Ceratium

Ceratium fusus, from Phyto'pedia.

Belongs within: Peridiniphycidae.
Contains: Ceratium horridum, Ceratium tripos.

Ceratium is a diverse genus of flagellates, including both freshwater and marine species, with three or four horns radiating from the theca.

Characters (from Steidinger & Williams 1970): Theca with 3–4 horns, 1 apical, 2 to 3 antapical, 1 sometimes rudimentary. Some species with spatula-like epitheca and no apical horn. Plate formula: 4', 5'', 5''' and 2''''. Chloroplasts present. Obvious thecate ventral area composed of 4 plates occupying at least 2/3rds of midbody's ventral surface.

<==Ceratium Schrank 1793 (see below for synonymy) FT93
    |--C. fusus LO03
    |    |--C. f. var. fusus [=C. f. ssp. boreale Pavillard 1931] S73
    |    `--C. f. var. seta (Ehrenberg) Sournia 1966 [=Peridinium seta] S73
    `--+--C. lineatum LO03
       `--C. tripos LO03

Ceratium incertae sedis:
  *C. pleuroceras Schrank 1793 SW70
  C. angustum Campbell 1934 [=C. angusta (l. c.), C. angustua (l. c.), C. angustula (l. c.)] S73
  C. arcticum S73
    |--C. a. var. arcticum S73
    |--C. a. var. longipes (Bailey) Graham & Bronikovsky 1944 [=Peridinium longipes, C. longipes] S73
    `--C. a. var. ventricosum (Ostenfeld) Graham & Bronikovsky 1944 [=C. longipes var. ventricosum] S73
  C. arcuatum S73
  C. arietinum S73
    |--C. a. var. arietinum S73
    |--C. a. var. bucephalum (Cleve) Sournia 1966 (see below for synonymy) S73
    |--C. a. var. gracilentum (Jörgensen) Sournia 1966 (see below for synonymy) S73
    `--C. ‘bucephalum’ var. heterocamptum S73
  C. aultii Graham & Bronikovsky 1944 S73
  C. azoricum SW70
  C. balticum (Möbius) Balech 1944 [=C. furca var. balticum] S73
  C. belone SW70
  C. bigelowii SW70
  C. boehmii Graham & Bronikovsky 1944 S73
  C. brachyceros SW70
  C. breve [=C. brave (l. c.)] S73
    |--C. b. var. breve S73
    |--C. b. var. curvulum S73
    `--C. b. var. schmidtii (Jörgensen) Sournia 1966 [=C. schmidtii] S73
  C. brunellii Rampi 1942 S73
  C. californiense [=C. gallicum f. californiense, C. macroceros f. californiense (Kofoid) Silva 1952] S73
  C. candelabrum S73
    |  i. s.: C. c. f. commune Böhm 1931 S73
    |--C. c. var. candelabrum (see below for synonymy) S73
    |    |--C. c. var. c. f. candelabrum S73
    |    `--C. c. var. c. f. subcandelabrum Lopez 1966 S73
    |--C. c. var. depressum [=C. furca var. depressum] S73
    |    |--C. c. var. d. f. depressum S73
    |    `--C. c. var. d. f. hiemale Böhm 1931 S73
    `--C. c. var. subrotundum Pavillard 1930 [=C. c. f. subrotundum (Pavillard) Sournia 1968] S73
  C. carnegiei Graham & Bronikovsky 1944 S73
  C. carolinianum SW70
  C. carriense S73
    |--C. c. var. carriense [=C. c. f. eucarriense Böhm 1931] S73
    `--C. c. var. volans S73
  C. concilians S73
    |--C. c. var. concilians S73
    `--C. c. var. subaequale Graham & Bronikovsky 1944 S73
  C. contortum S73
    |  i. s.: C. c. f. subcontortum (Schröder) Steemann Nielsen 1934 [=C. subcontortum] S73
    |--C. c. var. contortum S73
    |--C. c. var. karstenii (Pavillard) Sournia 1966 (see below for synonymy) S73
    |--C. c. var. longinum (Karsten) Sournia 1966 (see below for synonymy) S73
    `--C. c. var. robustum (Karsten) Sournia 1966 (see below for synonymy) S73
  C. contrarium S73 [=C. contrarium f. typicum Böhm 1931 S73, C. trichoceros var. contrarium SW70]
  C. cornutum (Ehrenberg 1838) Claparède & Lachmann 1859 FT93
  C. declinatum SW70
    |--C. d. f. declinatum SW70
    `--C. d. f. normale SW70
  C. deflexum SW70
  C. denticulatum (Jörgensen) Paulsen 1931 (see below for synonymy) S73
  C. digitatum S73
  C. egyptiacum Halim 1963 S73
    |--C. e. f. egyptiacum S73
    `--C. e. f. suezense Halim 1965 S73
  C. euarcuatum SW70
  C. extensum S73
    |--C. e. f. extensum S73
    |--C. e. f. strictoides Böhm 1931 S73
    `--C. e. f. strictum (Okamura & Nishikawa) Steemann Nielsen 1934 [=C. fusus var. strictum] S73
  C. falcatiforme [=C. inflatum ssp. falcatiforme (Jörgensen) Peters 1934] S73
  C. falcatum [=C. pennatum f. falcatum, C. inflatum ssp. falcatum (Kofoid) Peters 1934] S73
