Asioryctitheria

Reconstructed skull of Uchkudukodon nessovi, from McKenna et al. (2000).

Belongs within: Eutheria.

The Asioryctitheria are a group of small, probably insectivorous mammals known from the Late Cretaceous of Asia. Monophyly of this group is uncertain: Wible et al.'s (2007) phylogenetic analysis found them to be paraphyletic to modern placentals whereas Halliday et al. (2017) found a clade uniting Asioryctitheria with the contemporary Zalambdalestidae.

<==Asioryctitheria WR07
    |--+--+--Bulaklestes kezbe HUG17, WR07
    |  |  `--Uchkudukodon nessovi HUG17, OB13
    |  `--Daulestes Trofimov & Nessov in Nessov & Trofimov 1979 HUG17, FN03
    |       |--D. inobservabilis WR07
    |       |--D. kulbeckensis WR07
    |       `--D. nessovi AAE01
    `--+--+--Kennalestes Kielan-Jaworowska 1969 HUG17, FN03
       |  |    `--K. gobiensis WR07
       |  `--+--Ukhaatherium Novacek 1997 HUG17, D07
       |     |    `--U. nessovi OB13
       |     `--Asioryctes Kielan-Jaworowska 1975 HUG17, FN03
       |          `--A. nemegtensis WR07
       `--Zalambdalestidae WR07
            |--Kulbeckia HUG17
            |    |--K. kansaica HUG17
            |    `--K. kulbecke WR07
            `--+--Lainodon orueetxebarriai HUG17, WR07
               |--Zhangolestes jilinensis HUG17
               |--Barunlestes butleri HUG17, WR07
               `--+--Alymlestes kielanae HUG17
                  `--Zalambdalestes Gregory & Simpson 1926 HUG17, D07
                       |--Z. grangeri HUG17
                       `--Z. lechei WR07

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[AAE01] Archibald, J. D., A. O. Averianov & E. G. Ekdale. 2001. Late Cretaceous relatives of rabbits, rodents, and other extant eutherian mammals. Nature 414: 62–65.

[D07] Dixon, D. 2007. The Complete Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs & Prehistoric Creatures. Hermes House: London.

[FN03] Fox, R. C., & B. G. Naylor. 2003. A Late Cretaceous taeniodont (Eutheria, Mammalia) from Alberta, Canada. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie—Abhandlungen 229 (3): 393–420.

[HUG17] Halliday, T. J. D., P. Upchurch & A. Goswami. 2017. Resolving the relationships of Paleocene placental mammals. Biological Reviews 92 (1): 521–550.

[OB13] O'Leary, M. A., J. I. Bloch, J. J. Flynn, T. J. Gaudin, A. Giallombardo, N. P. Giannini, S. L. Goldberg, B. P. Kraatz, Z.-X. Luo, J. Meng, X. Ni, M. J. Novacek, F. A. Perini, Z. S. Randall, G. W. Rougier, E. J. Sargis, M. T. Silcox, N. B. Simmons, M. Spaulding, P. M. Velazco, M. Weksler, J. R. Wible & A. L. Cirranello. 2013. The placental mammal ancestor and the post-K-Pg radiation of placentals. Science 339: 662–667.

[WR07] Wible, J. R., G. W. Rougier, M. J. Novacek & R. J. Asher. 2007. Cretaceous eutherians and Laurasian origin for placental mammals near the K/T boundary. Nature 447: 1003–1006.

Apodemus

Yellow-necked mouse Apodemus flavicollis, copyright James Lindsey.

Belongs within: Muridae.

Apodemus, the field mice, is a genus of small, soft-furred mice found in the temperate Palaearctic, where they are the most common small rodents in fields and broadleaf forests.

See also: Taxon of the Week: Apodemus (no Pliers).

<==Apodemus
    |--A. agrarius (Pallas 1771) K92
    |--A. alpicola IT07
    |--A. argenteus IT07
    |--A. arianus IT07
    |--A. chevrieri IT07
    |--A. draco IT07
    |--A. flavicollis (Melchior 1834) K92
    |--A. fulvipectus IT07
    |--A. gurkha IT07
    |--A. hermonensis IT07
    |--A. hyrcanicus IT07
    |--A. jeanteti Michaux 1967 P04
    |--A. latronum IT07
    |--A. miyakensis Imaizumi 1969 I92
    |--A. mystacinus IT07
    |--A. peninsulae I92
    |    |--A. p. peninsulae I92
    |    `--A. p. giliacus (Thomas 1907) I92
    |--A. ponticus IT07
    |--A. rusiges IT07
    |--A. semotus IT07
    |--A. speciosus Temminck 1845 M76
    |    |--A. s. speciosus MN91
    |    `--A. s. ainu MN91
    |--A. sylvaticus (Linnaeus 1758) K92
    |    |--A. s. sylvaticus KK54
    |    |--A. s. dichrurus (Rafinesque-Schmaltz 1814) KK54
    |    `--A. s. krkensis BP87
    |--A. uralensis IT07
    `--A. wardi IT07

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BP87] Burton, J. A., & B. Pearson. 1987. Collins Guide to the Rare Mammals of the World. Collins: London.

[IT07] Isaac, N. J. B., S. T. Turvey, B. Collen, C. Waterman & J. E. M. Baillie. 2007. Mammals on the EDGE: conservation priorities based on threat and phylogeny. PloS One 2 (3): e296.

[I92] Iwahashi, J. (ed.) 1992. Reddo Deeta Animaruzu: a pictorial of Japanese fauna facing extinction. JICC: Tokyo.

[KK54] Klemmer, K., & H. E. Krampitz. 1954. Zur Kenntnis der Säugetierfauna Siziliens. Senckenbergiana Biologica 35 (3-4): 121-135.

[K92] Klompen, J. S. H. 1992. Phylogenetic relationships in the mite family Sarcoptidae (Acari: Astigmata). Miscellaneous Publications, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan 180: i-vi, 1-154.

[M76] Masui, M. 1976. Nihon no Doobutsu. Kogakukan: Tokyo.

[MN91] Miyamoto, K., M. Nakao, N. Sato & M. Mori. 1991. Isolation of Lyme borreliosis spirochaetes from tick vectors and feral rodents in Japan. In Dusbábek, F. & V. Bukva (eds) Modern Acarology: Proceedings of the VIII International Congress of Acarology, held in České Budĕjovice, Czechoslovakia, 6–11 August 1990 vol. 1 pp. 125-132. SPB Academic Publishing: The Hague.

[P04] Popov, V. V. 2004. Pliocene small mammals (Mammalia, Lipotyphla, Chiroptera, Lagomorpha, Rodentia) from Muselievo (north Bulgaria). Geodiversitas 26 (3): 403-491.

Felis

European wild cat Felis silvestris, photographed by Aconcagua.

Belongs within: Felidae.

The genus Felis has been used in the past to refer to the majority of the small cats (if not all cats), but recent authors have tended to restrict it to a smaller group of species closely related to, and similar in appearance to, the domestic cat F. catus.

<==Felis
    |  i. s.: F. attica JE06
    |         F. euptilura Elliot 1871 I92
    |         F. iriomotensis K84
    |         F. jubata T66
    |         F. leopardus T66
    |         F. lunensis ME05
    |         F. rexroadensis V91
    |         F. teilhardi DW04
    |         F. vorohuensis V91
    |--F. (Felis) S78
    |    |  i. s.: F. ornata N10
    |    |--F. (F.) chaus JE06
    |    `--+--F. (Microfelis) nigripes S78, JE06
    |       `--+--F. (F.) margarita JE06
    |          |    |--F. m. margarita BP87
    |          |    `--F. m. scheffeli BP87
    |          `--+--+--F. bieti JE06
    |             |  `--F. (F.) libyca JE06 [=F. silvestris lybica K84]
    |             `--+--F. catus JE06 [=F. silvestris catus K84]
    |                `--F. silvestris (Schreber 1775) JE06, HRS06
    `--F. (Sivafelis) obscura S78

Inorganic: Felis chaus protominilorientalis Okamura 1987 O87

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BP87] Burton, J. A., & B. Pearson. 1987. Collins Guide to the Rare Mammals of the World. Collins: London.

