Locustellidae

Savi's warbler Locustella luscinioides, copyright Ron Knight.

Belongs within: Sylviida.

The Locustellidae, grass warblers and grassbirds, are a group of slender, brownish birds with usually long tails found around the Old World. They are supported as a clade by molecular analyses (Jetz et al. 2012). Locustellids are secretive birds, often living concealed among tall grasses (hence the vernacular name). Members include the bush warblers of the genus Bradypterus, smaller species found in warm regions of Africa and Asia.

Locustellidae [Megaluridae, Megalurinae]
    |--Robsonius OF19
    |    |--R. rabori OF19
    |    `--R. sorsogonensis JT12
    `--+--Locustella Kaup 1829 OF19, B94 [Locustellinae]
       |    |--+--+--L. amnicola BKB15
       |    |  |  `--L. fasciolata JT12
       |    |  `--+--L. pryeri (Seebohm 1884) JT12, I92 [=Megalurus pryeri BKB15]
       |    |     `--+--L. certhiola BKB15
       |    |        |    |--L. c. certhiola VP89
       |    |        |    `--L. c. rubescens VP89
       |    |        `--+--L. ochotensis JT12
       |    |           `--L. pleskei Taczanowski 1889 JT12, I92 [=L. ochotensis pleskei I92]
       |    `--+--‘Megalurus’ gramineus (Gould 1845) BKB15, WS48 (see below for synonymy) WS48
       |       |    |--M. g. gramineus M03
       |       |    `--M. g. goulburni M03
       |       `--+--+--L. lanceolata BKB15
       |          |  `--+--L. fluviatilis BKB15
       |          |     `--L. luscinioides JF06
       |          `--+--+--‘Bradypterus’ luteoventris BKB15
       |             |  `--+--‘Bradypterus’ tacsanowskius BKB15
       |             |     `--+--‘Bradypterus’ major BKB15
       |             |        `--L. naevia BKB15
       |             `--+--+--‘Bradypterus’ castaneus BKB15
       |                |  `--‘Bradypterus’ caudatus JT12
       |                `--+--+--‘Bradypterus’ alishanensis BKB15
       |                   |  `--+--‘Bradypterus’ mandelli BKB15
       |                   |     `--‘Bradypterus’ montis BKB15
       |                   `--+--‘Bradypterus’ davidi BKB15
       |                      `--+--‘Bradypterus’ kashmirensisi BKB15
       |                         `--‘Bradypterus’ thoracicus BKB15
       `--+--+--+--Cincloramphus Gould 1838 BKB15, B94 [incl. Ptenoedus Cabanis 1851 B94; Ptenoedinae]
          |  |  |    `--C. cruralis (Vigors & Horsfield 1827) WS48 (see below for synonymy)
          |  |  `--‘Megalurus’ timoriensis Wallace 1863 BKB15, WS48
          |  |       |--M. t. timoriensis WS48
          |  |       `--M. t. alisteri Mathews 1912 WS48
          |  `--+--Eremiornis carteri Noreth 1900 BKB15, WS48 (see below for synonymy)
          |     `--Bowdleria Rothschild 1896 [Bowdleriinae] CC10
          |          |--*B. punctata (Quoy & Gaimard in Dumont d’Urville 1830) CC10 (see below for synonymy)
          |          |    |--B. p. punctata [incl. Sphenoeacus fulvus Gray 1862, B. fulva, Megalurus fulvus] CC10
          |          |    |--B. p. caudata (Buller 1894) [=Sphenoeacus caudatus] CC10
          |          |    |--B. p. stewartiana Oliver 1930 (see below for synonymy) CC10
          |          |    |--B. p. vealeae Kemp 1912 CC10
          |          |    `--B. p. wilsoni Stead 1936 CC10
          |          `--B. rufescens (Buller 1869) (see below for synonymy) CC10
          `--+--+--‘Cincloramphus’ mathewsi Ireland 1911 BKB15, WS48 (see below for synonymy)
             |  `--Megalurus Horsfield 1821 OF19, B94
             |       |--M. albolimbatus JT12
             |       `--M. palustris BKB15
             |            |--M. p. palustris GC09
             |            `--M. p. toklao GC09
             `--+--Schoenicola BKB15
                |    |--S. brevirostris JT12
                |    `--S. platyurus JT12
                `--Bradypterus Swainson 1837 BKB15, B94 [Bradypterinae]
                     |  i. s.: B. accentor JT12
                     |         B. alfredi JT12
                     |         B. grandis JT12
                     |         B. palliseri JT12
                     |         B. seebohmi JT12
                     |         B. timorensis JT12
                     |--+--B. bangwaensis BKB15
                     |  `--+--B. cinnamomeus BKB15
                     |     `--+--B. lopezi BKB15
                     |        `--B. mariae BKB15
                     `--+--+--Dromaeocercus brunneus BKB15
                        |  `--B. sylvaticus BKB15
                        `--+--+--B. tongensis BKB15 [=B. baboecala tongensis AE06]
                           |  `--B. transvaalensis BKB15 [=B. baboecala transvaalensis AE06]
                           `--+--B. carpalis BKB15
                              |--B. graueri BKB15
                              `--+--B. baboecala BKB15
                                 `--B. barratti BKB15

*Bowdleria punctata (Quoy & Gaimard in Dumont d’Urville 1830) CC10 [=Synallaxis punctata CC10, Megalurus punctatus BKB15, Sphenoeacus punctatus CC10]

Bowdleria punctata stewartiana Oliver 1930 [=B. punctata stewartiae; incl. B. punctata insularis Stead 1936] CC10

Bowdleria rufescens (Buller 1869) [=Sphenoeacus rufescens, B. punctata rufescens, Megalurus rufescens] CC10

Cincloramphus cruralis (Vigors & Horsfield 1827) WS48 [=Megalurus cruralis WS48; incl. C. cantillans R87, C. cruralis clelandi Mathews 1912 WS48, C. cruralis rogersi Mathews 1912 WS48]

‘Cincloramphus’ mathewsi Ireland 1911 BKB15, WS48 [=C. rufescens mathewsi WS48; incl. C. mathewsi alisteri Mathews 1912 WS48, Anthus rufescens Vigors & Horsfield 1827 (preoc.) WS48, Ptenoedus rufescens R66, C. mathewsi subalisteri Mathews 1912 WS48]

Eremiornis carteri Noreth 1900 BKB15, WS48 [incl. E. c. assimilis Montague 1913 WS48, E. c. rogersi Mathews 1913 WS48]

Megalurus gramineus (Gould 1845) BKB15, WS48 [=Sphenoeacus gramineus WS48; incl. M. striatus Milligan 1903 WS48, M. gramineus thomasi Mathews 1912 WS48]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[AE06] Alström, P., P. G. P. Ericson, U. Olsson & P. Sundberg. 2006. Phylogeny and classification of the avian superfamily Sylvioidea. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 38: 381–397.

[B94] Bock, W. J. 1994. History and nomenclature of avian family-group names. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 222: 1–281.

[BKB15] Burleigh, J. G., R. T. Kimball & E. L. Braun. 2015. Building the avian tree of life using a large-scale, sparse supermatrix. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 84: 53–63.

