Rhopalocera

Macrosoma hedylaria, photographed by Lars Andersen.

Belongs within: Macrolepidoptera.
Contains: Hesperioidea, Papilionidae, Pieridae, Nymphalidae, Lycaenidae, Nymphidiini.

The Rhopalocera includes the butterflies and skippers. The butterflies and most skippers are the best known of the day-flying Lepidoptera, but the basal Hedylidae are nocturnal.

Synapomorphies (from Grimaldi & Engel 2005): Abdominal tergite 1 pouched; eggs resting upright; pupa girdled.

<==Rhopalocera
    |--Hedylidae GE05
    |    |--Hedyle Guenée 1857 BR05
    |    `--Macrosoma hedylaria GE05
    `--+--Hesperioidea GE05
       `--Papilionoidea GE05
            |  i. s.: Pamphila P27
            |           |--P. augias WM66
            |           |--P. hobomoc P27
            |           `--P. maesa Moore 1865 WM66
            |         Signeta tymbophora P27
            |         Motasingha dominula P27
            |         Argyrophenga antipodum P27
            |         Archaeprepona GE05
            |--Papilionidae GE05
            `--+--Pieridae V-W04
               `--+--Nymphalidae GE05
                  `--+--Lycaenidae GE05
                     `--Riodinidae J03
                          |  i. s.: Petrocerus catiena HH02
                          |         Callistium HH02
                          |         Emesis HH02
                          |           |--E. guttata [=Audre guttata] HH02
                          |           |--E. mandana (Cramer 1780) S55
                          |           `--E. xanthosa HH02
                          |         Calydna caieta HH02
                          |         Stalachtis HH02
                          |         Apodemia mormo HH02
                          |           |--A. m. mormo USDI77
                          |           `--A. m. langei USDI77
                          |         Polystichtis S55
                          |           |--P. emylius S55
                          |           |    |--P. e. emylius S55
                          |           |    `--P. e. crispinella Stichel 1911 S55
                          |           `--P. lasthenes FS54
                          |                |--P. l. lasthenes FS54
                          |                `--P. l. zeurippa Boisduval 1836 FS54
                          |         Calephelis virginiensis FS54
                          |           |--C. v. virginiensis FS54
                          |           `--C. v. laverna (Godman & Salvin 1886) FS54
                          |         Lymnas FS54
                          |           |--L. cephise (Ménétriés 1855) FS54
                          |           `--L. pixe (Boisduval 1910) FS54
                          |         Esthemopsis caeruleata (Godman & Salvin 1878) FS54
                          |         Mesosemia S55
                          |           |--M. jeziella S55
                          |           |    |--M. j. jeziella S55
                          |           |    `--M. j. thyestes Druce 1878 S55
                          |           `--M. judicialis Butler 1874 S55
                          |         Lyropteryx apollonia Westwood 1851 GE05, S55
                          |         Cyrenia martia Westwood 1851 S55
                          |         Ancyluris S55
                          |           |--A. aulestes S55
                          |           |    |--A. a. aulestes S55
                          |           |    `--A. a. eryxo (Saunders 1858) S55
                          |           `--A. inca GE05
                          |         Rhetus S55
                          |           |--R. arcius GE05
                          |           `--R. periander (Cramer 1777) S55
                          |         Caria S55
                          |           |--C. mantinea (Felder 1861) S55
                          |           `--C. trochilus S55
                          |                |--C. t. trochilus S55
                          |                `--C. t. arete (Felder 1861) S55
                          |         Baeotis nesaea S55
                          |           |--B. n. nesaea S55
                          |           `--B. n. bacaenita Schaus 1902 S55
                          |         Amarynthis meneria (see below for synonymy) S55
                          |         Peplia lamis [incl. P. lamis f. molpe (Hübner 1816)] S55
                          |         Helicopis cupido GE05
                          |         Riodinella nympha GE05
                          |         Voltinia GE05
                          |           |--V. danforthi V-W04
                          |           `--V. dramba GE05
                          |         Euselasia GE05
                          |         Mesenopsis melanochlora GE05
                          |         Eurybiini HH02
                          |           |--Alesa amesis HH02
                          |           `--Eurybia S55
                          |                |--E. nicaea (Fabricius 1775) S55
                          |                `--E. patrona GE05
                          |--Nymphidiini HH02
                          `--Hamearinae J03
                               |--Abisara J03
                               `--Zemeros J03

