Carcharhiniformes

Gulf catshark Asymbolus vincenti, copyright Seaborn.

Belongs within: Selachimorpha.
Contains: Hemigaleidae, Sphyrnidae, Carcharhinidae, Triakidae, Scyliorhinus, Apristurus, Galeus, Halaelurus.

The Carcharhiniformes are a diverse group of sharks with dorsal fins lacking anterior spines, and the posterior gill slit(s) overlapping the base of the pectoral fins.

Characters (from Compagno 1984): Trunk cylindrical to slightly compressed or depressed but not raylike. Head conical to depressed and usually not anteriorly expanded, except for the prebranchial head in Sphyrnidae; 5 pairs of gill slits present on sides of head (partly dorsolateral in some Scyliorhinidae), with the last 1 to 3 over pectoral bases; spiracles present in many species, small to large and close behind eyes, or absent; nostrils usually without barbels and nasoral grooves and always without circumnarial grooves, barbels when present developed from anterior nasal flaps rather than from lateral surfaces of flaps, anterior nasal flaps varying from well separated from mouth to overlapping it posteriorly; eyes lateral or dorsolateral on head, with true nictitating lower eyelids; snout varying from very short to moderately long and almost bladelike, but not greatly elongated and not formed as a rostral saw with lateral teeth and barbels; mouth moderately large to very large, arched, and extending behind anterior ends of eyes; labial furrows varying from large and on both jaws to absent; teeth variably differentiated along jaws, but usually without enlarged molariform posterior teeth and with anterior teeth not separated by small intermediate teeth or a gap from the lateral teeth. Two dorsal fins (possibly only one in Pentanchus, family Scyliorhinidae), without spines, the first with origin varying from over the gill slits to behind the pelvic bases; pectoral fins moderate-sized to large but not raylike, without triangular anterior lobes; pelvic fins small to moderately large, with vent continuous with their inner margins; anal fin present; caudal fin with a long dorsal lobe but with ventral lobe varying from long (but considerably shorter than the dorsal lobe) to absent; vertebral axis raised into the dorsal caudal lobe. Intestinal valve of spiral or scroll type.

<==Carcharhiniformes [Scyliorhinoidei] C84
    |--+--Carcharhinidae MW07
    |  `--Triakidae MW07
    `--Scyliorhinidae [Atelomycteridae, Catulidae, Cephaloscylliinae, Galeinae, Halaeluridae, Pentanchidae, Scyllia] C84
         |--Scyliorhinus MW07
         |--Apristurus C84
         |--Galeus C84
         |--Halaelurus C84
         |--Macrourogaleus hassei Woodward 1889 CDZ93
         |--Cephalurus Bigelow & Schroeder 1941 C84
         |    `--*C. cephalus (Gilbert 1892) [=Catulus cephalus] C84
         |--Pentanchus Smith & Radcliffe 1912 C84
         |    `--*P. profundicolus Smith & Radcliffe 1912 C84
         |--Aulohalaelurus Fowler 1934 C84
         |    `--*A. labiosus (Waite 1905) (see below for synonymy) C84
         |--Atelomycterus Garman 1913 [=Atelomycterius (l. c.); incl. Deltascyllium Leigh-Sharpe 1926] C84
         |    |--*A. marmoratus (Bennett 1830) (see below for synonymy) C84
         |    `--A. macleayi Whitley 1939 C84
         |--Holohalaelurus Fowler 1934 [=Holohaelurus (l. c.)] C84
         |    |--*H. regani (Gilchrist 1922) (see below for synonymy) C84
         |    `--H. punctatus (Gilchrist 1914) (see below for synonymy) C84
         |--Protoscyliorhinus Herman 1977 B18
         |    |--*P. bettrechiensis B18
         |    `--P. lamaudi Biddle & Landemaine 1988 B18
         |--Poroderma Smith 1837 [incl. Conoporoderma Fowler 1934] C84
         |    |--*P. africanum (Gmelin 1789) (see below for synonymy) C84
         |    |--P. marleyi Fowler 1934 [=Conoporoderma marleyi, Scyliorhinus leopardus Fowler 1935] C84
         |    `--P. pantherinum (Smith in Müller & Henle 1838) (see below for synonymy) C84
         |--Haploblepharus Garman 1913 C84
         |    |--*H. edwardsii (Voigt in Cuvier 1832) [=Scyllium edwardsii] C84
         |    |--H. fuscus Smith 1950 C84
         |    `--H. pictus (Müller & Henle 1838) [=Scyllium pictum] C84
         |--Schroederichthys Springer 1966 C84
         |    |--*S. maculatus Springer 1966 C84
         |    |--S. bivius (Smith in Müller & Henle 1838) [=Scyllium bivium, Halaelurus bivius] C84
         |    |--S. chilensis (Guichenot in Gay 1848) (see below for synonymy) C84
         |    `--S. tenuis Springer 1966 C84
         |--Parmaturus Garman 1906 [incl. Dichichthys Chan 1966] C84
         |    |--*P. pilosus Garman 1906 [incl. Pristiurus hertwigi Engelhardt 1912] C84
         |    |--P. campechiensis Springer 1979 [=P. (Dichichthys) campechiensis] C84
         |    |--P. melanobranchius (Chan 1966) (see below for synonymy) C84
         |    `--P. xaniurus (Gilbert 1892) [=Catulus xaniurus] C84
         |--Cephaloscyllium Gill 1862 C84
         |    |--*C. laticeps (Dumeril 1853) [=Scyllium laticeps] C84
         |    |--C. fasciatum Chan 1966 C84
         |    |--C. isabellum (Bonnaterre 1788) (see below for synonymy) C84
         |    |--C. nascione Whitley 1932 [=C. isabella laticeps f. nascione] C84
         |    |--C. silasi (Talwar 1974) [=Scyliorhinus (Halaelurus) silasi] C84
         |    |--C. sufflans (Regan 1921) [=Scyliorhinus (Cephaloscyllium) sufflans] C84
         |    `--C. ventriosum (Garman 1880) (see below for synonymy) C84
         `--Asymbolus Whitley 1939 [incl. Juncrus Whitley 1939] C84
              |--*A. analis (Ogilby 1885) [=Scyllium anale, Halaelurus analis] C84
              |--A. funebris Compagno, Stevens & Last 1999 CSL99
              |--A. occiduus Last, Gomon & Gledhill 1999 LGG99
              |--A. pallidus Last, Gomon & Gledhill 1999 LGG99
              |--A. parvus Compagno, Stevens & Last 1999 CSL99
              |--A. rubiginosus Last, Gomon & Gledhill 1999 LGG99
              |--A. submaculatus Compagno, Stevens & Last 1999 CSL99
              `--A. vincenti (Zeitz 1908) [=Scyllium vincenti, Halaelurus vincenti, *Juncrus vincenti] C84

Carcharhiniformes incertae sedis:
  Proscyllidae [Proscylliinae] C84
    |--Proscyllium Hilgendorf 1904 [incl. Calliscyllium Tanaka 1912] C84
    |    `--*P. habereri Hilgendorf 1904 (see below for synonymy) C84
    |--Gollum Compagno 1973 C84
    |    `--*G. attenuatus (Garrick 1954) [=Triakis attenuata] C84
    |--Ctenacis Compagno 1973 C84
    |    `--*C. fehlmanni (Springer 1968) [=Triakis fehlmanni] C84
    `--Eridacnis Smith 1913 [incl. Neotriakis Smith 1957] C84
         |--*E. radcliffei Smith 1913 [incl. Proscyllium alcocki Misra 1950] C84
         |--E. barbouri (Bigelow & Schroeder 1944) [=Triakis barbouri] C84
         `--E. sinuans (Smith 1957) [=Neotriakis sinuans] C84
  Pseudotriakis Capello 1868 [=Pseudotriacis Günther 1870; Pseudotriacinae, Pseudotriakidae] C84
    `--*P. microdon Capello 1868 [incl. P. acrages Garman 1913, P. acrales Jordan & Snyder 1904] C84
  Leptocharias Smith in Müller & Henle 1838 (see below for synonymy) C84
    `--*L. smithii (Müller & Henle 1839) [=Triaenodon smithii; incl. Mustelus osborni Fowler 1923] C84
  Hemigaleidae C84
  Sphyrnidae C84

*Atelomycterus marmoratus (Bennett 1830) [=Scyllium marmoratum; incl. S. maculatum Gray 1832, S. pardus Temminck in Müller & Henle 1838 (n. n.)] C84

*Aulohalaelurus labiosus (Waite 1905) [=Catulus labiosus, Halaelurus (*Aulohalaelurus) labiosus; incl. Squalus maculatus Bloch & Schneider 1801 non Bonnaterre 1788] C84

Cephaloscyllium isabellum (Bonnaterre 1788) [=Squalus isabella; incl. C. formosanum Teng 1962, Scyllium lima Richardson 1842, Sc. sabella Gmelin 1789, Cephaloscyllium umbratile Jordan & Fowler 1903] C84

Cephaloscyllium ventriosum (Garman 1880) [=Scyllium ventriosum; incl. Catulus uter Jordan & Gilbert in Jordan & Evermann 1896] C84

Holohalaelurus punctatus (Gilchrist 1914) [=Scylliorhinus punctatus; incl. Scyliorhinus (Halaelurus) polystigma Regan 1921] C84

*Holohalaelurus regani (Gilchrist 1922) [=Scylliorhinus regani, Halaelurus (*Holohalaelurus) regani; incl. Scyliorhinus (Halaelurus) melanostigma Norman 1939] C84

