Ctenidae

Male Ctenus amphora, copyright Thiago G. Carvalho.

Belongs within: Dionycha.

The Ctenidae, tropical wolf spiders, are a group of actively hunting spiders that can be distinguished from true wolf spiders by the differences in their eye arrangements, with ctenids having the eye rows strongly recurved in frontal view to give a 2-4-2 arrangement in dorsal view. The ovoid carapace bears a deep depression in members of the subfamily Acantheinae but is high in the region of the fovea in Cteninae (Jocqué & Dippenaar-Schoeman 2007). The genus Ciba includes two blind species found in caves in Cuba and Hispaniola (Bloom, Binford et al. 2014).

Characters (from Jocqué & Dippenaar-Schoeman 2007): Small to very large; eight eyes present in three rows, anterior lateral eyes between posterior median and posterior lateral eyes; legs with trochanters deeply notched, two tarsal claws; usually ecribellate (rarely cribellate); anterior spinnerets conical, not widely separated; entelegyne, male palp with dorsally concave median apophysis; epigyne with horns.

Ctenidae
    |--Acantheinae JD-S07
    |--Viridasiinae JD-S07
    `--Cteninae SB01
         |--Ctenopsis Schmidt 1954 SB01
         |--Itatiaya Mello-Leitão 1915 SB01
         |--Ohvida BB14
         |--Isoctenus Bertkau 1880 SB01
         |    `--I. coxalis (Pickard-Cambridge 1902) FM11
         |--Ciba Bloom, Binford et al. 2014 BB14
         |    |--*C. calzada (Alayón 1985) [=Ctenus calzada] BB14
         |    `--C. seibo Alayon & Agnarsson in Bloom, Binford et al. 2014 BB14
         `--Ctenus Walckenaer 1805 SB01
              |  i. s.: *C. dubius Walckenaer 1805 SB01
              |         ‘Phoneutria’ decora Gerstäcker 1873 SB01
              |         C. dreyeri Strand 1906 J98
              |         C. fasciatus AM07
              |         C. kingsleyi JD-S07
              |         C. palembangensis Strand 1906 J98
              |         C. peregrinus Pickard-Cambridge 1900 SB01
              |         C. pergulanus JD-S07
              |         C. punctulatus B06
              |         C. trabifer Thorell 1887 K92
              |         C. unilineatus Simon 1897 [=Phoneutria unilineata] SB01
              |         C. valvularis (Van Hass 1882) [=Leptoctenus valvularis] T94
              |         C. velox SB01
              |         C. vividus SB01
              |--C. maculisternis Strand 1910 SB01
              `--+--+--C. coxalis Pickard-Cambridge 1902 SB01
                 |  `--+--C. longipes Keyserling 1891 SB01
                 |     `--C. taeniatus Keyserling 1891 SB01
                 `--+--Centroctenus Mello-Leitã 1929 SB01
                    |    |--C. auberti (Caporiacco 1954) SB01
                    |    `--C. ocelliventer (Strand 1910) SB01
                    `--+--+--C. inaja Höfer, Brescovit & Gasnier 1994 SB01
                       |  `--+--C. amphora Mello-Leitão 1930 SB01
                       |     `--C. crulsi Mello-Leitão 1930 SB01
                       `--+--C. villasboasi Mello-Leitão 1949 SB01
                          `--+--Oligoctenus Simon 1887 SB01
                             |    `--O. ornatus (Keyserling 1877) SB01
                             `--Phoneutria Perty 1833 [Phoneutriinae] SB01
                                  |  i. s.: P. eickstedtae Martins & Bertani 2007 FM11
                                  |         P. ochracea Koch 1848 (n. d.) SB01
                                  |         P. rufibarbis Perty 1833 (n. d.) [=Ctenus rufibarbis] SB01
                                  |--+--P. boliviensis (Pickard-Cambridge 1897) (see below for synonymy) SB01
                                  |  `--P. nigriventer (Keyserling 1891) (see below for synonymy) SB01
                                  `--+--P. reidyi (Pickard-Cambridge 1897) (see below for synonymy) SB01
                                     `--+--*P. fera Perty 1833 (see below for synonymy) SB01
                                        `--P. bahiensis Simó & Brescovit 2001 SB01

Ctenidae incertae sedis:
  Africactenus JD-S07
    |--A. decorosus JD-S07
    |--A. monitor JD-S07
    `--A. tenuitarsis (Strand 1908) [=Caloctenus gracilitarsis Strand 1907 (preoc.), C. tenuitarsis] J98
  Microctenus Keyserling 1877 SB01
  Parabatinga brevipes (Keyserling 1891) FM11
  Janusia muiri (Gray 1973) BB14
  Amauropelma undarra (Raven et al. 2001) BB14
  Trujillina JD-S07
  Leptoctenus byrrhus JD-S07
  Petaloctenus bossema JD-S07
  Nanoctenus longipes Wunderlich 1988 S93

Phoneutria boliviensis (Pickard-Cambridge 1897) [=Ctenus boliviensis; incl. C. chilesicus Strand 1915, Phoneutria colombiana Schmidt 1954, C. depilatus Strand 1910, P. depilata, C. nigriventroides Strand 1907, P. nigriventroides, C. peregrinoides Strand 1910, C. signativenter Strand 1910, C. valdehirsutulus Strand 1910] SB01

*Phoneutria fera Perty 1833 [=Ctenus ferus, incl. C. sus Strand 1910, Phoneutria sus] SB01

Phoneutria nigriventer (Keyserling 1891) [=Ctenus nigriventer; incl. C. keyserlingi Pickard-Cambridge 1897, Phoneutria keyserlingi, C. luederwaldti Mello-Leitão 1927, P. luederwaldti, C. paca Mello-Leitão 1922, P. paca, C. pertyi Pickard-Cambridge 1897, P. pertyi, C. rufichelis Mello-Leitão 1917, P. rufichelis] SB01

Phoneutria reidyi (Pickard-Cambridge 1897) [=Ctenus reidyi; incl. C. andrewsi Pickard-Cambridge 1897, Phoneutria andrewsi, C. forcipatus Mello-Leitão 1922] SB01

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[AM07] Acosta, L. E., & G. Machado. 2007. Diet and foraging. In: Pinto-da-Rocha, R., G. Machado & G. Giribet (eds) Harvestmen: The Biology of Opiliones pp. 309–338. Harvard University Press: Cambridge (Massachusetts).

[B06] Banks, N. 1906. Arachnida from the Bahamas. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 22: 185–189.

[BB14] Bloom, T., G. Binford, L. A. Esposito, G. A. Garcia, I. Peterson, A. Nishida, K. Loubet-Senear & I. Agnarsson. 2014. Discovery of two new species of eyeless spiders within a single Hispaniola cave. Journal of Arachnology 42 (2): 148–154.

[FM11] Freire-Jr, G. de B., & P. C. Motta. 2011. Effects of experimental fire regimes on the abundance and diversity of cursorial arachnids of Brazilian savannah (cerrado biome). Journal of Arachnology 39 (2): 263–272.

[J98] Jäger, P. 1998. Das Typenmaterial der Spinnentiere (Arachnida: Acari, Amblypygi, Araneae, Opiliones, Pseudoscorpiones, Scorpiones, Uropygi) aus dem Museum Wiesbaden. Jahrbuecher des Nassauischen Vereins fuer Naturkunde 119: 81–91.

[JD-S07] Jocqué, R., & A. S. Dippenaar-Schoeman. 2007. Spider Families of the World. Royal Museum for Central Africa: Tervuren (Belgium).

[K92] Karsch, F. 1892. Arachniden von Ceylon und von Minikoy gesammelt von den Herren Doctoren P. und F. Sarasin. Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift 36 (2): 267–310.

[S93] Selden, P. A. 1993. Arthropoda (Aglaspidida, Pycnogonida and Chelicerata). In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 297–320. Chapman & Hall: London.

[SB01] Simó, M., & A. D. Brescovit. 2001. Revision and cladistic analysis of the Neotropical spider genus Phoneutria Perty, 1833 (Araneae, Ctenidae), with notes on related Cteninae. Bulletin of the British Arachnological Society 12 (2): 67–82.

[T94] Thorell, T. 1894. Förteckning öfver Arachnider från Java och närgränsande öar, insamlade af docenten D:r Carl Aurivillius; jemte beskrifingar å några sydasiatiska och sydamerikanska Spindlar. Bihang till K. Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Handlingar 20 pt 4 (4): 1–63.

Last updated: 4 October 2019.

Lycosidae

Female Xerolycosa nemoralis, from Spiders of the Netherlands.