[CC10] Checklist Committee (OSNZ). 2010. Checklist of the Birds of New Zealand, Norfolk and Macquarie Islands, and the Ross Dependency, Antarctica 4^th ed. Ornithological Society of New Zealand and Te Papa Press: Wellington.

[GC09] Gelang, M., A. Cibois, E. Pasquet, U. Olsson, P. Alström & P. G. P. Ericson. 2009. Phylogeny of babblers (Aves, Passeriformes): major lineages, family limits and classification. Zoologica Scripta 38: 225–236.

[I92] Iwahashi, J. (ed.) 1992. Reddo Deeta Animaruzu: a pictorial of Japanese fauna facing extinction. JICC: Tokyo.

[JT12] Jetz, W., G. H. Thomas, J. B. Joy, K. Hartmann & A. Ø. Mooers. 2012. The global diversity of birds in space and time. Nature 491: 444–448.

[JF06] Jønsson, K. A., & J. Fjeldså. 2006. A phylogenetic supertree of oscine passerine birds. Zoologica Scripta 35: 149–186.

[M03] Morcombe, M. 2003. Field Guide to Australian Birds, 2^nd ed. Steve Parish Publishing.

[OF19] Oliveros, C. H., D. J. Field, D. T. Ksepka, F. K. Barker, A. Aleixo, M. J. Andersen, P. Alström, B. W. Benz, E. L. Braun, M. J. Braun, G. A. Bravo, R. T. Brumfield, R. T. Chesser, S. Claramunt, J. Cracraft, A. M. Cuervo, E. P. Derryberry, T. C. Glenn, M. G. Harvey, P. A. Hosner, L. Joseph, R. T. Kimball, A. L. Mack, C. M. Miskelly, A. T. Peterson, M. B. Robbins, F. H. Sheldon, L. F. Silveira, B. T. Smith, N. D. White, R. G. Moyle & B. C. Faircloth. 2019. Earth history and the passerine superradiation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 116 (16): 7916–7925.

[R66] Ramsay, E. P. 1866. Remarks upon the new species of Atrichia and on A. clamosa of the west coast. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 439–440.

[R87] Ramsay, E. P. 1887. List of Western Australian birds collected by Mr. Cairn, and Mr. W. H. Boyer-Bower, at Derby and its vicinity, with remarks on the species. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, series 2, 1 (4): 1085–1100.

[VP89] Viney, C., & K. Phillipps. 1989. Birds of Hong Kong 5^th ed. Government Printer: Hong Kong.

[WS48] Whittell, H. M., & D. L. Serventy. 1948. A systematic list of the birds of Western Australia. Public Library, Museum and Art Gallery of Western Australia, Special Publication 1: 1–126.

Alauda

Japanese skylark Alauda japonica, copyright Alpsdrake.

Belongs within: Alaudidae.

Alauda, the skylarks, are a genus of larks found in the Palaearctic region (with the Eurasian skylark Alauda arvensis also introduced to eastern Australia, New Zealand and North America). Members of this genus have streaked brown upperparts, pale underparts and a short erectile crest. The Oriental skylark A. gulgula of eastern Asia differs from the Eurasian skylark A. arvensis in being smaller with a relatively longer and thicker bill, shorter tail and shorter wings.

<==Alauda Linnaeus 1758 CC10
    |--*A. arvensis Linnaeus 1758 CC10
    |    |--A. a. arvensis CC10 (see below for synonymy)
    |    |--A. a. cantarella Bonaparte 1850 L03
    |    |--A. a. intermedia VP89
    |    |--A. a. pekinensis Swinhoe 1863 [incl. A. buxtoni Allen 1905] L03
    |    `--A. a. scotica Tschusi 1903 CC10
    |--A. alpestris Linnaeus 1758 L58
    |--A. dulcivox Hume 1872 L03
    |--A. gulgula JT12
    |    |--A. g. gulgula L03
    |    |--A. g. coelivox Swinhoe 1859 L03
    |    |--A. g. herberti Hartert 1923 [=A. arvensis herberti] L03
    |    |--A. g. sala Swinhoe 1870 [incl. A. arvensis hainana Hartert 1922] L03
    |    |--A. g. vernayi Mayr in Stanford & Mayr 1941 [=A. arvensis vernayi] L03
    |    `--A. g. weigoldi Hartert 1922 [=A. arvensis weigoldi] L03
    |--A. gypsorum Portis 1887 M02
    |--A. japonica JT12 [=A. arvensis japonica L81]
    |--A. major Portis 1887 M02
    |--A. pyrrhonota S66
    |--A. razae JT12
    `--A. spinoletta Linnaeus 1758 L58

Alauda arvensis arvensis Linnaeus 1758 CC10 [incl. A. albigularis Brehm 1841 L03, A. bugiensis Löwenstein & Brehm in Brehm 1841 L03, A. galeridaria Brehm 1841 L03, A. gracilis Brehm 1841 L03, A. montana Brehm 1831 L03, A. pratorum Brehm 1841 L03, A. tenuirostris Brehm 1841 L03]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[CC10] Checklist Committee (OSNZ). 2010. Checklist of the Birds of New Zealand, Norfolk and Macquarie Islands, and the Ross Dependency, Antarctica 4^th ed. Ornithological Society of New Zealand and Te Papa Press: Wellington.

[JT12] Jetz, W., G. H. Thomas, J. B. Joy, K. Hartmann & A. Ø. Mooers. 2012. The global diversity of birds in space and time. Nature 491: 444–448.

[L03] LeCroy, M. 2003. Type specimens of birds in the American Museum of Natural History. Part 5. Passeriformes: Alaudidae, Hirundinidae, Motacillidae, Campephagidae, Pycnonotidae, Irenidae, Laniidae, Vangidae, Bombycillidae, Dulidae, Cinclidae, Troglodytidae, and Mimidae. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 278: 1–156.

[L58] Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Laurentii Salvii: Holmiae.

[L81] Long, J. L. 1981. Introduced Birds of the World: The worldwide history, distribution and influence of birds introduced to new environments. Reed: Sydney.

[M02] Mlíkovský, J. 2002. Cenozoic Birds of the World. Part 1: Europe. Ninox Press: Praha.

[S66] Sclater, P. L. 1866. Report on birds collected at Windvogelberg, South Africa, by Capt. G. E. Bulger, C. M. Z. S. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 21–23.

[VP89] Viney, C., & K. Phillipps. 1989. Birds of Hong Kong 5^th ed. Government Printer: Hong Kong.

Last updated: 15 July 2019.

Pycnonotus

Black-crested bulbul Pycnonotus melanicterus, copyright Don-Jean Léandri.

Belongs within: Pycnonotidae.

Pycnonotus is a diverse genus of bulbuls found in Africa and southern Asia, with the higher diversity of species in the latter. Notable members include the red-whiskered bulbul P. jocosus, native to southern and south-eastern Asia, which has brown upperparts, whitish underparts, an erect black crest, red cheek-patch and red vent.

