Trochomorphidae

Trochomorpha planorbis, copyright G. & Ph. Poppe.

Belongs within: Limacoidei.

The Trochomorphidae are a group of small to medium-sized, herbivorous snails found in humid tropical forests and vine thickets in southeast Asia, northern Australia and the western Pacific (Stanisic et al. 2010).

Characters (from Stanisic et al. 2010): Shell small to medium-sized (2–25 mm in diameter), translucent to opaque; generally trochoidal, lens-shaped to discoidal or occasionally conical, usually with strongly keeled whorls, whorl count may be very high; smooth or with strong spiral and occasionally radial ornamentation; base umbilicate to almost imperforate; aperture generally with thickened lip, apertural barriers may be present. Foot usually undivided with weak pedal groove, occasionally sole tripartite; caudal horn may be present.

<==Trochomorphidae [Trochomorphinae] BR05
    |--Kondoa Baker 1941 S88
    |--Hogolua Baker 1941 S88
    |--Brazieria Ancey 1887 S88
    |--Foxidonta stevensoni Clench 1950 S88
    |--Coliolus Tapparone-Canefri 1887 S88
    |--Paratrochus Pilsbry 1893 S88
    |--Ludificator Baker 1941 S88
    |--Videna Adams & Adams 1858 S88
    |    `--V. (Liravidena) lacerata (Semper 1874) S88
    |--Theskelomensor Iredale 1933 SS10
    |    |--*T. lizardensis (Pfeiffer 1863) [=Helix lizardensis] SS10
    |    `--T. creon Solem 1958 SS10
    |--Geotrochus van Hasselt 1823 [Geotrochidae, Geotrochinae] BR05
    |    |--*G. conus (Pfeiffer 1841) [=Helix conus] BR17
    |    `--G. scenoma (Benson 1863) [=Helix (Geotrochus) scenoma] TC89
    `--Trochomorpha Albers 1850 BR05
         |--*T. ‘trochiformis’ (Pfeiffer 1842) [=Helix trochiformis non Montagu 1803] BR17
         |--T. melvillensis Solem 1989 S97
         `--T. planorbis Lesson 1831 (preoc.) S88

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BR05] Bouchet, P., & J.-P. Rocroi. 2005. Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families. Malacologia 47 (1–2): 1–397.

[BR17] Bouchet, P., J.-P. Rocroi, B. Hausdorf, A. Kaim, Y. Kano, A. Nützel, P. Parkhaev, M. Schrödl & E. E. Strong. 2017. Revised classification, nomenclator and typification of gastropod and monoplacophoran families. Malacologia 61 (1–2): 1–526.

[S88] Solem, A. 1988. Non-camaenid land snails of the Kimberley and Northern Territory, Australia. I. Systematics, affinities and ranges. Invertebrate Taxonomy 4: 455–604.

[S97] Solem, A. 1997. Camaenid land snails from Western and central Australia (Mollusca: Pulmonata: Camaenidae). VII. Taxa from Dampierland through the Nullarbor. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 50: 1461–1906.

[SS10] Stanisic, J., M. Shea, D. Potter & O. Griffiths. 2010. Australian Land Snails vol. 1. A. field guide to eastern Australian species. Bioculture Press: Mauritius.

[TC89] Tapparone Canefri, T. 1889. Viaggio di Leonardo Fea in Birmania e regioni vicine. XVIII.—Molluschi terrestri e d’acqua dolce. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, Serie 2^a, 7: 295–359.

Limacoidei

Globose dome snail Ventridens ligerus, copyright Bill Frank.

Belongs within: Heterobranchia.
Contains: Pristilomatidae, Oxychilidae, Gastrodontidae, Chronidae, Trochomorphidae, Euconulinae, Liardetiini, Parmacelloidea, Vitrinidae, Agriolimacidae, Limacinae, Zonites, Paravitrea, Glyphyalinia, Helicarionoidea.