[DW04] Deng T., Wang X., Ni X. & Liu L. 2004. Sequence of the Cenozoic mammalian faunas of the Linxia Basin in Gansu, China. Acta Geologica Sinica (English Edition) 78 (1): 8-14.

[HRS06] Hahn, I., U. Römer & R. P. Schlatter. 2006. Population numbers and status of land birds of the Juan Fernández Archipelago, Chile (Aves: Falconiformes, Columbiformes, Strigiformes, Caprimulgiformes, Passeriformes). Senckenbergiana Biologica 86 (1): 109-125.

[I92] Iwahashi, J. (ed.) 1992. Reddo Deeta Animaruzu: a pictorial of Japanese fauna facing extinction. JICC: Tokyo.

[JE06] Johnson, W. E., E. Eizirik, J. Pecon-Slattery, W. J. Murphy, A. Antunes, E. Teeling & S. J. O’Brien. 2006. The Late Miocene radiation of modern Felidae: A genetic assessment. Science 311: 73-77.

[K84] Kerby, G. 1984. Small cats. In All the World’s Animals: Carnivores (D. Macdonald, ed.) pp. 42-45. Torstar Books Inc.: New York.

[ME05] Moullé, P.-E., A. Echassoux, F. Lacombat, E. Desclaux & S. Bailon. 2005. L’environnement animal des premiers habitants de l’Europe méditerranéenne: les grands mammifères contemporains de l’homme du Vallonnet, données taxonomiques et biostratigraphiques pour la deuxième moitie du Pléistocène inférieur. BAR International Series 1364: 105-113.

[N10] Naish, D. 2010. Tetrapod Zoology: Book One. CFZ Press: Bideford (UK).

[O87] Okamura, C. 1987. New facts: Homo and all Vertebrata were born simultaneously in the former Paleozoic in Japan. Original Report of the Okamura Fossil Laboratory 15: 347-573.

[S78] Savage, R. J. G. 1978. Carnivora. In Evolution of African Mammals (V. J. Maglio & H. B. S. Cooke, eds) pp. 249-267. Harvard University Press: Cambridge (Massachusetts).

[T66] Tristram, H. B. 1866. Report on the mammals of Palestine. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 84-93.

[V91] Valkenburgh, B. van. 1991. Iterative evolution of hypercarnivory in canids (Mammalia: Carnivora): evolutionary interactions among sympatric predators. Paleobiology 17 (4): 340-362.

Cetacea

Skeletal reconstruction of Rodhocetus kasrani, from Gingerich et al. (2001).

Belongs within: Cetartiodactyla.
Contains: Basilosauridae, Mysticeti, Odontoceti.

The Cetacea includes the whales and dolphins. Modern cetaceans are strictly aquatic, with the external hindlimbs lost and the forelimbs modified into flippers. Fossil cetaceans of the stem-group, however, include amphibious forms with all limbs well developed. The most basal cetaceans, such as Pakicetus, were primarily terrestrial (Thewissen et al. 2001).

<==Cetacea [Archaeoceti, Pakicetidae, Pakicetinae]
    |  i. s.: Himalayacetus Bajpai & Gingerich 1998 G03
    |         Ichthyolestes Dehm & Oettingen-Spielberg 1958 G03
    |           `--I. pinfoldi TW01
    |         Prionodelphis rovereti Frenguelli 1922 BDR85
    |--Nalacetus Thewissen & Hussain 1998 GO01, G03
    |    `--N. ratimitus O98
    `--+--Pakicetus Gingerich & Russell 1981 GO01, G03
       |    |--P. attocki (West 1980) [=Protocetus attocki] N10
       |    `--P. inachus Gingerich & Russell 1981 N10
       `--+--Ambulocetidae G03
          |    |--Gandakasia Dehm & Oettingen-Spielberg 1958 G03
          |    |    `--G. potens N10
          |    `--Ambulocetus Thewissen et al. 1994 GO01, G03
          |         `--A. natans GH01
          `--+--Remingtonocetidae GO01
             |    |  i. s.: ‘Protocetus’ harudiensis Sahni & Mishra 1972 N10
             |    |         ‘Protocetus’ sloani Sahni & Mishra 1972 N10
             |    |--Andrewsiphius Sahni & Mishra 1975 G03
             |    |    |--A. kutchensis Sahni & Mishra 1972 N10
             |    |    `--A. minor Sahni & Mishra 1972 N10
             |    |--Remingtonocetus Kumar & Sahni 1986 G03
             |    |--Dalanistes Gingerich et al. 1995 G03
             |    |--Attockicetus Thewissen & Hussain 2000 G03
             |    `--Kutchicetus minimus TW01, N10
             `--+--+--Basilosauridae GO01
                |  `--Autoceta GS03
                |       |--Mysticeti GS03
                |       `--Odontoceti GS03
                `--Protocetidae GO01
                     |--Babiacetus Trivedy & Satsangi 1984 G03
                     |--Gaviacetus Gingerich et al. 1995 G03
                     |--Takracetus Gingerich et al. 1995 G03
                     |--Natchitochia Uhen 1998 G03
                     |--Qaisracetus Gingerich et al. 2001 G03
                     |--Artiocetus Gingerich, ul Haq et al. 2001 GH01
                     |    `--*A. clavis Gingerich, ul Haq et al. 2001 GH01
                     |--Protocetus Fraas 1904 BM78
                     |    `--*P. atavus Fraas 1904 BM78, G92
                     |--Eocetus Fraas 1904 [incl. Mesocetus Fraas 1904 nec van Beneden 1880 nec Moreno 1892] BM78
                     |    `--*E. schweinfurthi (Fraas 1904) BM78, G92 [=Mesocetus schweinfurthi G92]
                     |--Pappocetus Andrews 1920 BM78
                     |    `--*P. lugardi Andrews 1920 BM78
                     |--Indocetus Sahni & Mishra 1975 G03
                     |    `--I. ramani Sahni & Mishra 1975 BM78
                     |--Georgiacetus Hulbert et al. 1998 G03
                     |    `--G. vogtlensis GS03
                     `--Rodhocetus Gingerich, Raza et al. 1994 GH01
                          |--*R. kasranii GH01
                          `--R. balochistanensis Gingerich, ul Haq et al. 2001 GH01

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BDR85] Barnes, L. G., D. P. Domning & C. E. Ray. 1985. Status of studies on fossil marine mammals. Marine Mammal Science 1 (1): 15-53.

[BM78] Barnes, L. G., & E. Mitchell. 1978. Cetacea. In Evolution of African Mammals (V. J. Maglio & H. B. S. Cooke, eds) pp. 582-602. Harvard University Press: Cambridge (Massachusetts).

[GO01] Gatesy, J., & M. A. O’Leary. 2001. Deciphering whale origins with molecules and fossils. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 16 (10): 562-570.

[GS03] Geisler, J. H., & A. E. Sanders. 2003. Morphological evidence for the phylogeny of Cetacea. Journal of Mammalian Evolution 10 (1-2): 23-129.

[G92] Gingerich, P. D. 1992. Marine mammals (Cetacea and Sirenia) from the Eocene of Gebel Mokattam and Fayum, Egypt: Stratigraphy, age, and paleoenvironments. University of Michigan Papers on Paleontology 30: i-ix, 1-84.

[G03] Gingerich, P. D. 2003. Land-to-sea transition in early whales: Evolution of Eocene Archaeoceti (Cetacea) in relation to skeletal proportions and locomotion of living semiaquatic mammals. Paleobiology 29 (3): 429-454.

[GH01] Gingerich, P. D., M. ul Haq, I. S. Zalmout, I. H. Khan & M. S. Malkani. 2001. Origin of whales from early artiodactyls: Hands and feet of Eocene Protocetidae from Pakistan. Science 293: 2239-2242.

[N10] Naish, D. 2010. Tetrapod Zoology: Book One. CFZ Press: Bideford (UK).

[O98] O’Leary, M. A. 1998. Phylogenetic and morphometric reassessment of the dental evidence for a mesonychian and cetacean clade. In The Emergence of Whales (J. G. M. Thewissen, ed.) pp. 133-161. Plenum Press: New York.