  C. filicorne Steemann Nielsen 1934 S73
  C. furca LO03
    |  i. s.: C. f. var. hircus (Schröder) Margalef ex Sournia 1973 [=C. hircus Schröder 1909] S73
    |         C. ‘hircus’ var. sinicum Nie 1936 S73
    |--C. f. ssp. furca (see below for synonymy) S73
    `--C. f. ssp. eugrammum S73
  C. gibberum S73
    |--C. g. var. gibberum S73
    `--C. g. var. dispar (Pouchet) Sournia 1966 (see below for synonymy) S73
  C. gracile S73
  C. gravidum S73
    |--C. g. var. gravidum S73
    |--C. g. var. angustum non C. angustum Campbell 1934 S73
    `--C. g. var. elongatum Wood 1963 S73
  C. hexacanthum S73
    |--C. h. f. hexacanthum S73
    |--C. h. f. hiemale non C. candelabrum var. depressum f. hiemale Böhm 1931 S73
    |--C. h. f. pavillardii (Rampi) Sournia 1968 [=C. aestuarium var. pavillardii Rampi 1939] S73
    `--C. h. f. spirale [=C. reticulatum ssp. spirale] S73
  C. hirundinella (Müller) Bergh 1882 [=Bursaria hirundinella Müller 1773] FT93
  C. horridum S73
  C. humile SW70
  C. hundhausenii [=C. carriense f. hundhausenii (Schröder) Wood 1954 (nom. inv.)] S73
  C. incisum SW70
  C. inflatum S73
    |--C. i. f. inflatum S73
    `--C. i. f. concavum (Gourret) Böhm 1931 S73
  C. kofoidii SW70
  C. lamellicorne [=C. platycorne var. lamellicorne (Kofoid) Peters 1934] S73
  C. lanceolatum SW70
  C. longirostrum [=C. inflatum ssp. longirostrum (Gourret) Peters 1934] S73
  C. lunula SW70
  C. macroceros [=C. tripos var. macroceros] S73
    |  i. s.: C. m. f. claviceps (see below for synonymy) S73
    |--C. m. var. macroceros S73
    |--C. m. var. gallicum (Kofoid) Sournia 1966 [=C. gallicum] S73
    `--C. m. var. hainanense Nie 1936 S73
  C. massiliense SW70
  C. minutum SW70
  C. obesum Pavillard 1930 S73
  C. ‘pacificum’ Wood 1963 (preoc.) S73
  C. paradoxides SW70
  C. pentagonum S73
    |  i. s.: C. p. f. subpentagonum Lopez 1966 S73
    |--C. p. ssp. pentagonum S73
    |--C. p. ssp. pacificum Graham & Bronikovsky 1944 S73
    |--C. p. ssp. robustum (Cleve) Graham & Bronikovsky 1944 (see below for synonymy) S73
    |--C. p. ssp. subrobustum (Jörgensen) Peters 1934 (see below for synonymy) S73
    `--C. p. ssp. tenerum (Jörgensen) Graham & Bronikovsky 1944 S73
  C. petersii Steemann Nielsen 1934 S73
  C. platycorne S73
    |--C. p. ssp. platycorne S73
    `--C. p. ssp. dilatatum (Kofoid) Steemann Nielsen 1939 [=C. tripos f. dilatatum] S73
  C. protuberans (Karsten) Kofoid 1908 [=C. tripos ssp. protuberans] S73
  C. pulchellum Schröder 1906 (see below for synonymy) S73
    |--C. p. var. pulchellum S73
    |--C. p. var. indicum Böhm 1931 S73
    `--C. p. var. joergensenii Wang 1936 S73
  C. ramakrishnii Subrahmanyan 1968 S73
  C. ranipes S73
    |--C. r. var. ranipes S73
    `--C. r. var. furcellatum (Lemmermann) Böhm 1931 [=C. tripos var. furcellatum] S73
  C. reticulatum D01
  C. schroederi Nie 1936 S73
  C. schroeteri S73
  C. semipulchellum (Jörgensen) Steemann Nielsen 1934 (see below for synonymy) S73
  C. setaceum S73
    |--C. s. ssp. setaceum S73
    `--C. s. ssp. robustum Peters 1934 non C. arcuatum f. robustum (Karsten) Böhm 1931 S73
  C. symmetricum [=C. gracile var. symmetricum] S73
    |--C. s. var. symmetricum S73
    |--C. s. var. coarctatum (Pavillard) Graham & Bronikovsky 1944 S73
    `--C. s. var. orthoceras (Jörgensen) Graham & Bronikovsky 1944 (see below for synonymy) S73
  C. tasmaniae Wood 1963 S73
  C. teres SW70
  C. trichoceros S73
  C. tripodioides (Jörgensen) Steemann Nielsen 1934 (see below for synonymy) S73
  C. uteri Campbell 1934 S73
  C. vultur S73
    |  i. s.: C. v. f. japonicum (Schröder) Wood ex Sournia 1973 [=C. japonicum Schröder 1906] S73
    |--C. v. var. vultur S73
    |--C. v. var. pavillardii (Jörgensen) Graham & Bronikovsky 1944 non C. aestuarium var. pavillardii Rampi 1939 S73
    |--C. v. var. productum Wood 1963 S73
    |--C. v. var. recurvum (Jörgensen) Steemann Nielsen 1934 [=C. sumatranum var. recurvum] S73
    |--C. v. var. regulare Graham & Bronikovsky 1944 S73
    |--C. v. var. reversum Graham & Bronikovsky 1944 S73
    `--C. v. var. sumatranum (Karsten) Steemann Nielsen 1934 (see below for synonymy) S73