The Limacoidei, sometimes referred to as the 'limacoid clade' or Limacoidea sensu lato, are a group of terrestrial gastropods characterised by a radula bearing elongate marginal teeth without entocones. This modification of the radula may represent an adaptation to an omnivorous diet. Members of the clade include the Limacoidea, a group of slugs and semislugs found in more humid biotopes. These are characterised by reduction of the spermatophore and epiphallus. The Gastrodontoidea are a group of mostly small snails, characterised by reductions in the stimulators and lung venation. The Trochomorphoidea have a more generalised generalised form of the stimulator than other Limacoidei, inserting on the penis rather than on the atrium. The Zonitidae have the capsular gland at least partially around the vagina whereas other limacoids have it only around the oviduct.

See also: Wild slug chases (Taxon of the Week: Gastrodontoidea).

<==Limacoidei [Limacacea, Limaxina, Zonitinia] BR17
    |--Gastrodontoidea BR17
    |    |--Pristilomatidae BR17
    |    |--Oxychilidae BR17
    |    `--Gastrodontidae SS10
    |--Trochomorphoidea BR17
    |    |--Chronidae BR17
    |    |--Trochomorphidae SS10
    |    |--Staffordia Godwin-Austen 1907 [Staffordiidae, Staffordiinae, Staffordioidea] BR05
    |    |    `--*S. daflaensis (Godwin-Austen 1883) [=Macrochlamys daflaensis] BR17
    |    |--Dyakiidae [Dyakioidea] BR17
    |    |    |--Dyakia Godwin-Austen 1891 [Dyakiinae, Dyakiini, Dyakinae] BR05
    |    |    |    `--*D. hugonis (Pfeiffer 1863) [=Helix hugonis] BR17
    |    |    |--Sasakina Rensch 1930 [=Sasakia Rensch 1930 non Moore 1896; Sasakinae, Sasakininae] BR05
    |    |    |    `--*S. oxyconus (Martens 1896) [=Trochonanina oxyconus, *Sasakia oxyconus] BR17
    |    |    `--Pseudoplecta Laidlaw 1932 [Pseudoplectinae] BR05
    |    |         `--*P. bijuga (Stoliczka 1873) [=Rotula bijuga] BR17
    |    `--Euconulidae BR17
    |         |  i. s.: Afroguppya FGN07
    |         |         Conibycus Thiele 1928 S88
    |         |         Microcystina calcarata Hedley 1891 S88
    |         |         Dryachloa Thompson & Lee 1980 BP90
    |         |           `--D. dauca BP90
    |         |         Guppya Mörch 1867 BP90
    |         |           |--G. gundlachi BP90
    |         |           |--G. sterkii H68
    |         |           `--G. vacans G79
    |         |         Turrisitala Iredale 1933 SS10
    |         |           `--*T. normalis Iredale 1933 [incl. Helix turriculata Cox 1868, T. wildiana Iredale 1937] SS10
    |         |         Queridomus Iredale 1937 SS10
    |         |           `--*Q. grenvillei (Brazier 1876) [=Helix (Conulus) grenvillei] SS10
    |         |--Euconulinae BR17
    |         `--Microcystinae [Microcysti, Microcystidae] BR17
    |              |  i. s.: Innesoconcha Iredale 1944 SS10
    |              |           |--*I. catletti (Brazier 1872) (see below for synonymy) SS10
    |              |           `--I. princeps Iredale 1944 SS10
    |              |         Melloconcha Iredale 1944 [incl. Tribocystis Iredale 1944] SS10
    |              |           |--*M. delecta Iredale 1944 SS10
    |              |           |--M. flavescens (Iredale 1944) SS10
    |              |           `--M. rosacea (Iredale 1944) [incl. Tribocystis alma Iredale 1944] SS10
    |              |         Allenoconcha Preston 1913 SS10
    |              |           `--*A. basispiralis Preston 1913 (see below for synonymy) SS10
    |              |         Fanulena Iredale 1945 (see below for synonymy) SS10
    |              |           `--*F. insculpta (Pfeiffer 1846) (see below for synonymy) SS10
    |              |         Greenwoodoconcha Preston 1913 SS10
    |              |           `--*G. nux (Sykes 1900) (see below for synonymy) SS10
    |              |         Mathewsoconcha Preston 1913 [incl. Belloconcha Preston 1913] SS10
    |              |           `--M. suteri (Sykes 1900) (see below for synonymy) SS10
    |              |         Quintalia Preston 1913 SS10
    |              |           `--*Q. stoddartii (Gray 1834) [=Carocolla stoddartii] SS10
    |              |         Roybellia Preston 1913 SS10
    |              |           `--*R. platysoma (Sykes 1900) (see below for synonymy) SS10
    |              |--Liardetiini BR05
    |              |--Microcystis Beck 1837 non Kutzing 1833 (ICBN) [Microcystini] BR05