[TW01] Thewissen, J. G. M., E. M. Williams, L. J. Roe & S. T. Hussain. 2001. Skeletons of terrestrial cetaceans and the relationship of whales to artiodactyls. Nature 413: 277-281.

Thomasomys

Thomasomys niveipes, photographed by Miguel E. Rodríguez Posada.

Belongs within: Cricetidae.

Thomasomys is a genus of mice found on the eastern slopes of the Andes.

Characters (from Nowak 1999): Head and body length about 90-230 mm, tail length 85-329 mm. Tail normally longer than head and body. Fur usually thick and soft. Head with hourglass-shaped interorbital region; relatively long and robust molar rows. Coloration above varies from olivaceous gray, dull olive fulvous, yellowish rufous, orange rufous, golden brown, reddish brown, and grayish brown to dark brown or almost black. Middorsal region usually slightly darker than rest of body. Sides blend into the underparts, which are silvery grayish, soiled grayish, yellow, buffy, ochraceous buff, dark gray, or dark brownish. Underparts usually not much paler than upper parts. Hands and feet about the same colour as underparts; often central part of upper surface darker and fingers and toes lighter, sometimes whitish. Coloration of tail varies from slightly paler than back to slightly darker; tail normally moderately haired. Female with six or eight mammae.

<==Thomasomys IT07
    |--T. aureus PL07
    |--T. baeops PL07
    |--T. bombycinus IT07
    |--T. cinereiventer IT07
    |--T. cinereus IT07
    |--T. cinnameus PL07
    |--T. daphne IT07
    |--T. eleusis IT07
    |--T. erro PL07
    |--T. gracilis IT07
    |--T. hylophilus IT07
    |--T. incanus IT07
    |--T. ischyurus IT07
    |--T. kalinowskii IT07
    |--T. ladewi IT07
    |--T. laniger IT07
    |--T. monochromos IT07
    |--T. niveipes IT07
    |--T. notatus IT07
    |--T. oreas IT07
    |--T. paramorum PL07
    |--T. pyrrhonotus IT07
    |--T. rhoadsi IT07
    |--T. rosalinda IT07
    |--T. silvestris IT07
    |--T. taczanowskii IT07
    |--T. ucucha Voss 2003 N10
    `--T. vestitus IT07

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[IT07] Isaac, N. J. B., S. T. Turvey, B. Collen, C. Waterman & J. E. M. Baillie. 2007. Mammals on the EDGE: conservation priorities based on threat and phylogeny. PloS One 2 (3): e296.

[N10] Naish, D. 2010. Tetrapod Zoology: Book One. CFZ Press: Bideford (UK).

Nowak, R. M. 1999. Walker's Mammals of the World, 6th ed., vol. 1. John Hopkins University Press.

[PL07] Packer, J. B., & T. E. Lee, Jr. 2007. Neusticomys monticolus. Mammalian Species 805: 1-3.

Indridae

Silky sifakas Propithecus diadema candidus, photographed by Jeff Gibbs.

Belongs within: Lemuriformes.

The Indridae is a family of lemurs including the indri (Indri indri), woolly lemurs (Avahi) and sifakas (Propithecus). They characterised by a relatively low number of teeth compared to other lemurs, and hind legs that are significantly longer than the forelegs.

See also: There he goes! (Taxon of the Week: Indriidae); Why are there so many avahis?

Characters (from Mivart 1866): Dental formula I2/2, C1/1, P2/2, I3/3. Ears short; muzzle long, moderate or short; hind legs much longer than fore limbs; index very short, much shorter than fifth digit; pollex short and placed far back; hallux very long and covered with hair; tail long, or very short and rudimentary; internal condyle of the humerus perforated; carpus destitute of an os intermedium; tarsus short; first upper molar with four large and four small prominences, no internal cingulum; last upper molar with two large anterior cusps and three very small posterior prominences; each lower incisor with its outer surface longitudinally grooved; lower premolar much antero-posteriorly extended; first lower molar with four or five cusps; last lower molar quinquecuspid; paramastoid process present; malar foramen absent; lachrymal foramen very near margin of orbit; masseteric surface of malar wide and ridged; process depending from zygoma just in front of, and external to, glenoid surface; postglenoidal foramen present; anterior palatine foramina very large; mandibular symphysis very long; condyle rounded, not transversely extended; articular surface prolonged somewhat down the back of ascending ramus; digastric fossa deep.

Indridae [Indriidae, Indriinae, Indrisinae]
    |--Indri indri IT07
    |--Mesopropithecus Standing 1905 [incl. Neopropithecus Lamberton 1937] AC98
    |    |--*M. pithecoides Standing 1905 AC98
    |    `--M. globiceps (Lamberton 1939) [incl. M. platyfrons] AC98
    |--Microrhynchus M66 [incl. Avahi Jourdan 1834 M66, N10, Semnocebus Lesson 1840 N10]
    |    `--M. laniger M66 (see below for synonymy)
    |         |--M. l. laniger PRM84
    |         `--‘Avahi’ l. occidentalis PRM84
    `--Propithecus Bennet 1832 M66, SKS05
         |--P. diadema M66
         |    |--P. d. diadema BP87
         |    |--P. d. candidus PRM84
         |    |--P. d. edwardsi G91
         |    |--P. d. holomelas G91
         |    `--P. d. perrieri BP87
         |--P. tattersalli Y94
         `--P. verreauxi IT07
              |--P. v. verreauxi [incl. P. v. majori] G91
              |--P. v. coquereli G91
              |--P. v. coronatus BP87
              `--P. v. deckeni BP87

Microrhynchus laniger M66 [=Lemur laniger M66, Avahi laniger IT07, Avahis laniger M66, Indri laniger M66, Indris laniger M66, Lichanotus laniger M66, Semnocebus laniger M66; incl. Li. avahi M66, S. avahi M66, Lemur lanatus M66, Hadrocebus lanatus M66, Indris longicaudatus M66]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[AC98] Alcover, J. A., X. Campillo, M. Macias & A. Sans. 1998. Mammal species of the world: additional data on insular mammals. American Museum Novitates 3248: 1-29.

[BP87] Burton, J. A., & B. Pearson. 1987. Collins Guide to the Rare Mammals of the World. Collins: London.

[G91] Groves, C. P. 1991. A Theory of Human and Primate Evolution, revised ed. Clarendon Press: Oxford.

[IT07] Isaac, N. J. B., S. T. Turvey, B. Collen, C. Waterman & J. E. M. Baillie. 2007. Mammals on the EDGE: conservation priorities based on threat and phylogeny. PloS One 2 (3): e296.

[M66] Mivart, St. G. J. 1866. On the structure and affinities of Microrhynchus laniger. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 151-167.

[N10] Naish, D. 2010. Tetrapod Zoology: Book One. CFZ Press: Bideford (UK).

[PRM84] Pollock, J. I., A. F. Richard & R. D. Martin. 1984. Lemurs. In All the World’s Animals: Primates (D. Macdonald, ed.) pp. 24-35. Torstar Books: New York.

[SKS05] Scherf, H., B. Koller & F. Schrenk. 2005. Locomotion-related structures in the femoral trabecular architecture of primates and insectivores (Mammalia, Primates and Insectivora). Senckenbergiana Biologica 85 (1): 101-112.

[Y94] Yoder, A. D. 1994. Relative position of the Cheirogaleidae in strepsirhine phylogeny: a comparison of morphological and molecular methods and results. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 94: 25-46.

Cercopithecidae

Red-shanked douc Pygathrix nemaeus, photographed by Jurgen & Christine Sohns.

Belongs within: Catarrhini.
Contains: Presbytis, Procolobus, Trachypithecus, Cercopithecus, Papio, Macaca.

The Cercopithecidae include the Old World monkeys, found in Africa and Asia. They can be divided between the often generalised Cercopithecinae, including baboons, macaques and guenons, and the often more strictly herbivorous Colobinae, including the colobus monkeys and langurs.

Characters (from Clutton-Brock 1984): Dental formula I2/2, C1/1, P2/2, M3/3; molars bilophodont, with the four cusps joined in pairs by transverse ridges. Ischial callosities (hard pads on lower side of buttocks) present.