Leptocharias Smith in Müller & Henle 1838 [=Leptocarcharias Günther 1870, Leptocarias (l. c.); Leptochariana, Leptochariidae] C84

Parmaturus melanobranchius (Chan 1966) [=*Dichichthys melanobranchius, Figaro melanobranchius; incl. F. piceus Chu, Meng & Liu 1983] C84

*Poroderma africanum (Gmelin 1789) [=Squalus africanus, Scyllium africanum, Scyliorhinus africanus; incl. Squalus striatus Lichtenstein 1844, Sq. vittatus Shaw & Nodder 1798] C84

Poroderma pantherinum (Smith in Müller & Henle 1838) [=Scyllium pantherinum, Conoporoderma pantherinum; incl. S. leopardinum Müller & Henle 1838 (n. n.), S. malandrinum Rapp in Müller & Henle 1838, Poroderma submaculatum Smith 1837 (n. n.), P. variegatum Smith 1837 (n. n.), Scyllium variegatum Smith in Müller & Henle 1838] C84

*Proscyllium habereri Hilgendorf 1904 [=Scyllium (*Proscyllium) habereri; incl. *Calliscyllium venustum Tanaka 1913, Triakis venusta] C84

Schroederichthys chilensis (Guichenot in Gay 1848) [=Scyllium chilense, Halaelurus chilensis; incl. Scyllium brevicolle Philippi 1887] C84

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B18] Bernárdez, E. 2018. Truyolsodontos estauni n. gen., n. sp., Truyolsodontidae, a new family of lamniform sharks from the Cenomanian of northern Spain. Annales de Paléontologie 104: 175–181.

[CDZ93] Cappetta, H., C. Duffin & J. Zidek. 1993. Chondrichthyes. In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 593–609. Chapman & Hall: London.

[C84] Compagno, L. J. V. 1984. FAO Species Catalogue vol. 4. Sharks of the World: An annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date. Part 2—Carcharhiniformes. United Nations Development Programme, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations: Rome.

[CSL99] Compagno, L. J. V., J. D. Stevens & P. R. Last. 1999. Australian spotted catsharks of the genus Asymbolus (Carcharhiniformes: Scyliorhinidae). Part 1: descriptions of three new species from Western Australia. CSIRO Marine Laboratories Report 239: 2–18.

[LGG99] Last, P. R., M. F. Gomon & D. C. Gledhill. 1999. Australian spotted catsharks of the genus Asymbolus (Carcharhiniformes: Scyliorhinidae). Part 2: descriptions of three new, dark-spotted species. CSIRO Marine Laboratories Report 239: 19–35.

[MW07] Mallatt, J., & C. J. Winchell. 2007. Ribosomal RNA genes and deuterostome phylogeny revisited: more cyclostomes, elasmobranchs, reptiles, and a brittle star. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 43: 1005–1022.

Squalidae

Spiny dogfish Squalus acanthias, photographed by Doug Costa.

Belongs within: Selachimorpha.

The Squalidae, spiny dogfishes, are a group of sharks characterised by the lack of anal fin, with the two dorsal fins often preceded by a fixed spine.

<==Squalidae [Dalatiidae]
    |--Dalatiinae CDZ93
    |    |--Dalatias licha (Bonnaterre 1788) G60b (see below for synonymy)
    |    `--Isistius CDZ93
    |         |--I. brasiliensis (Quoy & Gaimard 1824) G60b
    |         |--I. plutodus B96
    |         `--I. trituratus (Winkler 1874) CDZ93
    |--Oxynotinae [Oxynotidae] CDZ93
    |    |--Protoxynotus misburgensis Herman 1975 CDZ93
    |    `--Oxynotus G60b
    |         |--O. bruniensis (Ogilby 1893) G60b
    |         |--O. centrina (Linnaeus 1758) G60a
    |         `--O. paradoxus Frade 1929 G60a
    |--Somniosinae CDZ93
    |    |--Cretascymnus adonis (Signeux 1950) CDZ93
    |    `--Somniosus G60b
    |         |--S. antarcticus Whitley 1939 G60b
    |         |--S. microcephalus (Bloch & Schneider 1801) B02
    |         |--S. pacificus B02
    |         `--S. rostratus B02
    |--Etmopterinae CDZ93
    |    |--Eoetmopterus Müller & Schollmann 1989 CDZ93
    |    |    |--‘Etmopterus’ hemmoorensis Herman 1982 CDZ93
    |    |    `--E. supracretaceus Müller & Schöllmann 1989 CDZ93
    |    `--Etmopterus G60b
    |         |--E. baxteri Garrick 1957 G60b
    |         |--E. brachyurus Smith & Radcliffe 1912 G60b
    |         |--E. gracilospinous B96
    |         |--E. lucifer Jordan & Snyder 1902 G60b (see below for synonymy)
    |         |--E. perryi B02
    |         |--E. princeps Collett 1904 G60a
    |         |--E. spinax PP64
    |         `--E. virens W92
    `--Squalinae CDZ93
         |--Protosqualus albertsii Thies 1981 CDZ93
         |--Squalogaleus Maisey 1976 CDZ93
         |    `--S. woodwardi Maisey 1976 CDZ93
         `--Squalus Linnaeus 1758 L58 [incl. Flakeus Whitley 1939 G60b, Koinga Whitley 1939 G60b]
              |--S. acanthias Linnaeus 1758 [incl. S. kirki Phillipps 1931, S. whitleyi Phillipps 1931] G60b
              |    |--S. a. acanthias G60b
              |    `--S. a. suckleyi G60b
              |--S. alsaticus F91
              |--S. blainvillei (Risso 1826) G61 (see below for synonymy)
              |--S. brevirostris Tanaka 1917 G60b
              |--S. centrina Linnaeus 1758 L58
              |--S. cubensis Rivero 1936 G60b
              |--S. fernandinus Molina 1782 G60b
              |--S. lebruni G60b
              |--S. megalops (Macleay 1882) G60b
              |--S. pristis Linnaeus 1758 L58
              |--S. spinax Linnaeus 1758 L58
              `--S. squatina Linnaeus 1758 L58

Squalidae incertae sedis:
  Euprotomicrus bispinatus (Quoy & Gaimard 1824) G60b
  Centroscyllium fabricii (Reinhardt 1825) G60b, B02
  Scymnodalatias G60b
    |--S. albicauda VF21
    `--S. sherwoodi (Archey 1921) [=Scymnodon sherwoodi] G60b
  Heteroscymnoides marleyi Fowler 1934 G60b
  Cirrhigaleus Tanaka 1912 G60b
    `--C. barbifer Tanaka 1912 G60b
  Squaliolus G60b
    |--S. laticaudus Smith & Radcliffe 1912 G60b
    `--S. sarmenti Noronha 1926 G60b
  Centroscymnus G60b
    |--C. coelolepis Bocage & Capello 1864 B02
    |--C. crepidater (Bocage & Capello 1864) G60b
    `--C. owstonii Garman 1906 G60b
  Scymnodon G60b
    |--S. ichiharai C84
    |--S. plunketi (Waite 1910) G60b (see below for synonymy)
    |--S. rossi NM72
    `--S. squamulosus [incl. S. obscurus] C84
  Deania G60b
    |--D. calcea (Lowe 1839) G60b (see below for synonymy)
    |--D. elegans Springer 1959 G60a
    |--D. natalense (Gilchrist 19220 G60a
    |--D. profundorum (Smith & Radcliffe 1912) G60a
    `--D. quadrispinosa (McCulloch 1915) G60b
  Centrophorus Müller & Henle 1833 [incl. Atractophorus Gilchrist 1922] NM72
    |--C. acus Garman 1906 G59
    |--C. armatus (Gilchrist 1922) [=*Atractophorus armatus] NM72
    |--C. granulosus BY99
    |--C. harrissoni McCulloch 1915 G60b
    |--C. scalptratus McCulloch 1915 G60b
    |--C. squamosus (Bonnaterre 1788) G60b (see below for synonymy)
    `--C. uyato G59
  Centropterus lividus Costa 1861 CDZ93

Centrophorus squamosus (Bonnaterre 1788) G60b [incl. C. foliaceus Gunther 1877 G59, Scymnodon foliaceus G59, C. nilsoni Thompson 1930 G59]

Dalatias licha (Bonnaterre 1788) G60b [=Scymnus lichia G60a; incl. Scymnorhinus phillippsi Whitley 1931 G60a, Dalatias phillippsi G60a]

Deania calcea (Lowe 1839) G60b [=Acanthidium calceum G60a, Centrophorus calceus G60a; incl. A. aciculatum Garman 1906 G60a, Deania aciculata G60a, D. eglantina Jordan & Snyder 1902 G60a, Acanthidium hystricosum Garman 1906 G60a, D. hystricosa G60a, Centrophorus kaikourae Whitley 1934 G60a, D. kaikourae G60a, Acanthidium rostratum Garman 1906 G60a, D. rostrata G60a]

Etmopterus lucifer Jordan & Snyder 1902 G60b [incl. E. abernethyi Garrick 1957 G60a, Acanthidium molleri Whitley 1939 G60a, E. molleri G60a]

Scymnodon plunketi (Waite 1910) G60b [=Centrophorus plunketi G59; incl. Centrophorus waitei Thompson 1930 G60b, G59, Centroscymnus waitei G59]

Squalus blainvillei (Risso 1826) G61 [=S. blainville G61, S. blainvillii (l. c.) G61; incl. S. griffini Phillipps 1931 G60b, S. tasmaniensis Rivero 1936 G60b]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B96] Bond, C. E. 1996. Biology of Fishes 2^nd ed. Saunders College Publishing: Fort Worth.