    |              |    `--*M. pellicula (Férussac 1821) [=Helicolimax pellicula] BR17
    |              `--Philonesia Sykes 1900 [Philonesiae, Philonesiini] BR05
    |                   `--*P. baldwini (Ancey 1889) [=Microcystis baldwini] BR17
    `--+--Parmacelloidea H00
       `--+--Limacoidea [Aceratophora, Limaxinia] H00
          |    |  i. s.: Grandipatula Cossmann 1889 [Grandipatulidae, Grandipatulinae] BR05
          |    |           |--*G. (Grandipatula) hemisphaerica (Michaud 1837) [=Helix hemisphaerica] BR17
          |    |           `--G. (Sphaerozonites) oppenheimi (Pfeffer 1929) TTE93
          |    |         Palaeoxestina Wenz 1919 [Palaeoxestinidae, Palaeoxestininae] BR05
          |    |           `--*P. occlusa (Edwards 1852) [=Helix occlusa] BR17
          |    |         Rhysota BR17
          |    |--Vitrinidae H00
          |    `--+--Boettgerilla Simroth 1910 BR05 [Boettgerillidae H00]
          |       |    `--*B. compressa Simroth 1910 BR17
          |       `--+--Agriolimacidae H00
          |          `--Limacidae [Limacidia, Limacina, Limaxia] H00
          |               |  i. s.: Malacolimax tenellus (Müller 1774) HM07
          |               |         Lehmannia Heynemann 1862 SS10
          |               |           |--*L. marginata (Müller 1774) [=Limax marginata] SS10
          |               |           |--L. nyctelia (Bourguignat 1861) (see below for synonymy) RAS75
          |               |           |--L. poirieri R66
          |               |           `--L. valentiana (Férussac 1823) SS10
          |               |         Limacus Lehmann 1864 SS10
          |               |           `--L. flavus (Linnaeus 1758) SS10 (see below for synonymy)
          |               |--Limacinae BR05
          |               `--Eumilax Boettger 1881 [Eumilacinae] BR05
          |                    `--*E. brandti (Martens 1880) [=Limax brandti] BR17
          `--+--Zonitidae [Ceratophora, Zonitacea, Zonitoidea] H00
             |    |--Thomeonanina PB27
             |    |--Kerkophorus PB27
             |    |--Microkerkus PB27
             |    |--Suterella Iredale 1915 P61
             |    |    `--*S. novarae (Pfeiffer 1862) [=Helix novarae] P61
             |    |--Vitrinizonites Binney 1879 BP90
             |    |    `--V. latissimus BP90
             |    |--Pilsbryna Baker 1926 BP90
             |    |    |--P. aurea BP90
             |    |    `--P. castanea BP90
             |    |--Zonites BR05
             |    |--Nesovitrea Cooke 1921 BP90
             |    |    |--N. binneyana BP90
             |    |    |--N. electrina BP90
             |    |    `--N. hammonis V09
             |    |--Mesomphix Rafinesque 1819 BP90
             |    |    |--M. cupreus BP90
             |    |    |    |--M. c. cupreus BP90
             |    |    |    `--M. c. politus BP90
             |    |    |--M. friabilis H68
             |    |    |--M. inornatus H68
             |    |    |--M. pilsbryi R65
             |    |    |--M. ruidus H68
             |    |    `--M. vulgatus H68
             |    |--Retinella BP90
             |    |    |--R. burringtoni G59
             |    |    |--R. dalliana R64
             |    |    |--R. electrina D63
             |    |    |--R. indentata G59
             |    |    |    |--R. i. indentata B63
             |    |    |    `--R. i. paucilirata B63
             |    |    |--R. nitens J63
             |    |    `--R. rhoadsi G59
             |    |--Ventridens Binney 1863 TMT96, BP90
             |    |    |--V. acerra (Lewis 1875) TMT96
             |    |    |--V. demissus H68
             |    |    |    |--V. d. demissus B63
             |    |    |    `--V. d. brittsi B63
             |    |    |--V. gularis H68
             |    |    |--V. intertextus H68
             |    |    |--V. lens (Gabb 1864) TTE93
             |    |    |--V. ligerus H68
             |    |    `--V. suppressus [=Zonitoides (Ventridens) suppressus] BP90
             |    |--Paravitrea BP90
             |    |--Striatura Morse 1864 BP90
             |    |    |--S. exigua BP90
             |    |    |--S. ferrea BP90
             |    |    |--S. meridionalis B63
             |    |    `--S. millium PF15
             |    |         |--S. m. millium PF15
             |    |         `--S. m. meridionalis PF15
             |    `--Glyphyalinia BP90
             `--Helicarionoidea H00

