Neosuchia

Spectacled caiman Caiman crocodilus, copyright Berrucomons.

Belongs within: Metasuchia.
Contains: Thalattosuchia, Pholidosauridae, Crocodylidae.

The Neosuchia are a clade of crocodylomorphs that has been defined as including all taxa closer to Crocodylus niloticus than to Notosuchus terrestris. This clade includes all living crocodilians.

<==Neosuchia [Metamesosuchia] SF03
    |  i. s.: Susisuchus Salisbury, Frey et al. 2003 [Susisuchidae] SF03
    |           `--*S. anatoceps Salisbury, Frey et al. 2003 SF03
    |         Brillanceausuchus Michard et al. 1990 SF03, LB02
    |           `--B. babouriensis SF03
    |         Gilchristosuchus palatinus SF03
    |--Atoposauridae GPS06
    |    |--Theriosuchus pusillus GPS06
    |    |--Montsechosuchus depereti [=Alligatorium depereti] BC88
    |    `--Alligatorium [incl. Alligatorellus, Atoposaurus] BC88
    |         `--A. meyeri BC88
    `--+--+--Thalattosuchia GPS06
       |  `--Pholidosauridae GPS06
       `--+--Goniopholidae GPS06
          |    |--Sunosuchus SL01
          |    |--Eutretauranosuchus delfsi GPS06
          |    `--Goniopholis CRA04
          |         |--G. gracilidens [=Nannosuchus gracilidens] BC88
          |         `--G. paulistanus Roxo 1936 CRA04
          `--+--Shamosuchus Mook 1924 BC88, SF03 [incl. Paralligator BC88]
             |--Bernissartia Dollo 1885 GPS06, N85
             |    `--B. fagesii Dollo 1883 SF03
             `--Eusuchia GPS06
                  |--Borealosuchus formidabilis GPS06
                  |--Leidyosuchus BC88
                  |--Hylaeochampsa Owen 1874 GPS06, BC88
                  |    `--H. vectiana GPS06
                  |--Stomatosuchus Stromer 1925 [Stomatosuchidae] BC88
                  |    `--S. inermis SF03
                  `--Crocodylia BC88
                       |  i. s.: Diplocynodon RB05
                       |           |--D. darwini RRO00
                       |           |--D. hantoniensis RRO00
                       |           `--D. styriacus RB05
                       |         Pallimnarchus pollens F71
                       |         Rimasuchus Storrs 2003 LA04
                       |           `--*R. lloydi (Fourtau 1918) [=Crocodylus lloydi] LA04
                       |--+--Gavialidae AS09
                       |  |    |--Gavialis gangeticus GPS06
                       |  |    `--Tomistoma Müller 1846 AS09, LA04 [Tomistominae]
                       |  |         |--T. coppensi Pickford 1994 LA04
                       |  |         |--T. dowsoni Fourtau 1918 LA04
                       |  |         |--T. lusitanica Antunes 1967 LA04
                       |  |         `--T. schlegelii USDI77
                       |  `--Eosuchus lerichei GPS06
                       `--+--+--Crocodylidae GPS06
                          |  `--Osteolaemus tetraspis BC88, USDI77
                          |       |--O. t. tetraspis USDI77
                          |       `--O. t. osborni USDI77
                          `--Alligatoroidea D07
                               |  i. s.: Deinosuchus Colbert & Bird 1958 D07 [incl. Phobosuchus N85]
                               |           |--D. hatchery D07
                               |           |--D. riograndensis D07
                               |           `--D. rugosus D07
                               `--Alligatorinae ML14
                                    |--Navajosuchus mooki ML14
                                    `--+--+--Stangerochampsa mccabei AS09
                                       |  `--Alligator GPS06
                                       |       |--A. mississippiensis Daudin 1801 NS10
                                       |       `--A. sinensis SF03
                                       `--+--Paleosuchus BC88
                                          |    |--P. palpebrosus DS86
                                          |    `--P. trigonatus DS86
                                          `--Caiman BC88
                                               |  i. s.: C. sclerops GWN71
                                               |         C. yacare USDI77
                                               |--C. latirostris BC88
                                               `--+--C. crocodilus BC88
                                                  |    |--C. c. crocodilus B81
                                                  |    |--C. c. apaporiensis USDI77
                                                  |    `--C. c. fuscus B81
                                                  `--Melanosuchus niger BC88, DS86

Inorganic: Caiman crocodilus protominilorientalus Okamura 1987 O87

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[AS09] Alfaro, M. E., F. Santini, C. Brock, H. Alamillo, A. Dornburg, D. L. Rabosky, G. Carnevale & L. J. Harmon. 2009. Nine exceptional radiations plus high turnover explain species diversity in jawed vertebrates. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 106 (32): 13410–13414.

[BC88] Benton, M. J., & J. M. Clark. 1988. Archosaur phylogeny and the relationships of the Crocodylia. In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Phylogeny and Classification of the Tetrapods vol. 1. Amphibians, Reptiles, Birds pp. 295–338. Clarendon Press: Oxford.

[B81] Brooks, D. R. 1981. Hennig's parasitological method: a proposed solution. Systematic Zoology 30 (3): 229–249.

[CRA04] Carvalho, I. de S., L. C. B. Ribeiro & L. dos S. Avilla. 2004. Uberabasuchus terrificus sp. nov., a new Crocodylomorpha from the Bauru Basin (Upper Cretaceous), Brazil. Gondwana Research 7 (4): 975–1002.

[D07] Dixon, D. 2007. The Complete Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs & Prehistoric Creatures. Hermes House: London.

[DS86] Dixon, J. R., & P. Soini. 1986. The Reptiles of the Upper Amazon Basin, Iquitos Region, Peru. Milwaukee Public Museum: Milwaukee.

[F71] Fletcher, H. O. 1971. Catalogue of type specimens of fossils in the Australian Museum, Sydney. Australian Museum Memoir 13: 1–167.

[GPS06] Gasparini, Z., D. Pol & L. A. Spalletti. 2006. An unusual marine crocodyliform from the Jurassic–Cretaceous boundary of Patagonia. Science 311: 70–73.

[GWN71] Gorman, G. C., A. C. Wilson & M. Nakanishi. 1971. A biochemical approach towards the study of reptilian phylogeny: evolution of serum albumin and lactic dehydrogenase. Systematic Zoology 20 (2): 167–185.

[LB02] Lapparent de Broin, F. de. 2002. Elosuchus, a new genus of crocodile from the Lower Cretaceous of the north of Africa. Comptes Rendus Palevol 1: 275–285.

[LA04] Llinás Agrasar, E. 2004. Crocodile remains from the Burdigalian (lower Miocene) of Gebel Zelten (Libya). Geodiversitas 26 (2): 309–321.

[ML14] Mitchell, K. J., B. Llamas, J. Soubrier, N. J. Rawlence, T. H. Worthy, J. Wood, M. S. Y. Lee & A. Cooper. 2014. Ancient DNA reveals elephant birds and kiwi are sister taxa and clarifies ratite bird evolution. Science 344 (6186): 898–900.