Belongs within: Amaurobioidea.
Contains: Evippa, Lycosinae, Arctosa, Artoriinae, Piratinae, Venonia.

The Lycosidae, wolf spiders, are a cosmopolitan group of mostly ground-hunting spiders, characterised by having the anterior eyes smaller than the posterior eyes and forming a single row near the front margin of the carapace. Subgroups of the Lycosidae include the Venoniinae, a group of small, slender spiders with glistening hairs on the abdomen, found in the Indo-Australian region, that construct simple sheet webs. The Zoicinae, another Indo-Australian group, are characterised by a strong lateral apophysis on the male palp. Xerolycosa is a genus of medium-sized wolf spiders found in dry litter in the northern Palaearctic, females of which may dig shallow depressions in soil.

Characters (from Jocqué & Dippenaar-Schoeman 2007): Small to very large; eight eyes present in three rows, with anterior row of four small eyes, second row with two large (posterior median) eyes and third row of two intermediate-sized eyes on anterolateral surface of carapace; legs with three tarsal claws; ecribellate; male palp usually without retrolateral tibial apophysis; entelegyne; female carries egg-sac attached to spinnerets.

<==Lycosidae [Hippaseae, Hippasinae, Lycoseae, Lycosoidae]
    |--+--‘Arctosa’ ebicha PY07
    |  `--‘Arctosa’ kwangreungensis PY07
    `--+--Xerolycosa Dahl 1908 PY07, MGK03
       |    |--X. albofasciata (Brullé 1832) K55
       |    |--X. miniata (Koch 1834) MGK03
       |    `--X. nemoralis (Westring 1861) MGK03
       `--+--+--Lycosinae PY07
          |  `--+--‘Trochosa’ oraria (Koch 1876) PY07, VMP02
          |     `--+--Arctosa PY07
          |        `--Artoriinae PY07
          `--+--Piratinae PY07
             `--Venoniinae YF06
                  |  i. s.: *Satta cannibalorum Lehtinen & Hippa 1979 YF06
                  |         Agalenocosa Mello-Leitão 1944 FL13
                  |--‘Venonia’ spirocysta Chai 1991 YF06
                  `--+--Allotrochosina Roewer 1960 PY07, YF06
                     |    |--*A. schauinslandi (Simon 1899) PVD10
                     |    `--A. karri YF06
                     `--+--Venonia YF06
                        `--Anomalosa Roewer 1960 YF06
                             |--A. kochi Simon 1898 YF06
                             `--A. oz Framenau 2006 YF06

Lycosidae incertae sedis:
  Tricca alpigena (Doleschall 1852) K02
  Brevilabus gillonorum Cornic 1980 J02
  Acantholycosa lignaria (Clerck 1757) RKD02
  Evippa MGK03
  Wadicosa Zyuzin 1985 [Wadicosinae] MGK03
    |--W. fidelis (Pickard-Cambridge 1872) MGK03
    `--W. quadrifera (Gravely 1924) MG03
  Allohogna Roewer 1955 MGK03
    `--A. singoriensis (Laxmann 1770) [=Lycosa singoriensis] MGK03
  Mustelicosa Roewer 1960 MGK03
    `--M. dimidiata (Thorell 1875) [=Trochosa dimidiata] MGK03
  Tarentuloides Doleschall 1859 K92, D59
    `--*T. boiei (Doleschall 1859) [=Lycosa (Tarentuloides) boiei] D59
  Megarctosa leopardus (Sundevall 1832) K55
  Sosippinae F07
    |--Sosippus Simon 1888 YF06
    |    `--S. nitidus (Mello-Leitão 1944) [=Hippasella nitida] C90
    `--Porrimosa C90
         |--P. callipoda (n. d.) C90
         |--P. castanea C90
         |--P. diversa (n. d.) C90
         |--P. glieschi (n. d.) C90
         |--P. harknessi C90
         |--P. lagotis C90
         `--P. securifera (n. d.) C90
  Schizocosa Chamberlin 1904 RU14
    |--S. crassipes PR01
    |--S. ocreata (Hentz 1844) RU14
    |--S. rovneri (Uetz & Dondale 1979) RU14
    |--S. saltatrix E95
    |--S. stridulans Stratton 1984 RU14
    |--S. uetzi Stratton 1997 RU14
    `--S. yurae (Strand 1908) [=Tarentula yurae, Avicosa yurae] J98
  Tarentula J98
    |--T. cinerea [incl. Aranea allodroma, Lycosa allodroma] C01
    |--T. ruricola [incl. Aranea agretyca, Lycosa agretyca] C01
    |--T. solivaga (Kulczyński 1901) [=Lycosa (Tarentula) solivaga] K01
    |--T. swakopmundensis Strand 1916 J98
    |--T. trabalis C01
    |--T. velox [=Aranea velox, Lycosa velox] C01
    `--T. vorax [=Aranea vorax, Lycosa vorax] C01
  Zoicinae FL13
    |--Zoica Simon 1898 YF06
    |--Zantheres Thorell 1887 YF06
    |--Lysania Thorell 1890 YF06
    |--Shapna Hippa & Lehtinen 1983 YF06
    `--Margonia Hippa & Lehtinen 1983 YF06
         `--M. himalayensis (Gravely 1924) [=Venonia himalayensis] YF06
  Aglaoctenus Tullgren 1905 [incl. Porrima] YF06
    `--A. lagotis (Holmberg 1876) FM11
  Anomalomma Simon 1890 YF06
    `--*A. lycosinum Simon 1890 YF06
  Tricassinae F07
  Passiena torbjoerni Lehtinen 2005 FY06
  Trabeops D90
  Piratula minuta (Emerton 1885) SB14
  Gladicosa SB14
    |--G. gulosa CM07
    `--G. pulchra (Keyserling 1877) SB14
  Donacosa merlini JD-S07
  Linoptes P92

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[C01] Cambridge, F. O. P. 1901. A revision of the genera of the Araneae or spiders with reference to their type species. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, series 7, 7: 51–65.

[C90] Capocasale, R. M. 1990. Las especies de la subfamilia Hippasinae de America del Sur (Araneae, Lycosidae). Journal of Arachnology 18: 131–142.

[CM07] Cokendolpher, J. C., & P. G. Mitov. 2007. Natural enemies. In: Pinto-da-Rocha, R., G. Machado & G. Giribet (eds) Harvestmen: The Biology of Opiliones pp. 339–373. Harvard University Press: Cambridge (Massachusetts).

[D59] Doleschall, C. L. 1859. Tweede Bijdrage tot de kennis der Arachniden van den Indischen Archipel. Verhandelingen der Natuurkundige Vereeniging in Nederlandsch Indie [Acta Societatis Scientiarum Indo-Neêrlandicae] 5 (5): 1–60, pls 1–18.

[D90] Dondale, C. D. 1990. Litter Araneae (Araneida). In: Dindal, D. L. (ed.) Soil Biology Guide pp. 477–502. John Wiley & Sones: New York.

[E95] Elgar, M. A. 1995. The duration of copulation in spiders: comparative patterns. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 52: 1–11.

[F07] Framenau, V. W. 2007. Revision of the new Australian genus Artoriopsis in a new subfamily of wolf spiders, Artoriinae (Araneae: Lycosidae). Zootaxa 1391: 1–34.

[FL13] Framenau, V. W., & A. E. Leung. 2013. Costacosa, a new genus of wolf spider (Araneae, Lycosidae) from coastal north-west Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 83: 173–184.

[FY06] Framenau, V. W., & J.-S. Yoo. 2006. Systematics of the new Australian wolf spider genus Tuberculosa (Araneae: Lycosidae). Invertebrate Systematics 20: 185–202.

[FM11] Freire-Jr, G. de B., & P. C. Motta. 2011. Effects of experimental fire regimes on the abundance and diversity of cursorial arachnids of Brazilian savannah (cerrado biome). Journal of Arachnology 39 (2): 263–272.

[J98] Jäger, P. 1998. Das Typenmaterial der Spinnentiere (Arachnida: Acari, Amblypygi, Araneae, Opiliones, Pseudoscorpiones, Scorpiones, Uropygi) aus dem Museum Wiesbaden. Jahrbuecher des Nassauischen Vereins fuer Naturkunde 119: 81–91.

[J02] Jocqué, R. 2002. Genitalic polymorphism—a challenge for taxonomy. Journal of Arachnology 30 (2): 298–306.

[JD-S07] Jocqué, R., & A. S. Dippenaar-Schoeman. 2007. Spider Families of the World. Royal Museum for Central Africa: Tervuren (Belgium).