Pycnonotus Boie 1826 B94 (see below for synonymy)
    |--+--+--P. atriceps JT12 [=*Brachypus atriceps B94]
    |  |  `--P. urostictus JT12
    |  |       |--P. u. urostictus L03
    |  |       `--P. u. atricaudatus Parkes 1867 L03
    |  `--+--P. eutilotus JT12 [incl. Pinarocichla euptilosae L03]
    |     `--P. melanoleucos JT12
    `--+--+--P. melanicterus BKB15
       |  |    |--P. m. melanicterus S02
       |  |    `--P. m. gularis S02
       |  `--+--P. erythropthalmos BKB15
       |     `--+--P. cyaniventris BKB15
       |        `--P. squamatus JT12
       `--+--Spizixos Blyth 1845 JT12, B94 [Spizixidae]
          |    |--S. canifrons JT12
          |    `--S. semitorques JT12
          |         |--S. s. semitorques L03
          |         `--S. s. cinereicapillus Swinhoe 1871 [=Spizixus cinereicapillus] L03
          `--+--+--P. finlaysoni Strickland 1844 BKB15, W66
             |  `--P. zeylanicus JT12
             `--+--+--P. simplex BKB15
                |  |    |--P. s. simplex L03
                |  |    `--P. s. prillwitzi Hartert 1902 L03
                |  `--+--P. brunneus JT12
                |     `--P. plumosus JT12
                `--+--P. flavescens BKB15
                   |    |--P. f. flavescens L03
                   |    `--P. f. leucops (Sharpe 1888) [=Oreoctistes leucops] L03
                   `--+--P. goiavier BKB15
                      `--+--+--P. jocosus BKB15
                         |  |    |--P. j. jocosus L81
                         |  |    |--P. j. emeria L81
                         |  |    |--P. j. pattani L81
                         |  |    `--P. j. whistleri L81
                         |  `--+--P. xanthorrhous BKB15 [=Ixus xanthorrhous S89]
                         |     |    |--P. x. xanthorrhous VP89
                         |     |    `--P. x. andersoni VP89
                         |     `--+--P. sinensis (Gmel. 1788) JT12, M01 [=Muscicapa sinensis M01, Ixus sinensis M01]
                         |        |    |--P. s. sinensis L03
                         |        |    |--P. s. formosae Hartert 1910 L03
                         |        |    `--P. s. orii Kuroda 1923 I92
                         |        `--P. taivanus JT12
                         `--+--P. cafer (Linnaeus 1766) BKB15, CC10 [=Turdus cafer CC10]
                            |    |--P. c. cafer CC10 [incl. P. c. vicinus Ripley 1946 L03]
                            |    |--P. c. bengalensis Blyth 1845 CC10
                            |    |--P. c. melanchimus Deignan 1949 L03
                            |    `--P. c. stanfordi Deignan 1949 L03
                            `--+--+--P. leucogenys (Gray 1835) BKB15, L03 (see below for synonymy)
                               |  `--P. xanthopygos BKB15
                               `--+--P. capensis BKB15
                                  `--+--P. barbatus (Desfontaines 1789) BKB15, U93 [=Ixos barbatus B94]
                                     |    |--P. b. barbatus L03
                                     |    |--P. b. dodsoni Sharpe 1895 [incl. P. dodsoni teitensis van Someren 1922] L03
                                     |    |--P. b. gabonensis Sharpe 1871 [incl. P. b. nigeriae Hartert 1921] L03
                                     |    `--P. b. schoanus Neumann 1905 L03
                                     `--P. nigricans JT12

Pycnonotus incertae sedis:
  P. atricapillus S89
  P. aurigaster JT12
    |--P. a. aurigaster L03
    `--P. a. latouchei Deignan 1949 L03
  P. bimaculatus JT12
  P. blanfordi JT12
  ‘Rubigula’ flaviventris [=Otocompsa flaviventris] S89
  P. haemorrhous W66
  P. hualon JT12
  P. leucogrammicus JT12
  P. leucotis (Gould 1836) JT12, L03 (see below for synonymy)
  P. luteolus JT12
  P. nieuwenhuisii JT12
  P. nigropileus Blyth 1847 W66
  P. penicillatus JT12
  P. priocephalus JT12
  P. pygaeus W66
  P. striatus JT12
  P. tympanistrigus JT12
  P. xantholaemus JT12

Pycnonotus Boie 1826 B94 [incl. Brachypus Swainson 1824 non Meyer 1814 B94, Oreoctistes Sharpe 1888 L03, Rubigula Blyth 1845 B94]

Pycnonotus leucogenys (Gray 1835) BKB15, L03 [incl. Molpastes leucogenys picru Koelz 1954 L03]

Pycnonotus leucotis (Gould 1836) JT12, L03 [=P. leucogenys leucotis L03; incl. Molpastes leucotis farahensis Koelz 1939 L03]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B94] Bock, W. J. 1994. History and nomenclature of avian family-group names. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 222: 1–281.

[BKB15] Burleigh, J. G., R. T. Kimball & E. L. Braun. 2015. Building the avian tree of life using a large-scale, sparse supermatrix. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 84: 53–63.

[CC10] Checklist Committee (OSNZ). 2010. Checklist of the Birds of New Zealand, Norfolk and Macquarie Islands, and the Ross Dependency, Antarctica 4^th ed. Ornithological Society of New Zealand and Te Papa Press: Wellington.

[I92] Iwahashi, J. (ed.) 1992. Reddo Deeta Animaruzu: a pictorial of Japanese fauna facing extinction. JICC: Tokyo.

[JT12] Jetz, W., G. H. Thomas, J. B. Joy, K. Hartmann & A. Ø. Mooers. 2012. The global diversity of birds in space and time. Nature 491: 444–448.

[L03] LeCroy, M. 2003. Type specimens of birds in the American Museum of Natural History. Part 5. Passeriformes: Alaudidae, Hirundinidae, Motacillidae, Campephagidae, Pycnonotidae, Irenidae, Laniidae, Vangidae, Bombycillidae, Dulidae, Cinclidae, Troglodytidae, and Mimidae. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 278: 1–156.

[L81] Long, J. L. 1981. Introduced Birds of the World: The worldwide history, distribution and influence of birds introduced to new environments. Reed: Sydney.

[M01] Madarász, J. 1901. Madarak [Vögel]. In: Horváth, G. (ed.) Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazása [Dritte Asiatische Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] vol. 2. Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazásának Állattani Eredményei [Zoologische Ergebnisse der Dritten Asiatischen Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] pp. 21–39. Victor Hornyánszky: Budapest, and Karl W. Hierseman: Leipzig.

[S89] Salvadori, T. 1889. Viaggio di Leonardo Fea nella Birmania e nelle regioni vicine. XIX.—Uccelli raccolti nei Monti Carin a nord-est di Tounghoo, nel Pegù presso Rangoon e Tounghoo e nel Tenasserim presso Malewoon. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, Serie 2^a, 7: 369–438.

[S02] Santharam, V. 2002. Fruit and nectar resources in a moist deciduous forest and their use by birds—a preliminary report. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 99 (3): 537–543.

[U93] Unwin, D. M. 1993. Aves. In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 717–737. Chapman & Hall: London.

[VP89] Viney, C., & K. Phillipps. 1989. Birds of Hong Kong 5^th ed. Government Printer: Hong Kong.

[W66] Walden, A. 1866. Notes on birds collected in Tennasserim and in the Andaman Islands. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 537–556.

Last updated: 15 July 2019.

Petrochelidon

American cliff swallows Petrochelidon pyrrhonota, copyright Mark Watson.

Belongs within: Hirundinidae.