[NS10] Nesbitt, S. J., C. A. Sidor, R. B. Irmis, K. D. Angielczyk, R. M. H. Smith & L. A. Tsuji. 2010. Ecologically distinct dinosaurian sister group shows early diversification of Ornithodira. Nature 464: 95–98.

[N85] Norman, D. 1985 (reprinted 2000). The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs. Salamander Books: London.

[O87] Okamura, C. 1987. New facts: Homo and all Vertebrata were born simultaneously in the former Paleozoic in Japan. Original Report of the Okamura Fossil Laboratory 15: 347–573.

[RB05] Rage, J.-C., & S. Bailon. 2005. Amphibians and squamate reptiles from the late early Miocene (MN 4) of Béon 1 (Montréal-du-Gers, southwestern France). Geodiversitas 27 (3): 413–441.

[RRO00] Rossmann, T., M. Rauhe & F. Ortega. 2000. Studies on Cenozoic crocodiles: 8. Bergisuchus dietrichbergi Kuhn (Sebecosuchia: Bergisuchidae n. fam.) from the Middle Eocene of Germany, some new systematic and biological conclusions. Paläontologische Zeitschrift 74: 379–392.

[SF03] Salisbury, S. W., E. Frey, D. M. Martill & M. C. Buchy. 2003. A new crocodilian from the Lower Cretaceous Crato Formatioin of north-eastern Brazil. Palaeontographica Abteilung A: Paläozoologie—Stratigraphie 270: 3-47.

[SL01] Sereno, P. C., H. C. E. Larsson, C. A. Sidor & B. Gado. 2001. The giant crocodyliform Sarcosuchus from the Cretaceous of Africa. Science 294: 1516–1519.

[USDI77] USDI (United States Department of the Interior). 1977. Endangered and threatened wildlife and plants—republication of list of species. Federal Register 42: 36420–36431.

Anchisauria

Reconstruction of Melanorosaurus readi, copyright Steveoc 86.

Belongs within: Sauropodomorpha.

The Anchisauria is a clade of prosauropods defined by Galton & Upchurch (2004) as the smallest clade including Anchisaurus and Melanorosaurus.

Characters (from Galton & Upchurch 2004): Length of prefrontal subequal to that of frontal; frontal excluded from margin of supratemporal fossa; at least five teeth present on premaxilla; ratio of forelimb length to hindlimb length greater than 0.60; pubis with pubic foramen completely visible in cranial view; femoral shaft straight in cranial or caudal view; femoral fourth trochanter displaced to caudomedial margin of shaft; proximal end of metatarsal II hourglass-shaped.

<==Anchisauria GU04
    |--Anchisauridae GU04
    |    |--Ammosaurus Marsh 1891 GU04
    |    |    `--A. major (Marsh 1889) [=Anchisaurus major; incl. An. solus Marsh 1892] GU04
    |    `--Anchisaurus Marsh 1885 GU04 (see below for synonymy)
    |         `--*A. polyzelus (Hitchcock 1865) Y03 (see below for synonymy)
    `--Melanorosauridae GU04
         |--Riojasaurus Bonaparte 1969 GU04
         |    `--R. incertus Bonaparte 1969 GU04
         `--+--Melanorosaurus Haughton 1924 GU04
            |    |--M. readi Haughton 1924 GU04
            |    `--M. thabanensis Gauffre 1993 GU04
            `--+--Camelotia Galton 1985 GU04
               |    `--C. borealis Galton 1985 GU04
               `--Lessemsaurus Bonaparte 1999 GU04
                    `--L. sauropoides Bonaparte 1999 GU04

Anchisaurus Marsh 1885 [=Amphisaurus Marsh 1882 (preoc.), Megadactylus Hitchcock 1865 (preoc.), Yaleosaurus Huene 1932] GU04

*Anchisaurus polyzelus (Hitchcock 1865) Y03 [=Megadactylus polyzelus GU04; incl. A. colurus Marsh 1891 GU04, Yaleosaurus colurus N85]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[GU04] Galton, P. M., & P. Upchurch. 2004. Prosauropoda. In: Weishampel, D. B., P. Dodson & H. Osmólska (eds) The Dinosauria 2^nd ed. pp. 232–258. University of California Press: Berkeley.

[N85] Norman, D. 1985 (reprinted 2000). The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs. Salamander Books: London.

[Y03] Yates, A. M. 2003. A new species of the primitive dinosaur Thecodontosaurus (Saurischia: Sauropodomorpha) and its implications for the systematics of early dinosaurs. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 1: 1–42.

Camarasauromorpha

Camarasaurus lentus, from here.

Belongs within: Neosauropoda.
Contains: Titanosauria.

The Camarasauromorpha are a clade of sauropod dinosaurs that have been defined as the smallest clade containing Camarasaurus and Saltasaurus (Upchurch et al. 2004). Camarasaurus is the most common sauropod in the Late Jurassic Morrison Formation of North America; it possessed an arched skull and blunt snout.

Characters (from Upchurch et al. 2004): Premaxillary ascending process directed dorsally over most of its length; rostral end of splenial reaching mandibular symphysis; pleurocoels in cranial dorsal centra having acute caudal ends; metacarpal I longer than metacarpal IV; length of longest metacarpal at least 40% radius length.