[B02] Burgess, G. H. 2002. Spiny dogfishes. Family Squalidae. In: Collette, B. B., & G. Klein-MacPhee (eds) Bigelow and Schroeder’s Fishes of the Gulf of Maine 3^rd ed. pp. 48–57. Smithsonian Institute Press: Washington.

[BY99] Burrow, C. J., & G. C. Young. 1999. An articulated teleostome fish from the Late Silurian (Ludlow) of Victoria, Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 57: 1–14.

[CDZ93] Cappetta, H., C. Duffin & J. Zidek. 1993. Chondrichthyes. In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 593–609. Chapman & Hall: London.

[C84] Compagno, L. J. V. 1984. FAO Species Catalogue vol. 4. Sharks of the World: An annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date. Part 2—Carcharhiniformes. United Nations Development Programme, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations: Rome.

[F91] Freess, W. B. 1991. Beiträge zur Kenntnis von Fauna und Flora des marinen Mitteloligozäns bei Leipzig. Altenburger Naturwissenschaftliche Forschungen 6: 3–74.

[G59] Garrick, J. A. F. 1959. Studies on New Zealand Elasmobranchii. Part VII.—The identity of specimens of Centrophorus from New Zealand. Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand 86 (1): 127–141.

[G60a] Garrick, J. A. F. 1960a. Studies on New Zealand Elasmobranchii. Part XI.—Squaloids of the genera Deania, Etmopterus, Oxynotus and Dalatias in New Zealand waters. Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand 88 (3): 489–517.

[G60b] Garrick, J. A. F. 1960b. Studies on New Zealand Elasmobranchii. Part XII. The species of Squalus from New Zealand and Australia; and a general account and key to the New Zealand Squaloidea. Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand 88 (3): 519–557.

[G61] Garrick, J. A. F. 1961. A note on the spelling of the specific name of the immaculate spiny dogfish, Squalus blainvillei (Risso 1826). Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand 88 (4): 843.

[L58] Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Laurentii Salvii: Holmiae.

[NM72] Nair, R. V., & S. L. Mohan. 1972. The deep sea spined dog fish Centrophorus armatus (Gilchrist) (Selachii: Sualidae) from the east coast of India, with a note on its taxonomy. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 69 (1): 193–199.

[PP64] Peres, J. M., & J. Picard. 1964. Nouveau manuel de bionomie benthique de la mer Mediterranee. Recueil des Travaux de la Station Marine d'Endoume, Bulletin 31 (27): 5–137.

[VF21] Vullo, R., E. Frey, C. Ifrim, M. A. González González, E. S. Stinnesbeck & W. Stinnesbeck. 2021. Manta-like planktivorous sharks in Late Cretaceous oceans. Science 371: 1253–1256.

[W92] Wilson, E. O. 1992. The Diversity of Life. Harvard University Press: Belknap (USA).

Carcharhinidae

Graceful shark Carcharhinus amblyrhynchoides, copyright Tassapon Krajangdara.

Belongs within: Carcharhiniformes.

The Carcharhinidae, requiem sharks, are a group of actively swimming sharks including many of the most commonly encountered species in tropical waters.

Characters (from Compagno 1984): Head without laterally expanded blades; eyes circular, vertically oval, or horizontally oval, their lengths 1.5 times their height or less; nictitating eyelids internal; spiracles usually absent; anterior nasal flaps varying from lobular and tube-shaped to vestigial, not barbel-like; internarial width usually about 3 to 6 times nostril width; labial furrows varying from moderately long and conspicuous, to short and hidden when mouth is closed; teeth small to large, with acute and narrow to moderately broad cusps, sometimes lateral cusplets, but with basal ledges and grooves low or absent; teeth variably differentiated in upper and lower jaws, uppers often more compressed and bladelike, lowers often more cuspidate and not compressed; posterior teeth not comblike; tooth rows 18 to 60/18 to 56. Precaudal pits present. First dorsal fin moderate-sized to very large but not keel-like, much shorter than caudal fin; first dorsal base ahead of pelvic bases, varying from closer to pectoral bases to closer to pelvics; midpoint of first dorsal base always in front of pelvic origins; second dorsal fin usually much smaller than first; pectoral fins with radials extending into distal web of fins; ventral caudal lobe strong, undulations or ripples present in dorsal caudal margin. Neurocranium without supraorbital crests. Vertebral centra with strong, wedge-shaped intermedial calcifications. Valvular intestine with a scroll valve. Colour variable, usually no colour pattern. Development usually viviparous.

<==Carcharhinidae (see below for synonymy)
    |  i. s.: ‘Scyliorhinus’ africanus Arambourg 1952 non Squalus africanus Gmelin 1789 (not preoc. if in dif. gen.) CDZ93
    |--Abdounia beaugei (Arambourg 1952) CDZ93
    |--Eogaleus bolcensis Cappetta 1975 CDZ93
    |--Prionace Cantor 1849 (see below for synonymy) C84
    |    `--*P. glauca (Linnaeus 1758) (nom. cons.) (see below for synonymy) C84
    |--Triaenodon Müller & Henle 1837 C84
    |    `--*T. obesus (Rüppell 1837) [=Carcharias obesus; incl. T. apicalis Whitley 1939] C84
    |--Nasolamia Compagno & Garrick 1983 C84
    |    `--*N. velox (Gilbert in Jordan & Evermann 1898) [=Carcharhinus velox] C84
    |--Lamiopsis Gill 1862 C84
    |    `--*L. temmincki (Müller & Henle 1839) (see below for synonymy) C84
    |--Isogomphodon Gill 1862 C84
    |    `--*I. oxyrhynchus (Müller & Henle 1839) C84 (see below for synonymy)
    |--Loxodon Müller & Henle 1838 C84
    |    `--*L. macrorhinus Müller & Henle 1839 (see below for synonymy) C84
    |--Scoliodon Müller & Henle 1837 [incl. Physodon Valenciennes in Bonaparte 1838] C84
    |    |--*S. laticaudus Müller & Henle 1838 (see below for synonymy) C84
    |    `--S. acutus JR10
    |--Negaprion Whitley 1940 [incl. Hemigaleops Schultz in Schultz et al. 1953, Mystidens Whitley 1944] C84
    |    |--N. acutidens (Rüppell 1837) (see below for synonymy) C84
    |    `--N. brevirostris (Poey 1868) (see below for synonymy) C84
    |--Physogaleus CDZ93
    |    |--P. latus [=Eugaleus latus, Galeus latus] F91
    |    |--P. secundus (Winkler 1874) CDZ93
    |    `--P. tertius (Winkler 1874) [incl. Physodon contortus (Weiler 1922)] F91
    |--Glyphis Agassiz 1843 non Ach. 1814 (ICBN) G62
    |    |--*G. glyphis (Müller & Henle 1839) [=Carcharias (Prionodon) glyphis, Carcharhinus glyphis] C84
    |    |--G. gangeticus (Müller & Henle 1839) (see below for synonymy) C84
    |    `--G. hastalis Agassiz 1843 C84
    |--Galeocerdo Müller & Henle 1837 [incl. Boreogaleus Gill 1862] C84
    |    |--G. cuvier (Peron & LeSueur 1822) (see below for synonymy) C84
    |    |--G. acutus Storms 1894 [incl. G. medius Wittich 1898] F91
    |    |--G. aduncus C77
    |    |--G. latidens (Agassiz 1843) CDZ93
    |    `--G. pristodontus C77
    |--Rhizoprionodon Whitley 1929 [=Rhizoprion Ogilby 1915 non Jourdan 1861; incl. Protozygaena Whitley 1940] C84
    |    |--R. acutus (Rüppell 1837) C84 (see below for synonymy)
    |    |--R. lalandii (Valenciennes in Müller & Henle 1839) (see below for synonymy) C84
    |    |--R. longurio (Jordan & Gilbert 1882) [=Carcharias (Scoliodon) longurio] C84
    |    |--R. oligolinx Springer 1964 C84
    |    |--R. porosus (Poey 1861) [=Squalus porosus] C84
    |    |--R. taylori (Ogilby 1915) [=Physodon taylori, Protozygaena taylori] C84
    |    `--R. terraenovae (Richardson 1836) [=Squalus (Carcharias) terraenovae, Scoliodon terraenovae] C84
    `--Carcharhinus Blainville 1816 (see below for synonymy) C84
         |--*C. melanopterus (Quoy & Gaimard 1824) C84 (see below for synonymy)
         |--C. acronotus (Poey 1860) (see below for synonymy) C84
         |--C. albimarginatus (Rüppell 1837) (see below for synonymy) C84
         |--C. altimus (Springer 1950) [=Eulamia altima; incl. C. radamae Fourmanoir 1961] C84
         |--C. amblyrhynchoides (Whitley 1934) [=Gillisqualus amblyrhynchoides] C84
         |--C. amblyrhynchos (Bleeker 1856) C84 (see below for synonymy)
         |--C. amboinensis (Müller & Henle 1839) (see below for synonymy) C84
         |--C. borneensis (Bleeker 1859) [=Carcharias (Prionodon) borneensis] C84
         |--C. brachyurus (Günther 1870) C84 (see below for synonymy)
         |--C. brevipinna (Müller & Henle 1839) C84 (see below for synonymy)
         |--C. cautus (Whitley 1945) [=Galeolamna greyi cauta] C84
         |--C. dussumieri (Valenciennes in Müller & Henle 1839) (see below for synonymy) C84
         |--C. elongatus F91
         |--C. falciformis (Bibron in Müller & Henle 1839) C84 (see below for synonymy)
         |--‘Carcharias’ fissidens Bennett 1830–1831 (n. d.) C84
         |--C. fitzroyensis (Whitley 1943) [=Galeolamna (Uranganops) fitzroyensis] C84
         |--C. galapagensis (Snodgrass & Heller 1905) [=Carcharias galapagensis] C84
         |--C. hemiodon (Valenciennes in Müller & Henle 1839) C84 (see below for synonymy)
         |--‘Hypoprion’ heterodus Philippi 1887 (n. d.) [=Hemigaleus heterodus] C84
         |--C. isodon (Valenciennes in Müller & Henle 1839) (see below for synonymy) C84
         |--‘Carcharias’ javanicus van Hasselt 1823 (n. d.) C84
         |--C. leucas (Valenciennes in Müller & Henle 1839) C84 (see below for synonymy)
         |--C. limbatus (Valenciennes in Müller & Henle 1839) (see below for synonymy) C84
         |--C. longimanus (Poey 1861) (nom. cons.) C84 (see below for synonymy)
         |--C. macloti (Müller & Henle 1839) [=Carcharias (Hypoprion) macloti] C84
         |--‘Carcharias’ macrota W96
         |--‘Carcharias (Prionodon)’ munsing Bleeker 1849 (n. d.) C84
         |--C. obscurus (LeSueur 1818) C84 (see below for synonymy)
         |--C. perezi (Poey 1876) (see below for synonymy) C84
         |--‘Eulamia’ philippi Fowler 1930 (n. d.) (see below for synonymy) C84
         |--‘Thalassorhinus’ platyrhynchus Müller & Henle 1839 (n. d.) C84
         |--C. plumbeus (Nardo 1827) C84 (see below for synonymy)
         |--C. porosus (Ranzani 1839) (see below for synonymy) C84
         |--‘Carcharias’ robustus Philippi 1896 (n. d.) C84
         |--‘Carcharias’ sanctaethomae Engelhardt 1912 (n. d.) C84
         |--C. sealei (Pietschmann 1916) C84 (see below for synonymy)
         |--‘Carcharias (Prionodon)’ siamensis Steindachner 1896 (n. d.) C84
         |--C. signatus (Poey 1868) [=Hypoprion signatus; incl. H. bigelowi Cadenat 1956, H. longirostris Poey 1876] C84
         |--C. sorrah (Valenciennes in Müller & Henle 1839) C84 (see below for synonymy)
         `--C. wheeleri Garrick 1982 C84