Nomina invalida: Ceratium arietinum f. centertum Jörgensen in Halim 1960 S73
                 C. azoricum f. nordicum Balech 1962 S73
                 C. brachyspinum Athanassopoulos 1931 [=C. tripos var. brachyspinum Athanassopoulos 1931, C. tripos var. brevispinum Athanassopoulos 1931] S73
                 C. candelabrum f. eucandelabrum Böhm 1931 S73
                 C. concilians f. contortum Böhm 1931 S73
                 C. declinatum ssp. angusticorne Peters 1934 [=C. d. var. angusticorne (Peters) Graham & Bronikovsky 1944] S73
                 C. declinatum ssp. laticorne Peters 1934 [=C. d. var. laticorne (Peters) Graham & Bronikovsky 1944] S73
                 C. declinatum f. orthoceras Böhm 1931 S73
                 C. furca var. berghii f. subberghii Lopez 1966 S73
                 C. hexacanthum var. reflexum Steidinger & Williams 1970 S73
                 C. massiliense f. ellipticum Böhm 1931 S73
                 C. pulchellum f. tenuicorne Böhm 1931 S73
                 C. tripos var. ponticum f. longissimum Böhm 1931 S73
                 C. tripos var. ponticum f. nobile Böhm 1931 S73
                 C. tripos var. ponticum f. patulum Böhm 1931 S73

Ceratium Schrank 1793 [incl. Amphiceratium Vanhöffen 1896, Biceratium Vanhöffen 1896, Ceratophorus Diesing 1850 non Schuckard 1837 (ICZN), Dimastigoaulax Diesing 1866, Hirundinella Bory de Saint-Vincent 1826, Poroceratium Vanhöffen 1896, Tripos Bory de Saint-Vincent 1823] FT93

Ceratium arietinum var. bucephalum (Cleve) Sournia 1966 [=C. tripos var. bucephalum, C. arietinum ssp. bucephalum (Cleve) Graham & Bronikovsky 1944] S73

Ceratium arietinum var. gracilentum (Jörgensen) Sournia 1966 [=C. arietinum ssp. gracilentum (Jörgensen) Peters 1934, C. gracilentum (Jörgensen) Rampi 1952] S73