<==Camarasauromorpha
    |  i. s.: Chondrosteosaurus gigas Owen 1876 (n. d.) N10, UBD04
    |         Oplosaurus Gervais 1852 N10, UBD04
    |           `--O. armatus Gervais 1852 [=Hoplosaurus armatus] UBD04
    |--Lourinhasaurus Dantas, Sanz et al. 1998 R-TCA06, UBD04
    |    `--L. alenquerensis (Lapparent & Zbyszewski 1957) (see below for synonymy) UBD04
    |--Klamelisaurinae D07
    |    |--Bellusaurus Dong 1990 R-TCA06, UBD04
    |    |    `--B. sui Dong 1990 UBD04
    |    `--Klamelisaurus Zhao 1993 D07
    |         `--K. gobiensis Zhao 1993 UBD04
    |--Camarasaurus Cope 1877 (see below for synonymy) UBD04
    |    |--‘Morosaurus’ agilis Marsh 1889 UBD04
    |    |--C. grandis (Marsh 1877) (see below for synonymy) UBD04
    |    |--C. lentus (Marsh 1889) UBD04 (see below for synonymy)
    |    |--C. lewisi (Jensen 1988) [=Cathetosaurus lewisi] UBD04
    |    |--C. supremus Cope 1877 (see below for synonymy) UBD04
    |    `--‘Apatosaurus’ yahnahpin [=Eobrontosaurus yahnahpin] UBD04
    `--Titanosauriformes SL01
         |  i. s.: Lapparentosaurus Bonaparte 1986 UBD04
         |           `--L. madagascariensis Bonaparte 1986 UBD04
         |         Amazonsaurus RR05
         |         Tehuelchesaurus Rich, Vickers-Rich et al. 1999 RR05, UBD04
         |           `--T. benitezii Rich, Vickers-Rich et al. 1999 UBD04
         |--Titanosauria SL01
         `--Brachiosauridae UBD04
              |  i. s.: Pleurocoelus Marsh 1888 N10, UBD04 [Pleurocoelidae]
              |           |--P. altus Marsh 1888 UBD04
              |           |--P. nanus Marsh 1888 UBD04
              |           `--P. valdensis Ludekker 1889 (n. d.) UBD04
              |         Pelorosaurus Mantell 1850 N10, UBD04
              |           |--P. becklesii Mantell 1852 UBD04
              |           `--P. conybearei Mantell 1850 [=Cetiosaurus conybeari] UBD04
              |         Astrodon (n. d.) [Astrodontidae] N85
              |           `--A. johnstoni Leidy 1865 (n. d.) UBD04
              |         Eucamerotus foxi Blows 1995 N10, UBD04
              |         Sauroposeidon Wedel, Cifelli & Sanders 2000 UBD04
              |           `--S. proteles Wedel, Cifelli & Sanders 2000 UBD04
              |         Dystylosaurus Jensen 1985 UBD04
              |           `--D. edwini Jensen 1985 UBD04
              |         ‘Cetiosaurus’ humerocristatus Hulke 1874 UBD04
              |         Cedarosaurus Tidwell, Carpenter & Brooks 1999 UBD04
              |           `--C. weiskopfae Tidwell, Carpenter & Brooks 1999 UBD04
              |--Bothriospondylus Owen 1875 WS98, D07
              |    |--B. elongatus Owen 1875 (n. d.) UBD04
              |    |--B. madagascariensis Lydekker 1895 (n. d.) UBD04
              |    |--B. magnus Owen 1875 (n. d.) UBD04
              |    |--B. robustus Owen 1875 (n. d.) UBD04
              |    `--B. suffosus Owen 1875 (n. d.) UBD04
              `--+--Ornithopsis Seeley 1870 WS98, UBD04
                 |    |--O. eucamerotus Hulke 1882 (n. d.) UBD04
                 |    |--O. greppini Huene 1922 (n. d.) UBD04
                 |    |--O. hulkei Seeley 1870 UBD04
                 |    `--O. leedsi Hulke 1887 (n. d.) UBD04
                 `--Brachiosaurus Riggs 1903 WS98, UBD04 (see below for synonymy)
                      |--B. altithorax Riggs 1903 [=Giraffatitan altithorax] UBD04
                      |--B. atalaiensis Lapparent & Zbyszewski 1957 UBD04 [=Lusotitan atalaiensis D07]
                      |--B. brancai Janensch 1914 UBD04 [=Giraffatitan brancai N10; incl. B. fraasi Janensch 1914 UBD04]
                      `--B. nougaredi Lapparent 1960 UBD04

Brachiosaurus Riggs 1903 WS98, UBD04 [incl. Giraffatitan Paul 1988 UBD04, Lusotitan Teles, Antunes & Mateus 2003 D07; Brachiosaurinae]

Camarasaurus Cope 1877 [incl. Cathetosaurus Jensen 1988, Caulodon Cope 1877, Eobrontosaurus Bakker 1998, Morosaurus Marsh 1878, Uintasaurus Holland 1919; Camarasaurinae, Morosauridae] UBD04

Camarasaurus grandis (Marsh 1877) [=Apatosaurus grandis; incl. Morosaurus impar Marsh 1878, Pleurocoelus montanus Marsh 1896, M. robustus Marsh 1878] UBD04

Camarasaurus lentus (Marsh 1889) UBD04 [=Morosaurus lentus UBD04; incl. C. annae Ellinger 1950 UBD04, *Uintasaurus douglassi Holland 1919 N85, UBD04]

Camarasaurus supremus Cope 1877 [incl. Caulodon diversidens Cope 1877, Amphicoelias latus Cope 1877, Camarasaurus leptodirus Cope 1879, Caulodon leptoganus Cope 1878] UBD04

Lourinhasaurus alenquerensis (Lapparent & Zbyszewski 1957) [=Apatosaurus alenquerensis, Atlantosaurus alequerensis, Camarasaurus alequerensis] UBD04

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[D07] Dixon, D. 2007. The Complete Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs & Prehistoric Creatures. Hermes House: London.

[N10] Naish, D. 2010. Tetrapod Zoology: Book One. CFZ Press: Bideford (UK).

[N85] Norman, D. 1985 (reprinted 2000). The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs. Salamander Books: London.

[RR05] Rauhut, O. W. M., K. Remes, R. Fechner, G. Cladera & P. Puerta. 2005. Discovery of a short-necked sauropod dinosaur from the Late Jurassic period of Patagonia. Nature 435: 670–672.

[R-TCA06] Royo-Torres, R., A. Cobos & L. Alcalá. 2006. A giant European dinosaur and a new sauropod clade. Science 314: 1925–1927.

[SL01] Smith, J. B., M. C. Lamanna, K. J. Lacovara, P. Dodson, J. R. Smith, J. C. Poole, R. Giegengack & Y. Attia. 2001. A giant sauropod dinosaur from an Upper Cretaceous mangrove deposit in Egypt. Science 292: 1704–1706.

[UBD04] Upchurch, P., P. M. Barrett & P. Dodson. 2004. Sauropoda. In: Weishampel, D. B., P. Dodson & H. Osmólska (eds) The Dinosauria 2^nd ed. pp. 259–322. University of California Press: Berkeley.

[WS98] Wilson, J. A. & P. C. Sereno. 1998. Early evolution and higher-level phylogeny of sauropod dinosaurs. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 18 (2 Suppl.): 1–68.

Last updated: 6 August 2017.

Titanosauria

Femora of Antarctosaurus wichmannianus, copyright Beatrice Murch.

Belongs within: Camarasauromorpha.
Contains: Eutitanosauria.

The Titanosauria are a clade of sauropods that has been defined as all taxa closer to Saltasaurus than Brachiosaurus. Members of this clade are characterised by a prominent caudolateral expansion of the caudal end of the sternal plate, and an extremely robust radius and ulna with the radius proximal width at least 33% of its length (Upchurch et al. 2004). Many titanosaurs, placed in the clade Lithostrotia, possessed a dorsal armour of scattered dermal osteoderms.