REFERENCE

Clutton-Brock, T. H. 1984. Monkeys. In All the World’s Animals: Primates (D. Macdonald, ed.) pp. 44-45. Torstar Books: New York.

Martes

Pine marten Martes martes, from here.

Belongs within: Mustelidae.

Martes, the martens, is a group of semiarboreal mustelids found in Eurasia and North America. Members of the genus have moderately elongate bodies, wedge-shaped faces with relatively large rounded ears, and bushy tails (Powell 1984).

<==Martes
    |--M. americana (Turton 1806) B75
    |--M. flavigula P84
    |    |--M. f. flavigula BP87
    |    |--M. f. chrysospila BP87
    |    `--M. f. robinsoni BP87
    |--M. foina P84
    |--M. gwatkinsi P84
    |--M. martes P84
    |--M. melampus Wagner 1840 M76
    |    |--M. m. melampus I92
    |    `--M. m. tsuensis (Thomas 1897) I92
    |--M. pennanti (Erxleben 1777) [=Mustela pennanti] B75
    `--M. zibellina P84

Inorganic: Martes zibellina minilorientalis Okamura 1987 O87

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B75] Bowles, J. B. 1975. Distribution and biogeography of mammals of Iowa. Special Publications, The Museum, Texas Tech University 9: 1-184.

[BP87] Burton, J. A., & B. Pearson. 1987. Collins Guide to the Rare Mammals of the World. Collins: London.

[I92] Iwahashi, J. (ed.) 1992. Reddo Deeta Animaruzu: a pictorial of Japanese fauna facing extinction. JICC: Tokyo.

[M76] Masui, M. 1976. Nihon no Doobutsu. Kogakukan: Tokyo.

[O87] Okamura, C. 1987. New facts: Homo and all Vertebrata were born simultaneously in the former Paleozoic in Japan. Original Report of the Okamura Fossil Laboratory 15: 347-573.

[P84] Powell, R. A. 1984. Martens. In All the World’s Animals: Carnivores (D. Macdonald, ed.) pp. 110-111. Torstar Books Inc.: New York.

Cervus

Corsican red deer Cervus elaphus corsicanus, photographed by Iosto Doneddu.

Belongs within: Cervini.

The genus Cervus includes the red deer C. elaphus and related species. Males of this genus have well-developed branching, often rugose antlers associated with a harem breeding strategy. Phylogenetically, this group also includes the Père David's deer Elaphurus davidiensis, a species native to China though now extinct in the wild, which has distinctive backward-pointing tines on its antlers.

Cervus Linnaeus 1758 [incl. Elaphurus Milne-Edwards 1866] GRH06
    |--+--‘Elaphurus’ davidiensis HH06
    |  `--C. eldi HH06
    |       |--C. e. eldi BP87
    |       |--C. e. siamensis BP87
    |       `--C. e. thamin BP87
    `--+--C. elaphus Linnaeus 1758 HH06, H78
       |    |--C. e. elaphus H78
       |    |--C. e. bactrianus BP87
       |    |--C. e. barbarus H78
       |    |--C. e. corsicanus C84
       |    |--C. e. hanglu C84
       |    |--C. e. hippelaphus C84
       |    |--C. e. macneilli USDI77
       |    |--C. e. scoticus C84
       |    |--C. e. wallichi USDI77
       |    `--C. e. yarkandensis BP87
       `--+--+--C. porcinus HH06 [=Axis porcinus GRH06, Hyelaphus porcinus USDI77]
          |  |    |--C. p. porcinus USDI77
          |  |    `--‘Axis’ p. annamiticus [=Hyelaphus porcinus annamiticus] USDI77
          |  |--C. timorensis HH06
          |  |    |--C. t. timorensis BP87
          |  |    `--C. t. russa BP87
          |  `--C. unicolor GRH06
          |       |--C. u. unicolor TB01
          |       `--C. u. equinus TB01
          `--+--C. albirostris HH06
             `--+--C. canadensis Erxleben 1777 HH06, B75 [=C. elaphus canadensis B75]
                `--C. nippon Temminck 1838 HH06, M76
                     |--C. n. nippon LE05
                     |--C. n. grassianus BP87
                     |--C. n. keramae (Kuroda 1924) I92
                     |--C. n. kopschi BP87
                     |--C. n. mandarinus BP87
                     |--C. n. pseudaxis B91
                     |--C. n. taiouanus BP87
                     |--C. n. yakushimae Kuroda & Okada 1950 I92
                     `--C. n. yesoensis LE05

Cervus incertae sedis:
  C. alfredi BP87
  C. astylodon (Matsumoto 1924) AC98
  C. bezoarticus [incl. C. cuguapara Kerr 1792, Odocoeleus suacuapara (l. c.)] H48
  ‘Elaphurus’ bifurcatus DW04
  C. calamianensis BP87
  C. capreolus T66
  C. columbianus C66
  C. dorothensis Capasso Barbato 1992 [=C. (Leptocervus) dorothensis] AC98
  C. elegans [=Rusa elegans] DW04
  C. kuhli BP87 [=Hyelaphus kuhli USDI77]
  C. mariannus Desmarest 1820 F66
  C. philippinus F66
  C. pudu S66b
  C. pulchellus Imaizumi 1970 I92
  C. taevanus S66a

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[AC98] Alcover, J. A., X. Campillo, M. Macias & A. Sans. 1998. Mammal species of the world: additional data on insular mammals. American Museum Novitates 3248: 1-29.

[B75] Bowles, J. B. 1975. Distribution and biogeography of mammals of Iowa. Special Publications, The Museum, Texas Tech University 9: 1-184.

[B91] Bukva, V. 1991. Structural reduction and topological retrieval: problems in taxonomy of Demodicidae. In: Dusbábek, F. & V. Bukva (eds) Modern Acarology: Proceedings of the VIII International Congress of Acarology, held in České Budĕjovice, Czechoslovakia, 6–11 August 1990 vol. 1 pp. 293-300. SPB Academic Publishing: The Hague.

[BP87] Burton, J. A., & B. Pearson. 1987. Collins Guide to the Rare Mammals of the World. Collins: London.

[C66] Canfield, C. A. 1866. On the habits of the prongbuck (Antilocapra americana), and the periodical shedding of its horns. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 105-110.

[C84] Cockerill, R. A. 1984. Deer. In All the World’s Animals: Hoofed Mammals (D. Macdonald, ed.) pp. 80-89. Torstar Books: New York.

[DW04] Deng T., Wang X., Ni X. & Liu L. 2004. Sequence of the Cenozoic mammalian faunas of the Linxia Basin in Gansu, China. Acta Geologica Sinica (English Edition) 78 (1): 8-14.

[F66] Fraser, L. 1866. Exhibition of a pair of horns of Cervus mariannus. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 367-368.

[GRH06] Gilbert, C., A. Ropiquet & A. Hassanin. 2006. Mitochondrial and nuclear phylogenies of Cervidae (Mammalia, Ruminantia): Systematics, morphology, and biogeography. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 40 (1): 101-117.

[H78] Hamilton, W. R. 1978. Cervidae and Palaeomerycidae. In Evolution of African Mammals (V. J. Maglio & H. B. S. Cooke, eds) pp. 496-508. Harvard University Press: Cambridge (Massachusetts).

[H48] Hershkovitz, P. 1948. The technical name of the Virginia deer with a list of the South American forms. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 61: 41-45.

[HH06] Hughes, S., T. J. Hayden, C. J. Douady, C. Tougard, M. Germonpré, A. Stuart, L. Lbova, R. F. Carden, C. Hänni & L. Say. 2006. Molecular phylogeny of the extinct giant deer, Megaloceros giganteus. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 40 (1): 285-291.

[I92] Iwahashi, J. (ed.) 1992. Reddo Deeta Animaruzu: a pictorial of Japanese fauna facing extinction. JICC: Tokyo.

[LE05] Lister, A. M., C. J. Edwards, D. A. W. Nock, M. Bunce, I. A. van Pijlen, D. G. Bradley, M. G. Thomas & I. Barnes. 2005. The phylogenetic position of the ‘giant deer’ Megaloceros giganteus. Nature 438: 850-853.

