 1854 [incl. R. hectori Kirk 1899] A61
    |--R. auricomus Linnaeus 1753 H98
    |--R. × baughanii Petrie 1913 [R. sericophyllus × R. sericophyllus var. simpsonii] A61
    |--R. berggrenii Petrie 1887 A61
    |--R. biternatus Smith in Rees 1814 [incl. R. crassipes Hooker 1847] A61
    |--R. bonariensis H93
    |    |--R. b. var. bonariensis H93
    |    `--R. b. var. trisepalus [incl. R. alveolatus] H93
    |--R. brotherusii O88
    |    |--R. b. var. brotherusii O88
    |    `--R. b. var. tanguticus O88
    |--R. buchananii Hook. f. 1864 [incl. R. buchananii var. latilobus Allan 1935] A61
    |    |--R. b. var. buchananii A61
    |    `--R. b. var. multifidus Allan 1935 A61 [=R. sceleratus var. multifidus H93]
    |--R. bulbosus C55b
    |--R. bullatus PT98
    |--R. cadmicus D30
    |--R. californicus (see below for synonymy) H93
    |--R. canus [incl. R. canus var. laetus, R. canus var. ludovicianus] H93
    |--R. carsei Petrie 1926 A61
    |--R. cassubicifolius H98
    |--R. cassubicus Linnaeus 1753 H98
    |--R. cheesemanii Kirk 1899 a61
    |--R. chilensis D03
    |--R. chius PT98
    |--R. chordorhizos Hook. f. 1867 A61
    |--R. clivalis Allan 1961 [=R. geraniifolius Hook. f. 1852 non Pourr. 1788] A61
    |--R. clivicola H90
    |--R. collinus H90
    |--R. colonorum GK00
    |--R. crithmifolius Hook. f. 1864 A61
    |    |--R. c. ssp. crithmifolius ME70
    |    `--R. c. ssp. paucifolius ME70 [=R. paucicflius Kirk 1899 A61]
    |--R. cymbalaria H93
    |    |--R. c. var. cymbalaria H93
    |    `--R. c. var. saximontanus H93
    |--R. depressus Kirk 1880 [incl. R. depressus var. glabratus Kirk 1899] A61
    |    |--R. d. var. depressus A61
    |    `--R. d. var. stewartiae Simpson & Thomson 1943 A61
    |--R. diffusus O88
    |--R. dissectifolius H90
    |--R. enysii Kirk 1880 [incl. R. tenuis Buchanan 1888] A61
    |--R. eschscholtzii H93
    |    |--R. e. var. eschscholtzii H93
    |    |--R. e. var. oxynotus H93
    |    `--R. e. var. suksdorfii H93
    |--R. falcatus [=Ceratocephalus falcatus] C06
    |--R. fallax H98
    |--R. ferreri GM-C02
    |--R. flabellaris H93
    |--R. ficaria H98
    |--R. flammula [incl. R. flammula var. ovalis, R. flammula var. samolifolius] H93
    |--R. foliosus Kirk 1899 A61
    |--R. garganicus GR98
    |--R. glaberrimus H93
    |    |--R. g. var. glaberrimus H93
    |    `--R. g. var. ellipticus H93
    |--R. glabrifolius Hook. 1834 ME70
    |--R. glacialis C55a
    |--R. godleyanus Hook. f. 1867 A61
    |--R. gormanii H93
    |--R. gracilipes Hook. f. 1864 A61
    |--R. grahamii Petrie 1914 A61
    |--R. graniticola KC83
    |--R. gunnianus H90
    |--R. haastii Hook. f. 1864 [incl. R. scott-thomsonii Simpson & Thomson 1926 (n. n.)] A61
    |--R. hebecarpus H93
    |--R. hirtellus O88
    |--R. hirtus Banks & Sol. ex DC. 1817 ME70 (see below for synonymy)
    |    |--R. h. var. hirtus C06
    |    `--R. h. var. elongatus Cheeseman 1906 C06
    |--R. huttensis Wall 1926 ME70
    |--R. hybridus C55a
    |--R. hydrocharoides H93
    |--R. hydrophilus C06
    |--R. insertus Simpson 1952 A61
    |--R. insignis Hook. f. 1852 (see below for synonymy) A61
    |    |--R. i. var. insignis A61
    |    `--R. i. var. glabratus Allan 1961 non R. depressus var. glabratus Kirk 1899 A61
    |--R. inundatus Br. ex DC. 1817 H90, A61
    |--R. kirkii Petrie 1887 A61
    |--R. kuepferi H98
    |--R. lappaceus Smith 1814 (see below for synonymy) A61
    |--R. limosella Muell. ex Kirk 1871 [incl. R. limoselloides Muell. ex Hook. f. 1867 non Turcz. 1854] A61
    |--R. lingua H98
    |--R. lobatus O88
    |--R. lobbii H93
    |--R. lobulatus (Kirk) Ckn. 1906 [=R. insignis var. lobulatus Kirk 1899] A61
    |--R. lowii P88
    |--R. lyallii Hook. f. 1864 (see below for synonymy) A61
    |--R. macounii H93
    |--R. macranthus MS10
    |--R. macropus Hooker 1844 [incl. R. longipetiolatus Colenso 1893] A61
    |--R. maculatus Ckn. & Allan 1926 A61
    |--R. × matthewsii Cheeseman 1906 [R. buchananii × R. lyallii] A61
    |--R. melzeri H98
    |--R. millanii H90