Inorganic: Gleocerdo cuvieri minilorientalis Okamura 1987 O87

Nomina nuda: Squalus (Carcharhinus) broussonetii Blainville 1816 C84
             Squalus (Carcharhinus) heterobranchialis Blainville 1816 C84
             Squalus (Carcharhinus) heterodon Blainville 1816 C84
             Squalus (Carcharhinus) lividus Blainville 1816 C84
             Squalus (Carcharhinus) megalops Blainville 1816 non S. megalops (Macleay 1882) C84
             Squalus (Carcharhinus) ustus Blainville 1816 C84

Carcharhinidae [Carcharhininae, Carchariae, Carcharinidae, Eulamiidae, Galeocerdinae, Loxodontinae, Nictitantes, Scoliodontidae, Triaenodontes, Triaenodontini]

Carcharhinus Blainville 1816 [=Carcharorhinus Agassiz 1843 (nom. rej.); incl. Aprion Müller & Henle 1839 non Cuvier & Valenciennes 1830, Aprionodon Gill 1862, Bogimba Whitley 1943, Carcharias Cuvier 18917 (nom. rej.), Carcharinus Cloquet 1817 (nom. rej.), Eulamia Gill 1862, Galeolamna Owen 1853, Galeolamnoides Whitley 1934, Gillisqualus Whitley 1934, Gymnorhinus Hilgendorf in Hemprich & Ehrenberg 1899 non Maximillian 1841, Gymnorrhinus Hemprich & Ehrenberg 1899, Hypoprion Müller & Henle 1839, Hypoprionodon Gill 1862, Isoplagiodon Gill 1862, Lamnarius Whitley 1943, Longmania Whitley 1939, Mapolamia Whitley 1934, Ogilamia Whitley 1939, Platypodon Gill 1862, Prionodon Müller & Henle 1839 non Horsfield 1822, Pterolamia Springer 1950 (nom. rej.) non Breuning 1942, Pterolamiops Springer 1951, Uranga Whitley 1943, Uranganops Whitley 1943] C84

Carcharhinus acronotus (Poey 1860) [=Squalus acronotus; incl. Prionodon curcuri Castelnau 1855, Carcharias (Prionodon) remotus Dumeril 1865, Carcharhinus remotus] C84

Carcharhinus albimarginatus (Rüppell 1837) [=Carcharias albimarginatus; incl. Eulamia (Platypodon) platyrhynchus Gilbert 1892 non Thalassorhinus platyrhynchus Müller & Henle 1839, Carcharhinus platyrhynchus] C84

Carcharhinus amblyrhynchos (Bleeker 1856) C84 [=Carcharis (Prionodon) amblyrhynchos C84, Carcharhinus amblyrhynchus C84; incl. Galeolama coongoola Whitley 1964 C84, G. fowleri Whitley 1944 C84, Carcharias nesiodes Snyder 1904 C84, G. tufiensis Whitley 1949 C84, Carcharhinus tufiensis M58]

Carcharhinus amboinensis (Müller & Henle 1839) [=Carcharias (Prionodon) amboinensis; incl. Carcharias (P.) brachyrhynchos Bleeker 1859, Carcharias (P.) henlei Bleeker 1844 non Valenciennes in Müller & Henle 1839, Triaenodon obtusus Day 1878] C84

Carcharhinus brachyurus (Günther 1870) C84 [=Carcharias brachyurus C84; incl. Carcharhinus acarenatus Morenos & Hoyos 1983 C84, Eulamia ahenea Stead 1938 C84, Carcharhinus ahenea G75, Carcharhinus improvisus Smith 1952 C84, Carcharias lamiella Jordan & Gilbert 1882 C84, Carcharhinus lamiella C84, Carcharhinus remotoides Deng, Xiong & Zhan 1981 C84, Carcharhinus rochensis Abella 1972 C84]

Carcharhinus brevipinna (Müller & Henle 1839) C84 [=Carcharias (Aprion) brevipinna C84, Aprionodon brevipinna C84; incl. Longmania calamaria Whitley 1944 C84, A. caparti Poll 1951 C84, Carcharhinus johnsoni Smith 1951 C84, Isogomphodon maculipinnis Poey 1865 C84, Carcharhinus maculipinnis C84, Uranga nasuta Whitley 1943 C84, Carcharhinus nasuta G75]

Carcharhinus dussumieri (Valenciennes in Müller & Henle 1839) [=Carcharias (Prionodon) dussumieri; incl. Carcharias (P.) javanicus Bleeker 1852 non Carcharias javanicus van Hasselt 1823, Cacharias malabaricus Day 1873, Carcharias (P.) tjutjot Bleeker 1852] C84

Carcharhinus falciformis (Bibron in Müller & Henle 1839) C84 [=Carcharias (Prionodon) falciformis C84; incl. Carcharhinus atrodorsus Deng, Xiong & Zhan 1981 C84, Carcharias falcipinnis Lower 1839 C84, Carcharhinus floridanus Bigelow, Schroeder & Springer 1943 C84, Eulamia malpeloensis Fowler 1944 C84, Carcharias (P.) menisorrah Valenciennes in Müller & Henle 1839 C84, Carcharhinus menisorrah C84, Eulamia menisorrah M58, Gymnorhinus pharaonis Hemprich & Ehrenberg 1899 C84, Gymnorrhinus pharaonis C84, Aprionodon sitankaiensis Herre 1931 C84, Prionodon tiburo Poey 1860 C84, Squalus tiburo non Linnaeus 1758 C84]

Carcharhinus hemiodon (Valenciennes in Müller & Henle 1839) C84 [=Carcharias (Hypoprion) hemiodon C84, Hypoprionodon hemiodon JR10; incl. Hypoprion atripinna Chu 1960 C84, Carcharias watu Setna & Sarangdhar 1946 C84]

Carcharhinus isodon (Valenciennes in Müller & Henle 1839) [=Carcharias (Aprion) isodon, Aprionodon isodon; incl. Aprionodon punctatus Gill 1861] C84

Carcharhinus leucas (Valenciennes in Müller & Henle 1839) C84 [=Carcharias (Prionodon) leucas C84; incl. Carcharias azureus Gilbert & Starks 1904 C84, Carcharhinus azureus C84, Galeolamna (Bogimba) bogimba Whitley 1943 C84, Carcharhinus bogimba G75, G. grayi mackaili Whitley 1943 C84, Eulamia nicaraquensis Gill & Bransford 1877 C84, Carcharhinus nicaraquensis C84, Squalus obtusus Poey 1861 C84, Prionodon obtusus C84, S. platyodon Poey 1861 C84, Carcharhinus platyodon C84, Carcharias spenceri Ogilby 1911 C84, Carcharhinus spenceri G75, Carcharhinus vanrooyeni Smith 1958 C84, Carcharias (Prionodon) zambezensis Peters 1852 C84, Carcharhinus zambezensis C84]