<==Titanosauria [Titanosauridae, Titanosaurinae, Titanosauroidea]
    |--Andesaurus Calvo & Bonaparte 1991 WU03, UBD04 [Andesauridae]
    |    `--A. delgadoi Calvo & Bonaparte 1991 UBD04
    |--Phuwiangosaurus Martin, Buffetaut & Suteethorn 1994 UBD04
    |    `--P. sirindhornae Martin, Buffetaut & Suteethorn 1994 UBD04
    `--+--Austrosaurus Longman 1933 UBD04
       |    `--A. mckillopi Longman 1933 UBD04
       `--Lithostrotia WU03
            |  i. s.: Epachthosaurus Powell 1990 WU03, UBD04
            |           `--E. sciuttoi Powell 1990 UBD04
            |         Aeolosaurus Poell 1987 UBD04
            |           `--A. rionegrinus Powell 1987 UBD04
            |         Ampelosaurus Le Loeuff 1995 UBD04
            |           `--A. atacis Le Loeuff 1995 UBD04
            |         Jainosaurus Hunt, Lockley et al. 1994 UBD04
            |           `--J. septentrionalis (Huene & Matley 1933) [=Antarctosaurus septentrionalis] UBD04
            |         Jiangshanosaurus Tang, Kang et al. 2001 UBD04
            |           `--J. lixianensis Tang, Kang et al. 2001 UBD04
            |         Laplatasaurus Huene 1929 UBD04
            |           `--L. araukanicus Huene 1929 [=Titanosaurus araukanicus] WU03
            |         Magyarosaurus Huene 1932 UBD04
            |           `--M. dacus (Nopcsa 1915) (see below for synonymy) UBD04
            |         Paralititan Smith, Lamanna et al. 2001 SL01
            |           `--*P. stromeri Smith, Lamanna et al. 2001 SL01
            |         Rocasaurus Salgado & Azpilicueta 2000 UBD04
            |           `--R. muniozi Salgado & Azpilicueta 2000 UBD04
            |         Titanosaurus Lydekker 1877 WU03
            |           |--*T. indicus Lydekker 1877 (n. d.) WU03
            |           |--T. blanfordi Lydekker 1879 (n. d.) WU03
            |           |--T. falloti Hoffet 1942 (n. d.) [=Tangvayosaurus falloti] WU03
            |           |--T. madagascariensis Depéret 1896 (n. d.) [=Laplatasaurus madagascariensis] WU03
            |           `--T. rahioliensis Mathur & Srivastava 1987 (n. d.) WU03
            |--+--Gondwanatitan Kellner & de Azevedo 1999 UBD04
            |  |    `--G. faustoi Kellner & de Azevedo 1999 UBD04
            |  `--+--Eutitanosauria WU03
            |     `--Isisaurus Wilson & Upchurchu 2003 WU03
            |          `--*I. colberti (Jain & Bandyopadhyay 1997) [=Titanosaurus colberti] WU03
            `--+--Antarctosaurus Huene 1929 CRF01, WU03
               |    |--*A. wichmannianus Huene 1929 WU03, UBD04
               |    |--A. brasiliensis Arid & Vizotto 1971 (n. d.) UBD04
               |    |--A. giganteus Huene 1929 (n. d.) UBD04
               |    `--A. jaxartensis Riabinin 1939 (n. d.) UBD04
               `--+--Malawisaurus Jacobs, Winkler et al. 1993 UBD04
                  |    `--M. dixeyi (Haughton 1928) [=Gigantosaurus dixeyi] UBD04
                  `--Nemegtosauridae UBD04
                       |--Quaesitosaurus Kurzanov & Bannikov 1983 CRF01, UBD04
                       |    `--Q. orientalis Kurzanov & Bannikov 1983 UBD04
                       `--+--Rapetosaurus Curry Rogers & Forster 2001 CRF01
                          |    `--*R. krausei Curry Rogers & Forster 2001 CRF01
                          `--Nemegtosaurus Nowinski 1971 CRF01, UBD04
                               |--N. mongoliensis Nowinski 1971 UBD04
                               `--N. pachi Dong 1977 (n. d.) UBD04

Titanosauria incertae sedis:
  Aegyptosaurus Stromer 1932 UBD04
    `--A. baharijensis Stromer 1932 UBD04
  Aepysaurus elephantinus Gervais 1853 (n. d.) N85, UBD04
  Algoasaurus bauri Broom 1904 (n. d.) N85, UBD04
  Campylodoniscus Kuhn 1961 (n. d.) N85, UBD04
    `--*C. ameghinoi (Huene 1929) [=Campylodon ameghinoi] UBD04
  Macrurosaurus semnus Seeley 1869 (n. d.) N85, UBD04
  Tangvayosaurus Allain, Taquet et al. 1999 UBD04
    `--T. hoffeti Allain, Taquet et al. 1999 UBD04
  Iuticosaurus Le Loeuff 1993 (n. d.) WU03
    |--*I. valdensis (Huene 1929) (n. d.) [=Titanosaurus valdensis] UBD04
    `--I. lydekkeri (Huene 1929) (n. d.) [=Titanosaurus lydekkeri] WU03
  Hypselosaurus Matheron 1869 D07
    `--H. priscus Matheron 1869 (n. d.) APS03
  Argentinosaurus Bonaparte & Coria 1993 UBD04
    `--A. huinculensis Bonaparte & Coria 1993 UBD04
  Chubutisaurus Corro 1974 UBD04
    `--C. insignis Corro 1974 UBD04
  Mongolosaurus haplodon Gilmore 1933 (n. d.) WS98, UBD04
  Agustinia Bonaparte 1999 UBD04
    `--A. ligabuei Bonaparte 1999 UBD04
  Huabeisaurus Pang & Cheng 2000 UBD04
    `--H. allocotus Pang & Cheng 2000 UBD04
  Janenschia Wild 1991 UBD04
    `--J. robusta (Fraas 1908) [=Gigantosaurus robustus, Tornieria robustus] UBD04
  Venenosaurus Tidwell, Carpenter & Meyer 2001 UBD04
    `--V. dicrocei Tidwell, Carpenter & Meyer 2001 UBD04
  Bruhathkayosaurus Yadagiri & Ayyasami 1989 D07
    `--B. matleyi Yadagiri & Ayyasami 1987 (n. d.) UBD04
  Bonitasaura Apesteguia 2004 D07
    `--B. salgadoi D07

Magyarosaurus dacus (Nopcsa 1915) [=Titanosaurus dacus; incl. M. hungaricus Huene 1932, M. transsylvanicus Huene 1932] UBD04

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[APS03] Allain, R., & X. Pereda Suberbiola. 2003. Dinosaurs of France. Comptes Rendus Palevol 2 (1): 27–44.

[CRF01] Curry Rogers, K., & C. A. Forster. 2001. The last of the dinosaur titans: A new sauropod from Madagascar. Nature 412: 530–534.

[D07] Dixon, D. 2007. The Complete Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs & Prehistoric Creatures. Hermes House: London.

[N85] Norman, D. 1985 (reprinted 2000). The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs. Salamander Books: London.

[SL01] Smith, J. B., M. C. Lamanna, K. J. Lacovara, P. Dodson, J. R. Smith, J. C. Poole, R. Giegengack & Y. Attia. 2001. A giant sauropod dinosaur from an Upper Cretaceous mangrove deposit in Egypt. Science 292: 1704–1706.

