Belongs within: Panhexapoda.
Contains: Sminthuridae, Isotomidae, Entomobryidae.
The Collembola are the springtails, minute hexapods found worldwide. The vernacular name refers to the presence in most Collembola of a forked appendage on the underside of the abdomen that can be flicked backwards to fling the springtail into the air.
Synapomorphies (from Grimaldi & Engel 2005): Antennae short, typically four-segmented; thoracic sterna divided into lateral basisternites by linea ventralis; legs with tibiae and monomeric tarsi fused to form tibiotarsus; abdomen reduced to six or fewer segments; first abdominal segment bearing a ventral tube (the collophore) with eversible vesicles at apex; gonopore present on fifth abdominal segment; furculum ('spring') present on venter of fourth abdominal segment, reclining into retinaculum ('lock') on third abdominal segment; furculum divided between broad base (manubrium) bearing paired-finger like processes (dentes) that may bear further small apical processes (mucrones).
<==Collembola [Podurida]
| i. s.: Permobrya mirabilis CP02
| Antennacyrtus CP02
| Setocerura CP02
| Semicerura CP02
| Procerura CP02
| Protentomobrya Folsom 1937 [Protentomobryidae] CP02
| `--*P. walkeri Folsom 1937 CP02
| Oncobrya Christiansen & Pike 2002 [Oncobryidae] CP02
| `--*O. decepta Christiansen & Pike 2002 CP02
| Oncopodura [Oncopoduridae] CP02
| Brachystomellidae CP02
| |--Brachystomella parvula M83
| `--Bellingeria Christiansen & Pike 2002 CP02
| `--*B. cornua Christiansen & Pike 2002 CP02
| Gomphiocephalus hodgsoni NS03
| Tetrodontophora bielanensis NS03
| Anuridella calcarata (Denis 1925) TM86
| Holacanthella paucispinosa O81
| Absolonia Börner 1901 KM07
| Sinella termitum M59
|--Neopleona GE05
| |--Neelidae [Neelipleona] GE05
| | |--Megalothorax minimus M83
| | `--Acanthoneelidus Bretfeld & Griegel 2006 [=Acanthothorax Bretfeld & Griegel 1999 non Gaede 1832] BG06
| | `--*A. pratensis (Bretfeld & Griegel 1999) [=*Acanthothorax pratensis] BG06
| `--+--Sminthurididae TM86
| |--Sminthuridae GE05
| |--Katianna M83 [Katiannidae TM86]
| `--Bourletiella M83 [Bourletiellidae TM86]
| |--B. arvalis M83
| `--B. hortensis H74
`--Arthropleona GE05
| i. s.: Archisotoma GEW01
| |--A. interstitialis Delamare 1954 TM86
| |--A. pauliani Delamare 1954 TM86
| |--A. pulchella (Moniez 1890) TM86
| `--A. renaudi Delamare 1956 TM86
|--Isotomidae TM86
|--Cyphoderidae TM86
|--Troglobius CP02 [Paronellidae TM86]
|--Entomobryidae TM86
|--Podura GD00 [Poduridae TM86]
| `--P. aquatica GD00
|--Onychiuridae TM86
| |--Onychiurus TM86
| | |--O. armatus M83
| | |--O. debilis (Moniez 1890) TM86
| | `--O. handschini V73
| | |--O. h. handschini V73
| | `--O. h. strinatii V73
| `--Tullbergia M83
| |--T. callipygos M83
| `--T. krausbaueri M83
|--Neanuridae TM86
| |--Pseudachorutella asigillata (Börner 1901) SL06
| |--Pseudoxenylla Christiansen & Pike 2002 CP02
| | `--*P. fovealis Christiansen & Pike 2002 CP02
| `--Friesea Dalla Torre 1895 SS06
| |--F. landwehri Christiansen & Bellinger 1980 SS06
| |--F. peruensis Smolis & Skarżyński 2006 SS06
| `--F. woyciechowskii Weiner 1980 SS06
`--Hypogastruridae TM86
|--Schaefferia TM86
| |--S. coeca (Cassagnau 1959) TM86
| `--S. subterranea V73
|--Xenylla maritima Tullberg 1869 SL06
|--Hypogastrura SL06
| |--H. denticulata M83
| |--H. manubrialis M83
| `--H. papillata Gisin 1949 SL06
`--Ceratophysella Börner 1932 S07
|--C. alachuensis Skarżyński 2007 S07
|--C. annae Babenko 1994 S07
|--C. armata (Nicolet 1841) SL06
|--C. caucasica Martynova 1964 S07
|--C. denticulata S07
|--C. gibbosa Bagnall 1940 S07
|--C. kennethi Skarżyński 2007 S07
|--C. kutyrevae Babenko 1994 S07
|--C. pecki (Christiansen & Bellinger 1980) S07
|--C. robustiseta Skarżyński & Smolis 2006 S07
|--C. stercoraria Stach 1963 S07
`--C. tolteca Yosii 1962 S07
*Type species of generic name indicated
REFERENCES
[BG06] Bretfeld, G., & A. Greigel. 2006. Acanthoneelidus nom. n. for the genus Acanthothorax Bredfeld & Griegel 1999 from northwestern Poland (Insecta, Collembola, Neelidae). Senckenbergiana Biologica 86 (1): 46.