Carcharhinus limbatus (Valenciennes in Müller & Henle 1839) [=Carcharias (Prionodon) limbatus; incl. Gymnorhinus abbreviatus Hemprich & Ehrenberg 1899, Gymnorrhinus abbreviatus, Carcharias aethlorus Jordan & Gilbert 1882, Carcharias ehrenbergi Klunzinger 1871, Carcharias maculipinna Günther 1868, Carcharias microps Low 1840, Carcharias (Prionodon) muelleri Steindachner 1867 non C. (Physodon) muelleri Valenciennes in Müller & Henle 1839, Carcharhinus natator Meek & Hildebrand 1923, Carcharias phorcys Jordan & Gilbert 1903, Carcharias (Pr.) pleurotaenia Bleeker 1852, Carcharhinus pleurotaenia, Galeolamna pleurotaenia tilsoni Whitley 1950] C84

Carcharhinus longimanus (Poey 1861) (nom. cons.) C84 [=Squalus longimanus C84, Prionodon longimanus S58, *Pterolamia longimanus S58, *Pterolamiops longimanus S58; incl. Pterolamiops budkeri Fourmanoir 1961 C84, Carcharias insularum Snyder 1904 C84, Pterolamiops insularum S58, Pterolamiops magnipinnis Smith 1958 C84, Squalus (Carcharias) maou Lesson 1830 C84, Carcharhinus maou C84, Carcharias (Prionodon) obtusus Garman 1881 non Squalus obtusus Poey 1861 C84]

*Carcharhinus melanopterus (Quoy & Gaimard 1824) C84 [=Carcharias melanopterus C84, Carcharias (Prionodon) melanopterus M58, Eulamia melanopterus M58; incl. Squalus (Carcharhinus) commersoni Blainville 1816 (n. n.) C84, Carcharinus commersonii Blainville 1825 G62, Carcharias elegans Hemprich & Ehrenberg 1899 C84, Carcharias marianensis Engelhardt 1912 C84, Carcharias playfairi Günther 1870 C84, Hypoprion playfairi C84]

Carcharhinus obscurus (LeSueur 1818) C84 [=Squalus obscurus C84; incl. Galeolamna (Galeolamnoides) eblis Whitley 1944 C84, *G. greyi Owen 1853 G62, C84, Carcharhinus greyi C84, Carcharhinus iranzae Fourmanoir 1961 C84, Carcharias macrurus Ramsay & Ogilby 1887 C84, Carcharhinus macrurus G75, Galeolamna macrurus C84, Carcharhinus obscurella Deng, Xiong & Zhan 1981 C84, Prionodon obvelatus Valenciennes in Webb & Berholt 1844 C84]

Carcharhinus perezi (Poey 1876) [=Platypodon perezi; incl. Eulamia springeri Bigelow & Schroeder 1944, Carcharhinus springeri] C84

Carcharhinus plumbeus (Nardo 1827) C84 [=Squalus plumbeus C84; incl. Squalus caecchia Nardo 1847 C84, Carcharias ceruleus DeKay 1842 non Squalus (Carcharhinus) caeruleus Blainville 1825 C84, Lamna caudata DeKay 1842 C84, Galeolamna dorsalis Whitley 1944 C84, Carcharias (Prionodon) japonicus Schlegal 1850 C84, Carcharhinus japonicus C84, Carcharias latistomus Fang & Wang 1932 C84, Carcharias (P.) milberti Valenciennes in Müller & Henle 1839 C84, Carcharhinus milberti C84, Eulamia milberti C84, Carcharias obtusirostris Moreau 1881 C84, Carcharias stevensi Ogilby 1911 C84, Carcharhinus stevensi G75, Galeolamna stevensi C84]

Carcharhinus porosus (Ranzani 1839) [=Carcharias porosus; incl. Carcharhinus cerdale Gilbert in Jordan & Evermann 1898, Carcharias (Prionodon) henlei Valenciennes in Müller & Henle 1839] C84

Carcharhinus sealei (Pietschmann 1916) C84 [=Carcharias sealei C84, Carcharhias borneensis Seale 1910 non Bleeker 1859 C84; incl. Platypodon coatesi Whitley 1939 C84, Carcharhinus coatesi G75]

Carcharhinus sorrah (Valenciennes in Müller & Henle 1839) C84 [=Carcharias (Prionodon) sorrah C84, Eulamia sorrah M58; incl. Carcharias (P.) bleekeri Dumeril 1865 C84, Carcharhinus bleekeri C84, Galeolamna isobel Whitley 1947 C84, Squalus spallanzani Peron & LeSueur in LeSueur 1822 C84, Carcharhinus spallanzani C84, Mapolamia spallanzanii C84, Carcharias taeniatus Hemprich & Ehrenberg 1899 C84]

‘Eulamia’ philippi Fowler 1930 (n. d.) [=Carcharias brachyrrhynchus Philippi 1887 non C. (Prionodon) brachyrhynchos Bleeker 1859] C84

Galeocerdo cuvier (Peron & LeSueur 1822) [=Squalus cuvier; incl. S. arcticus Faber 1829, *Galeocerdo arcticus, Galeus cepedianus Agassiz 1838, Carcharias (Prionodon) fasciatus Bleeker 1852, Carcharias hemprichii Hilgendorf in Hemprich & Ehrenberg 1899, Galeus maculatus Ranzani 1840, Galeocerdo obtusus Klunzinger 1871, Galeocerdo rayneri McDonald & Barron 1868, Galeocerdo tigrinus Müller & Henle 1839] C84

Glyphis gangeticus (Müller & Henle 1839) [=Carcharias (Prionodon) gangeticus, Carcharhinus gangeticus, Eulamia gangetica, Platypodon gangeticus, Squalus gangeticus; incl. Carcharias murrayi Günther 1887] C84

*Isogomphodon oxyrhynchus (Müller & Henle 1839) C84 [=Carcharias (Prionodon) oxyrhynchus C84, Carcharhinus oxyrhynchus C84, Eulamia oxyrhinchus F16]

*Lamiopsis temmincki (Müller & Henle 1839) [=Carcharias (Prionodon) temmincki, Carcharhinus temmincki, Eulamia temmincki; incl. Carcharhinus microphthalmus Chu 1960, Carcharias tephrodes Fowler 1905] C84

*Loxodon macrorhinus Müller & Henle 1839 [incl. Scoliodon affinis Ogilby 1912, Carcharias albomarginatus Hemprich & Ehrenberg 1899, S. ceylonensis Setna & Sarangdhar 1946, C. (Scoliodon) dumerili Bleeker 1865, S. jordani Ogilby 1908] C84

Negaprion acutidens (Rüppell 1837) [=Carcharias acutidens; incl. C. forskaelii Hemprich & Ehrenberg 1899, *Hemigaleops forsteri Schultz in Schultz et al. 1953, *Mystidens innominatus Whitley 1944, Odontaspis madagascariensis Fourmanoir 1961, Carcharias munzingeri Kossmann & Raeuber 1877, Eulamia odontaspis Fowler 1908, Aprionodon acutidens queenslandicus Whitley 1939, *Negaprion queenslandicus] C84

Negaprion brevirostris (Poey 1868) [=Hypoprion brevirostris; incl. Carcharias fronto Jordan & Gilbert 1882, Negaprion fronto] C84

Prionace Cantor 1849 (nom. cons.) [incl. Cynocephalus Gill 1862 nec Boddaërt 1768 nec Geoffroy & Cuvier 1795, Galeus Garman 1913 nec Rafinesque 1810 nec Cuvier 1817 nec Leach 1818, Thalassinus Moreau 1881, Thalassorhinus Valenciennes in Bonaparte 1838] C84

*Prionace glauca (Linnaeus 1758) (nom. cons.) [=Squalus glaucus, Glyphis glauca; incl. S. adscentionis Osbeck 1765, Carcharias aethiops Philippi 1896, S. (Carcharhinus) caeruleus Blainville 1825, C. gracilis Philippi 1887, C. (Prionodon) hirundinaceus Valenciennes in Müller & Henle 1839, Hypoprion isodus Philippi 1887, Hemigaleus isodus, Prionace macki Phillipps 1935, Carcharias pugae Perez Canto 1886, Squalus rondeletii Risso 1810, Thalassinus rondeletii Moreau 1881, Galeus thalassinus Valenciennes in Cuvier 1835, Thalassorhinus vulpecula Valenciennes in Bonaparte 1838] C84

Rhizoprionodon acutus (Rüppell 1837) C84 [=Carcharias acutus C84; incl. C. aaronis Hemprich & Ehrenberg 1899 C84, C. (Scoliodon) crenidens Klunzinger 1879 C84, *Rhizoprion crenidens C84, *Rhizoprionodon crenidens C84, Carcharias eumeces Pietschmann 1913 C84, Scoliodon longmani Ogilby 1912 C84, Protozygaena longmani G75, Carcharias (Prionodon) sorrakowa Bleeker 1853 C84, Scoliodon sorrakowa C84, S. sorrakowah C84, S. vagatus Garman 1913 C84, C. (Scoliodon) walbeehmi Bleeker 1856 C84, S. walbeehmi C84, C. walbenii C84]

Rhizoprionodon lalandii (Valenciennes in Müller & Henle 1839) [=Carcharias (Scoliodon) lalandii, R. lalandei, Scoliodon lalandei; incl. S. intermedius Garman 1913] C84

*Scoliodon laticaudus Müller & Henle 1838 [=Carcharias (Scoliodon) laticaudus; incl. C. (S.) macrorhynchos Bleeker 1852, C. (Physodon) muelleri Valenciennes in Müller & Henle 1839, C. (Prionodon) palasorra Bleeker 1853, Scoliodon palasorra] C84

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[CDZ93] Cappetta, H., C. Duffin & J. Zidek. 1993. Chondrichthyes. In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 593–609. Chapman & Hall: London.