Ceratium candelabrum var. candelabrum [=C. c. var. genuinum Pavillard 1931 non C. tripos ssp. genuinum Pavillard 1931] S73

Ceratium contortum var. karstenii (Pavillard) Sournia 1966 [=C. hexacanthum var. karstenii Pavillard 1930, C. arcuatum f. karstenii (Pavillard) Peters 1934] S73

Ceratium contortum var. longinum (Karsten) Sournia 1966 [=C. arcuatum f. longinum (Karsten) Peters 1934, C. tripos ssp. longinum] S73

Ceratium contortum var. robustum (Karsten) Sournia 1966 [=C. arcuatum f. robustum (Karsten) Böhm 1931, C. tripos ssp. arcuatum var. robustum] S73

Ceratium denticulatum (Jörgensen) Paulsen 1931 [=C. horridum ssp. buceros var. denticulatum, C. horridum ssp. buceros var. tenue f. denticulatum] S73

Ceratium furca ssp. furca [=C. f. f. berghii (Lemmermann) Halim 1968, C. f. var. berghii f. berghii (Lemmermann) Lopez 1966] S73

Ceratium gibberum var. dispar (Pouchet) Sournia 1966 [=C. tripos var. dispar, C. concilians var. dispar Böhm 1931 (nom. inv.)] S73

Ceratium macroceros f. claviceps [=C. contrarium var. claviceps (Schröder) Graham & Bronikovsky 1944, C. trichoceros f. claviceps Wood 1954 (nom. inv.)] S73

Ceratium pentagonum ssp. robustum (Cleve) Graham & Bronikovsky 1944 nec C. tripos ssp. arcuatum var. robustum nec C. setaceum ssp. robustum Peters 1934 [=C. lineatum var. robustum] S73

Ceratium pentagonum ssp. subrobustum (Jörgensen) Peters 1934 [=C. subrobustum (Jörgensen) Steemann Nielsen 1934] S73

Ceratium pulchellum Schröder 1906 [=C. tripos ssp. pulchellum (Schröder) Peters 1934, C. tripos var. pulchellum (Schröder) Margalef ex Sournia 1973] S73

Ceratium semipulchellum (Jörgensen) Steemann Nielsen 1934 [=C. pulchellum f. semipulchellum, C. tripos ssp. semipulchellum (Jörgensen) Peters 1934] S73

Ceratium symmetricum var. orthoceras (Jörgensen) Graham & Bronikovsky 1944 [=C. gracile f. orthoceras, C. orthoceras (Jörgensen) Pavillard 1931] S73

Ceratium tripodioides (Jörgensen) Steemann Nielsen 1934 [=C. pulchellum f. tripodioides, C. tripos var. tripodioides (Jörgensen) Paulsen 1931] S73

Ceratium vultur var. sumatranum (Karsten) Steemann Nielsen 1934 [=C. tripos ssp. vultur var. sumatranum, C. vultur f. sumatranum (Karsten) Sournia 1968] S73

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[D01] Daday, E. 1901. Édesvizi mikroszkópi állatok [Mikroskopische Süsswasserthiere]. In: Horváth, G. (ed.) Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazása [Dritte Asiatische Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] vol. 2. Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazásának Állattani Eredményei [Zoologische Ergebnisse der Dritten Asiatischen Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] pp. 375–470. Victor Hornyánszky: Budapest, and Karl W. Hierseman: Leipzig.

[FT93] Fensome, R. A., F. J. R. Taylor, G. Norris, W. A. S. Sarjeant, D. I. Wharton & G. L. Williams. 1993. A classification of living and fossil dinoflagellates. Micropaleontology Special Publication 7: i–viii, 1–351.

[LO03] Lee, J. J., R. Olea, M. Cevasco, X. Pochon, M. Correia, M. Shpigel & J. Pawlowski. 2003. A marine dinoflagellate, Amphidinium eilatiensis n. sp., from the benthos of a mariculture sedimentation pond in Eilat, Israel. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 50 (6): 439–448.

[S73] Sournia, A. 1973. Catalogue des espèces et taxons infraspécifiques de Dinoflagellés marins actuels publiés depuis la révision de J. Schiller. I. Dinoflagellés libres. Beihefte zur Nova Hedwigia 48: 1–92.

[SW70] Steidinger, K. A., & J. Williams. 1970. Dinoflagellates. Memoirs of the Hourglass Cruises 2: 1–251.