[CP02] Christiansen, K., & E. Pike. 2002. Cretaceous Collembola (Arthropoda, Hexapoda) from the Upper Cretaceous of Canada. Cretaceous Research 23: 165-188.
[GD00] Giribet, G., D. L. Distel, M. Polz, W. Sterrer & W. C. Wheeler. 2000. Triploblastic relationships with emphasis on the acoelomates and the position of Gnathostomulida, Cycliophora, Plathelminthes, and Chaetognatha: A combined approach of 18S rDNA sequences and morphology. Systematic Biology 49: 539-562.
[GEW01] Giribet, G., G. D. Edgecombe & W. C. Wheeler. 2001. Arthropod phylogeny based on eight molecular loci and morphology. Nature 413: 157-161.
[GE05] Grimaldi, D., & M. S. Engel. 2005. Evolution of the Insects. Cambridge University Press: New York.
[H74] Helson, G. A. H. 1974. Insect Pests: Identification, life history, and control of pests of farms, horticulture, gardens, and public health. A. R. Shearer, Government Printer: Wellington (New Zealand).
[KM07] Kury, A. B., & A. C. Mendes. 2007. Taxonomic status of the European genera of Travuniidae (Arachnida, Opiliones, Laniatores). Munis Entomology & Zoology 2 (1): 1-14.
[M83] Martin, N. A. 1983. Miscellaneous observations on a pasture fauna: An annotated species list. DSIR Entomology Division Report 3: 1-98.
[M59] Morgan, F. D. 1959. The ecology and external morphology of Stolotermes ruficeps Brauer (Isoptera: Hodotermitidae). Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand 86 (1): 155-195.
[NS03] Nardi, F., G. Spinsanti, J. L. Boore, A. Carapelli, R. Dallai & F. Frati. 2003. Hexapod origins: Monophyletic or paraphyletic? Science 299: 1887-1889.
[O81] O'Brien, C. O. 1981. A. A. Book of New Zealand Wildlife: A guide to the native and introduced animals of New Zealand. Lansdowne Press: Auckland.
[SL06] Schulz, H.-J., & P. Lymberakis. 2006. First contribution to the knowledge of the Collembola fauna of the White Mountains (Lefká Óri) in west Crete (Insecta, Collembola, Isotomidae). Senckenbergiana Biologica 86 (2): 229-234.
[S07] Skarżyński, D. 2007. Two new species and a new record of the genus Ceratophysella Börner 1932 from North America (Insecta, Collembola, Hypogastruridae). Senckenbergiana Biologica 87 (2): 137-142.
[SS06] Smolis, A., & D. Skarżyński. 2006. A new species of Friesea Dalla Torre 1895 from Peru (Insecta, Collembola, Neanuridae). Senckenbergiana Biologica 86 (1): 39-45.
[TM86] Thibaud, J.-M., & Z. Massoud. 1986. Insecta: Collembola. In Stygofauna Mundi: A Faunistic, Distributional, and Ecological Synthesis of the World Fauna inhabiting Subterranean Waters (including the Marine Interstitial) (L. Botosaneanu, ed.) pp. 616-617. E. J. Brill / Dr. W. Backhuys: Leiden.
[V73] Vuilleumier, F. 1973. Insular biogeography in continental regions. II. Cave faunas from Tessin, southern Switzerland. Systematic Zoology 22 (1): 64-76.
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