[UBD04] Upchurch, P., P. M. Barrett & P. Dodson. 2004. Sauropoda. In: Weishampel, D. B., P. Dodson & H. Osmólska (eds) The Dinosauria 2^nd ed. pp. 259–322. University of California Press: Berkeley.

[WS98] Wilson, J. A. & P. C. Sereno. 1998. Early evolution and higher-level phylogeny of sauropod dinosaurs. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 18 (2 Suppl.): 1–68.

[WU03] Wilson, J. A., & P. Upchurch. 2003. A revision of Titanosaurus Lydekker (Dinosauria—Sauropoda), the first dinosaur genus with a ‘Gondwanan’ distribution. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 1 (3): 125–160.

Last updated: 6 August 2017.

Genasauria

Skeletal reconstruction of Agilisaurus louderbacki, copyright Jaime A. Headden.

Belongs within: Dinosauria.
Contains: Stegosauria, Ankylosauria, Ornithopoda, Pachycephalosauria, Ceratopsia.

The Genasauria are a major clade of herbivorous dinosaurs that have been defined as uniting the Thyreophora (armoured dinosaurs), Ornithopoda and Marginocephalia (pachycephalosaurs and ceratopsians). All Ornithischia surviving after the early Jurassic are members of this clade. Basal genasaurs include Lesothosaurus diagnosticus, a lightly built bipedal species about two metres in length from the early Jurassic of southern Africa.

Synapomorphies (from Butler et al. 2007): Metacarpals with proximal ends not block-like; manual phalanges/metacarpals with at least some extensor pits on dorsal surface of distal end absent or poorly developed; manual unguals not strongly recurved, without prominent flexor tubercle; brevis shelf and fossa with fossa facing ventrolaterally, visible in lateral view along entire length, creating deep postacetabular portion.

<==Genasauria BSN07
    |--+--Lesothosaurus Galton 1978 ZY09, NWW04a
    |  |    `--L. diagnosticus Galton 1978 NWW04a
    |  `--Thyreophora NWW04b
    |       |  i. s.: Tatisaurus Simmons 1965 NWW04b
    |       |           `--T. oehleri Simmons 1965 [=Scelidosaurus oehleri] NWW04b
    |       |         Bienosaurus Dong 2001 NWW04b
    |       |           `--B. lufengensis Dong 2001 NWW04b
    |       |         Lusitanosaurus de Lappaarent & Zbyszewski 1957 NWA04b, D07
    |       |           `--L. liasicus Lapparent & Zbyszewski 1957 (n. d.) NWW04b
    |       |--Laquintasaura venezuelae BNB17
    |       |--Scutellosaurus Colbert 1981 NWW04b
    |       |    `--S. lawleri Colbert 1981 NWW04b
    |       `--+--Emausaurus Haubold 1991 NWW04b
    |          |    `--E. ernsti Haubold 1991 NWW04b
    |          `--+--Scelidosaurus Owen 1860 NWW04b
    |             |    `--S. harrisonii Owen 1861 NWW04b
    |             `--Eurypoda [Thyreophoroidea] NWW04b
    |                  |--Stegosauria NWW04b
    |                  `--Ankylosauria NWW04b
    `--Neornithischia [Euornithopoda] BSN07
         |  i. s.: Atlascopcosaurus Rich & Rich 1989 NS04
         |           `--A. loadsi Rich & Rich 1989 NS04
         |         Gongbusaurus NS04
         |           |--G. shiyii Dong, Zhou & Zhang 1983 (n. d.) NWW04a
         |           `--G. wucaiwanensis Dong 1989 NS04
         |         Notohypsilophodon Martínez 1998 NS04
         |           `--N. comodorensis Martínez 1998 NS04
         |         Qantassaurus Rich & Vickers-Rich 1999 NS04
         |           `--Q. intrepidus Rich & Vickers-Rich 1999 NS04
         |         Yandusaurus He 1979 NS04
         |           `--Y. hongheensis He 1979 NS04
         |--Stormbergia dangershoeki BSN07
         `--+--Agilisaurus Peng 1990 BSN07, NS04
            |    |--A. louderbacki Peng 1990 NS04
            |    `--A. multidens (He & Cai 1983) [=Yandusaurus multidens] NS04
            `--+--Hexinlusaurus multidens BSN07
               `--+--Othnielosaurus celer BSN07
                  `--Cerapoda BSN07
                       |--Ornithopoda BSN07
                       `--Marginocephalia BSN07
                            |--Pachycephalosauria BSN07
                            `--Ceratopsia BSN07

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BNB17] Baron, M. G., D. B. Norman & P. M. Barrett. 2017. A new hypothesis of dinosaur relationships and early dinosaur evolution. Nature 543: 501–506.

[BSN07] Butler, R. J., R. M. H. Smith & D. B. Norman. 2007. A primitive ornithischian dinosaur from the Late Triassic of South Africa, and the early evolution and diversification of Ornithischia. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B—Biological Sciences 274 (1621): 2041–2046.

[D07] Dixon, D. 2007. The Complete Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs & Prehistoric Creatures. Hermes House: London.

[NS04] Norman, D. B., H.-D. Sues, L. M. Witmer & R. A. Coria. 2004. Basal Ornithopoda. In: Weishampel, D. B., P. Dodson & H. Osmólska (eds) The Dinosauria 2^nd ed. pp. 393–412. University of California Press: Berkeley.

[NWW04a] Norman, D. B., L. M. Witmer & D. B. Weishampel. 2004a. Basal Ornithischia. In: Weishampel, D. B., P. Dodson & H. Osmólska (eds) The Dinosauria 2^nd ed. pp. 325–334. University of California Press: Berkeley.

[NWW04b] Norman, D. B., L. M. Witmer & D. B. Weishampel. 2004b. Basal Thyreophora. In: Weishampel, D. B., P. Dodson & H. Osmólska (eds) The Dinosauria 2^nd ed. pp. 335–342. University of California Press: Berkeley.

[ZY09] Zheng, X.-T., H.-L. You, X. Xu & Z.-M. Dong. 2009. An Early Cretaceous heterodontosaurid dinosaur with filamentous integumentary structures. Nature 458: 333–336.

Last updated: 6 August 2017.

Ankylosauria

Reconstruction of Edmontonia rugosidens by E. M. Fulda.

Belongs within: Genasauria.
Contains: Ankylosaurinae.

The Ankylosauria is a clade of more or less heavily armoured, quadrupedal, herbivorous dinosaurs that has been defined as including all taxa closer to Ankylosaurus than Stegosaurus. Most classifications of ankylosaurs have recognised the families Nodosauridae, with relatively slender snouts, and Ankylosauridae, with broader snouts and often with a large bony club on the end of the tail.

Synapomorphies (from Vickaryous et al. 2004): Skull with cranial ornamentation present across rostral region and lateral surface of angular; antorbital, supratemporal and external mandibular fenestrae absent; maxillary tooth row inset from lateral edge of maxilla; multiple parasagittal rows of osteoderms present across dorsal surface of neck and postcervical region of body; acetabulum imperforate; synsacrum composed of co-ossified dorsal, sacral and caudal vertebrae.