[C84] Compagno, L. J. V. 1984. FAO Species Catalogue vol. 4. Sharks of the World: An annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date. Part 2—Carcharhiniformes. United Nations Development Programme, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations: Rome.

[C77] Cope, E. D. 1877. Report upon the extinct Vertebrata obtained in New Mexico by parties of the expedition of 1874. Geographical Surveys West of the One Hundredth Meridian 4 (2): i–iv, 1–370.

[F16] Fowler, H. W. 1916. The fishes of Trinidad, Grenada, and St. Lucia, British West Indies. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 67 (3): 520–548.

[F91] Freess, W. B. 1991. Beiträge zur Kenntnis von Fauna und Flora des marinen Mitteloligozäns bei Leipzig. Altenburger Naturwissenschaftliche Forschungen 6: 3–74.

[G62] Garrick, J. A. F. 1962. Reasons in favor of retaining the generic name Carcharhinus Blainville, and a proposal for identifying its type species as the Indo-Pacific black-tipped shark, C. melanopterus. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 75: 89–96.

[G75] Grant, E. M. 1975. Guide to Fishes. The Co-ordinator-General’s Department: Brisbane (Australia).

[JR10] Jordan, D. S., & R. E. Richardson. 1910. Check-list of the species of fishes known from the Philippine archipelago. Bureau of Printing: Manila.

[M58] Munro, I. S. R. 1958. The fishes of the New Guinea region: a check-list of the fishes of New Guinea incorporating records of species collected by the Fisheries Survey Vessel “Fairwind” during the years 1948 to 1950. Papua and New Guinea Agricultural Journal 10 (4): 97–369 (reprinted 1958. Territory of Papua and New Guinea Fisheries Bulletin no. 1).

[O87] Okamura, C. 1987. New facts: Homo and all Vertebrata were born simultaneously in the former Paleozoic in Japan. Original Report of the Okamura Fossil Laboratory 15: 347–573.

[S58] Smith, J. L. B. 1958. Sharks of the genus Pterolamiops Springer, 1951 with notes on isurid sharks. Ichthyological Bulletin 10: 131–134.

[W96] Walsh, S. L. 1996. S. Middle Eocene mammal faunas of San Diego County, California. In: Prothero, D. R., & R. J. Emry (eds) The Terrestrial Eocene–Oligocene Transition in North America pp. 75–119. Cambridge University Press.

Sphyrnidae

Scalloped hammerhead shark Sphyrna lewini, copyright NOAA Photo Library.

Belongs within: Carcharhiniformes.

The Sphyrnidae, hammerhead sharks, are a group of actively swimming sharks in which the head has been expanded laterally into a mallet- or hammer-like shape.

Characters (from Compagno 1984): Head with laterally expanded blades, shaped like a double-bitted axe or mallet in profile; eyes circular or nearly so; nictitating eyelids internal; spiracles absent; anterior nasal flaps short and triangular, not barbel-like; internarial width usually about 7 to 14 times the nostril width (but only 1.1 to 1.3 times it in Eusphyra, which has tremendously expanded nostrils); labial furrows vestigial or absent; teeth small to moderately large, more or less bladelike, with acute and narrow to moderately broad cusps, no lateral cusplets, and with basal ledges and grooves strong to absent; teeth weakly differentiated in upper and lower jaws; tooth rows 24 to 37/25 to 37. Precaudal pits present. First dorsal fin moderate-sized to very large but not keel-like, much shorter than caudal fin; first dorsal base ahead of pelvic bases, varying from equidistant between pectoral and pelvic bases to closer to pectoral bases; midpoint of first dorsal base always in front of pelvic origins; second dorsal fin much smaller than first; pectoral fins with radials extending into distal web of fins. Ventral caudal lobe strong, undulations or ripples present in dorsal caudal margin. Neurocranium without primary supraorbital crests, but with tips of preorbital and postorbital processes fused to form unique secondary supraorbital crests; vertebral centra with strong, wedge-shaped intermedial calcifications. Valvular intestine with a scroll valve. Colour light grey or brownish above, white below, no colour pattern. Development viviparous.

<==Sphyrnidae [Cestraciontoidae, Zyganinae] C84
    |--Eusphyra Gill 1862 C84
    |    `--*E. blochii (Cuvier 1817) (see below for synonymy) C84
    `--Sphyrna Rafinesque 1810 (see below for synonymy) C84
         |  i. s.: S. arambourgi Cappetta 1970 CDZ93
         |--S. (Sphyrna) C84
         |    |--*S. (S.) zygaena (Linnaeus 1758) (see below for synonymy) C84
         |    |--S. (S.) couardi Cadenat 1950 C84
         |    |--S. (S.) lewini (Griffith & Smith 1834) (see below for synonymy) C84
         |    `--S. (S.) mokarran (Rüppell 1837) (see below for synonymy) C84
         `--S. (Platysqualus Swainson 1839) C84
              |--S. (P.) corona Springer 1940 C84
              |--S. (P.) media Springer 1940 [incl. S. nana Sadowsky 1965] C84
              |--S. (P.) tiburo (Linnaeus 1758) [=Squalus tiburo; incl. Sp. vespertina Springer 1940] C84
              `--S. (P.) tudes (Valenciennes 1822) [=Zygaena tudes; incl. S. bigelowi Springer 1944] C84

*Eusphyra blochii (Cuvier 1817) [=Zygaena blochii, Sphyrna blochii; incl. Z. laticeps Cantor 1837, Z. latycephala van Hasselt 1823] C84

Sphyrna Rafinesque 1810 [incl. Cestracion Gill 1862, Cestrorhinus Blainville 1816, Reniceps Gill 1862, Sphyra van der Hoeven 1855, Sphyrichthys Thienemann 1828, Sphyrnias Rafinesque 1815, Zygaena Cuvier 1817, Zygoena Risso 1826] C84

Sphyrna (Sphyrna) lewini (Griffith & Smith 1834) [=Zygaena lewini; incl. S. diplana Springer 1941, Z. erythraea Hemprich & Ehrenberg 1899, Z. indica van Hassel 1823, Cestracion leeuwenii Day 1865, Z. malleus Valenciennes 1822, C. oceanica Garman 1913] C84

Sphyrna (Sphyrna) mokarran (Rüppell 1837) [=Zygaena mokarran; incl. Z. dissimilis Murray 1887, Sphyrna ligo Fraser-Brunner 1950] C84

*Sphyrna (Sphyrna) zygaena (Linnaeus 1758) [=Squalus zygaena, Sq. (Zygaena) zygaena; incl. Sq. (Cestrorhinus) caroliniensis Blainville 1816 (n. n.) Sq. malleus Shaw & Nodder 1796, Sq. (C.) pictus Blainville 1816 (n. n.), Zygaena subarcuata Storer 1848, Z. vulgaris Cloquet 1830] C84

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[CDZ93] Cappetta, H., C. Duffin & J. Zidek. 1993. Chondrichthyes. In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 593–609. Chapman & Hall: London.

[C84] Compagno, L. J. V. 1984. FAO Species Catalogue vol. 4. Sharks of the World: An annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date. Part 2—Carcharhiniformes. United Nations Development Programme, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations: Rome.

Scyliorhinus

Dogfish Scyliorhinus canicula, copyright Joe.

Belongs within: Carcharhiniformes.

Scyliorhinus is a genus of catsharks with the second dorsal fin much smaller than the first, and labial furrows present on the lower jaw only (Compagno 1984).

Characters (from Compagno 1984): Body not tadpole-shaped, moderately stout to slender and cylindrical or spindle-shaped, tapering considerably to caudal fin; body firm and thick skinned, with well-calcified dermal denticles; stomach not inflatable; tail moderately long, length from vent to lower caudal origin between 3/5 to 3/4 of snout-vent length. Head slightly to moderately depressed, narrowly rounded and not wedge-shaped in lateral view; head short, less than 1/5 of total length in adults; snout short, less than 3/4 of mouth width, thick, and slightly flattened, bluntly pointed in lateral view; snout not expanded laterally, rounded-parabolic in dorsoventral view; ampullal pores not greatly enlarged on snout; nostrils not enlarged to moderately enlarged, with incurrent and excurrent apertures only slightly open to exterior; anterior nasal flaps more or less triangular, sometimes slightly elongated, without a prominent barbel, well separated from each other and ending somewhat anterior to mouth but close together and reaching it in S. canicula; internarial space 0.3 to 0.8 times in nostril width; nasoral grooves usually absent except S. canicula in which broad grooves are present; eyes dorsolateral on head, broad subocular ridges present below eyes; mouth angular or broadly arched, moderately long, with lower symphysis somewhat behind upper so that upper teeth are well-exposed in ventral view (except S. canicula, in which upper teeth are obscured by lower jaw); labial furrows present along lower jaw only, these short to moderately long; vestigial uppers occasionally prsent; branchial region not greatly enlarged, distance from spiracles to fifth gill slits 1/2 to 2/5 head length; gill slits lateral on head. Two dorsal fins present, with the second considerably smaller than the first; origin of first dorsal varying from over last half of pelvic bases to over pelvic free rear tips; origin of second dorsal over last third of anal base to slightly behind anal insertion; pectoral fins large, their width about as great or considerably greater than mouth width. Inner margins of pelvic fins more or less fused over claspers in adult males, forming an 'apron'; claspers short, relatively thick, and distally pointed or rounded, extending less than half their lengths behind the pelvic fin tips; anal fin moderately large but not greatly elongated, subequal to pelvic and first dorsal fins but much larger than second dorsal, its base length 1.3 to 2.4 times the second dorsal base; origin of anal well behind pelvic bases, and insertion separated from lower caudal origin by a space varying from half as long to slightly longer than the anal base; caudal fin short and fairly broad, between 1/4 to 1/5 to less than 1/5 of total length in adults. No crests of denticles on the caudal margins; supraorbital crests present on cranium. Colour pattern extremely variable, ranging from simple dark saddles, reticulating dark bars, or large dark spots on a light background to combinations of light and dark spots and saddles.