[K92] Karsch, F. 1892. Arachniden von Ceylon und von Minikoy gesammelt von den Herren Doctoren P. und F. Sarasin. Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift 36 (2): 267–310.

[K02] Koponen, S. 2002. Ground-living spiders in bogs in northern Europe. Journal of Arachnology 30 (2): 262–267.

[K55] Kraus, O. 1955. Spinnen von Korsika, Sardinien und Elba (Arach., Araneae). Senckenbergiana Biologica 36: 371–394.

[K01] Kulczyński, V. 1901. Arachnoideák [Arachnoidea]. In: Horváth, G. (ed.) Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazása [Dritte Asiatische Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] vol. 2. Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazásának Állattani Eredményei [Zoologische Ergebnisse der Dritten Asiatischen Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] pp. 311–369. Victor Hornyánszky: Budapest, and Karl W. Hierseman: Leipzig.

[MG03] Marusik, Yu. M., & E. F. Guseinov. 2003. Spiders (Arachnida: Aranei) of Azerbaijan. 1. New family and genus records. Arthropoda Selecta 12 (1): 29–46.

[MGK03] Marusik, Yu. M., E. F. Guseinov & S. Koponen. 2003. Spiders (Arachnida: Aranei) of Azerbaijan. 2. Critical survey of wolf spiders (Lycosidae) found in the country with description of three new species and brief review of Palaearctic Evippa Simon, 1885. Arthropoda Selecta 12 (1): 47–65.

[PVD10] Paquin, P., C. J. Vink & N. Dupérré. 2010. Spiders of New Zealand: annotated family key and species list. Manaaki Whenua Press: Lincoln (New Zealand).

[PY07] Park, Y. C., J.-S. Yoo, M. P. Schwarz, N. Murphy & J.-P. Kim. 2007. Molecular phylogeny of east Asian wolf spiders (Araneae: Lycosidae) inferred from mitochondrial 12S ribosomal DNA. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 100 (1): 1–8.

[P92] Poinar, G. O., Jr. 1992. Life in Amber. Stanford University Press: Stanford.

[PR01] Punzo, F., & C. Reeves. 2001. Geographical variation in male courtship behaviour of the giant whipscorpion Mastigoproctus giganteus (Lucas) (Arachnida, Uropygi). Bulletin of the British Arachnological Society 12 (2): 93–96.

[RKD02] Relys, V., S. Koponen & D. Dapkus. 2002. Annual differences and species turnover in peat bog spider communities. Journal of Arachnology 30 (2): 416–424.

[RU14] Rutledge, J. M., & G. W. Uetz. 2014. Juvenile experience and adult female mating preferences in two closely related Schizocosa species. Journal of Arachnology 42 (2): 170–177.

[SB14] Suter, R. B., & K. Benson. 2014. Nocturnal, diurnal, crepuscular: activity assessments of Pisauridae and Lycosidae. Journal of Arachnology 42 (2): 178–191.

[VMP02] Vink, C. J., A. D. Mitchell & A. M. Paterson. 2002. A preliminary molecular analysis of phylogenetic relationships of Australasian wolf spider genera (Araneae, Lycosidae). Journal of Arachnology 30 (2): 227–237.

[YF06] Yoo, J.-S., & V. W. Framenau. 2006. Systematics and biogeography of the sheet-web building wolf spider genus Venonia (Araneae: Lycosidae). Invertebrate Systematics 20: 675–712.

Last updated: 22 January 2022.

Oxyopidae

Male striped lynx spider Oxyopes salticus, from Kaldari.

Belongs within: Amaurobioidea.

The Oxyopidae, lynx spiders, are actively hunting spiders found living on vegetation. They may capture flying prey in midair by jumping towards it, or they may spin small webs (Jocqué & Dippenaar-Schoeman 2007). Species of the genus Peucetia are bright green in coloration; others are mostly brown.

Characters (from Jocqué & Dippenaar-Schoeman 2007): Small to large; eight eyes present forming a hexagon occupying a small area on edge of carapace, tapetum grate-like, secondary eyes without tapetum; clypeus wide; legs with prominent setae, trochanters notched, three tarsal claws; ecribellate; entelegyne.

<==Oxyopidae
    |--Hostus Simon 1898 JD-S07
    |--Megullia Thorell 1897 JD-S07
    |--Pseudohostus Rainbow 1915 JD-S07
    |--Schaenicoscelis Simon 1898 JD-S07
    |--Tapinillus Simon 1898 JD-S07
    |--Tapponia Simon 1885 JD-S07
    |--Planoxyopes eximius Petrunkevitch 1963 P92
    |--Hamataliwa Keyserling 1887 JD-S07
    |    `--H. grisea TF98
    |--Peucetia Thorell 1869 [Peucetieae] JD-S07
    |    |--P. flava Keyserling 1877 M-FR08
    |    |--P. formosensis Kishida 1930 TYM08
    |    |--P. lampei Strand 1906 J98
    |    |--P. longipes JD-S07
    |    |--P. madagascariensis JD-S07
    |    |--P. rubrigastra M-L31
    |    |--P. rubrolineata Keyserling 1877 M-FR08
    |    `--P. viridans Hentz 1832 M-FR08
    `--Oxyopes Latreille 1804 [Oxyopeae] PVD10
         |--*O. heterophthalmus (Latreille 1804) [=Aranea heterophthalma] C01
         |--O. aglossus (Chamberlin 1929) TF98
         |--O. camponis Strand 1915 J98
         |--O. ceylonicus Karsch 1892 K92
         |--O. gracilipes (White 1849) PVD10
         |--O. gregarius FF99
         |--O. javanus Thorell 1887 T94
         |--O. lineata G20
         |--O. macilentus K. 1878 R13
         |--O. salticus (Hentz 1845) TF98
         |--O. scalaris MC02
         |--O. shweta JD-S07
         |--O. succini Petrunkevitch 1958 S93
         `--O. variegatus H04

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[C01] Cambridge, F. O. P. 1901. A revision of the genera of the Araneae or spiders with reference to their type species. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, series 7, 7: 51–65.

[FF99] Forster, R., & L. Forster. 1999. Spiders of New Zealand and their World-wide Kin. University of Otago Press: Dunedin (New Zealand).

[G20] Goldfuss, G. A. 1820. Handbuch der Naturgeschichte vol. 3. Handbuch der Zoologie pt 1. Johann Leonhard Schrag: Nürnberg.

[H04] Haeckel, E. 1899–1904. Kunstformen der Natur. Bibliographisches Institut: Leipzig und Wien.

[J98] Jäger, P. 1998. Das Typenmaterial der Spinnentiere (Arachnida: Acari, Amblypygi, Araneae, Opiliones, Pseudoscorpiones, Scorpiones, Uropygi) aus dem Museum Wiesbaden. Jahrbuecher des Nassauischen Vereins fuer Naturkunde 119: 81–91.

[JD-S07] Jocqué, R., & A. S. Dippenaar-Schoeman. 2007. Spider Families of the World. Royal Museum for Central Africa: Tervuren (Belgium).

[K92] Karsch, F. 1892. Arachniden von Ceylon und von Minikoy gesammelt von den Herren Doctoren P. und F. Sarasin. Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift 36 (2): 267–310.

[M-L31] Mello-Leitão, C. F. de. 1931. Notas sobre arachnideos argentinos. Annaes da Academia Brasileira de Sciencias 3 (2): 83–97.

[MC02] Miliczky, E. R., & C. O. Calkins. 2002. Spiders (Araneae) as potential predators of leafroller larvae and egg masses (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in central Washington apple and pear orchards. Pan-Pacific Entomologist 78 (2): 140–150.

[M-FR08] Morais-Filho, J. C., & G. Q. Romero. 2008. Microhabitat use by Peucetia flava (Oxyopidae) on the glandular plant Rhyncanthera dichotoma (Melastomataceae). Journal of Arachnology 36 (2): 374–378.

[PVD10] Paquin, P., C. J. Vink & N. Dupérré. 2010. Spiders of New Zealand: annotated family key and species list. Manaaki Whenua Press: Lincoln (New Zealand).

[P92] Poinar, G. O., Jr. 1992. Life in Amber. Stanford University Press: Stanford.

[R13] Rainbow, W. J. 1913. Arachnida from the Solomon Islands. Records of the Australian Museum 10 (1): 1–16.

[S93] Selden, P. A. 1993. Arthropoda (Aglaspidida, Pycnogonida and Chelicerata). In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 297–320. Chapman & Hall: London.