*Allenoconcha basispiralis Preston 1913 [incl. A. belli Preston 1913, A. congener Preston 1913, A. mathewsi Preston 1913, A. monspittensis Preston 1913, A. perdepressa Preston 1913, A. royana Preston 1913] SS10

Fanulena Iredale 1945 [incl. Dolapex Iredale 1945, Lutilodix Iredale 1945, Parcolena Iredale 1945] SS10

*Fanulena insculpta (Pfeiffer 1846) [=Helix insculpta; incl. H. basiodon Morelet 1866, Fanulena nepeanensis Iredale 1945] SS10

*Greenwoodoconcha nux (Sykes 1900) [=Microcystis nux; incl. M. castaneocincta Sykes 1900, Greenwoodoconcha castaneocincta serica Iredale 1945, G. tomi Preston 1913] SS10

*Innesoconcha catletti (Brazier 1872) [=Helix (Microcystis) catletti; incl. Microcystis catletti major Hedley 1891, Innesoconcha catletti subconica Iredale 1944] SS10

Lehmannia nyctelia (Bourguignat 1861) [=Limax nyctelius; incl. Li. legrandi Tate 1881] RAS75

Limacus flavus (Linnaeus 1758) SS10 [=Limax flavus SS10, Lehmannia (Limacus) flava RAS75; incl. Limax bicolor Selenka 1865 SS10, *Limacus breckworthianus Lehmann 1864 SS10, Limacella concava G40, Limax megalodontes Quoy & Gaimard 1824 SS10, Limax olivaceus Gould 1852 SS10]

Mathewsoconcha suteri (Sykes 1900) [incl. M. albocincta Preston 1913, *M. belli Preston 1913, Belloconcha compacta Preston 1913, B. norfolkensis Preston 1913] SS10

*Roybellia platysoma (Sykes 1900) [=Trochononanina platystoma; incl. R. depressa Preston 1913] SS10

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BR05] Bouchet, P., & J.-P. Rocroi. 2005. Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families. Malacologia 47 (1–2): 1–397.

[BR17] Bouchet, P., J.-P. Rocroi, B. Hausdorf, A. Kaim, Y. Kano, A. Nützel, P. Parkhaev, M. Schrödl & E. E. Strong. 2017. Revised classification, nomenclator and typification of gastropod and monoplacophoran families. Malacologia 61 (1–2): 1–526.