Petrochelidon, the cliff swallows, is a genus of swallows that nest colonially, building nests from mud cemented to surfaces such as cliffs, building walls or inside tree hollows. Members include the tree martin P. nigricans of eastern Indonesia, New Guinea, the Solomon Islands and Australia, which has a metallic blue crown and back, brown wings and tail, and whitish underparts.

<==Petrochelidon Cabanis 1850 [incl. Hylochelidon Gould 1865] CC10
    |  i. s.: P. albifrons L81
    |         P. andecola L03
    |           |--P. a. andecola L03
    |           `--P. a. oroyae Chapman 1924 L03
    |         P. lunifrons S18
    |           |--P. l. lunifrons S18
    |           `--P. l. tachina S18
    |--+--+--P. fulva BKB15 [=Hirundo fulva JF06]
    |  |  `--P. pyrrhonota (Vieillot 1817) JT12, L03 (see below for synonymy)
    |  `--+--P. preussi BKB15 [=Hirundo preussi JT12]
    |     `--P. rufigula JF06 [=Hirundo rufigula JT12]
    `--+--P. spilodera BKB15 [=Hirundo spilodera JT12]
       `--+--P. ariel (Gould 1842) CC10 (see below for synonymy)
          `--+--P. fluvicola JF06 [=Hirundo fluvicola JT12]
             `--P. nigricans (Vieillot 1817) CC10 (see below for synonymy)
                  |--P. n. nigricans CC10
                  |--P. n. neglecta Mathews 1912 (see below for synonymy) L03
                  `--P. n. timoriensis CC10 [=Hirundo nigricans timoriensis J06]

Petrochelidon ariel (Gould 1842) CC10 [=Collocalia ariel CC10, Hirundo ariel JT12, Hylochelidon ariel WS48; incl. P. ariel conigravi Mathews 1912 L03]

Petrochelidon nigricans (Vieillot 1817) CC10 [=Hirundo nigricans JT12, *Hylochelidon nigricans CC10, Petrochelida (l. c.) nigricans CC10]

Petrochelidon nigricans neglecta Mathews 1912 [incl. P. nigricans caleyi Mathews 1913, P. cayleyi, P. nigricans distinguenda Mathews 1912, Hirundo pyrrhonota Vigors & Horsfield 1827 non Vieillot 1817, P. nigricans rogersi Mathews 1912, P. nigricans socialis Stresemann 1923] L03

Petrochelidon pyrrhonota (Vieillot 1817) JT12, L03 [=Hirundo pyrrhonota JF06; incl. H. melanogaster CC10, *Petrochelidon melanogaster CC10]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BKB15] Burleigh, J. G., R. T. Kimball & E. L. Braun. 2015. Building the avian tree of life using a large-scale, sparse supermatrix. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 84: 53–63.

[CC10] Checklist Committee (OSNZ). 2010. Checklist of the Birds of New Zealand, Norfolk and Macquarie Islands, and the Ross Dependency, Antarctica 4^th ed. Ornithological Society of New Zealand and Te Papa Press: Wellington.

[JT12] Jetz, W., G. H. Thomas, J. B. Joy, K. Hartmann & A. Ø. Mooers. 2012. The global diversity of birds in space and time. Nature 491: 444–448.

[J06] Johnstone, R. E. 2006. The birds of Gag Island, Western Papuan islands, Indonesia. Records of the Western Australian Museum 23 (2): 115–132.

[JF06] Jønsson, K. A., & J. Fjeldså. 2006. A phylogenetic supertree of oscine passerine birds. Zoologica Scripta 35: 149–186.

[L03] LeCroy, M. 2003. Type specimens of birds in the American Museum of Natural History. Part 5. Passeriformes: Alaudidae, Hirundinidae, Motacillidae, Campephagidae, Pycnonotidae, Irenidae, Laniidae, Vangidae, Bombycillidae, Dulidae, Cinclidae, Troglodytidae, and Mimidae. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 278: 1–156.

[L81] Long, J. L. 1981. Introduced Birds of the World: The worldwide history, distribution and influence of birds introduced to new environments. Reed: Sydney.

[S18] Stone, W. 1918. Birds of the Panama Canal Zone, with special reference to a collection made by Mr. Lindsey L. Jewel. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 70: 239–280.

[WS48] Whittell, H. M., & D. L. Serventy. 1948. A systematic list of the birds of Western Australia. Public Library, Museum and Art Gallery of Western Australia, Special Publication 1: 1–126.

Last updated: 15 July 2019.

Paridae

Willow tit Poecile montanus, copyright Francis C. Franklin.

Belongs within: Sylviida.
Contains: Parus.

The Paridae, tits, are a family of mostly very small, often boldly patterned birds found in Eurasia, Africa and North America. Most species have short, stout, pointed bills with the nostrils partially concealed by feathers, and rounded wings with the outermost of the ten primary feathers only half the length of the second. They are mostly cavity nesters.

In the past, most tits have been included within a single genus Parus. However, more recent classifications have recognised several distinct genera within the family, such as the black-capped, white-cheeked species of the genus Poecile (including the North American chickadees).

Paridae [Parinae]
    |  i. s.: Acredula macrura Seeb. 1883 [=A. caudata var. macrura] M01
    |--Sylviparus Burton 1836 JT12, B94
    |    `--S. modestus JT12
    `--+--Melanochlora sultanea (Hodgs. 1836) JT12, W66 [=Parus sultaneus W66; incl. P. flavocristatus W66]
       `--+--+--Parus BKB15
          |  `--Melaniparus BKB15
          |       |--+--M. fasciiventer BKB15 [=Parus fasciiventer JT12]
          |       |  `--M. funereus BKB15 [=Parus funereus JT12]
          |       `--+--M. rufiventris BKB15 [=Parus rufiventris JT12]
          |          `--+--M. albiventris BKB15 [=Parus albiventris JT12]
          |             `--M. niger BKB15 [=Parus niger JT12]
          `--+--+--Lophophanes BKB15
             |  |    |--L. cristatus (Linnaeus 1758) BKB15, M02 [=Parus cristatus JF06]
             |  |    `--L. dichrous BKB15 [=Parus dichrous JF06]
             |  `--Baeolophus JT12
             |       |--B. wollweberi JT12 [=Parus wollweberi JF06]
             |       `--+--B. atricristatus JT12
             |          `--+--B. inornatus JT12 [=Parus inornatus JF06]
             |             `--B. ridgwayi JT12
             `--+--+--Pardaliparus BKB15
                |  |    |--P. amabilis BKB15 [=Parus amabilis JT12, Periparus amabilis JF06]
                |  |    `--+--P. elegans BKB15 [=Parus elegans JT12, Periparus elegans JF06]
                |  |       `--P. venustulus BKB15 [=Parus venustulus JT12]
                |  `--Periparus BKB15
                |       |--+--P. ater Linnaeus 1758 BKB15, M02 [=Parus ater JF06]
                |       |  |    |--P. a. ater VP89
                |       |  |    `--P. a. kuatunensis VP89
                |       |  `--P. melanolophus [=Parus melanolophus] JF06
                |       `--+--P. rubidiventris BKB15 [=Parus rubidiventris JF06]
                |          `--P. rufonuchalis BKB15 [=Parus rufonuchalis JF06]
                `--+--‘Baeolophus’ bicolor BKB15 [=Parus bicolor JF06]
                   `--Poecile BKB15
                        |--+--P. lugubris BKB15 [=Parus lugubris JF06]
                        |  |    |--P. l. lugubris M02
                        |  |    `--‘Parus’ l. fossilis Čapek 1917 M02
                        |  `--+--P. superciliosus BKB15 [=Parus superciliosus JF06]
                        |     `--P. varius JF06 [=Parus varius JT12, Sittiparus varius BKB15]
                        |          |--P. v. varius I92
                        |          |--‘Parus’ v. namiyei Kuroda 1918 I92
                        |          |--‘Parus’ v. olivaceus (Kuroda 1923) I92
                        |          |--‘Parus’ v. orii (Kuroda 1923) I92
                        |          `--‘Parus’ v. owstoni (Ijima 1893) I92
                        `--+--+--P. davidi BKB15 [=Parus davidi JF06]
                           |  `--+--P. montanus BKB15 [=Parus montanus JF06]
                           |     |    |--P. m. montanus JE03
                           |     |    `--‘Parus’ m. borealis JE03
                           |     `--P. palustris (Linnaeus 1758) BKB15, L58 [=Parus palustris JF06]
                           `--+--+--P. carolinensis BKB15 [=Parus carolinensis JF06]
                              |  `--+--P. atricapillus BKB15 [=Parus atricapillus JF06]
                              |     |    |--P. a. atricapillus R68
                              |     |    `--‘Parus’ a. septentrionalis R68
                              |     `--P. gambeli BKB15 [=Parus gambeli JF06]
                              `--+--P. sclateri BKB15 [=Parus sclateri JF06]
                                 `--+--P. cinctus BKB15 [=Parus cinctus JF06]
                                    `--+--P. hudsonicus BKB15 [=Parus hudsonicus JF06]
                                       `--P. rufescens BKB15 [=Parus rufescens JF06]