[TYM08] Tennent, W. J., M. Yasuda & K. Morimoto. 2008. Lansania Journal of arachnology and zoology—a rare and obscure Japanese natural history journal. Archives of Natural History 35 (2): 252–280.

[T94] Thorell, T. 1894. Förteckning öfver Arachnider från Java och närgränsande öar, insamlade af docenten D:r Carl Aurivillius; jemte beskrifingar å några sydasiatiska och sydamerikanska Spindlar. Bihang till K. Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Handlingar 20 pt 4 (4): 1–63.

[TF98] Townsend, V. R., Jr & B. E. Felgenhauer. 1998. The cuticular scales of lynx spiders (Araneae, Oxyopidae). Journal of Morphology 236: 223–231.

Last updated: 22 January 2022.

Crataegus

Common hawthorn Crataegus monogyna, copyright Jean-Pol Grandmont.

Belongs within: Rosaceae.

Crataegus, the hawthorns, is a diverse genus of often thorny shrubs and small trees found in northern temperate regions.

Characters (from Flora of China): Shrubs, subshrubs, or small trees, deciduous, rarely evergreen, armed, rarely unarmed; buds ovoid or subglobose. Leaves simple, stipulate, venation craspedodromous, margin serrate and lobed or partite, rarely entire. Inflorescences corymbose, sometimes flowers solitary. Hypanthium campanulate. Sepals 5. Petals 5, white, rarely pinkish. Stamens 5–25; carpels 1–5, connate, but free apically. Ovary inferior or semi-inferior, with 2 ovules per locule, but one rudimentary. Fruit a pome, with persistent sepals at apex; carpels bony when mature, each locule with 1 seed; seed erect, cotyledons plano-convex.

<==Crataegus
    |--C. coccinea Linnaeus 1753 [incl. C. pedicellata Sargent 1901] PCM03
    |--C. cordata [=Mespilus cordata] PCM03
    |--C. dodgei PCM03
    |--C. holmesiana PCM03
    |--C. intricata PCM03
    |--C. laciniata R-CT01
    |--C. laevigata TG88
    |--C. magniflora PCM03
    |--C. maximowiczii [incl. C. sanguinea] LO98
    |--C. mollis PCM03
    |--C. monogyna BH02
    |--C. nigra PCM03
    |--C. oxyacantha C55
    |--C. phaenopyrum PCM03
    `--C. pringlei PCM03

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BH02] Bell, J. R., A. J. Haughton, N. D. Boatman & A. Wilcox. 2002. Do incremental increases of the herbicide glyphosate have indirect consequences for spider communities? Journal of Arachnology 30 (2): 288–297.

[C55] Candolle, A. de. 1855. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 2. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[LO98] Lack, H. W., & H. Ohba. 1998. Die Xylothek des Chikusai Kato. Willdenowia 28: 263–276.

[PCM03] Phipps, J. B., S. Cafferty & J. A. Macklin. 2003. Lectotypification of Crataegus coccinea L. and its conspecificity with C. pedicellata Sarg. (Rosaceae). Taxon 52: 337–338.

[R-CT01] Ragusa-di Chiara, S., & H. Tsolakis. 2001. Phytoseiid faunas of natural and agricultural ecosystems in Sicily. In: Halliday, R. B., D. E. Walter, H. C. Proctor, R. A. Norton & M. J. Colloff (eds) Acarology: Proceedings of the 10^th International Congress pp. 522–529. CSIRO Publishing: Melbourne.

[TG88] Tepfer, D., A. Goldmann, N. Pamboukdjian, M. Maille, A. Lepingle, D. Chevalier, J. Dénarié & C. Rosenberg. 1988. A plasmid of Rhizobium meliloti 41 encodes catabolism of two compounds from root exudate of Calystegium sepium. Journal of Bacteriology 170 (3): 1153–1161.

Venonia

Venonia micarioides, copyright Angus Veitch.

Belongs within: Lycosidae.

Venonia is a genus of small, slender wolf spiders found in southeast Asia and Australasia that build small sheet-webs close to the ground (Yoo & Framenau 2006).

Characters (from Yoo & Framenau 2006): Coloration uniform, light brown to black, with posterodorsal white spot on abdomen; male pedipalp with strongly asymmetrical cymbium appearing apico-retrolaterally truncated, tegular apophysis membranous, embolic division reduced, pedipalp tibia rotated in relation to femur so that pedipalp bulbs are facing each other; epigyne with posterior central incision, lacking sclerotised plate.

<==Venonia Thorell 1894 YF06
    |--V. kokoda Lehtinen & Hippa 1979 YF06
    `--+--V. micarioides (Koch 1877) [=Aulonia micarioides, Artoria micarioides] YF06
       `--+--V. infundibulum Yoo & Framenau 2006 YF06
          |--V. kimjoopili Yoo & Framenau 2006 YF06
          |--V. nata Yoo & Framenau 2006 YF06
          |--V. sungahae Yoo & Framenau 2006 YF06
          |--V. vilkkii Lehtinen & Hippa 1979 YF06
          `--+--+--V. cinctipes (Simon 1898) [=Anomalomma cinctipes] YF06
             |  `--V. muju (Chrysanthus 1967) [=Anomalomma muju] YF06
             `--+--*V. coruscans Thorell 1894 YF06
                `--+--+--V. chaiwooi Yoo & Framenau 2006 YF06
                   |  `--V. joejim Yoo & Framenau 2006 YF06
                   `--+--V. micans (Simon 1898) [=Anomalomma micans; incl. V. gabrielae Barrion & Litsinger 1995] YF06
                      `--+--V. choiae Yoo & Framenau 2006 YF06
                         `--V. milla Lehtinen & Hippa 1979 YF06

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[YF06] Yoo, J.-S., & V. W. Framenau. 2006. Systematics and biogeography of the sheet-web building wolf spider genus Venonia (Araneae: Lycosidae). Invertebrate Systematics 20: 675–712.

Evippa

Evippa sp., copyright A. Nadolny.

Belongs within: Lycosidae.

Evippa is a genus of wolf spiders found from southern China to northern Africa. Male pedipalps of this genus have an embolus forming a slender functional conductor that projects beyond the tegular apophysis.

<==Evippa Simon 1882 [Evippinae] MGK03
    |--*E. arenaria (Audouin 1827) [=Lycosa arenaria] MGK03
    |--E. apsheronica Marusik, Guseinov & Koponen 2003 MGK03
    |--E. badchysica Šternbergs 1979 MGK03
    |--E. benevola (Pickard-Cambridge 1885) MGK03
    |--E. caucasica Marusik, Guseinov & Koponen 2003 MGK03
    |--E. concolor (Kroneberg 1875) [=Lycosa concolor] MGK03
    |--E. eltonica Dunin 1994 MGK03
    |--E. fujianensis Peng, Yin & Kim 1996 MGK03
    |--E. helanshangensis Peng, Yin & Kim 1996 MGK03
    |--E. jocquei Alderweireldt 1991 MGK03
    |--E. kronebergi Roewer 1955 (see below for synonymy) MGK03
    |--E. onager Simon 1895 MGK03
    |--E. praelongipes (Pickard-Cambridge 1870) MGK03
    |--E. schenkeli Šternbergs 1979 MGK03
    |--E. sjostedti Schenkel 1936 [incl. Xerolycosa brunneopicta Loksa 1965, E. potanini Schenkel 1963] MGK03
    |--E. sibirica Marusik 1995 MGK03
    `--E. turkmenica Šternbergs 1979 MGK03

Nomen nudum: Evippa beshkentica Andreeva 1976

Evippa kronebergi Roewer 1955 [=Lycosa aculeata Kroneberg 1875 non (Clerck 1757), Acantholycosa aculeata, Evippa aculeata, Pardosa aculeata]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[MGK03] Marusik, Yu. M., E. F. Guseinov & S. Koponen. 2003. Spiders (Arachnida: Aranei) of Azerbaijan. 2. Critical survey of wolf spiders (Lycosidae) found in the country with description of three new species and brief review of Palaearctic Evippa Simon, 1885. Arthropoda Selecta 12 (1): 47–65.

Pardosa

Pardosa lugubris, copyright MdE.

Belongs within: Lycosinae.

Pardosa is a diverse genus of wolf spiders commonly found in damp habitats near ponds and streams. Species of this genus include P. lugubris, widespread in the Palaearctic region.