[B63] Branson, B. A. 1963. Notes on snail distribution and leech feeding habits in Oklahoma. Nautilus 76 (4): 148–149.

[BP90] Burch, J. B., & T. A. Pearce. 1990. Terrestrial Gastropoda. In: Dindal, D. L. (ed.) Soil Biology Guide pp. 201–309. John Wiley & Sones: New York.

[D63] Dimelow, E. J. 1963. Mollusks from hardwoods of the Chigneto Isthmus. Nautilus 77 (1): 21–23.

[FGN07] Fontaine, B., O. Gargominy & E. Neubert. 2007. Land snail diversity of the savanna/forest mosaic in Lopé National Park, Gabon. Malacologia 49 (2): 313–338.

[G79] Gibbons, J. S. 1879. Notes on the habits and distribution, &c., of certain W. Indian Pulmonifera. Journal of Conchology 2: 129–134.

[G40] Gray, J. E. 1840. A Manual of the Land and Fresh-water Shells of the British Islands, with figures of each of the kinds. By William Turton, M.D. A new edition, thoroughly revised and much enlarged. Longman, Orme, Brown, Green, and Longmans: London.

[G59] Grimm, W. 1959. Land snails of Carroll County, Maryland. Nautilus 72 (4): 122–127.

[H00] Hausdorf, B. 2000. Biogeography of the Limacoidea sensu lato (Gastropoda: Stylommatophora): vicariance events and long-distance dispersal. Journal of Biogeography 27: 379–390.

[HM07] Honek, A., & Z. Martinkova. 2007. A field method for quantifying the grazing activity of slugs, with particular reference to Arion lusitanicus (Mollusca). Malacologia 49 (2): 273–281.

[H68] Hubricht, L. 1968. The land snails of Mammoth Cave National Park, Kentucky. Nautilus 82 (1): 24–28.

[J63] Jánossy, D. 1963. Letztinterglaziale Vertebraten-Fauna aus der Kálmán Lambrecht-Höhle (Bükk-Gebirge, nordost-Ungarn) I. Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 9 (3–4): 293–331.

[PB27] Pilsbry, H. A., & J. Bequaert. 1927. The aquatic mollusks of the Belgian Congo, with a geographical and ecological account of Congo malacology. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 53 (2): 69–602, pls 10–77.

[PF15] Pilsbry, H. A., & J. H. Ferriss. 1915. Mollusca of the southwestern states, VII: the Dragoon, Mule, Santa Rita, Baboquivari, and Tucson Ranges, Arizona. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 67 (2): 363–418, pls 8–15.

[P61] Powell, A. W. B. 1961. Shells of New Zealand: An illustrated handbook 4^th ed. Whitcombe and Tombs Limited: Christchurch.

[RAS75] Regteren Altena, C. O. van, & B. J. Smith. 1975. Notes on introduced slugs of the families Limacidae and Milacidae in Australia, with two new records. J. Malac. Soc. Aust. 3 (2): 63–80.

[R64] Ross, L. T. 1964. The land mollusks of Siesta Key, Sarasota County, Florida. Nautilus 78 (2): 50–52.

[R65] Ross, L. T. 1965. Two new land mollusk records from Florida. Nautilus 79 (2): 70–71.

[R66] Ross, L. T. 1966. Lehmannia in Massachusetts. Nautilus 80 (2): 71–72.

[S88] Solem, A. 1988. Non-camaenid land snails of the Kimberley and Northern Territory, Australia. I. Systematics, affinities and ranges. Invertebrate Taxonomy 4: 455–604.

[SS10] Stanisic, J., M. Shea, D. Potter & O. Griffiths. 2010. Australian Land Snails vol. 1. A. field guide to eastern Australian species. Bioculture Press: Mauritius.