[M76] Masui, M. 1976. Nihon no Doobutsu. Kogakukan: Tokyo.

[S66a] Sclater, P. L. 1866a. Notice of some recent additions to the Society’s menagerie. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 80.

[S66b] Sclater, P. L. 1866b. Notice of a pudu deer recently added to the Society’s menagerie. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 104-105.

[TB01] Timm, R. M., & J. H. Brandt. 2001. Pseudonovibos spiralis (Artiodactyla: Bovidae): New information on this enigmatic south-east Asian ox. Journal of Zoology 253: 157-166.

[T66] Tristram, H. B. 1866. Report on the mammals of Palestine. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 84-93.

[USDI77] USDI (United States Department of the Interior). 1977. Endangered and threatened wildlife and plants—republication of list of species. Federal Register 42: 36420-36431.

Rattus

Brown rat Rattus norvegicus, photographed by Warwick Sloss.

Belongs within: Muridae.

Rattus, the true rats, is a genus of medium-sized rodents native to southern and eastern Asia and Australasia. Two species, the black rat Rattus rattus and the brown rat Rattus norvegicus, have dispersed worldwide in association with humans.

<==Rattus
    |--R. adustus IT07
    |--R. annandalei (Bonhote 1903) K92
    |--R. argentiventer (Robinson & Kloss 1916) K92
    |--R. baluensis IT07
    |--R. bontanus IT07
    |--R. burrus IT07
    |--R. callitrichus BP87
    |--R. colletti IT07
    |--R. culionensis BP87
    |--R. elaphinus AC98
    |--R. enganus IT07
    |--R. everetti [incl. R. albigularis, R. gala, R. tyrannus] M82
    |--R. exulans (Peale 1848) K92 [=Mus exulans R64, Epimys exulans R14]
    |    |--R. e. exulans R14
    |    `--‘Mus’ e. maorium R14
    |--R. feliceus IT07
    |--R. foramineus IT07
    |--R. fuscipes S83
    |    |--R. f. fuscipes S83
    |    |--R. f. coracius S83
    |    |--R. f. greyii S83
    |    |--R. ‘greyi’ peccatus Troughton 1937 [=R. g. ravus Brazenor 1936 non Robison & Kloss 1916] R64
    |    `--R. ‘greyi’ pelori Finlayson 1960 R64
    |--R. giluwensis IT07
    |--R. hainaldi IT07
    |--R. hoffmanni (Matchie 1901) K92
    |--R. hoogerwerfi IT07
    |--R. jobiensis IT07
    |--R. koopmani IT07
    |--R. korinchi IT07
    |--R. lacus Tate 1951 R64
    |--R. latidens BP87
    |--R. leucopus R64
    |    |--R. l. leucopus R64
    |    |--R. l. cooktownensis Tate 1951 R64
    |    `--R. l. mcilwraithi Tate 1951 R64
    |--R. losea IT07
    |--R. lugens IT07
    |--R. lutreolus R64
    |    |--R. l. lutreolus R64
    |    |--R. l. cambricus Troughton 1937 R64
    |    `--R. l. imbil Troughton 1937 R64
    |--R. macleari BP87
    |--R. marmosurus IT07
    |--R. mindorensis IT07
    |--R. mollicomulus IT07
    |--R. montanus IT07
    |--R. mordax IT07
    |--R. morotaiensis IT07
    |--R. nativitatis BP87
    |--R. niobe (Thomas 1906) K92
    |--R. nitidus IT07
    |--R. norvegicus (Berkenhout 1769) [=Mus norvegicus] B75
    |--R. novaeguineae IT07
    |--R. omichlodes BP87
    |--R. osgoodi Musser & Newcomb 1985 FN97
    |--R. owiensis BP87
    |--R. palmarum IT07
    |--R. pelurus IT07
    |--R. praetor IT07
    |--R. pulliventer BP87
    |--R. ranjiniae IT07
    |--R. rattus (Linnaeus 1758) K92
    |    |--R. r. rattus B75
    |    |--R. r. alexandrinus (Geoffroy St.-Hilaire 1803) B75
    |    `--R. r. frugivorus (Rafinesque-Schmaltz 1814) KK54
    |--R. remotus BP87
    |--R. rogersi BP87
    |--R. sanila IT07
    |--R. sikkimensis IT07
    |--R. simalurensis IT07
    |--R. sordidus IT07
    |--R. steini IT07
    |--R. stoicus IT07
    |--R. tanezumi IT07
    |--R. tawitawiensis IT07
    |--R. timorensis IT07
    |--R. tiomanicus (Miller 1900) K92
    |--R. tunneyi Thomas 1904 [incl. R. culmorum] K92
    |    |--R. t. tunneyi R64
    |    |--R. ‘culmorum’ apex Troughton 1939 R64
    |    `--R. t. dispar Brazenor 1936 R64
    |--R. turkestanicus IT07
    |--R. villosissimus IT07
    `--R. xanthurus IT07

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[AC98] Alcover, J. A., X. Campillo, M. Macias & A. Sans. 1998. Mammal species of the world: additional data on insular mammals. American Museum Novitates 3248: 1-29.

[B75] Bowles, J. B. 1975. Distribution and biogeography of mammals of Iowa. Special Publications, The Museum, Texas Tech University 9: 1-184.

[BP87] Burton, J. A., & B. Pearson. 1987. Collins Guide to the Rare Mammals of the World. Collins: London.

[FN97] Feiler, A., & T. Nadler. 1997. Recently discovered mammals in Vietnam—present results on taxonomy, zoogeography, status and on the protection of the animals (Mammalia). Zoologische Abhandlungen 49 (21): 331-335.

[IT07] Isaac, N. J. B., S. T. Turvey, B. Collen, C. Waterman & J. E. M. Baillie. 2007. Mammals on the EDGE: conservation priorities based on threat and phylogeny. PloS One 2 (3): e296.

[KK54] Klemmer, K., & H. E. Krampitz. 1954. Zur Kenntnis der Säugetierfauna Siziliens. Senckenbergiana Biologica 35 (3-4): 121-135.

[K92] Klompen, J. S. H. 1992. Phylogenetic relationships in the mite family Sarcoptidae (Acari: Astigmata). Miscellaneous Publications, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan 180: i-vi, 1-154.

[M82] Musser, G. G. 1982. Results of the Archbold Expeditions. No. 110. Crunomys and the small-bodied shrew rats native to the Philippine Islands and Sulawesi (Celebes). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 174 (1): 1-95.

[R14] Revilliod, P. 1914. Les mammifères de la Nouvell-Calédonie et des îles Loyalty. In Nova Caledonia: Forschungen in Neu-Caledonian und auf den Loyalty-Inseln. A. Zoologie vol. 1, Heft IV (F. Sarasin & J. Roux, eds) pp. 341-365, pl. 10. C. W. Kreidels Verlag: Wiesbaden.

[R64] Ride, W. D. L. 1964. A list of mammals described from Australia between the years 1933 and 1963 (comprising newly proposed names and additions to the Australian faunal list). Australian Mammal Society Bulletin 7 (Suppl.): 1-15.

[S83] Smith, A. M. A. 1983. The subspecific biochemical taxonomy of Antechinus minimus, A. swainsonii and Sminthopsis leucopus (Marsupialia: Dasyuridae). Australian Journal of Zoology 32: 753-762.

Clethrionomys

Bank voles Clethrionomys glareolus, photographed by Plantsurfer.

Belongs within: Arvicolidae.

Clethrionomys, the red-backed voles, is a Holarctic genus of small rodents in which most species (as the vernacular name indicates) have reddish fur dorsally, with the remainder of the fur being grey.