<==Pardosa Koch 1847 [Pardosinae] MGK03
    |--+--+--P. brevivulva PY07
    |  |  `--P. hedini PY07
    |  `--+--P. laura PY07
    |     `--P. takahashii (Saito 1936) PY07, VMP02
    `--+--+--P. paludicola (Clerck 1757) PY07, MGK03
       |  `--+--+--P. alacris PY07
       |     |  `--P. lugubris (Walckenaer 1802) PY07, MGK03 [=Lycosa lugubris V09]
       |     `--+--P. amentata (Clerck 1758) PY07, F08 (see below for synonymy)
       |        `--+--P. riparia PY07
       |           `--+--P. prativaga (Koch 1870) PY07, K55
       |              `--P. pullata (Clerck 1757) PY07, MGK03 [=Lycosa pullata V09]
       `--+--P. nigra PY07
          `--+--+--P. astrigera Koch 1878 PY07, KS02
             |  `--+--P. isago PY07
             |     `--P. lyrifera PY07
             `--+--P. hortensis (Thorell 1872) PY07, MGK03
                `--+--+--P. oreophila PY07
                   |  `--P. saturatior PY07
                   `--+--P. blanda PY07
                      `--+--P. agrestis (Westring 1861) PY07, MGK03
                         `--P. palustris (Linnaeus 1758) PY07, F08 [=Aranea palustris F08]

Pardosa incertae sedis:
  P. adumbrata (Urquhart 1887) [=Lycosa adumbrata] NS00
  P. adustella Roewer 1951 MGK03
  P. aenigmatica Tongiorgi 1966 MGK03
  P. agricola (Thorell 1856) MGK03
  P. aquila Buchar & Thaler 1998 MGK03
  P. atrata (Thorell 1873) K02
  P. azerifalcata Marusik, Guseinov & Koponen 2003 MGK03
  P. bifasciata (Koch 1834) MGK03
  P. birmanica (Simon 1884) HU08
  P. buchari Ovtsharenko 1979 MGK03
  P. caucasica Ovtsharenko 1979 MGK03
  P. colchica Mcheidze 1947 MGK03
  P. feldmanni (Strand 1907) (n. d.) [=Lycosa feldmanni] J98
  P. fuscula CM07
  P. goyeni FF99
  P. groenlandica CM07
  P. gusarensis Marusik, Guseinov & Koponen 2003 MGK03
  P. hanrasanensis Jo & Paik 1984 MGK03
  P. hyperborea (Thorell 1872) K02
  P. ibex Buchar & Thaler 1998 MGK03
  P. incerta Nosek 1905 MGK03
  P. injucunda P.-Cambridge 1876 [incl. Lycosa feldmanni xanthippe Strand 1916, P. feldmanni xanthippe] J98
  P. italica Tongiorgi 1966 MGK03
  P. jergeniensis Ponomarev 1979 MGK03
  P. josemitensis (Strand 1908) [=Lycosa josemitensis] J98
  P. lapidicina (Emerton 1885) KP14
  P. lignaria K01
  P. luctinosa Simon 1876 MGK03
  P. mackenziana (Keyserling 1877) PS08
  P. modica CM07
  P. mongolica Kulczyński 1901 K01
  P. monticola (Clerck 1757) K55
  P. morosa (Koch 1870) MGK03
  P. naevioides (Strand 1916) [=Lycosa naevioides] J98
  P. nebulosa (Thorell 1872) MGK03
  P. nigriceps (Thorell 1856) PG08 [=Lycosa nigriceps V09]
  P. paracolchica Zyuzin & Logunov 2000 MGK03
  P. pirculiensis Zyuzin & Logunov 2000 MGK03
  P. pontica (Thorell 1875) MGK03
  P. proxima (Koch 1847) MGK03 [=Lycosa proxima V09]
  P. proximella Strand 1906 (n. d.) [=Lycosa proximella] J98
    |--P. p. proximella J98
    `--P. p. messingerae (Strand 1916) [=Lycosa proximella messingerae] J98
  P. purbeckensis (Westring 1861) PG08
  P. saltans Töpfer-Hofmann 2000 PG08
  P. saltuaria (Koch 1870) MGK03
  P. schenkeli Lessert 1904 MGK03
  P. seydi (Strand 1908) [=Lycosa seydi] J98
  P. sphagnicola (Dahl 1908) MGK03
  P. strigillata (Simon 1876) K55
  P. tasevi Buchar 1968 MGK03
  P. tatarica (Thorell 1875) MGK03
  P. vicaria S99
  P. vittata (Keyserling 1863) MGK03

Pardosa amentata (Clerck 1758) PY07, F08 [=Lycosa amentata V09; incl. Aranea fumigata Linnaeus 1758 F08, P. amentata f. ileachensis J02, A. saccata Linnaeus 1758 F08]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[CM07] Cokendolpher, J. C., & P. G. Mitov. 2007. Natural enemies. In: Pinto-da-Rocha, R., G. Machado & G. Giribet (eds) Harvestmen: The Biology of Opiliones pp. 339–373. Harvard University Press: Cambridge (Massachusetts).

[FF99] Forster, R., & L. Forster. 1999. Spiders of New Zealand and their World-wide Kin. University of Otago Press: Dunedin (New Zealand).

[F08] Framenau, V. W. 2008. A new wolf spider species of the genus Artoria from Western Australia (Araneae: Lycosidae). Records of the Western Australian Museum 24 (4): 363–368.

[HU08] Hore, U., & V. P. Uniyal. 2008. Diversity and composition of spider assemblages in five vegetation types of the Terai Conservation Area, India. Journal of Arachnology 36 (2): 251–258.

[J98] Jäger, P. 1998. Das Typenmaterial der Spinnentiere (Arachnida: Acari, Amblypygi, Araneae, Opiliones, Pseudoscorpiones, Scorpiones, Uropygi) aus dem Museum Wiesbaden. Jahrbuecher des Nassauischen Vereins fuer Naturkunde 119: 81–91.

[J02] Jocqué, R. 2002. Genitalic polymorphism—a challenge for taxonomy. Journal of Arachnology 30 (2): 298–306.

[KP14] Keiser, C. N., & J. N. Pruitt. 2014. Submersion tolerance in a lakeshore population of Pardosa lapidicina (Araneae: Lycosidae). Journal of Arachnology 42 (2): 192–194.

[KS02] Kiss, B., & F. Samu. 2002. Comparison of autumn and winter development of two wolf spider species (Pardosa, Lycosidae, Araneae) having different life history patterns. Journal of Arachnology 30 (2): 409–415.

[K02] Koponen, S. 2002. Ground-living spiders in bogs in northern Europe. Journal of Arachnology 30 (2): 262–267.

[K55] Kraus, O. 1955. Spinnen von Korsika, Sardinien und Elba (Arach., Araneae). Senckenbergiana Biologica 36: 371–394.

[K01] Kulczyński, V. 1901. Arachnoideák [Arachnoidea]. In: Horváth, G. (ed.) Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazása [Dritte Asiatische Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] vol. 2. Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazásának Állattani Eredményei [Zoologische Ergebnisse der Dritten Asiatischen Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] pp. 311–369. Victor Hornyánszky: Budapest, and Karl W. Hierseman: Leipzig.

[MGK03] Marusik, Yu. M., E. F. Guseinov & S. Koponen. 2003. Spiders (Arachnida: Aranei) of Azerbaijan. 2. Critical survey of wolf spiders (Lycosidae) found in the country with description of three new species and brief review of Palaearctic Evippa Simon, 1885. Arthropoda Selecta 12 (1): 47–65.

[NS00] Nicholls, D. C., P. J. Sirvid, S. D. Pollard & M. Walker. 2000. A list of arachnid primary types held in Canterbury Museum. Records of the Canterbury Museum 14: 37–48.

[PY07] Park, Y. C., J.-S. Yoo, M. P. Schwarz, N. Murphy & J.-P. Kim. 2007. Molecular phylogeny of east Asian wolf spiders (Araneae: Lycosidae) inferred from mitochondrial 12S ribosomal DNA. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 100 (1): 1–8.

[PG08] Pétillon, J., & A. Garbutt. 2008. Success of managed realignment for the restoration of salt-marsh biodiversity: preliminary results on ground-active spiders. Journal of Arachnology 36 (2): 388–393.

[PS08] Pinzón, J., & J. Spence. 2008. Performance of two arboreal pitfall trap designs in sampling cursorial spiders from tree trunks. Journal of Arachnology 36 (2): 280–286.

[S99] Simon, E. 1899. Ergebnisse einer Reise nach dem Pacific (Schauinsland 1896–1897). Zoologische Jahrbücher, Abteilung für Systematik, Geographie un Biologie der Thiere 12 (4): 411–437.