<==Ankylosauria
    |--Polacanthidae D07
    |    |--Mymoorapelta Kirkland & Carpenter 1994 D07
    |    |    `--M. maysi Kirkland & Carpenter 1994 VMW04
    |    `--Polacanthus Huxley 1867 VMW04
    |         |--P. foxii Hulke 1881 [=Hylaeosaurus foxii; incl. P. becklesi Hennig 1924] VMW04
    |         `--P. rudgwickensis Blows 1996 VMW04
    |--Ankylosauridae VMW04
    |    |  i. s.: Gastonia Kirklan 1998 VMW04
    |    |           `--G. burgei Kirkland 1998 VMW04
    |    |         Tianchisaurus Dong 1993 D07
    |    |           `--T. nedegoaperferima Dong 1993 (n. d.) VMW04
    |    |         Aletopelta Ford & Kirkland 2001 D07
    |    |           `--A. coombsi Ford & Kirkland 2001 (n. d.) VMW04
    |    |         Crichtonsaurus Dong 2002 D07
    |    |           `--C. bohlini Dong 2002 VMW04
    |    |         Shanxia Barrett, You et al. 1998 D07
    |    |           `--S. tianzhensis Barrett, You et al. 1998 (n. d.) VMW04
    |    |         Maleevus Tumanova 1987 (n. d.) D07, VMW04
    |    |           `--*M. disparoserratus (Maleev 1952) [=Syrmosaurus disparoserratus] VMW04
    |    |--Gargoyleosaurus Carpenter, Miles & Cloward 1998 VMW04
    |    |    `--G. parkpinorum Carpenter, Miles & Cloward 1998 VMW04
    |    `--+--Minmi Molnar 1980 VMW04
    |       |    `--M. paravertebra Molnar 1980 VMW04
    |       `--+--Ankylosaurinae VMW04
    |          `--+--Gobisaurus Vickaryous, Russell et al. 2001 VMW04
    |             |    `--G. domoculus Vickaryous, Russell et al. 2001 VMW04
    |             `--Shamosaurus Tumanova 1983 VMW04
    |                  `--S. scutatus Tumanova 1983 VMW04
    `--Nodosauridae VMW04
         |  i. s.: Struthiosaurus Bunzel 1871 VMW04 (see below for synonymy)
         |           |--S. austriacus Bunzel 1871 (see below for synonymy) VMW04
         |           |--S. languedocensis Garcia & Pereda-Suberbiola 2003 VMW04
         |           |--S. lugdunensis D07
         |           `--S. transylvanicus Nopcsa 1915 VMW04
         |         Rhodanosaurus lugdunensis Nopcsa 1929 (n. d.) N85, VMW04
         |         Dracopelta Galton 1980 N85
         |           `--D. zbyszewskii Galton 1980 VMW04
         |         Sarcolestes Lydekker 1893 N85, VMW04
         |           `--S. leedsi Lydekker 1893 VMW04
         |         Priodontognathus Seeley 1875 (n. d.) VMW04
         |           `--*P. phillipsii (Seeley 1869) [=Iguanodon phillipsii] VMW04
         |         Cryptodraco Lydekker 1889 (n. d.) N85, VMW04
         |           `--*C. eumerus (Seeley 1869) [=Cryptosaurus eumerus] VMW04
         |         Hoplitosaurus Lucas 1902 N85, VMW04
         |           `--H. marshi (Lucas 1901) [=Stegosaurus marshi, Polacanthus marshi] VMW04
         |         Polacanthoides ponderosus Nopcsa 1929 (n. d.) N85, VMW04
         |         Priconodon crassus Marsh 1888 (n. d.) N85, VMW04
         |         Animantarx Carpenter, Kirkland et al. 1999 VMW04
         |           `--A. ramaljonesi Carpenter, Kirkland et al. 1999 VMW04
         |         Liaoningosaurus Xu, Wang & You 2001 XWY01
         |           `--*L. paradoxus Xu, Wang & You 2001 XWY01
         |         Hylaeosaurus Mantell 1833 XWY01, VMW04 [incl. Vectensia Delair 1982 VMW04]
         |           `--H. armatus Mantell 1833 (see below for synonymy) VMW04
         |         Nodosaurus Marsh 1889 VMW04
         |           `--N. textilis Marsh 1889 VMW04
         |         Acanthopholis Huxley 1867 D07
         |           |--A. eucercus Seeley 1869 (n. d.) VMW04
         |           |--A. horridus Huxley 1867 (n. d.) VMW04
         |           |--A. hughesii D07
         |           |--A. keepingi D07
         |           |--A. macrocercus Seeley 1869 (n. d.) VMW04
         |           |--A. platypus Seeley 1869 (n. d.) VMW04
         |           `--A. stereocercus Seeley 1869 (n. d.) VMW04
         |         Niobrarasaurus Carpenter, Dilkes & Weishampel 1995 D07, VMW04
         |           `--N. coleii (Mehl 1936) [=Hierosaurus coleii, Nodosaurus coleii] VMW04
         |         Anoplosaurus Seeley 1879 D07, VMW04
         |           |--A. curtonotus Seeley 1879 VMW04
         |           |--A. major Seeley 1879 (n. d.) VMW04
         |           `--A. tanyspondulus D07
         |--Cedarpelta Carpenter, Kirkland et al. 2001 VMW04
         |    `--C. bilbeyhallorum Carpenter, Kirkland et al. 2001 VMW04
         `--+--Pawpawsaurus Lee 1996 VMW04
            |    `--P. campbelli Lee 1996 VMW04
            |--Sauropelta Ostrom 1970 N85
            |    `--S. edwardsorum Ostrom 1970 VMW04
            |--Silvisaurus Eaton 1960 VMW04
            |    `--S. condrayi Eaton 1960 VMW04
            `--+--Panoplosaurus Lambe 1919 VMW04
               |    `--P. mirus Lambe 1919 VMW04
               `--Edmontonia Sternberg 1928 [incl. Chassternbergia Bakker 1988, Denversaurus Bakker 1988] VMW04
                    |--E. australis Ford 2000 (n. d.) VMW04
                    |--E. longiceps Sternberg 1928 VMW04 (see below for synonymy)
                    `--E. rugosidens (Gilmore 1930) (see below for synonymy) VMW04