<==Clethrionomys Tilesius 1850 RR75
    |--C. californicus IT07
    |--C. centralis IT07
    |--C. frater RR75
    |--C. gapperi (Vigors 1830) RR75
    |    |--C. g. gapperi RR75
    |    |--C. g. athabascae RR75
    |    |--C. g. galei RR75
    |    |--C. g. loringi (Bailey 1897) [=Evotomys gapperi loringi] B75
    |    `--C. g. nivarius [=C. occidentalis nivarius] RR75
    |--C. glareolus (Schreber 1780) FK55
    |--C. montanus Imaizumi 1972 I92
    |--C. occidentalis RR75
    |--C. rex Imaizumi 1971 I92
    |--C. rufocanus RR75
    |    |--C. r. rufocanus RR75
    |    `--C. r. bedfordiae RR75
    |--C. rutilus (Pallas 1779) [=Evotomys rutilus] RR75
    |    |--C. r. rutilus RR75
    |    |--C. r. albiventer Hall & Gilmore 1932 RR75
    |    |--C. r. dawsoni (Merriam 1888) [=Evotomys dawsoni; incl. E. alascensis Miller 1898] RR75
    |    `--C. r. mikado RR75
    |--C. sikotanensis IT07
    `--C. yesomontanus Kishida 1931 TYM08

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B75] Bowles, J. B. 1975. Distribution and biogeography of mammals of Iowa. Special Publications, The Museum, Texas Tech University 9: 1-184.

[FK55] Felten, H., & C. König. 1955. Einige Säugetiere aus dem Zentralmassiv, Südfrankreich. Senckenbergiana Biologica 36: 267-269.

[IT07] Isaac, N. J. B., S. T. Turvey, B. Collen, C. Waterman & J. E. M. Baillie. 2007. Mammals on the EDGE: conservation priorities based on threat and phylogeny. PloS One 2 (3): e296.

[I92] Iwahashi, J. (ed.) 1992. Reddo Deeta Animaruzu: a pictorial of Japanese fauna facing extinction. JICC: Tokyo.

[RR75] Rausch, R. L. & V. R. Rausch. 1975. Relationships of the red-backed vole, Clethrionomys rutilus (Pallas), in North America: karyotypes of the subspecies dawsoni and albiventer. Systematic Zoology 24 (2): 163-170.

[TYM08] Tennent, W. J., M. Yasuda & K. Morimoto. 2008. Lansania Journal of arachnology and zoology—a rare and obscure Japanese natural history journal. Archives of Natural History 35 (2): 252-280.

Spermophilus

Thirteen-lined ground squirrel Spermophilus tridecemlineatus, photographed by Mnmazur.

Belongs within: Marmotini.

Spermophilus, the ground squirrels, has been recognised as a genus of about forty species found in northern Eurasia and North America. However, the genus in this sense may be paraphyletic to other genera in the Marmotini, and recent authors have restricted it to a group of western Eurasian species.

<==Spermophilus Cuvier 1825 P04
    |--S. (Spermophilus) richardsonii HGP74, RH75
    |--S. (Callospermophilus) lateralis HGP74
    |--S. (Ictidomys) HGP74
    |    |--S. (I.) mexicanus (Erxleben 1777) HGP74, MB86
    |    |    |--S. m. mexicanus MB86
    |    |    `--S. m. parvidens Mearns 1896 MB86
    |    `--S. (I.) tridecemlineatus (Mitchill 1821) HGP74, B75 [=Sciurus tridecemlineatus B75]
    `--S. (Otospermophilus) variegatus (Erxleben 1777) GB68, MB86
         |--S. v. variegatus MB86
         |--S. v. couchii Baird 1855 MB86
         `--S. v. rupestris (Allen 1903) MB86

Spermophilus incertae sedis:
  S. adocetus IT07
  S. alashanicus IT07
  S. annulatus IT07
  S. armatus RH75
  S. atricapillus IT07
  S. beecheyi IT07
  S. beldingi RH75
    |--S. b. beldingi RH75
    |--S. b. creber RH75
    `--S. b. oregonus RH75
  S. brunneus RH75
  S. canus IT07
  S. citellus IT07
  S. columbianus RH75
    |--S. c. columbianus RH75
    `--S. c. ruficaudus RH75
  S. cragini MH03
  S. dauricus IT07
  S. elegans RH75
    |--S. e. elegans [=S. richardsonii elegans] RH75
    |--S. e. aureus [=S. richardsonii aureus] RH75
    `--S. e. nevadensis [=S. richardsonii nevadensis] RH75
  S. erythrogenys IT07
  S. franklinii (Sabine 1822) [=Arctomys franklinii] B75
  S. fulvus IT07
  S. madrensis IT07
  S. major IT07
  S. meadensis (Hibbard 1941) [=Citellus meadensis] MH03
  S. mohavensis IT07
  S. mollis IT07
  S. musicus IT07
  S. nogaici (Topachevski 1957) [=Urocitellus nogaici] P04
  S. parryii RH75
    |--S. p. parryii RH75
    |--S. p. janensis RH75
    |--S. p. kennicottii RH75
    `--S. p. leucostictus RH75
  S. perotensis IT07
  S. pygmaeus IT07
  S. relictus IT07
  S. saturatus IT07
  S. spilosoma Bennett 1833 MB86
    |--S. s. spilosoma MB86
    `--S. s. pallescens (Howell 1928) MB86
  S. suslicus IT07
  S. tereticaudus IT07
  S. townsendii IT07
  S. undulatus RH75
    |--S. u. undulatus RH75
    |--S. u. eversmanni RH75
    `--S. u. stramineus RH75
  S. washingtoni IT07
  S. xanthoprymnus IT07

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B75] Bowles, J. B. 1975. Distribution and biogeography of mammals of Iowa. Special Publications, The Museum, Texas Tech University 9: 1-184.

[GB68] Gerber, J. D. & E. C. Birney. 1968. Immunological comparisons of four subgenera of ground squirrels. Systematic Zoology 17 (4): 413-416.

[HGP74] Hight, M. E., M. Goodman & W. Prychodko. 1974. Immunological studies of the Sciuridae. Systematic Zoology 23 (1): 12-25.

[IT07] Isaac, N. J. B., S. T. Turvey, B. Collen, C. Waterman & J. E. M. Baillie. 2007. Mammals on the EDGE: conservation priorities based on threat and phylogeny. PloS One 2 (3): e296.

[MH03] Martin, R. A., R. T. Hurt, J. G. Honey & P. Peláez-Campomanes. 2003. Late Pliocene and Early Pleistocene rodents fom the northern Borchers Badlands (Meade County, Kansas), with comments on the Blancan-Irvingtonian boundary in the Meade Basin. Journal of Paleontology 77 (5): 985-1001.

[MB86] Matson, J. O. & R. H. Baker. 1986. Mammals of Zacatecas. Special Publications, Museum of Texas Tech University 24: 1-88.

[P04] Popov, V. V. 2004. Pliocene small mammals (Mammalia, Lipotyphla, Chiroptera, Lagomorpha, Rodentia) from Muselievo (north Bulgaria). Geodiversitas 26 (3): 403-491.

[RH75] Robinson, J. W. & R. S. Hoffmann. 1975. Geographical and interspecific cranial variation in big-eared ground squirrels (Spermophilus): a multivariate study. Systematic Zoology 24 (1): 79-88.

Rhinolophidae

Trident leaf-nosed bats Asellia tridens, photographed by Drew Gardner.

Belongs within: Rhinolophoidea.
Contains: Rhinolophus, Hipposideros.

The Rhinolophidae, Old World leaf-nosed bats, get their vernacular name from the well-developed leaf-like structure at the end of their muzzle.