[V09] Verdcourt, B. (ed.) 2009. Additions to the Wild Fauna and Flora of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. XXVI. Miscellaneous records. Kew Bulletin 64 (1): 183–194.

[VMP02] Vink, C. J., A. D. Mitchell & A. M. Paterson. 2002. A preliminary molecular analysis of phylogenetic relationships of Australasian wolf spider genera (Araneae, Lycosidae). Journal of Arachnology 30 (2): 227–237.

Last updated: 23 June 2017.

Piratinae

Pirata hygrophilus, copyright Kjetil Fjellheim.

Belongs within: Lycosidae.

The Piratinae is a group of wolf spiders characterised by male pedipalps in which the functional conductor is combined with the short thin embolus into a sickle-shaped complex that rests in a deep, narrow ascending tegular groove (Yoo & Framenau 2006). Members of the genus Pirata, the pirate wolf spiders, are found in marshy habitats and may be seen running across water surfaces.

<==Piratinae
    |--Hygrolycosa Dahl 1908 YF06
    |    `--H. rubrofasciata Ohlert 1865 FY06
    |--Aulonia Koch 1847 YF06
    |    |--*A. albimana (Walckenaer 1805) MGK03
    |    `--A. kratochvili Dunin, Buchar & Absolon 1986 MGK03
    `--Pirata Sundevall 1833 YF06
         |  i. s.: P. insularis Emerton 1885 MGK03
         |         P. latitans (Blackwall 1841) MGK03
         |         P. piraticus (Clerck 1757) MGK03 [=Araneus piraticus S99, Lycosa (Pirata) piratica K01]
         |         P. piratimorpha (Strand 1908) [=Tarentula piratimorpha, Piratula piratimorpha] J98
         |         P. piscatorius (Clerck 1757) K02 [=Lycosa (Pirata) piscatoria K01]
         |         P. uliginosus (Thorell 1856) RKD02
         |--P. subpiraticus (Bösenberg & Strand 1906) PY07, YF06
         `--+--P. piratoides PY07
            `--+--P. hygrophilus Thorell 1872 PY07, VMP02
               `--P. knorri (Scopoli 1763) PY07, VMP02

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[FY06] Framenau, V. W., & J.-S. Yoo. 2006. Systematics of the new Australian wolf spider genus Tuberculosa (Araneae: Lycosidae). Invertebrate Systematics 20: 185–202.

[J98] Jäger, P. 1998. Das Typenmaterial der Spinnentiere (Arachnida: Acari, Amblypygi, Araneae, Opiliones, Pseudoscorpiones, Scorpiones, Uropygi) aus dem Museum Wiesbaden. Jahrbuecher des Nassauischen Vereins fuer Naturkunde 119: 81–91.

[K02] Koponen, S. 2002. Ground-living spiders in bogs in northern Europe. Journal of Arachnology 30 (2): 262–267.

[K01] Kulczyński, V. 1901. Arachnoideák [Arachnoidea]. In: Horváth, G. (ed.) Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazása [Dritte Asiatische Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] vol. 2. Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazásának Állattani Eredményei [Zoologische Ergebnisse der Dritten Asiatischen Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] pp. 311–369. Victor Hornyánszky: Budapest, and Karl W. Hierseman: Leipzig.

[MGK03] Marusik, Yu. M., E. F. Guseinov & S. Koponen. 2003. Spiders (Arachnida: Aranei) of Azerbaijan. 2. Critical survey of wolf spiders (Lycosidae) found in the country with description of three new species and brief review of Palaearctic Evippa Simon, 1885. Arthropoda Selecta 12 (1): 47–65.

[PY07] Park, Y. C., J.-S. Yoo, M. P. Schwarz, N. Murphy & J.-P. Kim. 2007. Molecular phylogeny of east Asian wolf spiders (Araneae: Lycosidae) inferred from mitochondrial 12S ribosomal DNA. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 100 (1): 1–8.

[RKD02] Relys, V., S. Koponen & D. Dapkus. 2002. Annual differences and species turnover in peat bog spider communities. Journal of Arachnology 30 (2): 416–424.

[S99] Simon, E. 1899. Ergebnisse einer Reise nach dem Pacific (Schauinsland 1896–1897). Zoologische Jahrbücher, Abteilung für Systematik, Geographie un Biologie der Thiere 12 (4): 411–437.

[VMP02] Vink, C. J., A. D. Mitchell & A. M. Paterson. 2002. A preliminary molecular analysis of phylogenetic relationships of Australasian wolf spider genera (Araneae, Lycosidae). Journal of Arachnology 30 (2): 227–237.

[YF06] Yoo, J.-S., & V. W. Framenau. 2006. Systematics and biogeography of the sheet-web building wolf spider genus Venonia (Araneae: Lycosidae). Invertebrate Systematics 20: 675–712.

Last updated: 23 June 2017.

Lycosinae

Female Geolycosa sp. on egg-sac, copyright Fir0002.

Belongs within: Lycosidae.
Contains: Venatrix, Pardosa, Trochosa, Lycosa, Alopecosa.

The Lycosinae is a group of wolf spiders characterised by male pedipalps bearing a transverse tegular apophysis carrying a ventrally directed spur and a sinuous channel on its dorsal surface (Framenau 2006). Members of this group include the burrowing wolf spiders of the genus Geolycosa, which ambush prey directly from the burrow rather than emerging to hunt in the open in the manner of other wolf spiders. The cosmopolitan genus Hogna includes the largest of wolf spiders, with some species reaching over an inch in length. Hoggicosa is a genus of large wolf spiders found in arid regions of Australia, some species of which exhibit a strong dimorphism in colour pattern between males and females (Langlands & Framenau 2010). The northern Australian genus Tuberculosa is distinguished by the presence in males of a field of modified, tubercle-like setae on the underside of the third coxa (Framenau & Yoo 2006).

<==Lycosinae FL13
    |--+--Venatrix PY07
    |  `--+--Pardosa PY07
    |     `--‘Alopecosa’ cinnameopilosa PY07
    `--+--+--Trochosa PY07
       |  `--+--+--Lycosa PY07
       |     |  `--Varacosa Chamberlin & Ivie 1942 PY07, VMP02
       |     |       `--V. avara (Keyserling 1877) VMP02
       |     `--+--Dingosa Roewer 1955 LF10, FL13
       |        |    |--D. serrata (Koch 1877) LF10
       |        |    `--D. simsoni (Simon 1898) LF10
       |        `--+--Geolycosa Montgomery 1904 PY07, FL13
       |           |    |--G. dunini Zyuzin & Logunov 2000 MGK03
       |           |    |--G. goderffroyi K90
       |           |    |--G. hubbelli Wallace 1942 LF10
       |           |    |--G. kijabica (Strand 1916) [=Tarentula kijabica, Scaptocosa kijabica] J98
       |           |    |--G. missouriensis (Banks 1895) LF10
       |           |    |--G. rafaelana Cr90
       |           |    |--G. rogersi Wallace 1942 VMP02
       |           |    `--G. wrightii K90
       |           `--Mainosa Framenau 2006 FL13
       |                `--M. longipes (Koch 1878) LF10
       `--Alopecosa PY07