    |--R. millefoliatus GR98
    |--R. monophyllus H98
    |--R. monroi Hook. f. 1855 A61 [incl. R. monroi var. dentatus Kirk 1895 ME70, R. monroi var. sericeus Kirk 1895 ME70]
    |--R. montanus H98
    |--R. moseleyi C06
    |--R. muelleri Buchanan 1887 H90, A61
    |    |--R. m. var. muelleri H90
    |    `--R. m. var. brevicaulis H90
    |--R. munroanus O88
    |--R. muricatus GK00
    |--R. niphophilus H90
    |--R. nivalis CS77
    |--R. nivicolus Hook. 1844 A61
    |--R. novae-zelandiae Petrie 1887 A61
    |    |--R. n. var. novae-zelandiae A61
    |    `--R. n. var. repens Simpson & Thomson 1942 non R. repens A61
    |--R. obtusatus D03
    |--R. occidentalis (see below for synonymy) H93
    |--R. oreionannos O88
    |--R. orthorhynchus H93
    |    |--R. o. var. orthorhynchus [incl. R. orthorhynchus var. hallii, R. orthorhynchus var. platyphyllus] H93
    |    `--R. o. var. bloomeri H93
    |--R. pachycarpus H90
    |--R. pachyrrhizus Hook. f. 1864 A61
    |--R. paludosus PT98
    |--R. papulentus H90
    |--R. parnassiifolius H98
    |--R. peduncularis D03
    |--R. pegaeus O88
    |--R. penicillatus R02
    |    |--R. p. ssp. penicillatus R02
    |    `--R. p. ssp. pseudofluitans R02
    |--R. pentandrus H90
    |    |--R. p. var. pentandrus H90
    |    `--R. p. var. patycarpus H90
    |--R. petriei Allan 1961 A61
    |--R. philonotis C55a
    |--R. phthora C55a
    |--R. pimpinellifolius Hook. 1834 H90, A61 [=R. lappaceus var. pimpinellifolius (Hook.) Benth. 1863 A61]
    |--R. pinguis Hooker 1844 [incl. R. pinguis var. pilosus Hooker 1844, R. pinguis var. rhombifolius Hooker 1844] A61
    |--R. platanifolius H98
    |--R. plebeius Br. ex DC. 1817 H90, A61 [=R. hirtus ssp. plebeius (Br.) Kirk 1899 A61]
    |--R. polyanthemos H98
    |--R. populago H93
    |--R. porrectus Simpson 1945 A61
    |--R. productus H90
    |--R. pseudopygmaeus O88
    |--R. pulchellus O88
    |    |--R. p. var. pulchellus O88
    |    |--R. p. var. potaninii O88
    |    |--R. p. var. sericeus non R. monroi var. sericeus Kirk 1899 O88
    |    `--R. p. var. stracheyanus O88
    |--R. pumilio H90
    |    |--R. p. var. pumilio H90
    |    `--R. p. var. politus H90
    |--R. pusillus H93
    |--R. pygmaeus C06
    |--R. pyrenaeus C55a
    |--R. recens Kirk 1899 A61
    |    |--R. r. var. recens A61
    |    `--R. r. var. lacustris Simpson 1952 A61
    |--R. recurvatus J87
    |    |--R. r. var. recurvatus J87
    |    `--R. r. var. tropicus J87
    |--R. repens [incl. R. repens var. pleniflorus] H93
    |--R. reptans C55a
    |--R. reticulatus Colenso 1888 (n. d.) A61
    |--R. rivularis Banks & Sol. ex DC. 1817 A61 (see below for synonymy) A61
    |--R. royi Simpson 1952 A61
    |--R. rutaefolius C55a
    |--R. sardous [incl. R. hirsutus] C06
    |--R. scapiger H90
    |--R. sceleratus C06
    |--R. seguieri C55a
    |--R. septentrionalis A16
    |--R. sericophyllus Hook. f. 1864 A61
    |    |--R. s. var. sericophyllus A61
    |    `--R. s. var. simpsonii (Cockayne & Allan) Simpson 1942 [=R. simpsonii Cockayne & Allan 1926] A61
    |--R. sessiliflorus CA26
    |    |--R. s. var. sessiliflorus H90
    |    `--R. s. var. pilulifer H90
    |--R. sinclairii Hook. f. 1864 [incl. R. sinclairii var. angustatus Kirk 1899] A61
    |--R. subscaposus Hook. f. 1844 A61
    |--R. sulphureus CS77
    |--R. ternatifolius Kirk 1878 [incl. R. trilobatus Kirk 1877 non Kit. ex Schlecht. 1820] A61
    |--R. testiculatus [=Ceratocephalus testiculatus] H93
    |--R. thora C55a
    |--R. trichophyllus Chaix ex Vill. 1786 CD07 [=Batrachium trichophyllum H90]
    |    |--R. t. var. trichophyllus O88
    |    `--R. t. var. glaber O88
    |--R. tricuspis O88
    |--R. trilobus H90
    |--R. udicola H98
    |--R. uncinatus [incl. R. uncinatus var. parviflorus] H93
    |    |--R. u. var. uncinatus C06
    |    `--R. ‘parviflorus’ var. australis C06
    |--R. undosus H90
    |--R. urvilleanus Cheeseman 1925 [=R. hirtus var. gracilis Cheeseman 1906] A61
    |--R. verticillatus Kirk 1899 A61
    `--R. villarsii C55a