Ankylosauria incertae sedis:
  Sauroplites scutiger Bohlin 1953 (n. d.) VMW04
  Amtosaurus Kurzanov & Tumanova 1978 VMW04
    |--A. archibaldi Averianov 2002 VMW04
    `--A. magnus Kurzanov & Tumanova 1978 VMW04
  Stegosaurides [=Stegosauroides] N85
    `--S. excavatus Bohlin 1953 (n. d.) VMW04
  Stegopeltinae D07
    |--Stegopelta Williston 1905 VMW04
    |    `--S. landerensis Williston 1905 VMW04
    `--Glyptodontopelta Ford 2000 D07
         `--G. mimus Ford 2000 (n. d.) VMW04
  Texasetes Coombs 1995 VMW04
    `--T. pleurohalio Coombs 1995 VMW04
  Brachypodosaurus gravis Chakravarti 1934 (n. d.) VMW04
  Eucercosaurus tanyspondylus Seeley 1879 (n. d.) VMW04
  Hierosaurus sternbergi Wieland 1909 (n. d.) VMW04
  Lametasaurus indicus Matley 1923 (n. d.) VMW04
  Palaeoscincus Leidy 1856 D07
    |--P. asper Lambe 1902 (n. d.) VMW04
    |--P. costatus Leidy 1856 (n. d.) VMW04
    `--P. latus Marsh 1892 (n. d.) VMW04
  Peishansaurus philemys Bohlin 1953 (n. d.) VMW04
  Rhadinosaurus alcinus Seeley 1881 (n. d.) VMW04
  Sygonosaurus macrocercus Seeley 1879 (n. d.) VMW04

Edmontonia longiceps Sternberg 1928 VMW04 [incl. Denversaurus schlessmani Bakker 1988 VMW04, E. schlessmani D07]

Edmontonia rugosidens (Gilmore 1930) [=Palaeoscincus rugosidens, Chassternbergia rugosidens, Panoplosaurus rugosidens] VMW04

Hylaeosaurus armatus Mantell 1833 [incl. Hylosaurus mantelli Fitzinger 1843, Hyla. oweni Mantell 1844] VMW04

Struthiosaurus Bunzel 1871 VMW04 [incl. Cretaeomus Seeley 1881 VMW04, Danubiosaurus Bunzel 1871 VMW04, Danubriosaurus N85, Leipsanosaurus Nopcsa 1918 VMW04, Lepanosaurus N85, Pleuropeltis Seeley 1881 VMW04, Pleuropeltus N85]

Struthiosaurus austriacus Bunzel 1871 [incl. Danubiosaurus anceps Bunzel 1871, Hoplosaurus ischyrus Seeley 1881, Crataeomus lepidophorus Seeley 1881, Leipsanosaurus noricus Nopcsa 1918, C. pawlowitschii Seeley 1881, Pleuropeltis suessi Seeley 1881] VMW04

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[D07] Dixon, D. 2007. The Complete Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs & Prehistoric Creatures. Hermes House: London.

[N85] Norman, D. 1985 (reprinted 2000). The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs. Salamander Books: London.

[VMW04] Vickaryous, M. K., T. Maryańska & D. B. Weishampel. 2004. Ankylosauria. In: Weishampel, D. B., P. Dodson & H. Osmólska (eds) The Dinosauria 2^nd ed. pp. 363–392. University of California Press: Berkeley.

[XWY01] Xu, X., X.-L. Wang & H.-L. You. 2001. A juvenile ankylosaur from China. Naturwissenschaften 88: 297–300.

Last updated: 6 August 2017.

Stegosauria

Composite skeletal mount of Stegosaurus armatus, copyright Perry Quan.

Belongs within: Genasauria.

The Stegosauria are a group of quadrupedal herbivorous dinosaurs known from the Middle Jurassic to the Lower Cretaceous, members of which bore a characteristic armature of dorsal vertical plates (Galton & Upchurch 2004). The largest and best known stegosaur is Stegosaurus from the Late Jurassic of North America, some examples of which were over seven metres in length.

Characters (from Galton & Upchurch 2004): Parietals with flattened dorsal surface; quadrate with transversely compressed proximal head; neural canals of cranial dorsal vertebrae with diameter greater than half that of centra; dorsal neural arches at least 1.5 times as high as dorsal centra; mid-dorsal transverse processes oriented at 50° to horizontal or more steeply; proximal caudals with dorsal portions of neural spines transversely widened and axially compressed; length:width ratio of distal caudal central 1.2 or lower; proximal scapular plate with larger surface area than coracoid; humerus with prominent triceps tubercle and descending ridge located caudolateral to deltopectoral crest; dorsoventral thickness of carpal elements exceeding 10% of humeral length; ulnare and intermedium fused in adults; proximal carpals block-shaped in cranial view; distal carpals absent or failing to ossify; ilium with preacetabular process directed outward at 35° to sagittal plane; pubis with acetabular portion cup-shaped, facing laterally; prepubis:pubic shaft length ratio higher than 0.4; pubic shaft length:acetabular diameter ratio at least 2.0; pedal digit I absent; pedal digit III with no more than three phalanges; pedial digit IV with no more than three phalanges; parasagittal rows of plates or spines present; ossified epaxial tendons absent.

<==Stegosauria
    |  i. s.: Regnosaurus northamptoni (n. d.) GU04
    |--Huayangosaurus Dong, Tang & Zhou 1982 [Huayangosauridae] GU04
    |    `--H. taibaii Dong, Tang & Zhou 1982 GU04
    `--Stegosauridae GU04
         |  i. s.: Craterosaurus Seeley 1874 GU04
         |           `--C. pottonensis Seeley 1874 GU04
         |         Dravidosaurus Yadagiri & Ayyasami 1979 GU04
         |           `--D. blanfordi Yadagiri & Ayyasami 1979 GU04
         |         Monkonosaurus Zhou in Dong 1990 GU04
         |           `--M. lawulacus Zhou in Dong 1990 GU04
         |         Paranthodon Nopcsa 1929 GU04
         |           `--P. africanus (Broom 1912) (see below for synonymy) GU04
         |         Yingshanosaurus Zhou 1984 D07
         |           `--Y. jichuanensis D07
         |--Dacentrurus Lucas 1902 [incl. Omosaurus Owen 1875] GU04
         |    |--D. armatus (Owen 1875) GU04 (see below for synonymy)
         |    |--D. phillipsi (Seeley 1893) (n. d.) D07, GU04 [=Omosaurus’ phillipsi GU04]
         |    `--‘Omosaurus’ vetustus Huene 1910 (n. d.) GU04
         `--Stegosaurinae GU04
              |--Chungkingosaurus Dong, Zhou & Zhang 1983 GU04
              |    `--C. jiangbeiensis Dong, Zhou & Zhang 1983 GU04
              `--+--Wuerhosaurus Dong 1973 GU04
                 |    |--W. homheni Dong 1973 GU04
                 |    `--W. ordosensis Dong 1993 GU04
                 `--+--Hesperosaurus Carpenter, Miles & Cloward 2001 GU04
                    |    `--H. mjosi Carpenter, Miles & Cloward 2001 GU04
                    |--Lexovisaurus Hoffstetter 1957 GU04
                    |    |--L. durobrivensis (Hulke 1887) (see below for synonymy) GU04
                    |    `--L. vetustus D07
                    `--+--Stegosaurus Marsh 1877 [incl. Diracodon Marsh 1881, Hypsirhophus Cope 1879] GU04
                       |    |--S. affinis Marsh 1881 (n. d.) GU04
                       |    |--S. armatus Marsh 1877 (see below for synonymy) GU04
                       |    |--S. longispinus Gilmore 1914 GU04
                       |    |--S. madagascariensis Piveteau 1926 (n. d.) NWW04
                       |    `--S. stenops Marsh 1887 [incl. Diracodon laticeps Marsh 1881] GU04
                       `--+--Kentrosaurus Hennig 1915 (see below for synonymy) GU04
                          |    |--K. aethiopicus Hennig 1915 GU04
                          |    `--K. longispinus D07
                          `--+--Tuojiangosaurus Dong, Li et al. 1977 GU04
                             |    `--T. multispinus Dong, Li et al. 1977 GU04
                             `--Chialingosaurus Young 1959 GU04
                                  |--C. guangyuanensis D07
                                  `--C. kuani Young 1959 GU04