Inorganic: Parus atricapillus minilorientalus Okamura 1987 O87

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B94] Bock, W. J. 1994. History and nomenclature of avian family-group names. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 222: 1–281.

[BKB15] Burleigh, J. G., R. T. Kimball & E. L. Braun. 2015. Building the avian tree of life using a large-scale, sparse supermatrix. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 84: 53–63.

[I92] Iwahashi, J. (ed.) 1992. Reddo Deeta Animaruzu: a pictorial of Japanese fauna facing extinction. JICC: Tokyo.

[JE03] James, H. F., P. G. P. Ericson, B. Slikas, F.-M. Lei, F. B. Gill & S. L. Olson. 2003. Pseudopodoces humilis, a misclassified terrestrial tit (Paridae) of the Tibetan Plateau: Evolutionary consequences of shifting adaptive zones. Ibis 145: 185–202.

[JT12] Jetz, W., G. H. Thomas, J. B. Joy, K. Hartmann & A. Ø. Mooers. 2012. The global diversity of birds in space and time. Nature 491: 444–448.

[JF06] Jønsson, K. A., & J. Fjeldså. 2006. A phylogenetic supertree of oscine passerine birds. Zoologica Scripta 35: 149–186.

[L58] Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Laurentii Salvii: Holmiae.

[M01] Madarász, J. 1901. Madarak [Vögel]. In: Horváth, G. (ed.) Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazása [Dritte Asiatische Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] vol. 2. Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazásának Állattani Eredményei [Zoologische Ergebnisse der Dritten Asiatischen Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] pp. 21–39. Victor Hornyánszky: Budapest, and Karl W. Hierseman: Leipzig.

[M02] Mlíkovský, J. 2002. Cenozoic Birds of the World. Part 1: Europe. Ninox Press: Praha.

[O87] Okamura, C. 1987. New facts: Homo and all Vertebrata were born simultaneously in the former Paleozoic in Japan. Original Report of the Okamura Fossil Laboratory 15: 347–573.

[R68] Rising, J. D. 1968. A multivariate assessment of interbreeding between the chickadees, Parus atricapillus and P. carolinensis. Systematic Zoology 17 (2): 160–169.

[VP89] Viney, C., & K. Phillipps. 1989. Birds of Hong Kong 5^th ed. Government Printer: Hong Kong.

[W66] Walden, A. 1866. Notes on birds collected in Tennasserim and in the Andaman Islands. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 537–556.

Last updated: 23 July 2019.

Zosterops

Ranongga white-eye Zosterops splendidus, photographed by Josep del Hoyo.

Belongs within: Yuhina.

Zosterops contains the typical white-eyes, a diverse group of small birds found in Africa, Asia and Australasia. Zosterops species possess slender pointed bills, generally green upperparts and pale greyish underparts, and usually a ring of small white feathers around each eye. Species boundaries within the genus have often been contentious, with authors differing on whether closely related allopatric forms should be treated as separate species. This is partly due to a lack of strong morphological differentiation between many species, but there are exceptions. For instance, four species from the Gulf of Guinea in Africa have been classified as a separate genus Speirops due to their lack of the green and yellow coloration of other species, but phylogenetically they are nested within Zosterops. Also previously separated was the mountain blackeye Chlorocharis emiliae of Borneo which is mostly olive-green in coloration with a prominent black ring around the eye.

Zosterops Vigors & Horsfield 1827 [incl. Nesozosterops Mathews 1912] CC10
    |--+--+--Z. nigrorum JT12
    |  |  `--Z. poliogastrus BKB15
    |  `--+--Chlorocharis emiliae JT12
    |     `--+--+--Z. atricapilla JT12
    |        |  `--+--Z. abyssinicus JT12
    |        |     `--Z. erythropleurus Swinh. 1863 JT12, M01
    |        `--+--Z. japonicus JT12
    |           |    |--Z. j. japonicus VP89
    |           |    `--Z. j. simplex VP89
    |           `--Z. montanus JT12
    `--+--+--Z. atrifrons JT12
       |  `--Z. chloris JT12
       `--+--+--+--Z. borbonicus BKB15 [=Certhia borbonica S66]
          |  |  `--Z. olivaceus BKB15
          |  `--+--+--Z. palpebrosus JT12
          |     |     `--+--Z. mouroniensis BKB15
          |     |        `--Z. semiflavus BKB15
          |     `--+--Z. mayottensis JT12
          |        `--+--+--Z. pallidus BKB15
          |           |  `--+--*Z. maderaspatanus CC10, JT12 [=Motacilla maderaspatana CC10]
          |           |     `--Z. modestus BKB15
          |           `--+--Z. lugubris BKB15 [=Speirops lugubris JT12]
          |              `--+--Z. kikuyuensis BKB15
          |                 `--+--Z. brunneus BKB15 [=Speirops brunneus MF09]
          |                    `--Z. melanocephalus BKB15 [=Speirops melanocephalus MF09]
          `--+--+--Z. citrinella JT12
             |  |    |--Z. c. citrinella M03
             |  |    `--Z. c. albiventris M03
             |  `--Z. luteus Gould 1843 JT12, WS48 [=Z. lutea WS48]
             |       |--Z. l. luteus [incl. Z. lutea hecla Mathews 1912, Z. lutea tribulationis Mathews 1912] WS48
             |       `--Z. l. balstoni Ogilvie-Grant 1909 (see below for synonymy) WS48
             `--+--+--+--Z. metcalfi JT12
                |  |  `--Z. stressemani JT12
                |  `--+--Z. rotensis JT12
                |     `--+--Z. cinereus JT12
                |        `--+--Z. oleagineus JT12 [=Rukia oleaginea MF09]
                |           `--Rukia MF09
                |                |--R. longirostra JT12
                |                |--R. ruki JT12
                |                `--R. sanfordi FP64
                `--+--+--Z. fuscicapilla JT12
                   |  `--+--Z. flavifrons JT12
                   |     `--Woodfordia JT12
                   |          |--W. lacertosa JT12
                   |          `--W. superciliosa JT12
                   `--+--+--Z. vellalavella JT12
                      |  `--+--Z. luteirostris JT12
                      |     `--+--+--Z. kulambangrae JT12
                      |        |  `--Z. splendidus JT12
                      |        `--Z. rendovae JT12
                      |             |--Z. r. rendovae MF09
                      |             `--Z. r. teteparius MF09
                      `--+--Z. lateralis (Latham 1802) JT12, CC10 [=Sylvia lateralis CC10]
                         |    |--Z. l. lateralis (see below for synonymy) CC10
                         |    |--Z. l. chlorocephalus M03
                         |    |--Z. l. cornwalli [incl. Z. familiaris] M03
                         |    |--Z. l. griseonota S13
                         |    |--Z. l. melanops Gray 1859 S13
                         |    |--Z. l. nigrescens Sarasin 1913 S13
                         |    |--Z. l. ochrochrous M03
                         |    |--Z. l. pinarochrous [incl. Z. halmaturina] M03
                         |    `--Z. l. vegetus [incl. Z. ramsayi] M03
                         `--+--+--Z. conspicillatus JT12
                            |  `--Z. saypani JF06
                            `--+--+--Z. griseotinctus JT12
                               |  `--Z. murphyi JT12
                               `--+--Z. inornatus JT12
                                  `--Z. rennellianus JT12