Characters (from Miller 1907, as separate families Rhinolophidae and Hipposideridae): Humerus with trochiter about as large as trochin and definitely articulating with scapula by an articular surface half as large as glenoid fossa, both tubercles rising slightly above level of head, epitrochlea large and with well-developed styloid process, capitellum nearly in line with shaft. Second manal digit consisting of well-developed metacarpal alone; third finger with two phalanges. Shoulder girdle highly abnormal, the seventh cervical vertebra and first dorsal so completely fused that their boundaries cannot be detected; in Rhinolophinae these are fused with first rib, which in turn is fused with presternum and ventral half of second rib, the region between which is completely filled with bone, the presternum appearing to be enlarged to form a broadly crescentic plate; in Hipposiderinae, the fusion of the first and second ribs incorporates the entire bone to and including the corresponding dorsal vertebrae, thus producing a solid ring of bone consisting of the seventh cervical vertebra, first and second dorsals, first and second ribs and entire presternum, the elements of the ring indicated by a slit-like vacuity above, between the ribs and one or two small roundish vacuities below. Foot normal, the hallux with two phalanges, the other toes with two (Hipposiderinae) or three (Rhinolophinae). Fibula complete, threadlike. Pelvis in Rhinolophinae abnormal, the ischium and pubis so reduced in size that dorsal and ventral profiles of innominate bone are nearly parallel, their width at the same time so increased that the thyroid foramen is scarcely more than twice as large as the acetabulum; that in Hipposiderinae like that of Rhinolophinae posteriorly, but anteriorly with a supplemental bridge of bone connecting acicular process with front of ilium and producing a pre-acetabular foramen slightly exceeding the thyroid foramen in size. Lumbar vertebrae in Rhinolophinae showing no tendency to become fused, but centrum of fifth or sixth, often of both, with distinct bifid or double hypophysis; in Hipposiderinae showing a marked tendency to become fused into a solid rod with hypophyses absent. Skull without postorbital processes and with premaxillaries represented by ligulate palatal branches only, the two bones partly cartilaginous, and fused neither with each other nor with maxillaries; palate so deeply emarginate both anteriorly and posteriorly that its median length is less than least distance between tooth rows; teeth normal; ears large, without tragus; muzzle with conspicuous leaflike cutaneous outgrowths consisting of a horizontal anterior horseshoe, a perpendicular median sella, and a posterior erect lancet.

Rhinolophidae [Rhinolophi, Rhinolophineae, Rhinolophini]
    |--Rhinolophinae KJ70
    |    |--Rhinolophus KJ70
    |    |--Paleonycteris KJ70
    |    |--Rhinomegalophus KJ70
    |    |--Anthops Thomas 1888 KJ70, M07
    |    |    `--*A. ornatus M07
    |    `--Asellia Gray 1838 KJ70, M07
    |         |--*A. tridens (see below for synonymy) M07
    |         |--A. murraiana M07
    |         |--A. patrizii IT07
    |         |--A. tricuspidata G66
    |         `--A. vetus Lavocat 1961 B78
    `--Hipposiderinae [Hipposideridae, Phyllorhinae, Phyllorhininae] KJ70
         |  i. s.: Miophyllorhina Hand 1997 LA02
         |           `--*M. riversleighensis Hand 1997 LA02
         |         Riversleigha Hand 1998 LA02
         |           `--*R. williamsi Hand 1998 LA02
         |         Xenorhinos Hand 1998 LA02
         |           `--*X. halli Hand 1998 LA02
         |         Brachipposideros Sigé 1968 LA02
         |           |--*B. collongensis (Depéret 1892) [=Hipposideros (*Brachipposideros) collongensis] LA02
         |           |--B. aguilari Legendre 1982 LA02
         |           |--B. branssatensis (Hugueney 1965) LA02
         |           |--B. dechaseauxi Sigé 1968 LA02
         |           |--B. khengkao Mein & Ginsburg 1997 LA02
         |           |--B. nooraleebus Sigé, Hand & Archer 1982 LA02
         |           |--B. omani Sigé et al. 1994 LA02
         |           `--B. watsoni Hand 1997 LA02
         |--Palaeophyllophorini KJ70
         |    |--Palaeophyllophora KJ70
         |    `--Paraphyllophora KJ70
         |--Coelopsini KJ70
         |    |--Paracoelops megalotis KJ70, IT07
         |    `--Coelops Blyth 1849 KJ70, B88
         |         |--*C. frithi [incl. C. bernsteini] M07
         |         |--C. hirsutus IT07
         |         `--C. robinsoni IT07
         `--Hipposiderini KJ70
              |--Hipposideros KJ70
              |--Cloeotis Thomas 1901 KJ70, M07
              |    `--*C. percivali M07
              |--Rhinonicteris Gray 1847 LA02 [=Rhinonycteris Gray 1866 KJ70, M07; Rhinonycterina]
              |    |--*R. aurantius (Gray 1845) LA02 [=Rhinolophus aurantius M07, *Rhinonycteris aurantius G66]
              |    `--R. tedfordi Hand 1997 LA02
              |--Triaenops Dobson 1871 KJ70, M07
              |    |--*T. persicus Dobson 1871 M07, K92 [incl. T. afer K92]
              |    `--T. furculus IT07
              `--Aselliscus KJ70
                   |--A. stoliczkanus IT07
                   `--A. tricuspidatus IT07
                        |--A. t. tricuspidatus M72
                        `--A. t. novehebridensis M72

*Asellia tridens [=Rhinolophus tridens, Hipposideros (*Asellia) tridens, Phyllorhina (*A.) tridens] M07

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B88] Bouček, Z. 1988. Australasian Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera): A biosystematic revision of genera of fourteen families, with a reclassification of species. CAB International: Wallingford (UK).

[B78] Butler, P. M. 1978. Insectivora and Chiroptera. In Evolution of African Mammals (V. J. Maglio & H. B. S. Cooke, eds) pp. 56-68. Harvard University Press: Cambridge (Massachusetts).

[G66] Gray, J. E. 1866. A revision of the genera of Rhinolophidae, or horseshoe bats. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 81-83.

[IT07] Isaac, N. J. B., S. T. Turvey, B. Collen, C. Waterman & J. E. M. Baillie. 2007. Mammals on the EDGE: conservation priorities based on threat and phylogeny. PLoS One 2 (3): e296.

[K92] Klompen, J. S. H. 1992. Phylogenetic relationships in the mite family Sarcoptidae (Acari: Astigmata). Miscellaneous Publications, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan 180: i-vi, 1-154.

[KJ70] Koopman, K. F., & J. K. Jones, Jr. 1970. Classification of bats. In About Bats (Slaughter & Walton, eds) pp. 22-28. Southern Methodist University Press: Dallas.

[LA02] Long, J., M. Archer, T. Flannery & S. Hand. 2002. Prehistoric Mammals of Australia and New Guinea: One Hundred Million Years of Evolution. University of New South Wales Press: Sydney.

[M72] McKean, J. L. 1972. Notes on some collections of bats (order Chiroptera) from Papua-New Guinea and Bougainville Island. CSIRO Division of Wildlife Research Technical Paper 26: 1-35.

[M07] Miller, G. S., Jr. 1907. The families and genera of bats. Smithsonian Institution, United States National Museum, Bulletin 57: i-xvii, 1-282, pl. I-XIV.

Dobsonia

Bare-backed fruit bat Dobsonia moluccensis magna, photographed by Bruce Thomson.

Belongs within: Pteropini.

Dobsonia includes the naked-backed fruit bats, a group of bats found from Sulawesi to the Solomon Islands, characterised byu the attachment of the wing membranes along the midline of the back.

Characters (from Miller 1907): Dental formula i1/1, c1/1, p2/3, m2/3. Upper incisors short, but well developed, in contact or nearly so, the crowns about as wide as long and with distinct cutting edge. Lower incisors almost structureless spicules with barely indicated blunt crowns. Canines rather short, not peculiar in form, without secondary cusps, those of the lower jaw nearly in contact. No small upper premolar (pm²). The corresponding tooth in the lower jaw relatively larger than in Pteropus, not separated from canine or from first large premolar by any appreciable space. Other premolars both above and below differing from those of Pteropus in greater development of cusps and in more trenchant ridges. Small posterior molars (m² and m₃) as in Pteropus. Anterior molars (m¹ and m₁, m₂) resembling the large premolars in their general characteristics as compared with the corresponding teeth in Pteropus, the crown of each with a distinct median longitudinal ridge at middle of furrow. This ridge is continuous nearly from end to end of m₂, in m¹ and m₁ it is confined to the region behind the cusps, and in some specimens is obsolete in the first lower molar. Skull much shorter and more heavily built than that of Pteropus but of essentially the same type. Distance from orbit to nares about equal to lachrymal width. Posterior portion of brain case slightly tubular, and occipital region so deflected that alveolar line projected backward passes just below root of zygoma. Premaxillaries very narrow, the width scarcely more than that of crown of incisor. The inner extremities barely come in contact. Audital bullae somewhat wider than in Pteropus but less developed than in Cynopterus. External characters unlike those of Pteropus in the absence of the claw of index finger, the presence of a distinct tail, and the attachment of the wing membranes along middle of back.