[TMT96] Tillier, S., M. Masselot & A. Tillier. 1996. Phylogenetic relationships of the pulmonate gastropods from rRNA sequences, and tempo and age of the stylommatophoran radiation. In: Taylor, J. D. (ed.) Origin and Evolutionary Radiation of the Mollusca pp. 267–284. Oxford University Press: Oxford.

[TTE93] Tracey, S., J. A. Todd & D. H. Erwin. 1993. Mollusca: Gastropoda. In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 131–167. Chapman & Hall: London.

[V09] Verdcourt, B. (ed.) 2009. Additions to the wild fauna and flora of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. XXVI. Miscellaneous records. Kew Bulletin 64 (1): 183–194.

Last updated: 15 August 2021.

Liardetiini

Liardetia doliolum, copyright G. & Ph. Poppe.

Belongs within: Limacoidei.

The Liardetiini are a group of small snails characterised by possession of a penis bearing an appendix at least longer than its base.

<==Liardetiini [Liardetiae] BR05
    |--Sitalinopsis Thiele 1931 S88
    |--Fanulum Iredale 1913 [Fanulidae] BR05
    |    `--*F. expositum (Mousson 1873) [=Trochonanina exposita] BR17
    |--Advena Gude 1913 [Advenidae] BR05
    |    `--*A. campbellii (Gray 1834) [=Helix campbellii; incl. A. campbellii var. charon Preston 1913] SS10
    `--Liardetia Gude 1913 BR05
         |  i. s.: L. fimbriosa (Quadras & Moellendorff 1894) S88
         |         L. samoensis (Mousson 1865) S88
         |--L. (Liardetia) S88
         |    |--‘Helix’ striolata Pease 1860 SS10 (see below for synonymy)
         |    `--L. (L.) scandens (Cox 1872) S88 (see below for synonymy)
         `--L. (Belopygmaeus) doliolum (Pfeiffer 1846) [=Helix doliolum] S88

‘Helix’ striolata Pease 1860 SS10 [incl. Nanina clayi Liardet 1876 BR17, Helix clayi SS01, *Liardetia clayi SS10]

Liardetia (Liardetia) scandens (Cox 1872) S88 [=Helix scandens S88, Conulus scandens S88, Hedleyoconcha scandens S88, Soladeta scandens S88; incl. Sitala pudica Gude 1905 SS10]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BR05] Bouchet, P., & J.-P. Rocroi. 2005. Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families. Malacologia 47 (1–2): 1–397.

[BR17] Bouchet, P., J.-P. Rocroi, B. Hausdorf, A. Kaim, Y. Kano, A. Nützel, P. Parkhaev, M. Schrödl & E. E. Strong. 2017. Revised classification, nomenclator and typification of gastropod and monoplacophoran families. Malacologia 61 (1–2): 1–526.

[S88] Solem, A. 1988. Non-camaenid land snails of the Kimberley and Northern Territory, Australia. I. Systematics, affinities and ranges. Invertebrate Taxonomy 4: 455–604.

[SS10] Stanisic, J., M. Shea, D. Potter & O. Griffiths. 2010. Australian Land Snails vol. 1. A. field guide to eastern Australian species. Bioculture Press: Mauritius.

Oxychilidae

Draparnaud's glass snail Oxychilus draparnaudi, copyright Michal Maňas.

Belongs within: Limacoidei.

The Oxychilidae are a group of snails and semi-slugs most diverse in the Holarctic region; a number of Oxychilus species have become widely distributed in association with humans.