Ranunculus californicus [incl. R. californicus var. austromontanus, R. californicus var. cuneatus, R. californicus var. gratus, R. californicus var. rugulosus] H93

Ranunculus hirtus Banks & Sol. ex DC. 1817 ME70 [incl. R. hirtus var. membranifolius Kirk 1899 A61, R. hirtus var. robustus Kirk 1899 A61, R. hirtus var. stoloniferus Kirk 1899 A61]

Ranunculus insignis Hook. f. 1852 [incl. R. ruahinicus Colenso 1886, R. rufus Colenso 1896, R. sychnopetala Colenso 1893] A61

Ranunculus lappaceus Smith 1814 [incl. R. subscaposus var. canterburiensis Armstrong 1881, R. lappaceus var. macrophyllus Kirk 1899, R. multiscapus Hooker 1852, R. lappaceus var. multiscapus Hooker 1864, R. muricatulus Colenso 1891, R. nanus Hook. 1834, R. lappaceus var. nanus (Hook.) Kirk 1878, R. lappaceus var. villosus Kirk 1899] A61

Ranunculus lyallii Hook. f. 1864 [incl. R. lyallii var. araneosa Hook. f. 1867, R. traversii Hook. f. 1864, R. lyallii var. traversii (Hook. f.) Cheeseman 1906] A61

Ranunculus occidentalis [incl. R. occidentalis var. dissectus, R. occidentalis var. eisenii, R. occidentalis var. howellii, R. occidentalis var. rattanii, R. occidentalis var. ultramontanus] H93

Ranunculus rivularis Banks & Sol. ex DC. 1817 A61 [incl. R. areolatus Petrie 1891 C06, R. rivularis var. glareosus Ckn. & Allan 1926 A61, R. incisus Hooker 1852 A61, R. inconspicuus Hooker 1855 A61, R. rivularis var. inconspicuus Benth. 1863 A61, R. rivularis var. major Benth. 1863 A61, R. rivularis var. subfluitans Benth. 1863 A61]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

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[A61] Allan, H. H. 1961. Flora of New Zealand vol. 1. Indigenous Tracheophyta: Psilopsida, Lycopsida, Filicopsida, Gymnospermae, Dicotyledones. R. E. Owen, Government Printer: Wellington (New Zealand).