Dobsonia Palmer 1898 R64 [=Hypoderma Geoffroy 1828 non Latreille 1825 R64, Hypodermis (l. c.) M07; Dobsoniina]
    |--*D. peroni (Geoffroy 1810) [=Cephalotes peroni, *Hypoderma peroni] R64
    |--D. anderseni AC98
    |--D. beauforti IT07
    |--D. chapmani FS01
    |--D. crenulata AC98
    |--D. emersa IT07
    |--D. exoleta Andersen 1909 K92
    |--D. inermis Andersen 1909 K92
    |    |--D. i. inermis M72
    |    `--D. i. nesea M72
    |--D. minor M72
    |--D. moluccensis (Quoy & Gaimard 1830) K92
    |    |--D. m. moluccensis R64
    |    `--D. m. magna Thomas 1905 R64
    |--D. pannietensis IT07
    |--D. praedatrix IT07
    |--D. remota Cabrera 1920 M72
    |--D. palliata M07
    `--D. viridis M72

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[AC98] Alcover, J. A., X. Campillo, M. Macias & A. Sans. 1998. Mammal species of the world: additional data on insular mammals. American Museum Novitates 3248: 1-29.

[FS01] Flannery, T. & P. Schouten. 2001. A Gap in Nature: Discovering the World's Extinct Animals. Text Publishing: Melbourne.

[IT07] Isaac, N. J. B., S. T. Turvey, B. Collen, C. Waterman & J. E. M. Baillie. 2007. Mammals on the EDGE: conservation priorities based on threat and phylogeny. PLoS One 2 (3): e296.

[K92] Klompen, J. S. H. 1992. Phylogenetic relationships in the mite family Sarcoptidae (Acari: Astigmata). Miscellaneous Publications, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan 180: i-vi, 1-154.

[M72] McKean, J. L. 1972. Notes on some collections of bats (order Chiroptera) from Papua-New Guinea and Bougainville Island. CSIRO Division of Wildlife Research Technical Paper 26: 1-35.

[M07] Miller, G. S., Jr. 1907. The families and genera of bats. Smithsonian Institution, United States National Museum, Bulletin 57: i-xvii, 1-282, pl. I-XIV.

[R64] Ride, W. D. L. 1964. A list of mammals described from Australia between the years 1933 and 1963 (comprising newly proposed names and additions to the Australian faunal list). Australian Mammal Society Bulletin 7 (Suppl.): 1-15.

Cynopterini

Eastern tube-nosed bat Nyctimene robinsoni, photographed by Michael Pennay.

Belongs within: Pteropodidae.
Contains: Cynopterus.

The Cynopterini is a group of generally smaller fruit bats including the dog-faced fruit bats (Cynopterus) and the tube-nosed fruit bats (Nyctimene).

Cynopterini
    |--Cynopterina KJ70
    |    |--Cynopterus KJ70
    |    |--Dyacopterus spadiceus KJ70, IT07
    |    |--Chironax melanocephalus (Temminck 1825) KJ70, K92
    |    |--Aethalops alecto (Thomas 1923) KJ70, K92
    |    |--Penthetor lucasi (Dobson 1880) KJ70, K92
    |    |--Haplonycteris fischeri Lawrence 1939 KJ70, K92
    |    |--Sphaerias Miller 1906 KJ70, M07
    |    |    `--*S. blanfordi [=Cynopterus (Thoopterus) blanfordi] M07
    |    |--Balionycteris Matschie 1899 KJ70, M07
    |    |    `--*B. maculata (Thomas 1893) M07, K92 [=Cynopterus maculatus M07]
    |    |--Thoopterus Matschie 1899 KJ70, M07
    |    |    |--*T. nigrescens (Gray 1870) MY12 [=Cynopterus marginatus var. nigrescens MY12; incl. C. latidens M07]
    |    |    |--T. spadiceus M07
    |    |    `--T. suhaniahae Maryanto, Yani et al. 2012 MY12
    |    |--Ptenochirus Peters 1861 KJ70, M07
    |    |    |--*P. jagori (Peters 1861) M07, K92 (see below for synonymy)
    |    |    |--P. lucasi M07
    |    |    `--P. minor Yoshiyuki 1979 K92
    |    `--Megaerops Peters 1865 KJ70, M07 (see below for synonymy)
    |         |--*M. ecaudatus (see below for synonymy) M07
    |         |--M. kusnotoi IT07
    |         |--M. niphanae IT07
    |         `--M. wetmorei IT07
    `--Nyctimenina KJ70
         |--Paranyctimene raptor KJ70, BWB05
         `--Nyctimene Bechstein 1800 (see below for synonymy) M07
              |--*N. cephalotes [=Vespertilio cephalotes] M07
              |--N. aello [incl. N. celaeno] M72
              |--N. albiventer M72 [=Cynopterus albiventer M07, *Uronycteris albiventer M07]
              |    |--N. a. albiventer M72
              |    |--N. a. bougainville M72
              |    |--N. a. minor M72
              |    `--N. a. papuanus M72
              |--N. cyclotis M72
              |    |--N. c. cyclotis M72
              |    `--N. c. certans M72
              |--N. draconilla IT07
              |--N. lullulae M07
              |--N. major [=Harpyia (*Bdelygma) major] M07
              |--N. malaitensis IT07
              |--N. masalai IT07
              |--N. minutus IT07
              |--‘Harpyia’ pallasii G66
              |--N. rabori Heaney & Peterson 1984 K92
              |--N. robinsoni M07
              |--N. sanctacrucis FS01
              `--N. vizcaccia IT07

Megaerops Peters 1865 KJ70, M07 [=Megaera Temminck 1841 nec Wagler 1830 nec Robineau-Devoidy 1830 M07, Megera M07]

*Megaerops ecaudatus [=*Megaera ecaudata, Cynopterus (Megaerops) ecaudatus, Ptenochirus (Megaerops) ecaudatus] M07

Nyctimene Bechstein 1800 [incl. Bdelygma Matschie 1899, Cephalotes Geoffroy 1810, Gelasinus Temminck 1837, Harpyia Illiger 1811 non Ochsenheimer 1810, Uronycteris Gray 1862; Harpyiana, Nyctimeninae] M07

*Ptenochirus jagori (Peters 1861) M07, K92 [=Pachysoma (*Ptenochirus) jagori M07, Cynopterus (*Ptenochirus) jagori M07]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[FS01] Flannery, T. & P. Schouten. 2001. A Gap in Nature: Discovering the World's Extinct Animals. Text Publishing: Melbourne.

[G66] Gray, J. E. 1866. A revision of the genera of pteropine bats (Pteropidae), and the descriptions fo some apparently undescribed species. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 62-67.

[IT07] Isaac, N. J. B., S. T. Turvey, B. Collen, C. Waterman & J. E. M. Baillie. 2007. Mammals on the EDGE: conservation priorities based on threat and phylogeny. PLoS One 2 (3): e296.

[K92] Klompen, J. S. H. 1992. Phylogenetic relationships in the mite family Sarcoptidae (Acari: Astigmata). Miscellaneous Publications, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan 180: i-vi, 1-154.

[KJ70] Koopman, K. F., & J. K. Jones, Jr. 1970. Classification of bats. In About Bats (Slaughter & Walton, eds) pp. 22-28. Southern Methodist University Press: Dallas.

[MY12] Maryanto, I., M. Yani, S. N. Prijono & S. Wiantoro. 2012. A new species of fruit bat (Megachiroptera: Pteropodidae: Thoopterus) from Sulawesi and adjacent islands, Indonesia. Records of the Western Australian Museum 27 (1): 68-84.

[M72] McKean, J. L. 1972. Notes on some collections of bats (order Chiroptera) from Papua-New Guinea and Bougainville Island. CSIRO Division of Wildlife Research Technical Paper 26: 1-35.

[M07] Miller, G. S., Jr. 1907. The families and genera of bats. Smithsonian Institution, United States National Museum, Bulletin 57: i-xvii, 1-282, pl. I-XIV.