Zosterops incertae sedis:
  Z. albogularis Gould 1837 [=Nesozosterops albogularis, Z. albigularis, Z. gularis (l. c.)] CC10
  Z. anomalus JT12
  Z. atriceps JT12
  Z. auriventer S89
  Z. australasiae (Vieillot 1817) (see below for synonymy) WS48
  Z. buruensis JT12
  Z. ceylonensis JT12
  Z. chloronotus Gould 1840 JT12, WS48 [=Z. lateralis chloronotus M03; incl. Z. gouldi M03]
  Z. consobrinorum JT12
  Z. curvirostris G68
  Z. everetti JT12
  Z. explorator JT12
  Z. ficedulinus Hartlaub in Dohrn 1866 JT12, D66 [=Z. ficedulina D66]
  Z. finschii JT12
  Z. flavifrons JT12
  Z. flavus JT12
  Z. gibbsi JT12
  Z. grayi JT12
  Z. griseovirescens JT12
  Z. hesitata G68
  Z. hypolais JT12
  Z. hypoxanthus JT12
  Z. kuehni JT12
  ‘Speirops’ leucophoeus JT12
  Z. madagascariensis S66
  Z. mauritiana G68
  Z. meeki JT12
  Z. mesoxantha Salvadori 1889 S89
  Z. meyeni JT12
  Z. minor JT12
    |--Z. m. minor H03
    `--Z. m. tenuifrons H03
  Z. minutus JT12
  Z. mysorensis JT12
  Z. natalis JT12
  Z. nehrkorni JT12
  Z. novaeguineae JT12
  Z. salvadorii JT12
  Z. samoensis JT12
  Z. sanctaecrucis JT12
  Z. semperi JT12
  Z. senegalensis JT12
  Z. somadikartae JT12
  Z. stalkeri JT12
  Z. strenuus Gould 1855 CC10 [=*Nesozosterops strenuus CC10, Z. tenuirostris strenuus M03]
  Z. tenuirostris Gould 1837 [=Nesozosterops tenuirostris] CC10
  Z. tephropleura S13 [=Z. lateralis tephropleurus M03]
  Z. ugiensis JT12
  Z. uropygialis JT12
  Z. vaughani JT12
  Z. virens MF09
  Z. westernensis S13 [=Z. lateralis westernensis M03]
  Z. xanthochroa JT12

Zosterops australasiae (Vieillot 1817) [=Sylvia australasiae; incl. Z. australasiae edwini Mathews 1923, Z. shortridgii Ogilvie-Grant 1909, Z. gouldi warreni Mathews 1916] WS48

Zosterops lateralis lateralis (Latham 1802) [incl. Z. dorsalis Vigors & Horsfield 1827, Z. lateralis norfolkensis Mathews 1929, Z. lateralis tasmanica Mathews 1912, Z. halmaturina tasmanica] CC10

Zosterops luteus balstoni Ogilvie-Grant 1909 [incl. Z. lutea headlandi Mathews 1923, Z. lutea montebelloensis Ashby 1925] WS48

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BKB15] Burleigh, J. G., R. T. Kimball & E. L. Braun. 2015. Building the avian tree of life using a large-scale, sparse supermatrix. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 84: 53–63.

[CC10] Checklist Committee (OSNZ). 2010. Checklist of the Birds of New Zealand, Norfolk and Macquarie Islands, and the Ross Dependency, Antarctica 4^th ed. Ornithological Society of New Zealand and Te Papa Press: Wellington.

[D66] Dohrn, H. 1866. Synopsis of the birds of Ilha do Principe, with some remarks on their habits and descriptions of new species. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 324–332.

[FP64] Fisher, J., & R. T. Peterson. 1964. The World of Birds: A comprehensive guide to general ornithology. Macdonald: London.

[G68] Grant, P. R. 1968. Bill size, body size, and the ecological adaptations of bird species to competitive situations on islands. Systematic Zoology 17 (3): 319–333.

[H03] Heads, M. 2003. Ericaceae in Malesia: vicariance biogeography, terrane tectonics and ecology. Telopea 10 (1): 311–449.

[JT12] Jetz, W., G. H. Thomas, J. B. Joy, K. Hartmann & A. Ø. Mooers. 2012. The global diversity of birds in space and time. Nature 491: 444–448.

[JF06] Jønsson, K. A., & J. Fjeldså. 2006. A phylogenetic supertree of oscine passerine birds. Zoologica Scripta 35: 149–186.

[M01] Madarász, J. 1901. Madarak [Vögel]. In: Horváth, G. (ed.) Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazása [Dritte Asiatische Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] vol. 2. Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazásának Állattani Eredményei [Zoologische Ergebnisse der Dritten Asiatischen Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] pp. 21–39. Victor Hornyánszky: Budapest, and Karl W. Hierseman: Leipzig.

[M03] Morcombe, M. 2003. Field Guide to Australian Birds 2^nd ed. Steve Parish Publishing.

[MF09] Moyle, R. G., C. E. Filardi, C. E. Smith & J. Diamond. 2009. Explosive Pleistocene diversification and hemispheric expansion of a "great speciator". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 1006 (6): 1863–1868.

[S89] Salvadori, T. 1889. Viaggio di Leonardo Fea nella Birmania e nelle regioni vicine. XIX.—Uccelli raccolti nei Monti Carin a nord-est di Tounghoo, nel Pegù presso Rangoon e Tounghoo e nel Tenasserim presso Malewoon. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, Serie 2^a, 7: 369–438.