<==Oxychilidae BR17
    |--Nastia Riedel 1989 BR05 [Nastiinae BR17]
    |    `--*N. viridula Riedel 1989 BR17
    |--Daudebardia Hartmann 1821 BR05 [Daudebardiidae BR17, Daudebardiinae]
    |    `--*D. rufa (Draparnaud 1805) [=Helix rufa] BR17
    |--Selenochlamys Boettger 1883 BR05 [Selenochlamydinae BR17]
    |    `--*S. pallida Boettger 1883 BR17
    `--Oxychilinae [Oxychilini] SS10
         |--‘Hyalina’ Férussac 1821 nec Schumacher 1817 nec Studer 1820 [Hyalininae] BR05
         |--Hyalinia Charpentier 1837 BR05, BR17 [Hyaliniinae, Hyalinoidea]
         |    `--‘Helix’ draparnaudi Beck 1837 [=Helix lucida Draparnaud 1801 non Müller 1774, *Hyalinia lucida] BR17
         `--Oxychilus Fitzinger 1833 SS10 [=Helicella Gray 1847 non Férussac 1821 BR05]
              |--*O. cellarius (Müller 1774) SS10 (see below for synonymy)
              |--O. alliarius (Miller 1822) [incl. O. tasmanicus McLauchlan 1954] SS10
              |--O. draparnaudi (Beck 1837) [incl. Helix nitida Draparnaud 1805] SS10
              |--O. investigatus Riedel 1993 O03
              `--O. moussoni (Kobelt 1878) O03

*Oxychilus cellarius (Müller 1774) SS10 [=Helix cellaria SS10, *Helicella cellaria BR17; incl. Helix sydneyensis Cox 1864 SS10]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BR05] Bouchet, P., & J.-P. Rocroi. 2005. Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families. Malacologia 47 (1–2): 1–397.

[BR17] Bouchet, P., J.-P. Rocroi, B. Hausdorf, A. Kaim, Y. Kano, A. Nützel, P. Parkhaev, M. Schrödl & E. E. Strong. 2017. Revised classification, nomenclator and typification of gastropod and monoplacophoran families. Malacologia 61 (1–2): 1–526.

[O03] Örstan, A. 2003. The rediscovery of Zonites algirus in İstanbul, Turkey (Gastropoda: Pulmonata: Zonitidae). Zoology in the Middle East 29: 75–78.

[SS10] Stanisic, J., M. Shea, D. Potter & O. Griffiths. 2010. Australian Land Snails vol. 1. A. field guide to eastern Australian species. Bioculture Press: Mauritius.

Helicarion

Helicarion cuvieri, copyright Nuytsia@Tas.

Belongs within: Limacoidei.

Helicarion is a genus of semi-clugs bearing a transparent shell with very fine, very crowded spiral striae (Stanisic et al. 2010).

Characters (from Stanisic et al. 2010): Shell relatively small to medium-sized, ear-shaped, flattened, thin, transparent; last whorl very large; sculpture of very fine, weak, very crowded spiral striae on both the protoconch and teleoconch; base of aperture with diaphanous border. Colour pale yellow-green. Animal colour varying from grey to black, fawn to cream and orange-brown; coloured foot-border and tail tip; mantle lappets only partly covering shell, slime network strongly defined, caudal gland prominent and pointed; visceral organs usually yellow, orange and brown.

<==Helicarion Férussac 1821 SS10 [=Helixarion (l. c.) BR05; Helicarionini]
    |--*H. (Helicarion) cuvieri Férussac 1821 SS10
    `--H. (Austenia) TC89
         |--H. (A.) butleri (see below for synonymy) TC89
         |--‘Austenia’ doisutepensis T84
         |--H. (A.) feae Tapparone Canefri 1889 TC89
         |--H. (A.) peguensis Theobald 1864 [=Vitrina peguensis, Girasia peguensis] TC89
         `--H. (A.) resplendens Nevill 1877 TC89

Helicarion incertae sedis:
  H. insularis PB27
  H. kivuensis PB27
  H. leopardina Iredale 1941 SS10
  H. magnificum TC89
  H. mastersi (Cox 1868) [incl. H. mastersi callidus Iredale 1941] SS10
  H. microgranulatus PB27
  H. niger PB27
  H. ruwenzoriensis PB27
  H. schubotzi PB27
  H. shillongensis TC89
  H. sowerbyanus PB27
  H. stuhlmanni PB27
  H. subsucculentus PB27

Helicarion (Austenia) butleri [=Girasia butleri, incl. Austenia gigas Godwin Austen 1880, Helicarion gigas var. minor Godwin Austen 1875] TC89

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BR05] Bouchet, P., & J.-P. Rocroi. 2005. Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families. Malacologia 47 (1–2): 1–397.