<==Scyliorhinus Blainville 1816 (see below for synonymy) C84
    |--*S. canicula (Linnaeus 1758) C84 (see below for synonymy)
    |--S. besnardi Springer & Sadowsky 1970 [=S. retifer besnardi] C84
    |--S. boa Goode & Bean 1896 [=S. retifer boa] C84
    |--S. capensis (Smith in Müller & Henle 1838) [=Scyllium capense] C84
    |--S. cervigoni Maurin & Bonnet 1970 C84
    |--S. garmani (Fowler 1934) [=Halaelurus garmani] C84
    |--S. haeckelii (Ribeiro 1907) [=Catulus haeckelii, S. retifer haeckelii; incl. S. fernandezi Weibezahn 1953] C84
    |--S. hesperius Springer 1966 C84
    |--S. meadi Springer 1966 [=S. retifer meadi] C84
    |--S. retifer (Garman 1881) [=Scyllium retiferum] C84
    |--S. stellaris (Linnaeus 1758) (see below for synonymy) C84
    |--S. torazame (Tanaka 1908) [=Catulus torazame; incl. S. rudis Pietschmann 1908] C84
    `--S. torrei Howell-Rivero 1936 [incl. Catulus boae Sanchez-Roig 1931] C84

Nomina nuda: Squalus (Scyliorhinus) breviculus Blainville 1816 C84
             Squalus (Scyliorhinus) lambarda Blainville 1816 C84
             Squalus (Scyliorhinus) myops Blainville 1816 C84
             Squalus (Scyliorhinus) punctatus Blainville 1816 non Scylliorhinus punctatus Gilchrist 1914 C84
             Squalus (Scyliorhinus) punctulatus Blainville 1816 C84
             Squalus (Scyliorhinus) unicolor Blainville 1816 C84
             Squalus (Scyliorhinus) variegatus Blainville 1816 C84

Scyliorhinus Blainville 1816 [=Scylliorhinus Blainville 1825, Scylliorhynchus (l. c.), Scylliorhynus (l. c.); incl. Alphascyllium Leigh-Sharpe 1926, Betascyllium Leigh-Sharpe 1926, Catulus Smith 1837 non Kniphof 1759, Scyllium Cuvier 1817] C84

*Scyliorhinus canicula (Linnaeus 1758) C84 [=Squalus canicula C84, Scyllium canicula S93; incl. Scyllium acutidens Vaillant 1888 C84, Scylliorhinus canicula var. albomaculata Pietschmann 1907 C84, Squalus catulus Linnaeus 1758 C84, Catulus duhamelii Garman 1913 C84, Sq. elegans Blainville 1825 C84, Scyllium spinacipellitum Vaillant 1888 C84]

Scyliorhinus stellaris (Linnaeus 1758) [=Squalus stellaris, Poroderma stellare; incl. Scyllium acanthonotum Filippi & Verany 1853] C84

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[C84] Compagno, L. J. V. 1984. FAO Species Catalogue vol. 4. Sharks of the World: An annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date. Part 2—Carcharhiniformes. United Nations Development Programme, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations: Rome.

[S93] Schultze, H.-P. 1993. Patterns of diversity in the skulls of jawed fishes. In: Hanken, J., & B. K. Hall (eds) 1993. The Skull vol. 2. Patterns of Structural and Systematic Diversity pp. 189–254. The University of Chicago Press.

Triakidae

Starry smooth-hound Mustelus asterias, copyright Hans Hillewaert.

Belongs within: Carcharhiniformes.

The Triakidae, houndsharks, are a group of small to medium-sharks that are most diverse in waters of the continental shelf, often at or close to the bottom of the water column (Compagno 1984).

Characters (from Compagno 1984): Head without laterally expanded blades; eyes elongated and fusiform, horizontally oval, or slitlike, with lengths over 1.5 to 2.5 times height; nictitating eyelids external, transitional or internal; spiracles present and small to moderately large; anterior nasal flaps varying from elongated to lobular to vestigial, rarely barbel-like; internarial width about 0.5 to 3.0 times in nostril width; labial furrows moderately long to very long; teeth small to moderately large, with acute and narrow to moderately large cusps and lateral cusplets in some species, but with these structures reduced or absent in others; teeth with strong basal ledges and grooves; teeth cuspidate and not bladelike, compressed and bladelike, or thickened and molariform; usually similar in both jaws but differentiated in a few species; posterior teeth not comblike; tooth rows 18 to 42/27 to 106. Precaudal pits absent. First dorsal fin moderately large to very large but not keel-like, usually much shorter than caudal fin; first dorsal base well ahead of pelvic bases, usually closer to pectoral bases than to pelvics but sometimes slightly closer to pelvics; midpoint of first dorsal base always in front of pelvic origins; pectoral fins with radials confined to bases of fins; ventral caudal lobe varying from absent to well-developed; no undulations or ripples in dorsal caudal margin. Neurocranium with supraorbital crests; vertebral centra with strong, wedge-shaped intermedial calcifications. Valvular intestine with a spiral valve of 4 to 11 turns. Some species with variegated colour patterns, most without them.

<==Triakidae [Emissolidae, Eugaleidae, Galei, Galeorhinoidae, Iagini, Musteli, Scylliodontes, Scylliogaleidae, Triakiana]
    |--Paratriakis bettrechiensis Herman 1977 CDZ93
    |--Furgaleus Whitley 1951 [=Fur Whitley 1943 non Jones 1940] C84
    |    `--*F. macki (Whitley 1943) [=*Fur macki; incl. Fur ventralis Whitley 1943, Furgaleus ventralis] C84
    |--Gogolia Compagno 1973 C84
    |    `--*G. filewoodi Compagno 1973 C84
    |--Scylliogaleus Boulenger 1902 C84
    |    `--*S. quecketti Boulenger 1902 C84
    |--Hypogaleus Smith 1957 C84
    |    `--H. hyugaensis (Miyosi 1939) (see below for synonymy) C84
    |--Hemitriakis Herre 1923 C84
    |    |--*H. leucoperiptera Herre 1923 [=Triakis leucoperiptera] C84
    |    `--H. japanica (Müller & Henle 1839) [=Galeus japanicus, Galeorhinus japanicus] C84
    |--Iago Compagno & Springer 1971 C84
    |    |--*I. omanensis (Norman 1939) [=Eugaleus omanensis, Galeorhinus omanensis] C84
    |    `--I. garricki Fourmanoir & Rivaton 1979 C84
    |--Galeorhinus Blainville 1816 (see below for synonymy) C84
    |    |--*G. galeus (Linnaeus 1758) (see below for synonymy) C84
    |    |--G. minutissimus (Arambourg 1952) CDZ93
    |    `--G. mustelus D56
    |--Triakis Müller & Henle 1838 [=Triacis Gill 1862] C84
    |    |--T. (Triakis) C84
    |    |    |--*T. (T.) scyllium Müller & Henle 1839 [=T. scyllia; incl. Hemigaleus pingi Evermann & Shaw 1927] C84
    |    |    `--T. (T.) semifasciata Girard 1854 (see below for synonymy) C84
    |    `--T. (Cazon de Buen 1959) C84
    |         |--T. (C.) acutipinna Kato 1968 C84
    |         |--T. (C.) maculata Kner & Steindachner 1866 (see below for synonymy) C84
    |         `--T. (C.) megalopterus (Smith 1849) (see below for synonymy) C84
    `--Mustelus Linck 1790 (see below for synonymy) C84
         |--*M. mustelus (Linnaeus 1758) (see below for synonymy) C84
         |--M. antarcticus Günther 1870 [incl. Emissola ganearum Whitley 1945, E. maugeana Whitley 1939] C84
         |--M. asterias Cloquet 1821 (see below for synonymy) C84
         |--M. californicus Gill 1864 C84
         |--M. canis (Mitchill 1815) B02 [=Squalus canis C84; incl. *Allomycter dissutus Guitart 1972 C84]
         |--M. dorsalis Gill 1864 C84
         |--M. fasciatus (Garman 1913) [=Galeorhinus fasciatus; incl. M. striatus Devincenzi 1920] C84
         |--M. griseus Pietschmann 1908 [incl. Cynias kanekonis Tanaka 1916, M. kanekonis] C84
         |--M. henlei (Gill 1863) [=Rhinotriacis henlei, Triakis henlei] C84
         |--M. higmani Springer & Lowe 1963 C84
         |--M. lenticulatus Phillipps 1932 C84
         |--M. lunulatus Jordan & Gilbert 1883 C84
         |--M. manazo Bleeker 1854 C84
         |--M. mento Cope 1877 [incl. M. abbotti Evermann & Radcliffe 1917, M. edulis Perez Canto in Philippi 1887] C84
         |--M. mosis Hemprich & Ehrenberg 1899 C84
         |--M. norrisi Springer 1940 C84
         |--M. palumbes Smith 1957 C84
         |--M. punctulatus Risso 1826 [incl. M. mediterraneus Quignard & Capape 1972] C84
         |--M. schmitti Springer 1940 C84
         `--M. whitneyi Chirichigno 1973 C84