[S13] Sarasin, F. 1913. Die Vögel Neu-Caledoniens und der Loyalty-Inseln. In: Sarasin, F., & J. Roux (eds) Nova Caledonia: Forschungen in Neu-Caledonian und auf den Loyalty-Inseln. A. Zoologie vol. 1 pt 1 pp. 1–78, pls 1–3. C. W. Kreidels Verlag: Wiesbaden.

[S66] Schlegel, H. 1866. Communication from, on mammals and birds collected in Madagascar. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 419–426.

[VP89] Viney, C., & K. Phillipps. 1989. Birds of Hong Kong 5^th ed. Government Printer: Hong Kong.

[WS48] Whittell, H. M., & D. L. Serventy. 1948. A systematic list of the birds of Western Australia. Public Library, Museum and Art Gallery of Western Australia, Special Publication 1: 1–126.

Last updated: 15 July 2019.

Parus

Great tit Parus major, photographed by Luc Viatour.

Belongs within: Paridae.

Parus is a genus of tits found in Eurasia and Africa. The genus is used here in a more restricted sense than that used by many past authors.

<==Parus Linnaeus 1758 M02
    |  i. s.: P. bokharensis D51
    |         P. cinereus B66
    |         P. leuconotus Guérin-Méneville 1843 [incl. P. dorsatus Rüppell 1845] S05
    |         P. minor D51
    |         P. songarus SB98
    |         P. venustulus VP89
    |--+--+--P. fasciiventer JF06
    |  |  `--P. rufiventer JF06
    |  `--+--P. funereus JF06
    |     `--+--P. albiventris JF06
    |        `--P. niger JF06
    `--+--+--P. major Linnaeus 1758 JF06, M02
       |  |    |--P. m. major VP89
       |  |    `--P. m. commixtus VP89
       |  `--P. monticolus JF06
       `--+--P. afer JF06
          `--+--P. holsti JF06
             `--+--P. spilonotus JF06
                |    |--P. s. spilonotus VP89
                |    `--P. s. rex VP89
                `--P. xanthogenys JF06

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B66] Bulger, G. E. 1866. List of birds observed at Wellington, Neilgherry Hills, about 6000 feet above the level of the sea, during the months of April and May, 1866. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 568-571.

[D51] Dobzhansky, T. 1951. Genetics and the Origin of Species, 3^rd ed. Columbia University Press: New York.

[JF06] Jønsson, K. A., & J. Fjeldså. 2006. A phylogenetic supertree of oscine passerine birds. Zoologica Scripta 35: 149-186.

[M02] Mlíkovský, J. 2002. Cenozoic Birds of the World. Part 1: Europe. Ninox Press: Praha.

[S05] Steinheimer, F. D. 2005. Eduard Rüppel’s avian types at the Natural History Museum, Tring (Aves). Senckenbergiana Biologica 85 (2): 233-264.

[SB98] Sturmbauer, C., B. Berger, R. Dallinger & M. Föger. 1998. Mitochondrial phylogeny of the genus Regulus and implications on the evolution of breeding behaviour in sylvioid songbirds. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 10 (1): 144-149.

[VP89] Viney, C., & K. Phillipps. 1989. Birds of Hong Kong 5^th ed. Government Printer: Hong Kong.

Hirundo

Barn swallow Hirundo rustica, photographed by Jiří Bohdal.

Belongs within: Hirundinidae.

The genus Hirundo includes the barn swallow H. rustica, welcome swallow H. neoxena, and related species. Authors have differed in the circumscription of this genus: at its broadest, it may include nearly all the hirundine swallows. Species of Hirundo as recognised here generally have blue upperparts, rufous throats and pale underparts, and build their nests from mud as open cups. A number of species that originally nested on rock faces have adapted to human development by using walls and beams of buildings as nesting sites. The barn swallow H. rustica is widespread in Eurasia, Africa and the Americas, breeding in northern parts of the range and overwintering in southern regions.

<==Hirundo Linnaeus 1758 CC10 [incl. Biblis Lesson 1837 B94; Biblidinae]
    |--H. dimidiata BKB15
    `--+--+--H. leucosoma BKB15
       |  `--+--H. cucullata JT12 [=Cecropis cucullata JF06]
       |     `--H. megaensis JT12
       `--+--+--H. atrocaerulea BKB15
          |  `--H. nigrorufa JT12
          `--+--+--H. neoxena Gould 1842 JT12, CC10
             |  |    |--H. n. neoxena [=H. tahitica neoxena] CC10
             |  |    |--H. n. carteri (Mathews 1912) [=Chelidon javanica carteri] L03
             |  |    `--H. n. parsonsi M03
             |  `--H. tahitica JT12
             |       |--H. t. tahitica L03
             |       |--H. t. ambiens Mayr 1934 L03
             |       `--H. t. javanica Sparrman 1789 [incl. H. t. viridissima Meise 1929] L03
             `--+--H. albigularis Strickland 1849 JT12, L03 [incl. H. albigularis microptera Hartert 1904 L03]
                `--+--H. smithii JT12
                   `--+--H. nigrita JT12
                      `--+--*H. rustica Linnaeus 1758 CC10, JT12, L03
                         |    |--H. r. rustica [incl. H. r. afghanica Koelz 1939] L03
                         |    |--H. r. erythrogaster FS55
                         |    `--H. r. gutturalis J06
                         `--+--H. angolensis JT12
                            `--+--H. aethiopica Blanford 1869 JT12, L03 (see below for synonymy)
                               `--H. lucida JT12
                                    |--H. l. lucida L03
                                    `--H. l. rothschildi Neumann 1904 L03

Hirundo incertae sedis:
  H. aprica Feduccia 1967 U93
  H. borbonica Sch66
  H. capensis Scl66
  H. domicola JT12
  H. fossilis Giebel 1847 M02
  H. frontalis N87
  H. fuliginosa JT12
  H. obsoleta JT12
  H. paludicola B93
  H. pelagica Linnaeus 1758 L58
  H. perdita JT12
  H. senegalensis JT12 [=Cecropis senegalensis L03]
    |--H. s. senegalensis L03
    `--H. s. monteiri Hartlaub 1862 [incl. H. s. hybrida van Someren 1921] L03
  H. subis Linnaeus 1758 L58

Hirundo aethiopica Blanford 1869 JT12, L03 [incl. H. aethiopica fulvipectus Amadon 1954 L03]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B94] Bock, W. J. 1994. History and nomenclature of avian family-group names. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 222: 1–281.

[B93] Brooke, R. K. 1993. Annotated catalogue of the Aves type specimens in the South African Museum. Annals of the South African Museum 102 (10): 327–349.

[BKB15] Burleigh, J. G., R. T. Kimball & E. L. Braun. 2015. Building the avian tree of life using a large-scale, sparse supermatrix. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 84: 53–63.

[CC10] Checklist Committee (OSNZ). 2010. Checklist of the Birds of New Zealand, Norfolk and Macquarie Islands, and the Ross Dependency, Antarctica 4^th ed. Ornithological Society of New Zealand and Te Papa Press: Wellington.

[FS55] Felten, H., & J. Steinbacher. 1955. Zur Vogelfauna von El Salvador. Senckenbergiana Biologica 36 (1–2): 9–19.