[BO08] Bönsel, D., I. Ottich, A. Malten & G. Zizka. 2008. An updated list of the vascular plants of Frankfurt am Main (Pteridophyta & Spermatophyta). Senckenbergiana Biologica 88 (1): 111–121.

[C55a] Candolle, A. de. 1855a. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 1. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[C55b] Candolle, A. de. 1855b. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 2. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[CD07] Cantino, P. D., J. A. Doyle, S. W. Graham, W. S. Judd, R. G. Olmstead, D. E. Soltis, P. S. Soltis & M. J. Donoghue. 2007. Towards a phylogenetic nomenclature of Tracheophyta. Taxon 56 (3): E1–E44.

[C06] Cheeseman, T. F. 1906. Manual of the New Zealand Flora. John Mackay, Government Printer: Wellington.

[CA26] Cockayne, L., & H. H. Allan. 1926. Notes on New Zealand floristic botany, including descriptions of new species, &c. (No. 5). Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 48–72.

[CS77] Cramp, S., & K. E. L. Simmons (eds) 1977. Handbook of the Birds of Europe, the Middle East and North Africa: The Birds of the Western Palaearctic vol. 1. Ostrich to Ducks. Oxford University Press: Oxford.

[D30] Druce, G. C. 1930. Account of a botanical tour in Cyprus. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of London 141: 50–52.

[D03] Dusén, P. 1903. The vegetation of western Patagonia. In: Scott, W. B. (ed.) Reports of the Princeton University Expeditions to Patagonia, 1896–1899 vol. 8. Botany pp. 1–34. The University: Princeton (New Jersey).

[GS99] Galen, C., & M. L. Stanton. 1999. Seedling establishment in alpine buttercups under experimental manipulations of growing-season length. Ecology 80: 2033–2044.

[GK00] Gibson, N., & G. J. Keighery. 2000. Flora and vegetation of the Byenup-Muir reserve system, south-west Western Australia. CALMScience 3 (3): 323–402.

[GM-C02] Gomez, B., C. Martín-Closas, G. Barale, N. Solé de Porta, F. Thévenard & G. Guignard. 2002. Frenelopsis (Coniferales: Cheirolepidiaceae) and related male organ genera from the Lower Cretaceous of Spain. Palaeontology 45 (5): 997–1036.

[GR98] Greuter, W., & T. Raus (eds). 1998. Med-Checklist Notulae, 17. Willdenowia 28: 163–174.

[H44] Hammer, M. 1944. Studies on the oribatids and collemboles of Greenland. Meddelelser om Grønland 141 (3): 1–210.

[H90] Harden, G. J. (ed.) 1990. Flora of New South Wales vol. 1. New South Wales University Press.

[H93] Hickman, J. C. (ed.) 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press: Berkeley (California).

[H98] Hörandl, E. 1998. Species concepts in agamic complexes: applications in the Ranunculus auricomus complex and general perspectives. Folia Geobotanica 33: 335–348.

[J87] Judd, W. S. 1987. Floristic study of Morne La Visite and Pic Macaya National Parks, Haiti. Bulletin of the Florida State Museum—Biological Sciences 32 (1): 1–136.

[KC83] Körner, C., & P. Cochrane. 1983. Influence of plant physiognomy on leaf temperature on clear midsummer days in the Snowy Mountains, south-eastern Australia. Acta Œcologica Œcologiae Plantae 4 (2): 117–124.

[ME70] Moore, L. B., & E. Edgar. 1970. Flora of New Zealand vol. 2. Indigenous Tracheophyta: Monocotyledones except Gramineae. A. R. Shearer, Government Printer: Wellington (New Zealand).

[MS10] Moore, M. J., P. S. Soltis, C. D. Bell, J. G. Burleigh & D. E. Soltis. 2010. Phylogenetic analysis of 83 plastid genes further resolves the early diversification of eudicots. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 107 (10): 4623–4628.

[O88] Ohba, H. 1988. The alpine flora of the Nepal Himalayas: an introductory note. In: Ohba, H., & S. B. Malla (eds) The Himalayan Plants vol. 1. The University Museum, University of Tokyo, Bulletin 31: 19–46.

[PT98] Panitsa, M., & D. Tzanoudakis. 1998. Contribution to the study of the Greek flora: flora and vegetation of the E Aegean islands Agathonisi and Pharmakonisi. Willdenowia 28: 95–116.

[P88] Polunin, I. 1988. Plants and Flowers of Malaysia. Times Editions: Singapore.

Last updated: 4 January 2022.