Rhopalocera incertae sedis:
  Thanatites vetula GE05
  Corades B66a
    |--C. cybele Butler 1866 B66a
    `--C. sareba B66a
  Daedelma B66a
    |--D. doraete B66a
    `--D. emilia Butler 1866 B66a
  Debis B66a
    |--D. chandica B66a
    |--D. europa WM66
    |--‘Papilio’ halyma Fabricius 1793 [=Neonympha halyma, Satyrus halyma] B66b
    |--D. isabella Butler 1866 B66a
    `--D. portlandia B66b
  Hetaera B66a
    |--H. aurora [incl. H. andromeda] B66a
    |--H. esmeralda B66a
    |--H. harpalyce Butler 1866 B66a
    |--H. pellucida Butler 1866 B6a
    |--H. philis B66a
    `--H. pireta B66a
  Callidryas WM66
    |--C. alcmeone WM66
    `--C. pyranthe WM66
  Messaris erymanthus WM66
  Diadema WM66
    |--D. auge WM66
    `--D. bolina WM66
  Hestina assimilis WM66
    |--H. a. assimilis I92
    `--H. a. shirakii Shirôzu 1955 I92
  Neptis aceris WM66
  Athyma leucothoe WM66
  Ergolis coryta WM66
  Cyllo leda WM66
  Pterygospidea folus [incl. P. cicero] WM66
  Ismene ladon WM66
  Chionobas bore [incl. Papilio polixenes Fabricius 1793, Neonympha polixenes] B66b
  Paralucia pyrodiscus NS04
    |--P. p. pyrodiscus NS04
    `--P. p. lucida NS04
  Hesperilla NS04
    |--H. flavescens NS04
    |    |--H. f. flavescens NS04
    |    `--H. f. flavia NS04
    `--H. idothea NS04
         |--H. i. idothea NS04
         `--H. i. clara NS04
  Anisynta cynone NS04
  Herimosa albovenata NS04
  Argyreus hyperbius NS04
    |--A. h. hyperbius NS04
    `--A. h. inconstans NS04
  Oreixenica NS04
    |--O. kershawi NS04
    |    |--O. k. kershawi NS04
    |    `--O. k. kanunda NS04
    `--O. ptunarra NS04
         |--O. p. ptunarra NS04
         `--O. p. roonina NS04
  Candalides noelkeri NS04
  Jalmenus NS04
    |--J. aridus NS04
    |--J. evagoras NS04
    |    |--J. e. evagoras NS04
    |    `--J. e. eubulus NS04
    `--J. lithochroa NS04
  Pseudalmenus chlorinda NS04
    |--P. c. chlorinda NS04
    `--P. c. myrsilus NS04

Amarynthis meneria [incl. A. meneria f. maecenas (Fabricius 1793), A. meneria f. micalia (Cramer 1776)] S55

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BR05] Bouchet, P., J.-P. Rocroi, J. Frýda, B. Hausdorf, W. Ponder, Á. Valdés & A. Warén. 2005. Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families. Malacologia 47 (1-2): 1-397.

[B66a] Butler, A. G. 1866a. Descriptions of some new exotic butterflies in the National Collection. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 39-42.

[B66b] Butler, A. G. 1866b. A monograph of the genus Euptychia, a numerous race of butterflies belonging to the family Satyridae; with descriptions of sixty species new to science, and notes on their affinities &c. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 458-504.

[FS54] Franz, E., & H. Schröder. 1954. Tagfalter (Lep. Rhopalocera) aus El Salvador. Senckenbergiana Biologica 35: 75-87.

[GE05] Grimaldi, D., & M. S. Engel. 2005. Evolution of the Insects. Cambridge University Press: New York.

[HH02] Hall, J. P. W., & D. J. Harvey. 2002. Basal subtribes of the Nymphidiini (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae): phylogeny and myrmecophily. Cladistics 18: 539-569.

[I92] Iwahashi, J. (ed.) 1992. Reddo Deeta Animaruzu: a pictorial of Japanese fauna facing extinction. JICC: Tokyo.

[J03] Jong, R. de. 2003. Are there butterflies with Gondwanan ancestry in the Australian region? Invertebrate Systematics 17: 143-156.

[NS04] New, T. R., & D. P. A. Sands. 2004. Management of threatened insect species in Australia, with particular reference to butterflies. Australian Journal of Entomology 43 (3): 258-270.

[P27] Philpott, A. 1927. The maxillae in the Lepidoptera. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 721-746.

[S55] Schröder, H. 1955. Eine Falter-Ausbeute aus dem westlichen Bolivien. (Ins. Lepid. Rhopal.) Senckenbergiana Biologica 36: 329-338.

[USDI77] USDI (United States Department of the Interior). 1977. Endangered and threatened wildlife and plants - republication of list of species. Federal Register 42: 36420-36431.

[V-W04] Vane-Wright, D. 2004. Butterflies at that awkward age. Nature 428: 477-480.

[WM66] Wallace, A. R., & F. Moore. 1866. List of lepidopterous insects collected at Takow, Formosa, by Mr. R. Swinhoe. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 355-365.