Dacentrurus armatus (Owen 1875) GU04 [=Omosaurus armatus GU04; incl. O. hastiger Owen 1877 GU04, O. lennieri Nopcsa 1911 GU04, Dacentrurus lennieri APS03, Astrodon pusillus Lapparent & Zbyszewski 1957 GU04]

Kentrosaurus Hennig 1915 [incl. Doryphorosaurus Nopcsa 1916, Kentrurosaurus Hennig 1916] GU04

Lexovisaurus durobrivensis (Hulke 1887) [=Omosaurus durobrivensis; incl. O. leedsi Seeley 1901, Stegosaurus priscus Nopcsa 1911] GU04

Paranthodon africanus (Broom 1912) [=Palaeoscincus africanus; incl. Par. owenii Nopcsa 1929, Anthodon serrarius Owen 1876] GU04

Stegosaurus armatus Marsh 1877 [incl. S. duplex Marsh 1887, Hypsirhophus seeleyanus Cope 1879, S. sulcatus Marsh 1887, S. ungulatus Marsh 1879] GU04

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[APS03] Allain, R., & X. Pereda Suberbiola. 2003. Dinosaurs of France. Comptes Rendus Palevol 2 (1): 27–44.

[D07] Dixon, D. 2007. The Complete Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs & Prehistoric Creatures. Hermes House: London.

[GU04] Galton, P. M., & P. Upchurch. 2004. Stegosauria. In: Weishampel, D. B., P. Dodson & H. Osmólska (eds) The Dinosauria 2^nd ed. pp. 343–362. University of California Press: Berkeley.

[NWW04] Norman, D. B., L. M. Witmer & D. B. Weishampel. 2004. Basal Ornithischia. In: Weishampel, D. B., P. Dodson & H. Osmólska (eds) The Dinosauria 2^nd ed. pp. 325–334. University of California Press: Berkeley.

Last updated: 6 August 2017.

Ornithopoda

Reconstruction of Hypsilophodon, copyright Arthur Weasley.

Belongs within: Genasauria.
Contains: Iguanodontia.

The Ornithopoda is a clade of bipedal and facultatively quadrupedal herbivorous dinosaurs that has been defined as including all taxa closer to Edmontosaurus than to Triceratops (Norman et al. 2004). The composition of this clade is currently subject to revision; recent phylogenetic analyses have found that several taxa previously regarded as basal Ornithopoda should be placed outside the Ornithopoda + Marginocephalia clade. One of the best known basal ornithopods is Hypsilophodon foxii from the Early Cretaceous of England, a lightly built bipedal form less than two metres in length.

<==Ornithopoda [Hypsilophodontidae]
    |--Orodromeus Horner & Weishampel 1988 NS04
    |    `--O. makelai Horner & Weishampel 1988 NS04
    `--+--+--Zephyrosaurus Sues 1980 NS04
       |  |    `--Z. schaffi Sues 1980 NS04
       |  `--Hypsilophodon Huxley 1869 NS04
       |       |--H. foxii Huxley 1869 NS04 [=Iguanodon foxii N85]
       |       `--H. wielandi Galton & Jensen 1979 (n. d.) NS04
       `--+--Gasparinisaura Coria & Salgado 1996 NS04
          |    `--G. cincosaltensis Coria & Salgado 1996 NS04
          `--+--Iguanodontia WJ03
             `--+--Parksosaurus Sternberg 1937 NS04
                |    `--P. warreni (Parks 1926) [=Thescelosaurus warreni] NS04
                |--Thescelosaurus Gilmore 1913 NS04
                |    `--T. neglectus Gilmore 1913 [incl. T. edmontonensis Sternberg 1940] NS04
                `--Bugenasaura Galton 1995 NS04
                     `--B. infernalis Galton 1995 NS04 (see below for synonymy)

Ornithopoda incertae sedis:
  Othnielia Galton 1977 NS04
    `--O. rex (Marsh 1877) (see below for synonymy) NS04
  Drinker Bakker, Galton et al. 1990 NS04
    `--D. nisti Bakker, Galton et al. 1990 NS04
  Leaellynasaura Rich & Rich 1989 NS04
    `--L. amicagraphica Rich & Rich 1989 NS04
  Fulgurotherium Huene 1932 NS04
    `--F. australe Huene 1932 NS04
  Oryctodromeus Varricchio, Martin & Katsura 2007 D07
    `--O. cubicularis D07
  Anabisetia Coria & Calvo 1998 ZY09, NS04
    `--A. saldiviai Coria & Calvo 2002 NS04
  Talenkauen ZY09
  Jeholosaurus Xu, Wang & You 2000 NS04
    `--J. shangyuanensis Xu, Wang & You 2000 NS04

Bugenasaura infernalis Galton 1995 NS04 [incl. Thescelosaurus garbanii Morris 1976 NS04, Stygimoloch garbanii S03]

Othnielia rex (Marsh 1877) [=Nanosaurus rex; incl. Laosaurus consors Marsh 1894, L. gracilis Marsh 1878] NS04

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[D07] Dixon, D. 2007. The Complete Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs & Prehistoric Creatures. Hermes House: London.

[N85] Norman, D. 1985 (reprinted 2000). The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs. Salamander Books: London.

[NS04] Norman, D. B., H.-D. Sues, L. M. Witmer & R. A. Coria. 2004. Basal Ornithopoda. In: Weishampel, D. B., P. Dodson & H. Osmólska (eds) The Dinosauria 2^nd ed. pp. 393–412. University of California Press: Berkeley.

[S03] Sullivan, R. M. 2003. Revision of the dinosaur Stegoceras Lambe (Ornithischia, Pachycephalosauridae). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 23 (1): 181–207.

[WJ03] Weishampel, D. B., C.-M. Jianu, Z. Csiki & D. B. Norman. 2003. Osteology and phylogeny of Zalmoxes (n. g.), an unusual euornithopod dinosaur from the latest Cretaceous of Romania. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 1: 65–123.

[ZY09] Zheng, X.-T., H.-L. You, X. Xu & Z.-M. Dong. 2009. An Early Cretaceous heterodontosaurid dinosaur with filamentous integumentary structures. Nature 458: 333–336.

Last updated: 6 August 2017.