[PB27] Pilsbry, H. A., & J. Bequaert. 1927. The aquatic mollusks of the Belgian Congo, with a geographical and ecological account of Congo malacology. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 53 (2): 69–602, pls 10–77.

[SS10] Stanisic, J., M. Shea, D. Potter & O. Griffiths. 2010. Australian Land Snails vol. 1. A. field guide to eastern Australian species. Bioculture Press: Mauritius.

[TC89] Tapparone Canefri, T. 1889. Viaggio di Leonardo Fea in Birmania e regioni vicine. XVIII.—Molluschi terrestri e d’acqua dolce. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, Serie 2^a, 7: 295–359.

[T84] Tillier, S. 1984. Patterns of digestive tract morphology in the limacisation of helicarionid, succineid and athoracophorid snails and slugs (Mollusca: Pulmonata). Malacologia 25 (1): 173–192.

Fastosarion

Fastosarion sp., copyright Rosie Benz.

Belongs within: Limacoidei.

Fastosarion is a genus of large semi-slugs with a shell marked by fine radial ribs found in north-eastern Australia (Scott 1995).

Characters (from Scott 1995): Large to very large semi-slug. Dart sac absent. Vagina present. Spermatheca short. Epiphallus with sinuate flagellum at junction with vas deferens. Caecum near insertion of penial retractor muscle. Penis with pilaster, penis lining ornamented with ridges or papillae.

<==Fastosarion Iredale 1933 [incl. Vercularion Iredale 1933] S95
    |--*F. superba (Cox 1871) S95 (see below for synonymy)
    |--F. ameyi Stanisic in Stanisic, Shea et al. 2010 SS10
    |--F. aquavitae Scott 1995 S95
    |--F. aquila SC07
    |--F. brazieri (Cox 1873) SS10
    |--F. freycineti (Férussac 1821) (see below for synonymy) SS10
    |--F. griseola Stanisic in Stanisic, Shea et al. 2010 SS10
    |--F. helenkingae Scott 1995 S95
    |--F. paluma Stanisic in Stanisic, Shea et al. 2010 SS10
    |--F. papillosa Stanisic in Stanisic, Shea et al. 2010 SS10
    |--F. pustulosa Stanisic in Stanisic, Shea et al. 2010 SS10
    |--F. schelli Stanisic in Stanisic, Shea et al. 2010 SS10
    |--F. staffordorum Stanisic in Stanisic, Shea et al. 2010 SS10
    `--F. virens (Pfeiffer 1849) [incl. Vitrina strangei Pfeiffer 1850] SS10

Fastosarion freycineti (Férussac 1821) [incl. Vitrina (Helicolimax) australasia Blainville 1824, Helix (Vitrina) helicarion Voight 1834] SS10

*Fastosarion superba (Cox 1871) S95 [=Vitrina superba S95, Helicarion (Fastosarion) superba S95; incl. H. bullaceus Odhner 1917 SS10]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[S95] Scott, B. 1995. Redescription of Fastosarion superba (Cox, 1871), with descriptions of two new species of Fastosarion from northern Queensland (Pulmonata: Helicarionidae). Molluscan Research 16: 69–80.

[SC07] Stanisic, J., R. A. D. Cameron, B. M. Pokryszko & J. C. Nekola. 2007. Forest snail faunas from S. E. Queensland and N. E. New South Wales (Australia): patterns of local and regional richness and differentiation. Malacologia 49 (2): 445–462.

[SS10] Stanisic, J., M. Shea, D. Potter & O. Griffiths. 2010. Australian Land Snails vol. 1. A. field guide to eastern Australian species. Bioculture Press: Mauritius.