Galeorhinus Blainville 1816 [incl. Eugaleus Gill 1864, Galeus Cuvier 1817 non Rafinesque 1810, Notogaleus Whitley 1943] C84

*Galeorhinus galeus (Linnaeus 1758) [=Squalus galeus; incl. Galeus australis Macleay 1881, Galeorhinus australis, Galeus canis Bonaparte 1834, Galeus chilensis Perez Canto 1886, Galeorhinus chilensis, Galeus communis Owen 1853, Carcharhinus cyrano Whitley 1930, Galeus linnei Malm 1877, Galeus molinae Philippi 1887, Galeus nilssoni Bonaparte 1846, Squalus rhinophanes Peron 1807, Galeorhinus rhinophanes, Notogaleus rhinophanes, Galeorhinus vitaminicus de Buen 1950, Galeus vulgaris Fleming 1828, Galeus zyopterus Jordan & Gilbert 1883, Galeorhinus zyopterus] C84

Hypogaleus hyugaensis (Miyosi 1939) [=Eugaleus hyugaensis; incl. Galeorhinus (*Hypogaleus) zanzibariensis Smith 1957] C84

Mustelus Linck 1790 [=Mustellus Fischer 1813; incl. Allomycter Guitart 1972, Cynias Gill 1903, Emissola Jarocki 1822, Galeus Leach 1818 nec Rafinesque 1810 nec Cuvier 1817, Murmille Setna & Sarangdhar 1946, Myrmillo Gistel 1848, Pleuracromylon Gill 1864, Rhinotriacis Gill 1863] C84

Mustelus asterias Cloquet 1821 [incl. Squalus albomaculatus Plucar 1845, S. edentulus Doderlein 1881, S. hinnulus Blainville 1825, Mustelus plebejus Bonaparte 1834, M. stellatus Risso 1826,] C84

*Mustelus mustelus (Linnaeus 1758) [=Squalus mustelus; incl. Mustelus equestris Bonaparte 1834, Mustelus laevis Linck 1790, Mustellus levis Risso 1826, Mustelus vulgaris Cloquet 1821] C84

Triakis (Cazon) maculata Kner & Steindachner 1866 [=T. maculatus; incl. Mustelus nigromaculatus Evermann & Radcliffe 1917] C84

Triakis (Cazon) megalopterus (Smith 1849) [=Mustelus megalopterus; incl. M. natalensis Steindachner 1866, Triakis natalensis, M. nigropunctatus Smith 1952] C84

Triakis (Triakis) semifasciata Girard 1854 [=T. semifasciatum; incl. T. californicus Gray 1851 (n. n.), Mustelus felis Ayres 1854, T. felis] C84

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B02] Branstetter, S. 2002. Smooth dogfishes. Family Triakidae. In: Collette, B. B., & G. Klein-MacPhee (eds) Bigelow and Schroeder’s Fishes of the Gulf of Maine 3^rd ed. pp. 37–38. Smithsonian Institute Press: Washington.

[CDZ93] Cappetta, H., C. Duffin & J. Zidek. 1993. Chondrichthyes. In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 593–609. Chapman & Hall: London.

[C84] Compagno, L. J. V. 1984. FAO Species Catalogue vol. 4. Sharks of the World: An annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date. Part 2—Carcharhiniformes. United Nations Development Programme, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations: Rome.

[D56] Dawes, B. 1956. The Trematoda with special reference to British and other European forms. University Press: Cambridge.

Galeus

Blackmouth catshark Galeus melastomus, photographed by Pierluigi Angioi.

Belongs within: Carcharhiniformes.

Galeus is a genus of catsharks with a caudal crest of enlarged denticles and large pectoral fins (Compagno 1984).

Characters (from Compagno 1984): Body not tadpole-shaped, slender and subcylindrical to rather compressed, tapering slightly to considerably to caudal fin; body firm and thick-skinned, with well-calcified dermal denticles; stomach not inflatable; tail varying from fairly short to moderately long, length from vent to lower caudal origin about 2/5 to 5/6 of snout-vent length. Head slightly depressed, narrowly pointed-rounded in lateral view and somewhat wedge-shaped or not; head short to moderately long, between 1/4 and 1/5 to less than 1/5 of total length in adults; snout fairly short, to moderately elongated, 2/3 to about equal to mouth width, thick to rather thin and flattened, bluntly to almost acutely pointed in lateral view; snout not expanded laterally, broadly to narrowly rounded-parabolic and usually bell-shaped in dorsoventral view; ampullal pores not greatly enlarged on snout; nostrils of moderate size, with incurrent and excurrent apertures only partly open to exterior; anterior nasal flaps broadly triangular and rather low, without barbels, well separate from each other and falling well anterior to mouth; internarial space about 0.7 to 1.2 times the nostril width; no nasoral grooves; eyes virtually lateral on head, subocular ridges below eyes narrow or obsolete; mouth angular or semiangular, moderately long, with lower symphysis well behind upper so that upper teeth are exposed in ventral view; labial furrows present along both upper and lower jaws, these very short to moderately long but ending well behind level of upper symphysis of mouth; branchial region not greatly enlarged, distance from spiracles to fifth gill slits 1/3 to 1/2 of head length; gill slits lateral on head. Two equal-sized dorsal fins present, origin of first varying from over the first third of the pelvic bases to about over their insertions; origin of second dorsal varies from about over to slightly behind the anal midbase; pectoral fins large, their width somewhat less to considerably greater than mouth width; inner margins of pelvic fins not fused or variably fused and forming an 'apron' over claspers in adult males; claspers short to moderately long, fairly thick and distally pointed and often twisted, extending from less than a fifth to about half of their lengths behind the pelvic fin tips; anal fin large and more or less elongated, about as large as pelvic fins or larger, and considerably larger than the dorsals; its base length 1.6 to slightly over 3 times second dorsal base; origin of anal close to far behind pelvic bases, and its insertion separated from lower caudal origin by a narrow notch to a broad space nearly equal to the anal base; caudal fin more or less elongated, over or somewhat less than a fourth of total length in adults. A well-developed crest of denticles on the dorsal caudal margin and sometimes the upper edge of the caudal peduncle, and in some species on the preventral margin and lower edge of the caudal peduncle, dorsal crest flat on its upper surface and symmetrical; small median denticles. between upper crest denticles usually in less than five rows; supraorbital crests absent from cranium. Colour light grey or brown, with or without a conspicuous colour pattern of dark saddles and blotches.

<==Galeus Rafinesque 1810 [incl. Figaro Whitley 1928, Pristidurus Bonaparte 1838, Pristiurus Bonaparte 1834] C84
    |--*G. melastomus Rafinesque 1810 C84 (see below for synonymy)
    |--G. arae (Nichols 1927) (see below for synonymy) C84
    |--G. boardmani (Whitley 1928) [=Pristiurus (*Figaro) boardmani; incl. Figaro boardmani socius Whitley 1939] G84
    |--G. eastmani (Jordan & Snyder 1904) [=Pristiurus eastmani] G84
    |--G. murinus (Collett 1904) [=Pristiurus murinus, G. melastomus murinus; incl. P. jenseni Saemundsson 1922] C84
    |--G. nipponensis Nakaya 1975 C84
    |--G. piperatus Spriner & Wagner 1966 C84
    |--G. polli Cadenat 1959 C84
    |--G. sauteri (Jordan & Richardson 1909) [=Pristiurus sauteri] C84
    `--G. schultzi Springer 1979 C84

Nomina nuda: Galeus catulus Rafinesque 1810 C84
             Galeus mustelus Rafinesque 1810 C84
             Galeus vulpecula Rafinesque 1810 C84

Galeus arae (Nichols 1927) [=Pristiurus arae; incl. G. arae antillensis Springer 1979, G. cadenati Springer 1966, G. arae cadenati] C84

*Galeus melastomus Rafinesque 1810 C84 [incl. Squalus annulatus Nilsson 1832 C84, Scyllium artedii Risso 1820 C84, Pristiurus atlanticus Vaillant 1888 C84, Squalus (Scyliorhinus) delarochianus Blainville 1816 (n. n.) C84, Scyllium melanostomum Bonaparte 1834 C84, Pristiurus melanostomus PP64, Sq. prionurus Otto 1821 C84, Pristiurus souverbiei LaFont 1866 C84]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[C84] Compagno, L. J. V. 1984. FAO Species Catalogue vol. 4. Sharks of the World: An annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date. Part 2—Carcharhiniformes. United Nations Development Programme, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations: Rome.

[PP64] Peres, J. M., & J. Picard. 1964. Nouveau manuel de bionomie benthique de la mer Mediterranee. Recueil des Travaux de la Station Marine d'Endoume, Bulletin 31 (27): 5–137.