Lycosinae incertae sedis:
  Hogna Simon 1885 FL13
    |--*H. radiata (Latreille 1817) LF10 [=Lycosa radiata MGK03]
    |--H. alticeps (Kroneberg 1875) [=Tarentula alticeps, Lycosa alticeps] MGK03
    |--H. bergsoei (Thorell 1875) [=Alopecosa bergsoei] MGK03
    |--H. birabenae (Mello-Leitão 1941) [=Birabenia birabenae] Ca90
    |--H. crispipes (Koch 1877) FL13 [incl. Geolycosa tongatabuensis (Strand 1911) PVD10]
    |--H. exigua (Roewer 1960) [=Hoggicosa exigua, Lycosa exigua] LF10
    |--H. gumia (Petrunkevitch 1911) FM11
    |--H. ingens (Blackwall 1857) JD-S07
    |--H. kuyani Framenau, Gotch & Austin 2007 LF10
    |--H. lenta (Hentz 1844) [=Lycosa lenta] SB14
    |--H. ocellata (Koch 1878) [=Lycosa ocellata, Arctosa ocellata] MGK03
    |--H. sternalis (Bertkau 1880) FM11
    `--H. yauliensis (Strand 1908) [=Tarentula yauliensis, Lynxosa yauliensis] J98
  Tuberculosa Framenau & Yoo 2006 FL13
    |--T. monteithi Framenau & Yoo 2006 FY06
    `--+--T. hoggi (Framenau & Vink 2001) [=Venatrix hoggi] FY06
       `--+--*T. harveyi Framenau & Yoo 2006 FY06
          `--T. austini Framenau & Yoo 2006 FY06
  Hoggicosa Roewer 1960 FL13
    |  i. s.: H. natashae Langlands & Framenau 2010 LF10
    |--H. wolodymyri Langlands & Framenau 2010 LF10
    `--+--H. forresti (McKay 1973) [=Lycosa forresti] LF10
       `--+--+--H. castanea (Hogg 1905) (see below for synonymy) LF10
          |  |--H. alfi Langlands & Framenau 2010 LF10
          |  `--H. duracki (McKay 1975) [=Lycosa duracki] LR10
          `--+--H. brennani Langlands & Framenau 2010 LF10
             `--+--H. storri (McKay 1973) [=Lycosa storri] LF10
                `--+--H. bicolor (McKay 1973) [=Lycosa bicolor, Allocosa bicolor] LF10
                   `--H. snelli (McKay 1975) [=Lycosa snelli] LF10
  Tasmanicosa Roewer 1959 FY06 [incl. Orthocosa Roewer 1960 (n. n.) FL13]
    `--*T. tasmanica (Hogg 1905) LF10
  Venator Hogg 1900 FL13
    |--*V. spenceri Hogg 1900 LF10
    `--‘Hogna’ immansueta (Simon 1909) LF10
  Hippasa Simon 1885 F07
    `--H. greenalliae (Blackw. 1867) (see below for synonymy) K92
  Tapetosa Framenau, Main et al. 2009 FL13
    `--*T. darwini Framenau, Main et al. 2009 FM09
  Pavocosa Roewer 1960 FY06
    `--P. gallopavo (Mello-Leitão 1941) LF10
  Costacosa Framenau & Leung 2013 FL13
    |--*C. torbjorni Framenau & Leung 2013 FL13
    `--C. dondalei Framenau & Leung 2013 FL13
  Knoelle Framenau 2006 FL13
    `--*K. clara (Koch 1877) [=Lycosa clara, Allocosa clara] F06
  Cynosa Caporiacco 1933 FL13
  Orinocosa Chamberlin 1916 FL13
  Rabidosa punctulata (Hentz 1844) LF10, SB14
  Allocosa Banks 1900 PY07, VMP02 (see below for synonymy)
    |--‘Glieschiella’ alticeps Mello-Leitão 1944 Ca90
    |--‘Moenkhausiana’ argentinensis Mello-Leitão 1938 (n. d.) Ca90
    |--A. brasiliensis (Petrunkevitch 1910) (see below for synonymy) Ca90
    |--A. funerea Ca90
    |--A. georgicola (Walckenaer 1837) VMP02
    |--‘*Glieschiella’ halophila Mello-Leitão 1932 (n. d.) Ca90
    |--A. hasseltii F06
    |--A. mutillata Ca90
    |--A. palabunda (Koch 1877) [=Lycosa palabunda] E07
    |--A. paraguayensis Ca90
    |--‘Glieschiella’ senex Mello-Leitão 1945 Ca90
    `--A. tuberculipalpa JD-S07

Allocosa Banks 1900 PY07, VMP02 [incl. Glieschiella Mello-Leitão 1932 Ca90, Moenkhausiana Ca90; Allocosinae]

Allocosa brasiliensis (Petrunkevitch 1910) [=*Moenkhausiana brasiliensis; incl. Araucaniocosa difficilis Mello-Leitão 1951] Ca90

Hippasa greenalliae (Blackw. 1867) [=Lycosa greenalliae; incl. Pirata agelenoides Simon 1884, Diapontia agalenoides] K92

Hoggicosa castanea (Hogg 1905) [=Lycosa castanea, Allocosa castanea; incl. L. errans Hogg 1905, *H. errans; incl. L. perinflata Pulleine 1922, L. skeeti Pulleine 1922] LF10

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[Ca90] Capocasale, R. M. 1990. Las especies de la subfamilia Hippasinae de America del Sur (Araneae, Lycosidae). Journal of Arachnology 18: 131–142.

[Cr90] Crawford, C. S. 1990. Scorpiones, Solifugae, and associated desert taxa. In: Dindal, D. L. (ed.) Soil Biology Guide pp. 421–475. John Wiley & Sones: New York.

[E07] Elliott, M. G. 2007. Annotated catalogue of the Pompilidae (Hymenoptera) of Australia. Zootaxa 1428: 1–83.

[F06] Framenau, V. W. 2006. Knoelle, a new monotypic wolf spider genus from Australia (Araneae: Lycosidae). Zootaxa 1281: 55–67.

[F07] Framenau, V. W. 2007. Revision of the new Australian genus Artoriopsis in a new subfamily of wolf spiders, Artoriinae (Araneae: Lycosidae). Zootaxa 1391: 1–34.

[FL13] Framenau, V. W., & A. E. Leung. 2013. Costacosa, a new genus of wolf spider (Araneae, Lycosidae) from coastal north-west Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 83: 173–184.

[FM09] Framenau, V. W., B. Y. Main, M. S. Harvey & J. M. Waldock. 2009. Tapetosa, a new monotypic wolf spider genus from Western Australia (Araneae: Lycosidae: Lycosinae). Records of the Western Australian Museum 25 (3): 309–314.

[FY06] Framenau, V. W., & J.-S. Yoo. 2006. Systematics of the new Australian wolf spider genus Tuberculosa (Araneae: Lycosidae). Invertebrate Systematics 20: 185–202.

[FM11] Freire-Jr, G. de B., & P. C. Motta. 2011. Effects of experimental fire regimes on the abundance and diversity of cursorial arachnids of Brazilian savannah (cerrado biome). Journal of Arachnology 39 (2): 263–272.

[J98] Jäger, P. 1998. Das Typenmaterial der Spinnentiere (Arachnida: Acari, Amblypygi, Araneae, Opiliones, Pseudoscorpiones, Scorpiones, Uropygi) aus dem Museum Wiesbaden. Jahrbuecher des Nassauischen Vereins fuer Naturkunde 119: 81–91.

[JD-S07] Jocqué, R., & A. S. Dippenaar-Schoeman. 2007. Spider Families of the World. Royal Museum for Central Africa: Tervuren (Belgium).

[K92] Karsch, F. 1892. Arachniden von Ceylon und von Minikoy gesammelt von den Herren Doctoren P. und F. Sarasin. Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift 36 (2): 267–310.

[K90] Kotzman, M. 1990. Annual activity patterns of the Australian tarantula Selenocosmia stirlingi (Araneae, Theraphosidae) in an arid area. Journal of Arachnology 18: 123–130.

[LF10] Langlands, P. R., & V. W. Framenau. 2010. Systematic revision of Hoggicosa Roewer, 1960, the Australian 'bicolor' group of wolf spiders (Araneae: Lycosidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 158: 83–123.

[MGK03] Marusik, Yu. M., E. F. Guseinov & S. Koponen. 2003. Spiders (Arachnida: Aranei) of Azerbaijan. 2. Critical survey of wolf spiders (Lycosidae) found in the country with description of three new species and brief review of Palaearctic Evippa Simon, 1885. Arthropoda Selecta 12 (1): 47–65.

[PVD10] Paquin, P., C. J. Vink & N. Dupérré. 2010. Spiders of New Zealand: annotated family key and species list. Manaaki Whenua Press: Lincoln (New Zealand).

[PY07] Park, Y. C., J.-S. Yoo, M. P. Schwarz, N. Murphy & J.-P. Kim. 2007. Molecular phylogeny of east Asian wolf spiders (Araneae: Lycosidae) inferred from mitochondrial 12S ribosomal DNA. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 100 (1): 1–8.

[SB14] Suter, R. B., & K. Benson. 2014. Nocturnal, diurnal, crepuscular: activity assessments of Pisauridae and Lycosidae. Journal of Arachnology 42 (2): 178–191.

[VMP02] Vink, C. J., A. D. Mitchell & A. M. Paterson. 2002. A preliminary molecular analysis of phylogenetic relationships of Australasian wolf spider genera (Araneae, Lycosidae). Journal of Arachnology 30 (2): 227–237.

Last updated: 22 January 2022.

Venatrix

Venatrix lapidosa, copyright David Paul.

Belongs within: Lycosidae.

Venatrix is a genus of wolf spiders found in Australasia, usually characterised by the presence of two longitudinal light bands (or row of light spots) on the dark venter of the abdomen. Males have a tubercle on the outer edge of the fangs, and pedipalps with claw-like macrosetae on the tip of the cymbium (Framenau 2006).