[JT12] Jetz, W., G. H. Thomas, J. B. Joy, K. Hartmann & A. Ø. Mooers. 2012. The global diversity of birds in space and time. Nature 491: 444–448.

[J06] Johnstone, R. E. 2006. The birds of Gag Island, Western Papuan islands, Indonesia. Records of the Western Australian Museum 23 (2): 115–132.

[JF06] Jønsson, K. A., & J. Fjeldså. 2006. A phylogenetic supertree of oscine passerine birds. Zoologica Scripta 35: 149–186.

[L03] LeCroy, M. 2003. Type specimens of birds in the American Museum of Natural History. Part 5. Passeriformes: Alaudidae, Hirundinidae, Motacillidae, Campephagidae, Pycnonotidae, Irenidae, Laniidae, Vangidae, Bombycillidae, Dulidae, Cinclidae, Troglodytidae, and Mimidae. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 278: 1–156.

[L58] Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Laurentii Salvii: Holmiae.

[M02] Mlíkovský, J. 2002. Cenozoic Birds of the World. Part 1: Europe. Ninox Press: Praha.

[M03] Morcombe, M. 2003. Field Guide to Australian Birds 2^nd ed. Steve Parish Publishing.

[N87] North, A. J. 1887. List of references to authentic descriptions of Australian birds' eggs. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, series 2, 1 (4): 1163–1174.

[Sch66] Schlegel, H. 1866. Communication from, on mammals and birds collected in Madagascar. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 419–426.

[Scl66] Sclater, P. L. 1866. Report on birds collected at Windvogelberg, South Africa, by Capt. G. E. Bulger, C. M. Z. S. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 21–23.

[U93] Unwin, D. M. 1993. Aves. In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 717–737. Chapman & Hall: London.

Last updated: 15 July 2019.

Acrocephalus

Clamorous reed warbler Acrocephalus stentoreus, photographed by John A. Thompson.

Belongs within: Acrocephalidae.

The genus Acrocephalus includes the reed warblers, a cosmopolitan group of insectivorous birds generally found in marshy habitats. Most Acrocephalus species are brown in colour. However, phylogenetic analysis also indicates the inclusion in this group of the papyrus yellow warbler Chloropeta gracilirostris, a more brightly coloured species with olive-brown upper parts and a yellow underbelly. Notable members of the genus include the great reed warbler Acrocephalus arundinaceus, the largest warbler species found in Europe, which breeds in temperate regions of the western Palaearctic and migrates to an overwintering range in southern Africa.

Acrocephalus Naumann & Naumann 1811 CC10 (see below for synonymy)
    |  i. s.: A. luscinius JT12
    |         A. orientalis JF06
    |         A. rehsei JT12
    |         A. rodericanus JT12
    |         A. sorghophilus JT12
    |         A. syrinx JT12 [=A. luscinia syrinx MS55]
    |--+--‘Chloropeta’ gracilirostris BKB15
    |  `--+--A. schoenobaenus BKB15
    |     `--+--A. paludicola BKB15
    |        `--+--A. bistrigiceps BKB15
    |           `--A. melanopogon BKB15
    `--+--+--+--A. agricola BKB15
       |  |  `--+--A. concinens JT12
       |  |     `--A. tangorum JT12
       |  `--+--+--A. dumetorum BKB15
       |     |  `--A. orinus JT12
       |     `--+--A. palustris (Bechstein 1811) BKB15, M02 [=Motacilla (Sylvia) palustris M02]
       |        `--+--A. baeticatus BKB15
       |           `--+--A. avicenniae BKB15
       |              `--A. scirpaceus BKB15
       `--+--A. griseldis BKB15
          `--+--+--+--A. newtoni JT12
             |  |  `--A. sechellensis JT12 [=Bebrornis sechellensis JF06]
             |  `--+--A. gracilirostris (Hartlaub in Gurney 1864) JT12, B93 [=Calamoherpe gracilirostris B93]
             |     `--+--A. brevipennis JT12
             |        `--A. rufescens JT12
             `--+--*A. arundinaceus (Linnaeus 1758) CC10, JT12, M02 [=Turdus arundinaceus CC10]
                |    |--A. a. arundinaceus AE06
                |    `--A. a. zarudnyi AE06
                `--+--A. stentoreus JT12
                   `--+--A. familiaris JT12
                      |    |--A. f. familiaris FP64
                      |    `--A. f. kingi FP64
                      `--+--+--A. mendanae BKB15
                         |  `--+--A. aequinoctialis BKB15
                         |     `--A. australis (Gould in Lewin 1838) JT12, CC10 (see below for synonymy)
                         `--+--+--A. kerearako BKB15
                            |  `--A. rimatarae JT12
                            `--+--A. atyphus BKB15
                               `--+--A. caffer BKB15
                                  `--+--A. taiti BKB15 [=A. vaughani taiti C98]
                                     `--A. vaughani JT12

Acrocephalus Naumann & Naumann 1811 CC10 [incl. Calamoherpe Boie 1822 B94, Tatare Lesson 1831 B94; Calamoherpinae, Tatarinae]

Acrocephalus australis (Gould in Lewin 1838) JT12, CC10 [=Calamoherpe australis CC10, A. arundinaceus australis WS48; incl. C. longirostris Gould 1845 WS48]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[AE06] Alström, P., P. G. P. Ericson, U. Olsson & P. Sundberg. 2006. Phylogeny and classification of the avian superfamily Sylvioidea. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 38: 381–397.

[B94] Bock, W. J. 1994. History and nomenclature of avian family-group names. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 222: 1–281.

[B93] Brooke, R. K. 1993. Annotated catalogue of the Aves type specimens in the South African Museum. Annals of the South African Museum 102 (10): 327–349.

[BKB15] Burleigh, J. G., R. T. Kimball & E. L. Braun. 2015. Building the avian tree of life using a large-scale, sparse supermatrix. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 84: 53–63.

[CC10] Checklist Committee (OSNZ). 2010. Checklist of the Birds of New Zealand, Norfolk and Macquarie Islands, and the Ross Dependency, Antarctica 4^th ed. Ornithological Society of New Zealand and Te Papa Press: Wellington.

[C98] Cockburn, A. 1998. Evolution of helping behavior in cooperatively breeding birds. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 29: 141–177.

[FP64] Fisher, J., & R. T. Peterson. 1964. The World of Birds: A comprehensive guide to general ornithology. Macdonald: London.

[JT12] Jetz, W., G. H. Thomas, J. B. Joy, K. Hartmann & A. Ø. Mooers. 2012. The global diversity of birds in space and time. Nature 491: 444–448.

[JF06] Jønsson, K. A., & J. Fjeldså. 2006. A phylogenetic supertree of oscine passerine birds. Zoologica Scripta 35: 149–186.

[MS55] Mertens, R., & J. Steinbacher. 1955. Die im Senckenberg-Museum vorhandenen Arten ausgestorbener, aussterbender oder seltener Vögel. Senckenbergiana Biologica 36 (3–4): 241–265.

[M02] Mlíkovský, J. 2002. Cenozoic Birds of the World. Part 1: Europe. Ninox Press: Praha.

[WS48] Whittell, H. M., & D. L. Serventy. 1948. A systematic list of the birds of Western Australia. Public Library, Museum and Art Gallery of Western Australia, Special Publication 1: 1–126.

Last updated: 15 July 2019.