<==Venatrix Roewer 1960 F06
    |--V. funesta (Koch 1847) [incl. Venator fuscus Hogg 1900, *Venatrix fusca] F06
    |--V. allopictiventris Framenau & Vink 2001 F06
    |--V. amnicola Framenau 2006 F06
    |--V. archookoora Framenau & Vink 2001 F06
    |--V. arenaris (Hogg 1905) F06
    |--V. australiensis Framenau & Vink 2001 F06
    |--V. brisbanae (Koch 1878) [=Lycosa brisbanae, L. brisbanensis (l. c.), Pirata brisbanae] F06
    |--V. esposica Framenau & Vink 2001 F06
    |--V. fontis Framenau & Vink 2001 F06
    |--V. furcillata (Koch 1867) [=Lycosa furcillata, Allocosa furcillata] F06
    |--V. hickmani Framenau & Vink 2001 F06
    |--V. konei (Berland 1924) (see below for synonymy) F06
    |--V. koori Framenau & Vink 2001 F06
    |--V. kosciuskoensis (McKay 1974) [=Lycosa kosciuskoensis] F06
    |--V. lapidosa (McKay 1974) F06
    |--V. magkasalubonga (Barrion & Litsinger 1995) (see below for synonymy) F06
    |--V. mckayi Framenau & Vink 2001 F06
    |--V. ornatula (Koch 1877) [=Lycosa ornatula, Allocosa ornatula; incl. V. forsteri Framenau & Vink 2001] F06
    |--V. palau Framenau 2006 F06
    |--V. penola Framenau & Vink 2001 F06
    |--V. pictiventris (Koch 1877) F06 [=Lycosa pictiventris E07]
    |--V. pseudospeciosa Framenau & Vink 2001 F06
    |--V. pullastra (Simon 1909) (see below for synonymy) F06
    |--V. roo Framenau & Vink 2001 F06
    |--V. speciosa (Koch 1877) F06
    |--V. summa (McKay 1974) [=Lycosa summa] F06
    `--V. tinfos Framenau 2006 F06

Venatrix konei (Berland 1924) [=Lycosa konei, Arctosa konei; incl. L. goyderi Hickman 1944, A. goyderi, Mustelicosa goyderi, Piratosa goyderi, Venatrix goyderi, Lycosa howensis McKay 1979] F06

Venatrix magkasalubonga (Barrion & Litsinger 1995) [=Pardosa magkasalubonga; incl. P. daniloi Barrion & Litsinger 1995, P. hawakana Barrion & Litsinger 1995, P. sacayi Barrion & Litsinger 1995] F06

Venatrix pullastra (Simon 1909) [=Lycosa pullastra, Hogna pullastra, L. pallustra (l. c.); incl. L. marcentior Simon 1909, Hogna marcentior, L. percauta Simon 1909, Allocosa percauta, L. propitia Simon 1909, A. propitia, L. segregis Simon 1909, Hogna segregis] F06

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[E07] Elliott, M. G. 2007. Annotated catalogue of the Pompilidae (Hymenoptera) of Australia. Zootaxa 1428: 1–83.

[F06] Framenau, V. W. 2006. The wolf spider genus Venatrix Roewer: new species, synonymies and generic transfers (Araneae, Lycosidae). Records of the Western Australian Museum 23 (2): 145–166.

Artoriinae

Male Artoria cingulipes, copyright Volker Framenau.

Belongs within: Lycosidae.

The Artoriinae are a group of wolf spiders found in Australasia and insular southeast Asia, characterised by male pedipalps bearing a distinct apophysis at the base of the embolus. Members of the subfamily vary from small to large in size, and the shape of the basoembolic apophysis may vary from thin and lamellar to strongly sclerotised (Framenau 2007).

<==Artoriinae F07
    |--+--Notocosa Vink 2002 VMP02, F07
    |  |    `--*N. bellicosa (Goyen 1887) [=Pardosa bellicosa] F07
    |  `--Artoria Thorell 1877 VMP02, F08 [incl. Lycosula Roewer 1960 F07]
    |       |--*A. parvula Thorell 1877 F08
    |       |--A. albopilata (Urquhart 1893) F07
    |       |--A. cingulipes Simon 1909 F08
    |       |--A. flavimana Simon 1909 F08
    |       |--A. hebridisiana (Berland 1938) [=Lycosula hebridisiana] F07
    |       |--A. hospita Vink 2002 PVD10
    |       |--A. impedita (Simon 1909) FM09 [=Lycosa impedita F07, Trochosa expolita impedita F07]
    |       |--A. linnaei Framenau 2008 F08
    |       |--A. minima (Berland 1938) [=Lycosula minima] F07
    |       |--A. segrega Vink 2002 PVD10
    |       |--A. separata Vink 2002 PVD10
    |       `--A. thorelli (Berland 1929) [=*Lycosula thorelli] F07
    `--Anoteropsis Koch 1878 VMP02, F07
         |  i. s.: *A. flavescens Koch 1878 F07
         |         A. aerescens (Goyen 1887) PVD10
         |         A. alpina Vink 2002 PVD10
         |         A. arenivaga (de Dalmas 1917) PVD10
         |         A. blesti Vink 2002 PVD10
         |         A. canescens (Goyen 1887) PVD10
         |         A. cantuaria Vink 2002 PVD10
         |         A. forsteri Vink 2002 PVD10
         |         A. hallae Vink 2002 PD10
         |         A. hilaris (Koch 1877) PVD10
         |         A. insularis Vink 2002 PVD10
         |         A. litoralis Vink 2002 PVD10
         |         A. montana Vink 2002 PVD10
         |         A. okatainae Vink 2002 PVD10
         |         A. ralphi (Simon 1905) PVD10
         |         A. urquharti (Simon 1898) PVD10
         |         A. westlandica Vink 2002 PVD10
         |--A. senica (Koch 1877) VMP02, PVD10
         `--+--A. adumbrata (Urquhart 1887) VMP02
            `--A. lacustris Vink 2002 VMP02

Artoriinae incertae sedis:
  Artoriopsis Framenau 2007 F07
    |--*A. expolita (Koch 1877) (see below for synonymy) F07
    |--A. anacardium Framenau 2007 F07
    |--A. eccentrica Framenau 2007 F07
    |--A. joergi Framenau 2007 F07
    |--A. klausi Framenau 2007 F07
    |--A. melissae Framenau 2007 F07
    `--A. whitehouseae Framenau 2007 F07
  Diahogna Roewer 1960 F07
    `--*D. martensii (Karsch 1878) [=Lycosa martensii] F07
  Lycosella Thorell 1890 F07
    `--*L. tenera Thorell 1890 F07
  Syroloma Simon 1900 F07
    `--*S. major Simon 1900 F07
  Tetralycosa Roewer 1960 F07
    |--T. oraria (Koch 1877) FL13 [incl. Lycosa meracula Simon 1909 FL13, *T. meracula F07]
    `--T. eyrei F07
  ‘Trochosa’ alboguttulata (Koch 1878) F07
  ‘Trochosa’ tristicula (Koch 1877) F07
  ‘Lycosa’ properipes Simon 1909 F07

*Artoriopsis expolita (Koch 1877) [=Lycosa expolita, Avicosa expolita, Schizocosa expolita, Trochosa expolita] F07

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[F07] Framenau, V. W. 2007. Revision of the new Australian genus Artoriopsis in a new subfamily of wolf spiders, Artoriinae (Araneae: Lycosidae). Zootaxa 1391: 1–34.

[F08] Framenau, V. W. 2008. A new wolf spider species of the genus Artoria from Western Australia (Araneae: Lycosidae). Records of the Western Australian Museum 24 (4): 363–368.

[FL13] Framenau, V. W., & A. E. Leung. 2013. Costacosa, a new genus of wolf spider (Araneae, Lycosidae) from coastal north-west Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 83: 173–184.

[FM09] Framenau, V. W., B. Y. Main, M. S. Harvey & J. M. Waldock. 2009. Tapetosa, a new monotypic wolf spider genus from Western Australia (Araneae: Lycosidae: Lycosinae). Records of the Western Australian Museum 25 (3): 309–314.

[PVD10] Paquin, P., C. J. Vink & N. Dupérré. 2010. Spiders of New Zealand: annotated family key and species list. Manaaki Whenua Press: Lincoln (New Zealand).

[VMP02] Vink, C. J., A. D. Mitchell & A. M. Paterson. 2002. A preliminary molecular analysis of phylogenetic relationships of Australasian wolf spider genera (Araneae, Lycosidae). Journal of Arachnology 30 (2): 227–237.

Last updated: 22 January 2022.